Journal articles: 'Joint-Reaction Forces'

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OLNEY, BRAD W., and GOPAL JAYARAMAN. "Joint Reaction Forces During Femoral Lengthening." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 301 (April 1994): 64???67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199404000-00011.

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Breloff, Scott P., and Li-Shan Chou. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL MULTI-SEGMENTED SPINE JOINT REACTION FORCES DURING COMMON WORKPLACE PHYSICAL DEMANDS/ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 29, no. 04 (August 2017): 1750025. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237217500259.

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Objective: The quantification of inter-segmental spine joint reaction forces during common workplace physical demands. Background: Many spine reaction force models have focused on the L5/S1 or L4/L5 joints to quantify the vertebral joint reaction forces. However, the L5/S1 or L4/L5 approach neglects most of the intervertebral joints. Methods: The current study presents a clinically applicable and noninvasive model which calculates the spinal joint reaction forces at six different regions of the spine. Subjects completed four ambulatory activities of daily living: level walking, obstacle crossing, stair ascent, and stair descent. Results: Peak joint spinal reaction forces were compared between tasks and spine regions. Differences existed in the bodyweight normalized vertical joint reaction forces where the walking (8.05[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]3.19[Formula: see text]N/kg) task had significantly smaller peak reaction forces than the stair descent (12.12[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1.32[Formula: see text]N/kg) agreeing with lower extremity data comparing walking and stair descent tasks. Conclusion: This method appears to be effective in estimating the joint reaction forces using a segmental spine model. The results suggesting the main effect of peak reactions forces in the segmental spine can be influenced by task.

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Seo, Min Jwa, and Hyeon Ki Choi. "Joint Reaction Forces during the Recovery of Postural Balance of Human Body." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2308.

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The purpose of this study was to calculate three dimensional angular displacements, moments and joint reaction forces (JRF) of the ankle joint during the waist pulling, and to assess the ankle JRF according to different perturbation modes and different levels of perturbation magnitude. Ankle joint model was assumed 3-D ball and socket joint which is capable of three rotational movements. We used 6 camera motion analysis system, force plate and waist pulling system. Two different waist pulling systems were adopted for forward sway with three magnitudes each. From motion data and ground reaction forces, we could calculate 3-D angular displacements, moments and JRF during the recovery of postural balance control. From the experiment using mass-falling perturbation, joint moments were larger than those from the experiment with milder perturbation using air cylinder pulling system. However, joint reaction forces were similar nevertheless the difference in joint moment. From the results, we could conjecture that the human body employs different strategies to protect joints by decreasing joint reaction forces, like using the joint movements or compensating JRF by distributing the forces on surrounding soft tissues. The results of this study provide us important insights for understanding the relationship between balance control and ankle injury mechanism.

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Weinhandl, Joshua T., Bobbie S. Irmischer, and Zachary A. Sievert. "Effects of Gait Speed of Femoroacetabular Joint Forces." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6432969.

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Alterations in hip joint loading have been associated with diseases such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Understanding the relationship between gait speed and hip joint loading in healthy hips may illuminate changes in gait mechanics as walking speed deviates from preferred. The purpose of this study was to quantify hip joint loading during the gait cycle and identify differences with varying speed using musculoskeletal modeling. Ten, healthy, physically active individuals performed walking trials at their preferred speed, 10% faster, and 10% slower. Kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data were collected and used to estimate hip joint force via a musculoskeletal model. Vertical ground reaction forces, hip joint force planar components, and the resultant hip joint force were compared between speeds. There were significant increases in vertical ground reaction forces and hip joint forces as walking speed increased. Furthermore, the musculoskeletal modeling approach employed yielded hip joint forces that were comparable to previous simulation studies and in vivo measurements and was able to detect changes in hip loading due to small deviations in gait speed. Applying this approach to pathological and aging populations could identify specific areas within the gait cycle where force discrepancies may occur which could help focus management of care.

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Pain, Matthew T. G., and John H. Challis. "The influence of soft tissue movement on ground reaction forces, joint torques and joint reaction forces in drop landings." Journal of Biomechanics 39, no. 1 (January 2006): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.10.036.

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Hashizume, Satoru, and Toshio Yanagiya. "A Forefoot Strike Requires the Highest Forces Applied to the Foot Among Foot Strike Patterns." Sports Medicine International Open 01, no. 02 (February 2017): E37—E42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-122017.

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AbstractGround reaction force is often used to predict the potential risk of injuries but may not coincide with the forces applied to commonly injured regions of the foot. This study examined the forces applied to the foot, and the associated moment arms made by three foot strike patterns. 10 male runners ran barefoot along a runway at 3.3 m/s using forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot strikes. The Achilles tendon and ground reaction force moment arms represented the shortest distance between the ankle joint axis and the line of action of each force. The Achilles tendon and joint reaction forces were calculated by solving equations of foot motion. The Achilles tendon and joint reaction forces were greatest for the forefoot strike (2 194 and 3 137 N), followed by the midfoot strike (1 929 and 2 853 N), and the rearfoot strike (1 526 and 2 394 N). The ground reaction force moment arm was greater for the forefoot strike than for the other foot strikes, and was greater for the midfoot strike than for the rearfoot strike. Meanwhile, there were no differences in the Achilles tendon moment arm among all foot strikes. These differences were attributed mainly to differences in the ground reaction force moment arm among the three foot strike patterns.

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Colborne, G. R. "Are sound dogs mechanically symmetric at trot?" Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 21, no. 03 (2008): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617375.

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SummaryA two-year-old, sound Labrador Retriever was determined to be ’right hind limb dominant’ by comparison of total hind limb moments of support using inverse dynamics. Net joint moments at the hip, tarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints were larger on the right side. Vertical joint reaction forces at the stifle were larger on the right, and horizontal stifle joint reaction forces were smaller on the right. The crus segment was more cranially inclined on the right side through most of stance, but the angle of the resultant stifle joint reaction force vector against the long axis of the crus segment was identical between the right and left sides. The cranially inclined crus segment orientation on one side, coupled with the larger vertical joint reaction force, may result in an internal asymmetry in stifle joint mechanics, although the effects of this on cruciate ligament stresses remain to be determined.

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Rakshit, Ritwik, Yujiang Xiang, and James Yang. "Dynamic-joint-strength-based two-dimensional symmetric maximum weight-lifting simulation: Model development and validation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 660–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920913374.

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This article presents an optimization formulation and experimental validation of a dynamic-joint-strength-based two-dimensional symmetric maximum weight-lifting simulation. Dynamic joint strength (the net moment capacity as a function of joint angle and angular velocity), as presented in the literature, is adopted in the optimization formulation to predict the symmetric maximum lifting weight and corresponding motion. Nineteen participants were recruited to perform a maximum-weight-box-lifting task in the laboratory, and kinetic and kinematic data including motion and ground reaction forces were collected using a motion capture system and force plates, respectively. For each individual, the predicted spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle joint angles, as well as vertical and horizontal ground reaction force and box weight, were compared with the experimental data. Both root-mean-square error and Pearson’s correlation coefficient ( r) were used for the validation. The results show that the proposed two-dimensional optimization-based motion prediction formulation is able to accurately predict all joint angles, box weights, and vertical ground reaction forces, but not horizontal ground reaction forces.

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Choi, Hyeon Ki, Min Jwa Seo, Ja Choon Koo, Hyeon Chang Choi, and Won Hak Cho. "The Effects of Muscle Forces on Ankle Joint Kinetics during Postural Balance Control." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.871.

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We assessed the effects of muscle forces on ankle joint kinetics during postural balance control of human boy. Nine male subjects (mean age of 25.8 yrs) participated in the experiment. An ankle joint model assumed ball and socket joint was used, which was capable of three dimensional rotations. A six-camera VICON system was used for motion analysis. Waist pulling system and force platform were adopted for forward sway and GRF (ground reaction force) measurement. We used linear optimization programs to calculate the variation of muscle forces and angular displacements of shank and foot segments. With the experimental data and linear programs, we could calculate joint reaction forces, and bone-on-bone forces. The results presented in this study give us the insights to understand the roles of lower limb muscles during postural balance control and ankle injury mechanism.

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FUNAMI, Kazuki, Yusuke HIRAI, and Masaru HIGA. "Numerical calculation of external forces and joint reaction forces during gait." Proceedings of the JSME Conference on Frontiers in Bioengineering 2018.29 (2018): 2B24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebiofro.2018.29.2b24.

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SATO, HARUHIKO, and PAUL D. ANDREW. "FEASIBILITY OF ESTIMATING JOINT MOMENTS DURING GAIT WITH ONLY KINEMATIC DATA." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 02, no. 02 (June 2002): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519402000320.

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A preliminary model is presented for estimating floor reaction forces during human walking based only on kinematic data. Such a model would be useful for supplementing purely qualitative gait analysis performed in clinics where force plates would be an unaffordable luxury, but not for situations in which quantitative data would be used in making such decisions as how to perform an orthopedic surgery. In this model, the vertical components of floor reaction forces are determined by conventional double differentiation of kinematic data, but the horizontal (fore-aft) components are based instead on constraints in which the floor reaction forces are characterized as acting through the center of mass of the upper body. To assess the accuracy of our calculations, we gathered data of gait by a healthy 22-year-old woman using a motion analysis system with force plates. Pathological gait data were also examined. Joint moments were computed from both force plate data and from our estimates of floor reaction forces. Prediction of vertical force showed higher reliability than prediction of fore-aft force. Joint moments from kinematics were successfully calculated in normal gait, but not in pathological gait, especially at the hip joint. The proposed approach may have some merit for performing a gait analysis even when no force plate is present, but the inaccuracy increases in the case of a subject whose upper body sways during gait.

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Oku, Kosuke, Daisuke Kimura, Tomotaka Ito, Akiyoshi Matsugi, Tatsuya Sugioka, Yusuke Kobayashi, Hayato Satake, and Tsukasa Kumai. "Effect of Increased Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle Activity on Ground Reaction Force during Landing." Life 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070630.

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Repeated high-impact ground forces can lead to injury and decreased performance. While increasing flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle activity is known to increase stiffness and elasticity, it is unknown if this also decreases ground reaction forces by shock absorption during landing. This study aimed to determine whether increasing FHL muscle activity affects ground reaction force during landing in healthy subjects. Eight subjects performed single-leg steps onto a force platform for five trials, with and without flexion of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint at the moment of landing. Integrated surface electromyography (sEMG) of the FHL and medial gastrocnemius (MG) and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were measured. sEMG and GRF during the 50 ms before and 100 ms following initial ground contact were analyzed and compared. Flexion of the MTP joint condition significantly decreased the vertical and mediolateral force peaks of GRF, and FHL muscle activity increased. Flexion of the MTP joint at the moment of landing reduces GRF in healthy subjects through force dissipation in the foot, by increased FHL muscle activity. The results suggest that this may contribute to injury prevention by reducing the impact force through flexing the MTP joint at the moment of landing.

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Bauer, Jeremy J., Robyn K. Fuchs, Gerald A. Smith, and Christine M. Snow. "Quantifying Force Magnitude and Loading Rate from Drop Landings That Induce Osteogenesis." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 17, no. 2 (May 2001): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.17.2.142.

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Drop landings increase hip bone mass in children. However, force characteristics from these landings have not been studied. We evaluated ground and hip joint reaction forces, average loading rates, and changes across multiple trials from drop landings associated with osteogenesis in children. Thirteen prepubescent children who had previously participated in a bone loading program volunteered for testing. They performed 100 drop landings onto a force plate. Ground reaction forces (GRF) and two-dimensional kinematic data were recorded. Hip joint reaction forces were calculated using inverse dynamics. Maximum GRF were 8.5 ± 2.2 body weight (BW). At initial contact, GRF were 5.6 ± 1.4 BW while hip joint reactions were 4.7 ± 1.4 BW. Average loading rates for GRF were 472 ± 168 BW/s. Ground reaction forces did not change significantly across trials for the group. However, 5 individuals showed changes in max GRF across trials. Our data indicate that GRF are attenuated 19% to the hip at the first impact peak and 49% at the second impact peak. Given the skeletal response from the drop landing protocol and our analysis of the associated force magnitudes and average loading rates, we now have a data point on the response surface for future study of various combinations of force, rate, and number of load repetitions for increasing bone in children.

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Palmieri-Smith, Riann M., Jennifer Kreinbrink, James A. Ashton-Miller, and Edward M. Wojtys. "Quadriceps Inhibition Induced by an Experimental Knee Joint Effusion Affects Knee Joint Mechanics during a Single-Legged Drop Landing." American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 8 (August 2007): 1269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546506296417.

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Background Arthrogenic quadriceps muscle inhibition accompanies knee joint effusion and impedes rehabilitation after knee joint injury. Hypothesis We hypothesized that an experimentally induced knee joint effusion would cause arthrogenic quadriceps muscle inhibition and lead to increased ground reaction forces, as well as sagittal plane knee angles and moments, during a single-legged drop landing. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Nine subjects (4 women and 5 men) underwent 4 conditions (no effusion, lidocaine injection, “low” effusion [30 mL], and “high” effusion [60 mL]) and then performed a single-legged drop landing. Lower extremity muscle activity, peak sagittal plane knee flexion angles, net sagittal plane knee moments, and peak ground reaction forces were measured. Results Vastus medialis and lateralis activity were decreased during the low and high effusion conditions (P < .05). However, increases in peak ground reaction forces and decreases in peak knee flexion angle and net knee extension moments occurred only during the high effusion condition (P < .05). Conclusions Knee joint effusion induced quadriceps inhibition and altered knee joint mechanics during a landing task. Subjects landed with larger ground reaction forces and in greater knee extension, thereby suggesting that more force will be transferred to the knee joint and its passive restraints when quadriceps inhibition is present. Clinical Relevance Knee joint effusion results in arthrogenic quadriceps muscle inhibition, increasing loading about the knee that may potentially increase the risk of future knee joint trauma or degeneration.

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Chen, D. C., A. A. Shabana, and J. Rismantab-Sany. "Generalized Constraint and Joint Reaction Forces in the Inverse Dynamics of Spatial Flexible Mechanical Systems." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919450.

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In both the augmented and recursive formulations of the dynamic equations of flexible mechanical systems, the inerita, constraints, and applied forces must be properly defined. The inverse dynamics is a commonly used approach for the force analysis of mechanical systems. In this approach, the system is kinematically driven using specified motion trajectories, and the objective is to determine the driving forces and torques. In flexible body dynamics, however, a force that acts at a point on the deformable body is equipollent to a system, defined at another point, that consists of the same force, a moment that depends on the relative deformation between the two points, and a set of generalized forces associated with the elastic coordinates. Furthermore, a moment in flexible body dynamics is no longer a free vector. It is defined by the location of its line of action as well as its magnitude and direction. The joint reaction and generalized constraint forces represent equipollent systems of forces. Both systems in flexible body dynamics are function of the deformation. In this investigation, a procedure is developed for the determination of the joint reaction forces in spatial flexible mechanical systems. The mathematical formulation of some mechanical joints that are often encountered in the analysis of constrained flexible mechanical systems is discussed. Expressions for the generalized reaction forces in terms of the constraint Jacobian matrices of the joints are presented. The effect of the elastic deformation on the reaction forces is also examined numerically using the spatial flexible multibody RSSR mechanism that consists of a set of interconnected rigid and elastic bodies. The procedure described in this investigation can also be used to determine the joint torques and actuator forces in kinematically driven spatial elastic mechanism and manipulator systems.

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TADANO, Shigeru, Kazuki FUKADA, and Akimasa IWASAKI. "Numerical Analysis of Musculotendinous Forces and Joint Reaction Forces during Thumb Motion." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2001.13 (2001): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2001.13.86.

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Mereuta, Elena, Daniel Ganea, and Claudiu Mereuta. "Estimation of Shoulder Joint Reaction Forces and Moments Using MBS Dynamic Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 555 (June 2014): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.555.701.

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The paper presents a dynamic model created for estimating the magnitude of reaction forces and moments in the shoulder joint of the human upper limb. Considering that the flexion-extension motion of the forearm is simulated under three different conditions, the reaction forces and moments are determined. The first actuating case is corresponding to the case in which the driving force is acting on the long end of the biceps muscle. In the second case the driving force is acting on the short end of the biceps muscle, and in the third case the driving force is acting on both ends of the biceps muscle.

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Sun, Dong, Gusztáv Fekete, Julien S. Baker, Qichang Mei, Bíró István, Yan Zhang, and Yaodong Gu. "A Pilot Study of Musculoskeletal Abnormalities in Patients in Recovery from a Unilateral Rupture-Repaired Achilles Tendon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 4642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134642.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the inter-limb joint kinematics, joint moments, muscle forces, and joint reaction forces in patients after an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) via subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling. Six patients recovering from a surgically repaired unilateral ATR were included in this study. The bilateral Achilles tendon (AT) lengths were evaluated using ultrasound imaging. The three-dimensional marker trajectories, ground reaction forces, and surface electromyography (sEMG) were collected on both sides during self-selected speed during walking, jogging and running. Subject-specific musculoskeletal models were developed to compute joint kinematics, joint moments, muscle forces and joint reaction forces. AT lengths were significantly longer in the involved side. The side-to-side triceps surae muscle strength deficits were combined with decreased plantarflexion angles and moments in the injured leg during walking, jogging and running. However, the increased knee extensor femur muscle forces were associated with greater knee extension degrees and moments in the involved limb during all tasks. Greater knee joint moments and joint reaction forces versus decreased ankle joint moments and joint reaction forces in the involved side indicate elevated knee joint loads compared with reduced ankle joint loads that are present during normal activities after an ATR. In the frontal plane, increased subtalar eversion angles and eversion moments in the involved side were demonstrated only during jogging and running, which were regarded as an indicator for greater medial knee joint loading. It seems after an ATR, the elongated AT accompanied by decreased plantarflexion degrees and calf muscle strength deficits indicates ankle joint function impairment in the injured leg. In addition, increased knee extensor muscle strength and knee joint loads may be a possible compensatory mechanism for decreased ankle function. These data suggest patients after an ATR may suffer from increased knee overuse injury risk.

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Mathai, Basil, and Sanjay Gupta. "Numerical predictions of hip joint and muscle forces during daily activities: A comparison of musculoskeletal models." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 6 (March 29, 2019): 636–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919840524.

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Musculoskeletal loading plays an important role in pre-clinical evaluations of hip implants, in particular, bone ingrowth and bone remodelling. Joint force estimation using musculoskeletal models evolved as a viable alternative to in vivo measurement owing to the development of computational resources. This study investigated the efficiencies of four eminent open-source musculoskeletal models in order to determine the model that predicts the most accurate values of hip joint reaction and muscle forces during daily activities. Seven daily living activities of slow walking, normal walking, fast walking, sitting down, standing up, stair down and stair up were simulated in OpenSim using inverse dynamics method. Model predictions of joint kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation patterns were compared with published results. The estimated values of hip joint reaction force were found to corroborate well with in vivo measurements for each activity. Although the estimated values of hip joint reaction force were within a satisfactory range, overestimation of hip joint reaction force (75% BW of measured value) was observed during the late stance phase of walking cycles for all the models. In case of stair up, stair down, standing up and sitting down activities, the error in estimated values of hip joint reaction force were within ~20% BW of the measured value. Based on the results of our study, the London Lower Extremity Model predicted the most accurate value of hip joint reaction force and therefore can be used for applied musculoskeletal loading conditions for numerical investigations on hip implants.

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Sanh, Do, Dinh Van Phong, Do Dang Khoa, and Phan Dang Phong. "Determining reaction forces in planar mechanisms." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 31, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/31/1/5494.

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In the paper, it is introduced a method to determine joint reaction forces, constraint forces and internal forces at the cross section of linkages. Based on the principle of compatibility and the ideality of constraints, the methodology is presented to analyze and determine reaction forces in planar mechanisms.

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Salinic, Slavisa, Marina Boskovic, and Radovan Bulatovic. "Minimization of dynamic joint reaction forces of the 2-DOF serial manipulators based on interpolating polynomials and counterweights." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 42, no. 4 (2015): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam1504249s.

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This paper presents two ways for the minimization of joint reaction forces due to inertia forces (dynamic joint reaction forces) in a two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) planar serial manipulator. The first way is based on the optimal selection of the angular rotations laws of the manipulator links and the second one is by attaching counterweights to the manipulator links. The influence of the payload carrying by the manipulator on the dynamic joint reaction forces is also considered. The expressions for the joint reaction forces are obtained in a symbolic form by means of the Lagrange equations of motion. The inertial properties of the manipulator links are represented by dynamical equivalent systems of two point masses. The weighted sum of the root mean squares of the magnitudes of the dynamic joint reactions is used as an objective function. The effectiveness of the two ways mentioned is discussed.

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Mak, Margaret K. Y., Oron Levin, Joseph Mizrahi, and Christina W. Y. Hui-Chan. "Reduction of Lower Limb Model Indeterminacy by Force Redundancy in Sit-to-Stand Motion." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 20, no. 1 (February 2004): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.20.1.95.

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Calculation of joint torques during the rising phase of sit-to-stand motion is in most cases indeterminate, due to the unknown thighs/chair reaction forces in addition to the other sources of uncertainties such as joint positioning and anthropometric data. In the present study we tested the reliability of computation of the joint torques from a five-segment model; we used force plate data of thighs/chair and feet/ground reaction forces, in addition to kinematic measurements. While solving for joint torques before and after seat-off, differences between model solutions and measured data were calculated and minimized using an iterative algorithm for the reestimation of joint positioning and anthropometric properties. The above method was demonstrated for a group of six normal elderly persons.

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Merritt, Jonathan S., Helen M. S. Davies, Colin Burvill, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Influence of Muscle-Tendon Wrapping on Calculations of Joint Reaction Forces in the Equine Distal Forelimb." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/165730.

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The equine distal forelimb is a common location of injuries related to mechanical overload. In this study, a two-dimensional model of the musculoskeletal system of the region was developed and applied to kinematic and kinetic data from walking and trotting horses. The forces in major tendons and joint reaction forces were calculated. The components of the joint reaction forces caused by wrapping of tendons around sesamoid bones were found to be of similar magnitude to the reaction forces between the long bones at each joint. This finding highlighted the importance of taking into account muscle-tendon wrapping when evaluating joint loading in the equine distal forelimb.

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Witte, Hartmut, Jutta Biltzinger, Rémi Hackert, Nadja Schilling, Manuela Schmidt, Christian Reich, and Martin S. Fischer. "Torque patterns of the limbs of small therian mammals during locomotion on flat ground." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 1339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.9.1339.

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SUMMARY In three species of small therian mammals (Scandentia: Tupaia glis, Rodentia: Galea musteloides and Lagomorpha: Ochotona rufescens) the net joint forces and torques acting during stance phase in the four kinematically relevant joints of the forelimbs (scapular pivot,shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint) and the hindlimbs (hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint, intratarsal joint) were determined by inverse dynamic analysis. Kinematics were measured by cineradiography (150 frames s-1). Synchronously ground reaction forces were acquired by forceplates. Morphometry of the extremities was performed by a scanning method using structured illumination. The vector sum of ground reaction forces and weight accounts for most of the joint force vector. Inertial effects can be neglected since errors of net joint forces amount at most to 10 %. The general time course of joint torques is comparable for all species in all joints of the forelimb and in the ankle joint. Torques in the intratarsal joints differ between tailed and tail-less species. The torque patterns in the knee and hip joint are unique to each species. For the first time torque patterns are described completely for the forelimb including the scapula as the dominant propulsive segment. The results are compared with the few torque data available for various joints of cats(Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus f. familiaris),goats (Capra sp.) and horses (Equus przewalskii f. caballus).

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McBride, Ian D., Urs P. Wyss, T. D. V. Cooke, Laura Murphy, Julie Phillips, and Sandra J. Olney. "First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Reaction Forces during High-Heel Gait." Foot & Ankle 11, no. 5 (April 1991): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079101100505.

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Wojtyra, Marek. "Joint Reaction Forces in Multibody Systems with Redundant Constraints." Multibody System Dynamics 14, no. 1 (August 2005): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-005-5967-0.

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Kim, Hyun Kyung, Qichang Mei, Yaodong Gu, Ali Mirjalili, and Justin Fernandez. "Reduced joint reaction and muscle forces with barefoot running." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 24, no. 11 (February 1, 2021): 1263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2021.1880572.

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Dien, Nguyen Phong, and Nguyen Van Khang. "Dynamic force analysis of a six-link planar mechanism under consideration of friction at the joints." Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 26, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/26/2/5690.

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The dynamic analysis of mechanisms with joints friction is complex since the frictional force depends nonlinearly on the resultant reactive force between the two mating surfaces of the joint. In this paper a non-iterative approximate method is used for determining the joint reaction forces and the driving torque of mechanisms is considered. By using the computing program MATLAB the dynamic forces of a six-link planar mechanism are calculated with this method.

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McNitt-Gray, Jill L. "Kinematics and Impulse Characteristics of Drop Landings from Three Heights." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 7, no. 2 (May 1991): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.7.2.201.

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During a landing impact, the human body is exposed to large forces and moments that create the potential for injury. To determine the effect of impact velocity and landing experience on the strategy selected, the preferred landing strategies used by male collegiate gymnasts and recreational athletes from three drop heights were characterized using mechanical descriptors. Kinematic and reaction force data were acquired simultaneously using highspeed film and a force plate. Reaction forces and lower extremity joint motion were used to characterize the strategies. Results indicated that statistically significant increases in joint flexion (with the exception of ankle joint flexion), angular velocity, and impact force resulted as impact velocity increased. Gymnasts and recreational athletes demonstrated similar adjustment patterns to increases in landing impact velocities; however, significant differences in degree of joint flexion, total landing phase time, and relative adjustments over impact velocity conditions were found.

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Elvin, Niell G., Alex A. Elvin, and Steven P. Arnoczky. "Correlation between Ground Reaction Force and Tibial Acceleration in Vertical Jumping." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 23, no. 3 (August 2007): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.23.3.180.

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Modern electronics allow for the unobtrusive measurement of accelerations outside the laboratory using wireless sensor nodes. The ability to accurately measure joint accelerations under unrestricted conditions, and to correlate them with jump height and landing force, could provide important data to better understand joint mechanics subject to real-life conditions. This study investigates the correlation between peak vertical ground reaction forces, as measured by a force plate, and tibial axial accelerations during free vertical jumping. The jump heights calculated from force-plate data and accelerometer measurements are also compared. For six male subjects participating in this study, the average coefficient of determination between peak ground reaction force and peak tibial axial acceleration is found to be 0.81. The coefficient of determination between jump height calculated using force plate and accelerometer data is 0.88. Data show that the landing forces could be as high as 8 body weights of the jumper. The measured peak tibial accelerations ranged up to 42 g. Jump heights calculated from force plate and accelerometer sensors data differed by less than 2.5 cm. It is found that both impact accelerations and landing forces are only weakly correlated with jump height (the average coefficient of determination is 0.12). This study shows that unobtrusive accelerometers can be used to determine the ground reaction forces experienced in a jump landing. Whereas the device also permitted an accurate determination of jump height, there was no correlation between peak ground reaction force and jump height.

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Kirby, Kevin A. "Subtalar Joint Axis Location and Rotational Equilibrium Theory of Foot Function." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 91, no. 9 (October 1, 2001): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-91-9-465.

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A new theory of foot function based on the spatial location of the subtalar joint axis in relation to the weightbearing structures of the plantar foot is proposed. The theory relies on the concept of subtalar joint rotational equilibrium to explain how externally generated forces, such as ground reaction force, and internally generated forces, such as ligamentous and tendon tensile forces and joint compression forces, affect the mechanical behavior of the foot and lower extremity. The biomechanical effect of variations among individuals in the spatial location of the subtalar joint axis are explored, along with their clinical consequences, to offer an additional theory of foot function, which may improve on existing podiatric biomechanics theory. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(9): 465-487, 2001)

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Zhou, Xu, and Ying Wu. "Simulation Research of Top-Hung Mechanism for Open and Close." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.416.

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For the purpose of researching the top-hung mechanism for open and close and the improvement and use of the mechanism, improving the work efficiency, the three-dimensional solid model of the mechanism was established with ADAMS. Each part of the model in ADAMS was set up. Simulation analysis on the working process of the mechanism was achieved. The structure optimization parameters of the mechanism were obtained. The result proves that when the vertical location of the upper endpoint of lid was increased the total support reaction force acting on the lower endpoint of lower rocker by frame reduced. When the horizontal location of revolute joint of lower rocker and frame, the horizontal location of revolute joint of lower rocker and lid were increased the total support reaction forces acting on the lower endpoint of lower rocker by frame added. The sensitivities of the total support reaction forces acting on the lower endpoint of lower rocker by frame on the initial values of the locations of revolute joint of lower rocker and link, the horizontal location of revolute joint of lower rocker and frame are greater. The sensitivities of the total support reaction forces acting on the lower endpoint of lower rocker by frame on the initial values of the vertical location of revolute joint of upper rocker and link, the horizontal location of revolute joint of the lower rocker and lid are smaller. The sensitivity of the total support reaction force acting on the lower endpoint of lower rocker by frame on the initial value of the vertical location of the upper endpoint of lid are least.

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Wang, Gang, and Zhaohui Qi. "Approximate determination of the joint reaction forces in the drive system with double universal joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 7 (April 4, 2017): 1191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217702681.

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In this study, a drive system connected by rolling bearings and double universal joints is modeled as a closed-loop multibody system. Because of the existence of redundant constraints, the joint reaction forces cannot be determined uniquely through dynamic analysis. Based on the physical mechanism where the joint reaction forces are the resultants of contact forces at the joint definition point, a methodology of frictionless contact analysis is presented to identify joint reaction forces. In terms of D’Alembert’s principle, the dynamic equations of constrained multibody systems are equivalent to the equilibrium equations of all bodies composed of joint contact forces, externally applied forces, and inertial forces. The equivalent equilibrium equations provide a set of complementary equations to identify the contact positions and contact forces in the rolling bearings and double universal joints. The drive system is also simulated using ADAMS software, where all the joints are released and the corresponding constraint functions are replaced by the impact forces between the joint components. Some conclusions are obtained through the comparison of numerical examples between the proposed method and the ADAMS model. In the double universal joints, the equations are adequate and independent, which results in that the corresponding contact positions and contact forces can be solved uniquely. Then, the correlation between the data produced by these two models is acceptable in the engineering practices. Furthermore, contact details in the double universal joints can be obtained without the calculation of the relative motion between the cross-pin and yokes. However, the reaction forces in the rolling bearings are indeterminate due to that their complementary equations are not independent. The proposed method has high efficiency and acceptable precision.

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Martin, Heiner, Michael Stiehm, Ingmar Rinas, Niels Grabow, and Thomas Mittlmeier. "Testing of dynamic wrist joint external fixator mobility and reaction moment." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0106.

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AbstractFor the investigation of reaction moments of wrist joint with external fixator, a test device was developed that allows a well-defined investigation of the joint loads during hand flexion movements. The reaction moments are considered as a measure for the joint loads due to the constraint forces, which occur with differences of the rotation axis of the fixator device from the physiological rotation axis of the wrist joint. The developed test device allows a dynamic momentum load application into the wrist by a servohydraulic testing machine. This testing device converts the force to a moment by a constant lever arm and allows thereby the measurement of the reaction moments by the force load cell of the testing machine. Measurements on cadaveric wrist joints with external fixator can be thereby performed under reproducible conditions. The cadaveric wrist joints can be integrally casted into bone cement and thereby clamped to the testing device. Preliminary experiments with artificial bones showed that forces within the measuring range of the load cell of the testing machine can be measured. The design of the test device is presented. Hence, the requirements for measurements of the reaction moments with wrists with external fixator for distal radius fractures under dynamic loads are created.

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Wyss, U., I. McBride, L. Murphy, T. D. V. Cooke, and S. J. Olney. "Joint reaction forces at the first MTP joint in a normal elderly population." Journal of Biomechanics 21, no. 10 (January 1988): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(88)90052-8.

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Wyss, U. P., I. McBride, L. Murphy, T. D. V. Cooke, and S. J. Olney. "Joint reaction forces at the first MTP joint in a normal elderly population." Journal of Biomechanics 23, no. 10 (January 1990): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(90)90312-q.

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Dumas, Raphaël, Florent Moissenet, Xavier Gasparutto, and Laurence Cheze. "Influence of joint models on lower-limb musculo-tendon forces and three-dimensional joint reaction forces during gait." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 226, no. 2 (January 25, 2012): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411911431396.

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Becker, Joanne, Emmanuel Mermoz, and Jean-Marc Linares. "Determination of biological joint reaction forces from in-vivo experiments using a hybrid combination of biomechanical and mechanical engineering software." Mechanics & Industry 21, no. 6 (2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020088.

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In biomechanical field, several studies used OpenSim software to compute the joint reaction forces from kinematics and ground reaction forces measurements. The bio-inspired joints design and their manufacturing need the usage of mechanical modeling and simulation software tools. This paper proposes a new hybrid methodology to determine biological joint reaction forces from in vivo measurements using both biomechanical and mechanical engineering softwares. The methodology has been applied to the horse forelimb joints. The computed joint reaction forces results would be compared to the results obtained with OpenSim in a previous study. This new hybrid model used a combination of measurements (bone geometry, kinematics, ground reaction forces…) and also OpenSim results (muscular and ligament forces). The comparison between the two models showed values with an average difference of 8% at trotting and 16% at jumping. These differences can be associated with the differences between the modelling strategies. Despite these differences, the mechanical modeling method allows the computation of advanced simulations to handle contact conditions in joints. In future, the proposed mechanical engineering methodology could open the door to define a biological digital twin of a quadruped limb including the real geometry modelling of the joint.

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Hart, Joseph M., Jamie L. Leonard, and Christopher D. Ingersoll. "Single-Leg Landing Strategy after Knee-Joint Cryotherapy." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.14.4.313.

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Context:Despite recent findings regarding lower extremity function after cryotherapy, little is known of the neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic changes that might occur during functional tasks.Objective:To evaluate changes in ground-reaction forces, muscle activity, and knee-joint flexion during single-leg landings after 20-minute knee-joint cryotherapy.Design:1 × 4 repeated-measures, time-series design.Setting:Research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:20 healthy male and female subjects.Intervention:Subjects performed 5 single-leg landings before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 minutes after knee-joint cryo-therapy.Main Outcome Measures:Ground-reaction force, knee-joint flexion, and muscle activity of the gastrocnemius, hamstrings, quadriceps, and gluteus medius.Results:Cryotherapy did not significantly (P> .05) change maximum knee-joint flexion, vertical ground-reaction force, or average muscle activity during a single-leg landing.Conclusion:Knee-joint cryotherapy might not place the lower extremity at risk for injury during landing.

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Schreck, Michael J., Meghan Kelly, Colin D. Canham, and John C. Elfar. "Techniques of Force and Pressure Measurement in the Small Joints of the Wrist." HAND 13, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944716688529.

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Background: The alteration of forces across joints can result in instability and subsequent disability. Previous methods of force measurements such as pressure-sensitive films, load cells, and pressure-sensing transducers have been utilized to estimate biomechanical forces across joints and more recent studies have utilized a nondestructive method that allows for assessment of joint forces under ligamentous restraints. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to explore the numerous biomechanical methods utilized to estimate intra-articular forces. Results: Methods of biomechanical force measurements in joints are reviewed. Conclusions: Methods such as pressure-sensitive films, load cells, and pressure-sensing transducers require significant intra-articular disruption and thus may result in inaccurate measurements, especially in small joints such as those within the wrist and hand. Non-destructive methods of joint force measurements either utilizing distraction-based joint reaction force methods or finite element analysis may offer a more accurate assessment; however, given their recent inception, further studies are needed to improve and validate their use.

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Biscarini, Andrea, Fabio M. Botti, and Vito E. Pettorossi. "Joint Torques and Joint Reaction Forces During Squatting With a Forward or Backward Inclined Smith Machine." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 1 (February 2013): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.1.85.

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We developed a biomechanical model to determine the joint torques and loadings during squatting with a backward/forward-inclined Smith machine. The Smith squat allows a large variety of body positioning (trunk tilt, foot placement, combinations of joint angles) and easy control of weight distribution between forefoot and heel. These distinctive aspects of the exercise can be managed concurrently with the equipment inclination selected to unload specific joint structures while activating specific muscle groups. A backward (forward) equipment inclination decreases (increases) knee torque, and compressive tibiofemoral and patellofemoral forces, while enhances (depresses) hip and lumbosacral torques. For small knee flexion angles, the strain-force on the posterior cruciate ligament increases (decreases) with a backward (forward) equipment inclination, whereas for large knee flexion angles, this behavior is reversed. In the 0 to 60 degree range of knee flexion angles, loads on both cruciate ligaments may be simultaneously suppressed by a 30 degree backward equipment inclination and selecting, for each value of the knee angle, specific pairs of ankle and hip angles. The anterior cruciate ligament is safely maintained unloaded by squatting with backward equipment inclination and uniform/forward foot weight distribution. The conditions for the development of anterior cruciate ligament strain forces are clearly explained.

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TADANO, Shigeru, and Kazuki FUKADA. "Numerical Analysis of Musculotendinous Forces and Joint Reaction Forces during Motion of Index Finger." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 67, no. 653 (2001): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.67.168.

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Ganea, Daniel, Elena Mereuta, Silvia Veresiu, Madalina Rus, and Valentin Amortila. "Analysis of reaction forces in human ankle joint during gait." MATEC Web of Conferences 112 (2017): 07019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201711207019.

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de Vries, W. H. K., H. E. J. Veeger, C. T. M. Baten, and F. C. T. van der Helm. "Can shoulder joint reaction forces be estimated by neural networks?" Journal of Biomechanics 49, no. 1 (January 2016): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.019.

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Bruening, Dustin A., and Kota Z. Takahashi. "Partitioning ground reaction forces for multi-segment foot joint kinetics." Gait & Posture 62 (May 2018): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.001.

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Modenese, Luca, Martina Barzan, and Christopher P. Carty. "Dependency of lower limb joint reaction forces on femoral version." Gait & Posture 88 (July 2021): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.06.014.

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Rusu, Lucian, Cosmina Vigaru, and Dan Ioan Stoia. "Determining the Reaction Forces and Torques that Appeared in the Ankle Joint during Normal Walking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 801 (October 2015): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.801.257.

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The human body is a very complex system which is studied by doctors but also by engineers. The human motion analysis is an important topic in the biomechanical field. It is essential to determine the forces and torques that appears in joints during daily activities for the development of implants and prosthesis. The goal of this paper is to establish time variation of force and torque in the human ankle joint during one walking step. For this experiment we used two equipments witch record the ground reaction force respectively the angular motion for the ankle joint. Based on these measurements and using the anthropometric patient parameters we developed an application (using in Matlab – Simulink software) that calculates the forces and torques that appear in the human ankle joint. The application simulates the motion taking into account the mass inertia moments. The results of simulation are the forces and torques that appear in ankle joint. The application can simulate any type of human motion, according to the input data from the excel file. These results can be used further for the optimization of ankle implants or prosthesis.

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Jensen, Randall L., and William P. Ebben. "Quantifying Plyometric Intensity via Rate of Force Development, Knee Joint, and Ground Reaction Forces." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, no. 3 (2007): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-18735.1.

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JENSEN, RANDALL L., and WILLIAM P. EBBEN. "QUANTIFYING PLYOMETRIC INTENSITY VIA RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT, KNEE JOINT, AND GROUND REACTION FORCES." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, no. 3 (August 2007): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200708000-00018.

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Chen, J., and Liangfeng Xu. "A Finite Element Analysis of the Human Temporomandibular Joint." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 116, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895790.

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A 2-D finite element model of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been developed to investigate the stresses and reaction forces within the joint during normal sagittal jaw closure. The mechanical parameters analyzed were maximum principal and von Mises stresses in the disk, the contact stresses on the condylar and temporal surfaces, and the condylar reactions. The model bypassed the complexity of estimating muscle forces by using measured joint motion as input. The model was evaluated by several tests. The results demonstrated that the resultant condylar reaction force was directed toward the posterior side of the eminence. The contact stresses along the condylar and temporal surfaces were not evenly distributed. Separations were found at both upper and lower boundaries. High tensile stresses were found at the upper boundaries. High tensile stresses were found at the upper boundary of the middle portion of the disk.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Joint-Reaction Forces'

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