Academic literature on the topic 'Jordan, description and travel'
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Journal articles on the topic "Jordan, description and travel"
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Khan, Imtiaz ali, and Saeed ur Rahman Khan. "ارض مقدسہ کے قرآنی آثار اور مولانا ڈاکٹر سیدشیر علی شاہ مدنیؒ کے مشاہدات کا مطالعہ." Al-Duhaa 2, no. 02 (December 31, 2021): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51665/al-duhaa.002.02.0130.
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Ardhe-e-Quran (The Land and Nation in the Quran) is one of the major parts of Quranic studies which means the description of those lands or nations in the Quran which have been traveled and observed. The Shariah scholars of the Muslim world whether classical or contemporary have made these observations of “Ardhe-e-Quran”. In this regard, the scholars of India have also made a significant contribution. Travel of the pass-outs of Jamia Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania to these places and cities is also a part of this series. Especially Maulana Sher Ali Shah has lived in Arab countries and then he has made a regular journey to these places mentioned in the Qur'an. He observed Qur'anic places from Baitullah to Baitul Muqaddas.His travelogues, especially regarding Syria, contain useful information. The land of Syria is the blessed land, here is Jerusalem, in which Allah Almighty has created spiritual and spiritual charm when Maulana Dr. Sher Ali Shah visited this blessed city. He toured the city and observed the Quranic places. Maulana Dr. Sher Ali Shah went on Hajj by land on foot in 1966. After receiving permission from the embassies of Iran, Jordan, and Iraq, he reached Haramain on his way. After entering Iraq on January 2, 1967, he arrived in Baghdad, stayed there, and toured historical sites, then went to Jerusalem and observed the holy places there. The golden impressions of this journey, the observations of the historical places and the details of Hajj he has written under the title of “Chand din Masjid Aqsa ki Fidhaon me (A few days in spiritual surroundings of Al-Aqsa Mosque)" and "In the luminous surroundings of the Harmain". In these journeys, He also observed the land of the Qur'an and the holy places, besides ancient libraries and Makhtootat. Maulana Dr. Saeed-ul-Haq Jadoon and Mufti Bakht Shaid have written a two-volume book on the life and services of Maulana Sher Ali Shah Madani entitled "Maulana Sher Ali Madani: Life and services”. In this book, Maulana Dr. Saeed-ul-Haq Jadoon has written a separate chapter on the “Observations and research on Ardh-e-Quran by Dr. Sher Ali Shah”. In which Maulana Sher Ali Shah Madani has given a detailed discussion on these observations. In this regard, the researcher has intended to enlighten his analytical study on the topic of Ardh-e-Quran.
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Lonergan, David. "Lemuria—Description and Travel." Community & Junior College Libraries 15, no. 3 (July 20, 2009): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02763910902979486.
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Allan, Mamoon. "Accessible tourism in Jordan: travel constrains and motivations." European Journal of Tourism Research 10 (July 1, 2015): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v10i.182.
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The main purpose of this study was to identify the motivations and travel constrains for a sample of tourists with disabilities in Jordan. A quantitative study was conducted employing an onsite intercept questionnaire. However, the questionnaire was completed and returned by 226 members of the research cohort in Jordan. The findings of this study show that the main intrinsic motivations for the respondents to travel were escape, followed by relaxation, and enjoyment, respectively. Additionally, it found that their main extrinsic motivation was the identified regulations of extrinsic motivation and they expressed a low level of amotivation. The results of this study also indicate that travel intrinsic constrains had the prominent influence on the study cohort. The study’s findings were expected to be helpful to better understanding the tourists with different types of disabilities in Jordan.
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Alkhaffaf, Maha M., and Asmahan M. Altaher. "Critical Success Factors of E-Direct Marketing in Jordan Travel Agencies." International Journal of Online Marketing 2, no. 2 (April 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2012040101.
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Critical success factors are popular approaches that can be used as a key metrics to measure the success of companies. In this paper, the authors analyze the current state of e-marketing in Jordanian travel agencies by examining the implantation of critical success factors of e-marketing. The research model analyzes the relationship between critical success factors and online direct marketing. Explanatory studies were used by distributing a qualified questionnaire to the employees of seventeen important travel agencies in Jordan to get results and test the research model. The paper concludes that a need exists to consolidate and strengthen the integration of the critical success factors of e-direct marketing in Jordanian travel agencies. Travel agencies must use a new business model and find a new way to contact their customers so to increase customer loyalty. Further research on the field of e-direct marketing and in travel agencies is needed. E-direct marketing can increase revenue for travel agencies in Jordan.
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Mohammed, Ali, Hassan Jony, Alaa Shakir, and Kamarudin Bin Ambak. "Simulation of traffic flow in unsignalization intersection using computer software SIDRA in Baghdad city." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201035.
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Computer simulation is a vital means for the examination of expressways and urban lanes and streets. Transportation experts concentrate on the arrangement and dissemination of traffic jams on roadways. The objective of this study is to calculate and analyses the travel time, delay time, degree of saturation, and level of service and travel speed in Jordan intersection in Baghdad, Iraq using Sidra software. The number of vehicles passing Jordan intersection was recorded by the author of this work from 7am to 3pm for four days. A simulation model has been used to assess the performance of the current intersection. Results demonstrated that the level of service (LOS) for Jordan intersection is D with (35 sec/veh) average delay and degree of saturation (0.996 v/c). It was concluded that Jordan intersection needs further developments like using intelligent transportation system application (ITS) to regulate traffic signals, whereby reducing traffic jam, using closed circuit TV (CCTV) might assist traffic office in identifying jam point to reduce traffic jam.
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Mitchell Fetch, J. W., P. D. Brown, S. D. Duguid, N. Ames, J. Chong, T. G. Fetch Jr., S. M. Haber, J. G. Menzies, and K. D. Stadnyk. "Jordan oat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08095.
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Jordan is a high-yielding, white-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39, and Pc68, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut, moderately good resistance to most of the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2 and Pg13) and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Jordan has high kernel weight, high percent plump kernels, and low percent thin kernels. Jordan exhibits high yielding capacity in the oat growing areas of western Canada. Jordan was supported for registration at the Prairie Grain Development Committee Meeting in February 2005. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, yield, milling oat
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Mezin, Sergey A. "Moscow Travel Guide for Voltaire." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 21, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-4-431-436.
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The manuscript “Description of the city of Moscow” from the Voltaire Library has been subjected to special study for the first time. In this essay, the ancient Russian capital is presented as a vast and crowded city, the distinctive feature of which is the abundance of churches and monasteries. The description of the city is conducted according to the historically formed parts: the Kremlin, Kitay-gorod, White City, Earthen City. The description is based on the “Plan of the Imperial city of Moscow” by I. Michurin (1739). The most likely the author of this kind of guidebooks is I. C. Taubert.
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Ilma, Awla Akbar, Fadlil Munawwar Manshur, and Sudibyo Sudibyo. "Representation of middle eastern countries in Geni Jora's novel: An analysis of travel literature according to Carl Thompson theory." SULUK: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 5, no. 1 (April 9, 2023): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/suluk.2023.5.1.63-76.
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This study aims to explain the representation of society and culture in Middle Eastern countries, including Morocco, Syria, and Jordan in the novel Geni Jora. The theory used is the theory of travel literature with the concept of representation of others according to Carl Thompson. Travel literature is a report about the world that is written based on the author's subjectivity and has a role in shaping the reader's knowledge. The results of the analysis show that the novel Geni Jora uses exploratory journey narratives and presents critical and courageous subjects. Morocco is described as a tolerant Islamic country because it succeeded in combining European modernity with past Islamic religiosity and Jewish culture. While Syria is described as a modern country, it is less religious and too Westernized. Likewise, Jordan is described as an Islamic country, but too westernized and inconsistent with Islamic ethics. The novel represents a contemporary travel literary genre that presents alternative and realistic narratives about the condition of the Middle East as a complex and diverse region. The novel also represents the contemporary travel genre which has not succeeded in narrating cosmopolitanism by still presenting competitive narratives and travel subjects that are superior when interacting with the characters encountered.
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Harahsheh, Salem, Rafa Haddad, and Majd Alshorman. "Implications of marketing Jordan as a Halal tourism destination." Journal of Islamic Marketing 11, no. 1 (May 18, 2019): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-02-2018-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build a better understanding of the concept of Halal tourism as expressed by Muslim Jordanian tourists who want to comply with the Islamic law. The study also examines Jordan as a Halal tourism destination as perceived by those tourists. Implications of marketing Jordan as a Halal tourism destination are among the research questions. Design/methodology/approach The paper is empirical and quantitative in nature with a survey type. The sample of the study is Muslim Jordanians in the cities of Amman and Irbid. Respondents were chosen randomly in shopping malls, gardens and public places. A self-completion questionnaire was administered to collect the data for the research and 920 questionnaires were returned. The data were analysed using descriptive and reliability and explanatory factor analysis in addition to certain tests such as one sample t test and two samples chi-square tests. Findings Halal tourism in Jordan is established but needs more enhancements and promotion. Jordan was evaluated positively in 14 Halal services and was unsuccessful in ten others. The motives for Jordanian Muslim tourists who want to comply with the Islamic law, to travel to Halal destinations were destinations that offer Halal-friendly services; to know Islamic religious sites; and to learn about Islamic history. Jordanian tourists were knowledgeable of local and international Halal destinations (78.2 and 67%, respectively). More than half of the sample experienced Halal destinations in Jordan and only 26.4% abroad. From a marketing point of view, the results of this study reveal good awareness of potential Jordanian tourists towards Halal tourism and Halal services. The study revealed that Jordanian Muslim tourists who want to comply with the Islamic law showed significant positive motives to travel Halal tourism destinations. In addition, the study showed statistically significant knowledge and experiences in local Halal destinations, but not in foreign Halal destinations. Research limitations/implications The lack of research on Halal tourism in Jordan gives limited in-depth discussion. In addition, the study sample was chosen from two major cities in Jordan; therefore, further research is needed to include a representative sample of the whole country. Practical implications The paper includes marketing implications on Halal tourism in Jordan. The authors suggest marketing strategies should be launched to emphasise the importance of Halal tourism and marketing Jordan as Halal tourism destination. The recommendations of this study provide positive and negative results on Jordan as a Halal tourism destination. The negative evaluation of Jordan in terms of Halal services should be redressed by the Jordanian Government and the Jordanian private tourism and hospitality sectors to build a positive image of Jordan as a potential competitive Halal destination for Muslim tourists who want to comply with the Islamic law. Originality/value The paper is among the first of its kind, which empirically examined the motives of Jordanian Muslims who want to comply with the Islamic law to travel to Halal tourism destinations as well as evaluating Jordan as a Halal tourism destination. This study fills the gap in literature about Halal tourism in Jordan and presents Halal tourism as one of the alternative forms of tourism of high potential for Jordan to compete in this market segment.
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ROUSAN, Ramzi AL, Hussien IBRAHEIM, Malek BADER, and Nermin KHASAWNEH. "Sustainable Tourism Development in Jordan. Measuring Customer Satisfaction of American Tourists Visiting Petra and Mount Nebo in Jordan." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.4(44).26.
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This study investigates the effect of selected factors on the choice of tourist sites in Jordan. These selected factors form the basis for the satisfaction level of American tourist visiting Petra and Mount Nebo. The selected factors are chosen based on the perception of quality of services by American tourists who are focused on three main factors of “destination services” related to “accommodation, facilities at destination and the travel agency”. The opinions and feedbacks of the tourist guides were analysed to provide more insight into the satisfaction level of the American tourist. Specific questionnaires were distributed among American tourists via 10 travel agencies to gather data. Besides, all the tourist guides who supported this study were interviewed for cross-checking purposes. The findings suggested the Americans were generally satisfied with their vacation to Petra and Mount Nebo except for cleanliness at the nearby towns and the sites. This paper seeks to provide data on the satisfaction level of American tourists and the factors that need to be prioritized to enhance higher level of customer satisfaction. This will further improve the destination services for a particular tourist site. Besides, stakeholders need to further improve their tourism aspects to enhance tourist satisfaction.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jordan, description and travel"
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Alrousan, Mohammad Kasim. "E-commerce adoption by travel agencies in Jordan." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/7539.
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The advents of information and communication technologies (ICTs), especially the Internet applications, have become indispensable tool to the tourism industry. ICTs have had a major influence in changing the structure of this industry, to be information intensive industry. Travel agencies category of SMEs , have a vital role in tourism; managing, coordinating and supplying all aspects thereof, such as transport sector, hospitality sector and leisure attractions. The factors affecting e-commerce adoption by SMEs have been well-documented in developed countries, but inadequate studies have been conducted regarding e-commerce adoption in the developing countries; particularly in Arab countries. Moreover, it has been found that in spite of potential benefits for travel agencies of adoption of ecommerce, travel agencies are commonly regarded as slow adopters of e-commerce, lagging far behind the developed countries. Therefore, the focus of this study is on investigating the factors affecting e-commerce adoption by focusing on Jordanian travel agencies. To achieve this objective; an integrated conceptual framework was developed on the basis of previous models and theories relevant to ICTs and e-commerce adoption, namely Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation model, the Technology-Organisation-Environment model and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions theory. The conceptual framework was developed for the explanation of the factors affecting e-commerce adoption by travel agencies. These factors were used to identify different levels of e-commerce adoption. These levels include: non-adoption, e-connectivity, e-window, e-interactivity, e-transaction and e-enterprise. The quantitative method was applied in this study for data collection using self-administrated questionnaire distributed to 300 Jordanian travel agents. The total number of valid questionnaires was 206, constituting a response rate of 68.6%. The descriptive analysis was used to explain demographic profiles of participants and current state of ecommerce adoption level. Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to test the research hypotheses. The research findings revealed that there are three different adoption levels of e-commerce by Jordanian travel agencies: e-connectivity, e-window and e-interactivity. The results showed that relative advantage, observability, business/partner pressure, uncertainty avoidance and government support were the significant predictors differentiating e-window from e-connectivity. Moreover, relative advantage, observability, financial barriers, power distance, business/partner pressure and government support proved to be significant predictors differentiating between e-interactivity and e-connectivity. It was also found that observability, competitive pressure, firm size and complexity were significant predictors differentiating between e-interactivity and e-window. On the other hand, the results showed that compatibility,trialability, employees’ IT knowledge, top management support, manager’s attitude, and customer pressure were insignificant predictors of any of the e-commerce adoption levels. Upon that, it can be argued with confidence that different levels of e-commerce adoption are affected by different factors. This entails the necessity of addressing the above ten significant predictors as they can be useful for managers, IT/web vendors and policy makers in drawing a roadmap and strategies for expanding the use and benefits of ecommerce adoption. Moreover, the conceptual framework of the study provide a best explanation of factors affecting e-commerce adoption levels in travel agencies as an example of SMEs, which contribute to the knowledge in the area of information systems particularly in the context of e-commerce adoption in developing countries.
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Qudah, Ahmad Hassan al. "Pre-service mathematics teacher education in Jordan description and analysis of the situation at the University of Jordan, Amman ; a case study /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965786277.
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Orekat, Feras. "Understanding Visitors’ Experiences at Religious Heritage Sites: A Case Study from Jordan." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14718.
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This thesis aims to investigate the visitor experience at religious heritage sites, using case studies from Jordan. There is little empirical research on the nature of the visitor experience and the characteristics that distinguish secular visitors from faith-based ones. The study directs its attention to understanding the differences and similarities between the experiences of three motivational groups namely, pilgrims, religious tourists, and secular tourists. In addition, it attempts to identify the nature of the factor(s) affecting visitors’ experiences and accordingly suggests a practical management approach in order to manage the visitor experience better. Thus, three case study sites, Mt Nebo, Bethany, and the Cave of the Seven Sleepers were chosen for data collection. Both interviews and questionnaires were employed to gather data from the site visitors. Interviews were conducted with site managers to gain in- depth information about their management practices and their influence on the visitor experience. Site managers consist of the Franciscan Fathers at Mt Nebo, the Baptism Site Commission at Bethany and the Imam at the Cave of the Seven Sleepers. The sample population has been chosen randomly. It consisted of 1006 respondents (499 from Mt Nebo, 252 from Bethany, and 255 from the Cave of the Seven Sleepers) aged 18 years old and above. The research paradigm utilised a constructivist approach. Hence, after data collection and analysis, a model has been modified to conceptualise the visitor experience at religious heritage sites. This model was first introduced by Falassi (1987) and was later modified by Bond (2013). The research findings suggest that the sense of spirituality at religious heritage sites is the most influential factor affecting visitors’ experiences regardless of their motivations. In addition, the cultural attributes of the visitors at the case study sites have an influence on their experiences, especially for Jordanians who are culturally tied to the sites. The results also show that visitors in general are willing to interact with each other and to share the religious experiences at the case study sites. However, visitors’ engagement with the site’s spiritual and cultural values was highly influenced by the performance of the staff team, especially tour guides who played a crucial role in site interpretation. To provide practical methods in order to maximise the visitor experience at religious heritage sites, this thesis also examines the efficiency of a number of management models and approaches such as Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), Tourism Opportunity Spectrum (TOS), Visitor Impact Management Framework (VIM), Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC), Visitor Activity Management Plan (VAMP), Sustainable Tourism Development (STD), Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP), and Tourism Optimisation Management Model (TOMM). These models and approaches are mainly concerned with site capacity issues as well as measurement of the physical impacts that visitors have on the site. They pay little attention to the staff team which has a focal influence on visitors’ experiences through site management and interpretation. In order to fill the gap of the efficiency of the abovementioned models and approaches, this research suggests Total Quality Management (TQM) as a potential management approach to manage the visitor experience in a better way. By applying TQM approach to religious heritage sites, site managers will be able to understand visitors’ motivations, improve the quality of their staff team in charge of the service delivery and sustain the integrity of the religious heritage sites themselves. This will also make visitors stay longer to generate more income for the religious heritage sites and the local communities at these sites and enhance the reputation of Jordan as a destination for religious tourism.
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Samardali-Kakai, Linda. "Obstacles which significantly affect tourism development in Jordan." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/707.
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Tourism in Jordan is a service industry with enormous potential. However it has not been fully utilised and developed to generate increasing income for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, a growing tourist destination. This research examines the current tourism environment to identify obstacles that hinder its enhancement. The study investigates both domestic and international tourism in Jordan and makes recommendations to resolve the obstacles identified.
A previous study highlighted ten main obstacles to tourism in Jordan, and attempted to make viable recommendations to resolve them in the short to medium term. This study involved a series of questions and discussions around the views of the Jordanian tourism industry and the local community on the topic. Participants were recruited for two different sample groups. Sample 1 comprised of 12 stakeholders which included respondents who were involved in the tourism industry in Jordan who provided insightful information in support of the research objectives. Sample 2 was a further 18 respondents which included respondents from the local community and tourists in Jordan who had a different point of view on these obstacles.
The overall aim of this research was to explore the significance of the obstacles to tourism development in Jordan. The study was designed to answer the question: “What are the stakeholders’ perceptions of the obstacles to tourism development in Jordan?” The study had four main objectives:
1. To investigate stakeholders’ perceptions of the barriers to tourism development;
2. To identify the significance of the barriers to growth, both internationally and domestically;
3. To identify the approaches taken by stakeholders to address the barriers; and
4. To identify emerging international and domestic markets.
Questionnaires distributed between 2011 and 2012 revealed that: Bylaws in Jordan constrain the Jordan Tourism Board (JTB) in their efforts to act; thereby hindering the JTB's ability to promote Jordan domestically. The lack of international promotional and marketing campaigns was identified as the most important deterrent by Sample 1 stakeholders. The lack of funding for developing international tourism was regarded as an important obstacle by Sample 1 participants. The false impression of Jordan as an unsafe destination for international tourists was ranked the most important obstacle by Sample 2 participants. Sample 2 stakeholders in general blamed the weak structure of many organisations involved in tourism development in Jordan for the obstacles that inhibit tourism, as decision-making is often prohibited by bylaws.
This research will give the Jordanian Tourism Board an opportunity to improve the tourism sector and generate increased revenue to further promote Jordan as a tourist destination, both domestically and internationally. At the time of this study there was no strong evidence to indicate that stakeholder organisations were working together to overcome the obstacles. Furthermore, the local communities in Jordan felt justified to increase prices at tourist attractions, resulting in tourists feeling exploited, thereby alienating visitors.
It is clear from this study that Jordan is a developing country with huge, untapped potential as a tourist destination. This research puts the spotlight on tourism in Jordan and identifies the obstacles that hinder tourism development. It does so by examining the perceptions of tourism stakeholders in the industry in Jordan, as well as those of the local communities and tourists to the country.
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Dömötör, Ildikó. "Gentlewomen in the bush : a historical interpretation of British women's personal narratives in nineteenth-century rural Australia." Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5283.
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Lyngstad, Marta Oltedal. "Refuge Beyond Safety: A Study on Syrian Refugees in Jordan Preparing for Irregular Onwards Travel to Europe." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22812.
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The aim of this study is to get an enhanced understanding of why and how young Syrian refugee males in Jordan prepare for irregular travel to Europe. Through eight semi-structured interviews with Syrians in their 20s and 30s residing in Amman, and a conceptual framework of life plan, existential mobility and social network theory, this research hopefully enhances our understanding of the dynamic and uncertain process of onwards irregular refugee travel. I conclude that discrepancies between the narrative of self and the actual situation may trigger secondary migration, while the social capital inherent in the social network of an individual is essential in the preparation phase of onwards movement. Moreover, the results indicate that latent ties are use actively to assess the reliability of the large pool of information accessed through membership in social media networks.
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Patkar, Manjiri. "Virtual imagery in nineteenth century French travel narratives perception and description of architectural space /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2002. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/192.
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Al-Maaitah, Hadeel Mahmoud Khaleel. "An investigation of the acquisition and experience of medical tourism : the case of Jordan." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/26194.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate medical tourism in Jordan through the international patients‘ perspective. The aim is to contribute to a better understanding of international patients‘ consumption behaviour to seek medical treatment, and while at the destination. And also to better understand the medical tourists‘ perceptions of quality of healthcare services. This research was designed to facilitate the identification of the characteristics of medical tourists, their visit, their sources of information and the main pull/push factors influencing their decision to travel. Moreover, it was designed to identify the level of satisfaction held by medical tourists towards their patient experience and their satisfaction predictors, by translating, adapting and validating a patient-centred quality of care instrument and assessing its psychometric properties amongst them. This research used a mixed-methods case study approach. It was conducted in 7 private hospitals with a primary quantitative research method through 302 interviewer-administered questionnaires and descriptive quantitative statistics, Mann-Whitney U Non-Parametric Significance Tests, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis. As a complement, qualitative research through 20 semi-structured interviews and content analysis was conducted in order to provide further insights into this area of research. The findings suggest that word-of-mouth recommendations and reputation have the utmost role in informing international patients of healthcare options in Jordan. Furthermore, recommendations from family and friends are the second most important after availability of specialized treatments in influencing the 3 international patients‘ decision to seek international healthcare. Moreover, significant differences in these terms exist between first and repeat visitors, which hold important implications for tourism marketers. Further marketing implications also exist as most patients shift in the type of activities they and their companions undertake after the main treatment period is completed. In terms of satisfaction, Factor Analysis suggest that medical tourists satisfaction of quality of services in Jordan‘s hospitals is based on six predictors including nutritional care, nursing care, physician care, room atmosphere, the procedure for incoming patients and other hospital services. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses show that medical tourists are satisfied with the quality of health care services rendered to them. However, minor areas show less satisfaction. The findings raise issues regarding the recruitment of non-Arab speaking nurses. Drawing together these findings presents implications for medical tourism management, international healthcare marketing, policy-making, and continuous improvement of the services they provide.
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Andreoni, Agnese <1997>. "SUBTITLING TRAVEL DOCUMENTARIES: A PROPOSED EN>IT TRANSLATION OF EGYPT AND JORDAN -EP.1: SOLO BACKPACKING EGYPT." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21003.
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La sottotitolazione di documentari di viaggio è una recente pratica traduttiva audiovisiva non ancora molto diffusa, ma che potrebbe contribuire alla diffusione di culture, filosofie ed esperienze di viaggio. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di proporre una versione sottotitolata in italiano del video Egypt and Jordan -Ep.1: Solo backpacking Egypt realizzato da Karl Watson e caricato su YouTube il 2 maggio 2019.
La tesi è divisa in tre capitoli. Il primo si apre con una panoramica generale sulla traduzione audiovisiva dove la sottotitolazione viene inquadrata all’interno della classificazione di Gottlieb (1992). Partendo dalle teorie più importanti, il capitolo si focalizzerà sulla definizione e lo sviluppo della sottotitolazione, in particolare nell’ambito dei documentari di viaggio che rappresentano l’oggetto di ricerca. Le strategie di sottotitolazione presentate sono affiancate dalla descrizione dei principali vincoli tecnici tipici di questa pratica audiovisiva. Nell’ultima parte sono brevemente illustrate le teorie contemporanee riguardo sviluppo e inserimento di pop-up come forma di supporto ai sottotitoli.
Il secondo capitolo riguarda le principali caratteristiche dei documentari di viaggio. L’analisi parte dalle origini del documentario generico e dal suo sviluppo negli ultimi secoli. Successivamente, vengono proposte diverse classificazioni del documentario di viaggio come genere specifico. In particolar modo, viene descritto l’uso di mappe e animazioni come mezzo per intrattenere, ottenere l’attenzione degli spettatori ed educare. Infine, viene analizzato il ruolo dei narratori e delle cosiddette talking heads (teste parlanti), in riferimento al dialogo e al registro usato dagli stessi, attraverso esempi riportati dal caso di studio.
L’ultimo capitolo si apre con la presentazione del contenuto del video Egypt and Jordan -Ep.1: Solo backpacking Egypt. In seguito, il documentario di viaggio viene descritto da un punto di vista traduttivo, applicando le principali teorie descritte nel Capitolo 1.
La parte centrale di questo capitolo è occupata dalla versione tradotta e sottotitolata in italiano del video, realizzata con l’ausilio del programma di sottotitolazione Aegisub.
L’ultima parte della tesi ospita il commento traduttologico in cui sono analizzati criticamente i principali problemi traduttivi attraverso esempi dal caso di studio. Infine, vengono proposti degli esempi di inserimento di pop-up per dimostrare quanto essi possano essere uno strumento interessante in grado di ampliare e completare l’insieme delle informazioni fornite nei sottotitoli.
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Kotzé, Louis Jacobus Daniël. "An investigation into the coverage of diverse forms of tourism in South African travel magazines." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/339.
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There have been several changes in tourism in South Africa since 1994. During apartheid, black people were not allowed to become involved in important aspects of tourism, particularly at management level. However, this situation is changing and all cultures are gradually becoming engaged in th e tourism industry. The economic progress of the black community has resulted in the materialization of cultural villages, tourism projects to give rural people jobs, and an increase in township tourist attractions, heritage tours, etc. These initiatives have led to the establishment of certain types of tourism such as cultural tourism, urban tourism and community-based tourism. It could be said without hesitation, at the prescientific level, that the diversity in cultures, for one, is a major attraction of this country. Another change has been the increase in tourism from countries which have been excluded from South Africa in the past. Examples of these are African countries such as Kenya and Nigeria, as well as countries on other continents, including India, Bangladesh and the East-European bloc. Up to 2003/4, South Africa experienced the longest uninterrupted period of economic growth in its history. This resulted in people being able to afford a higher standard of living and therefore having more money to spend on travelling. as the economic growth stimulated the growth of tourism, both local and foreign, in the country. Seen from the perspective of the tourism industry, it is important to keep the public informed and up to date about what a country has to offer in order to maintain the increase in tourism. The media assist in this process. The travelling public is informed by word of mouth, but also through newspapers, magazines, television and radio. Information about the different attractions, whether cultures, wildlife or sport, et cetera, would not always be easy to find, were it not for the media. As tourism grows, more tourist attractions will develop, with a bigger need for tourists to be informed as an immediate result. The role of the media in this information giving is th erefore constantly on the increase.
Books on the topic "Jordan, description and travel"
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Bakig, Arslān Ramaḍān. The land of Jordan. [Amman, Jordan: Yacoub Khalifeh, 1988.
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Ammar, Khammash, and Saunders David, eds. Jordan: A timeless land. London: TransGlobe Publishing Ltd., 2005.
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Jane, Taylor. High above Jordan: Aerial photographs. 2nd ed. London: Argo Films, 1990.
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Caulfield, Annie. Kingdom of the film stars: Journey into Jordan. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications, 1997.
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Camille, Mirepoix, and Lerner Publications Company. Geography Dept., eds. Jordan in pictures. Minneapolis: The Company, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Jordan, description and travel"
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Zhiri, Oumelbanine. "Leo Africanus’s Description of Africa." In Travel Knowledge, 258–66. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62233-7_25.
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Reeck, Matt. "Travel in Rachid Djaïdani's Film Sur ma ligne [On My Line] (2006)." In Ethics of Description, 214–28. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003428558-10.
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Peng, Hui, Dan Tan, Yafei Liu, Xuying Wu, and Wenqing Zhang. "Semantic Description and Discovery for Travel Web Services." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 311–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34240-0_41.
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Brodie, Allan. "W. Hutton, A Description of Blackpool, in Lancashire (1789)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 363–79. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113003-41.
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Brodie, Allan. "[T. G.], A Description of the Isle of Thanet (1765)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 145–52. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113003-19.
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Baklouti, Amir, and Samiha Hidri. "Inductive Description of Quadratic Lie and Pseudo-Euclidean Jordan Triple Systems." In Forum for Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 65–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8498-5_4.
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Barton, Susan. "A. E. Hargrove, a Brief Description of Places of Public Interest (1843)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 337–41. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112976-40.
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Brodie, Allan. "[Anon.], Life Beneath the Waves, and a Description of the Brighton Aquarium (1871)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 347–53. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-55.
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Brodie, Allan. "[T. G.], A Description of the Isle of Thanet, and Particularly of the Town of Margate (1765)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 39–41. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-7.
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Brodie, Allan. "[T. G.], A Description of the Isle of Thanet, and Particularly of the Town of Margate (1765)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 243–44. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-39.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Jordan, description and travel"
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Fratta, Dante, and Jennifer deHay. "Near-Surface Travel-Time Tomographic Application to Foundation Soils - A Physical Model Study." In Geo Jordan Conference 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40735(143)19.
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Czapla, Zbigniew, and Stanislaw Krawiec. "Travel Time Description for Urban Routes Operated with Electric Buses." In 2020 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scsp49987.2020.9133867.
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El-Khatib, Ziad, Soha El-Halabi, Mohamad Abu Khdeir, and Yousef S. Khader. "Children Immunization App (CImA), Low-Cost Digital Solution for Supporting Syrian Refugees in Zaatari Camp in Jordan — General Description." In 2019 IEEE/ACS 16th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa47632.2019.9035211.
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Al-Ghazawi, Ziad, and William Blanford. "RIVER BANK FILTRATION FOR WASTEWATER REUSE IN IRRIGATION: ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.47.
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In the context of adaptation of the water resources sector to climate change, water reuse is widely proposed and encouraged especially in arid and semi-arid areas like the Middle East. We consider riverbank filtration (RBF) an appropriate technology that efficiently and dependably procure quality water from Zarqa River thus making a contribution to protect Jordan�s remaining surface and ground water resources. The river is contaminated with treated domestic and industrial wastewater principally from the city of Amman, but still serves as a main source for irrigation water. Since 2007, a riverbank filtration (RBF) well field consisting of six wells was installed along the Zarqa river, Jordan. Salt tracers were released to the hyporheic zone and were detected in a RBF well (5 m distance from the river) during subsequent pumping. From the tracer test data (pumping rate: 10 m3/h), rapid travel times were approximated (14 m/min). Additional sampling demonstrated that fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages were removed from river water by RBF at the Zarqa River field site by up to 4.2 log10, which is a significant improvement of the river water quality. This implies that public health risks from exposure to riverbank filtrated water, like consumption of raw vegetables that are irrigated with this water, may be reduced by 2000 to 2500 times as compared to using river water directly. These results suggest that riverbank filtration is an appropriate technology which can enhance the safe reuse of treated wastewater.
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Kvernland, M., F. Lund, and L. Strømmegjerde. "Keeping Subsea Pipelines Free from Wax and Hydrate Deposits by Use of a Subsea Cooler Unit." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215591-ms.
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Abstract This paper presents the "cold flow" technology and tests performed to qualify a subsea concept as a step towards taking the technology into use. By combining subsea cooling and the traditional cold flow seeding method with a novel inductive heating mechanism, all hydrate and wax potential can be converted into small and inert solid particles in a subsea cooler downstream of the wellhead. The particles will travel suspended in the bulk flow at ambient seabed temperature towards the host facility without any additional flow assurance measures, like pipeline insulation, heating, or chemical injection. The paper contains a description of the Empig cold flow technology, and the initial concept launched by SINTEF. Furthermore, a description of a hydrocarbon flow loop used in the testing of the technology together with a brief description of test results. A subsea cooler unit used for a pit test is then presented. This section contains a discussion on its design principles, a description of the marinized heating system, and test results.
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Li, Chen, Bicheng Yan, Rui Kou, and Shunhua Gao. "Rapid Inference of Reservoir Permeability From Inversion of Travel Time Data Under a Fast Marching Method Based Deep Learning Framework." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214385-ms.
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Abstract The Fast Marching Method (FMM) is a highly efficient numerical algorithm frequently used to solve the Eikonal equation to obtain the travel time from the source point to spatial locations, which can generate a geometric description of monotonically advancing front in anisotropic and heterogeneous media. In modeling fluid flow in subsurface heterogeneous porous media, application of the FMM makes the characterization of pressure front propagation quite straightforward using the diffusive time of flight (DTOF) as the Eikonal solution from an asymptotic approximation to the diffusivity equation. For the infinite-acting flow that occurs in smoothly varying heterogeneous media, travel time of pressure front from the active production or injection well to the observation well can be directly estimated from the DTOF using the concept of radius of investigation (ROI). Based on the ROI definition, the travel time to a given location in space can be determined from the maximum magnitude of partial derivative of pressure to time. Treating travel time computed at the observation well as the objective function, we propose a FMM based deep learning (DL) framework, namely the Inversion Neural Network (INN), to inversely estimate heterogeneous reservoir permeability fields through training the deep neural network (DNN) with the travel time data directly generated from the FMM. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is adopted to establish the mapping between the heterogeneous permeability field and the sparse observational data. Because of the quasi-linear relationship between the travel time and reservoir properties, CNN inspired by FMM is able to provide a rapid inverse estimate of heterogeneous reservoir properties that show sufficient accuracy compared to the true reference model with a limited number of observation wells. Inverse modeling results of the permeability fields are validated by the asymptotic pressure approximation through history matching of the reservoir models with the multi-well pressure transient data.
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Lee, Ho-Hoon. "Modeling and Control of a 2-Dimensional Overhead Crane." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0439.
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Abstract In this paper, a trolley-axis-based swing angle description is proposed for a 2-dimensional overhead crane, and then a new nonlinear dynamic model for the crane is derived based on the proposed swing angle description. The dynamic model is equivalent to that for 3-link flexible robots having only the first flexible mode. Furthermore, when the model is linearized around the vertical stable equilibrium, it becomes decoupled and symmetric with respect to the travel and traverse axes of the crane. From this result, a decoupled feedback control method is proposed based on the linearized model via the loop shaping and the root locus methods. Theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed control method guarantees not only fast damping of load swing but also accurate control of trolley position with sufficient damping for the 2-dimensional motion of the crane.
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Mittal, Samir, and Chia-Hsiang Menq. "Precision Motion Control of a Magnetic Suspension System Using a Robust Nonlinear Compensation Scheme." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0352.
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Abstract The article presents a robust nonlinear compensation algorithm for realizing large travel in magnetic suspension systems suffering from parameter variations, and external disturbance forces. A geometric feedback linearization technique that utilizes the complete nonlinear description of the electromagnetic field distribution is employed to obtain large travel. Robustness to uncertainties in the feedback linearized system is achieved through the development of a discrete time delay control based compensation algorithm. In comparison to previous developments, the new scheme removes the constraints of triangularity conditions in compensation of unmatched uncertainties. The performance of this algorithm is experimentally investigated on a magnetic suspension system. In each of the experiments, the controller is designed using the approximate nonlinear model of the system which is significantly different from the actual plant model. For a fixed set of gains, the robust nonlinear controller accurately stabilizes the system for a large range of ball positions. In trajectory tracking performance evaluation, the controller provides tracking accuracies that are of the same order of magnitude as the accuracy of the position sensor. Finally, when the suspended ball is impressed with an external disturbance force, the controller provides adequate model regulation and rejection of disturbance forces, demonstrating high stiffness control. The experimental results therefore, verify the consistent performance of the algorithm in realizing large travel inspite of parameter variations and external disturbances.
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Lee, Kum-Bae, Md Faisal Kader, and Young-Muk Youn. "Numerical Analysis of Automobile Environment During the Cooling Period in Summer." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52344.
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Understanding the temperature and humidity profiles inside a vehicle when the A/C is on during summer is of paramount practical significance to maintain comfortable environment. In this paper, the airflow patterns, temperature and humidity distributions are predicted utilizing a three-dimensional finite volume numerical method and measured experimentally inside the automobile. Numerical analyses of the three-dimensional geometry predict a detailed description of fluid flow patterns. The velocity vectors from the side instrument panel registers impinge on the front occupant’s chest to head then travel forward and finally reach to the rear parcel shelf area. The undesirable returning flow passing by the driver’s head and neck has been observed. The velocity vectors from the central instrument panel registers travel directly to the rear compartment. A recirculation has been observed near the occupant’s knee area of the front compartment and rear compartment. The Temperature comes down to a comfortable range almost linearly at the initial stage. After that no considerable change has been observed. A good agreement has been found between the numerical and experimental results.
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Sankaran, Vasu, and Jasprit Singh. "Quantum Transport of an Electron Wavepacket across a Heterostructure Discontinuity – Applications in the GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructure." In Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/peo.1991.we6.
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Theoretical techniques used to study time dependent electron transport in heterostructures use one or more of the following approximations: i) In Monte Carlo methods the electron is described as a point particle whose transport properties (such as effective mass, scattering rates, etc.) change abruptly when it moves across a boundary. As the electron moves across a boundary, the role of central cell symmetries (i.e., Γ, X, L character) is suppressed; ii) In time dependent quantum description, once again the electron wavepacket is assumed to abruptly see different material properties across a discontinuity. Moreover, the quantum description usually employs a one band effective mass equation that implicitly assumes that the character of the Bloch function is not significantly altered across the regions. The first approach is valid for heterostructures where electrons travel ≈ 1000 Å in each region and where the valley order is not altered across the heterostructure. The second approach is required in heterostructures of dimension ≈ 50 Å where the effects of quantum confinement are important, but where the central cell symmetry is again unchanged across the heterostructure.
Reports on the topic "Jordan, description and travel"
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S. Abdellatif, Omar, and Ali Behbehani. Jordan COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/jord0501.
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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, states agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some states refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Freshley, M. D., and M. J. Graham. Estimation of ground-water travel time at the Hanford Site: Description, past work, and future needs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7045828.
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Sakhare, Rahul Suryakant, Jairaj Desai, Jijo K. Mathew, John McGregor, Mischa Kachler, and Darcy M. Bullock. Measuring and Visualizing Freeway Traffic Conditions: Using Connected Vehicle Data. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317751.
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Historically, a network of roadside sensors and cameras have been used to monitor freeway conditions. Although these systems are effective, they are typically not operational in and around work zones. Furthermore, it is often not financially viable to deploy in-road sensors and cameras in rural areas. Connected vehicle trajectory data has emerged as a viable source of data and provides a unique opportunity for monitoring freeways. This monograph describes how these connected vehicles can be used to directly measure queue lengths and travel times and this description is summarized in a graphical format easily used by agencies to make management decisions. Approximately 50 use cases are described to demonstrate these techniques under diverse conditions, such as lane reductions, short term closures, rolling slowdowns, work zone set up, work zone removal and inclement weather. A number of the use cases were selected from Indiana locations that had good ITS camera coverage to provide context-sensitive information to help the reader understand the graphics. In addition, several case studies are presented from selected states around the country to demonstrate the scalability of these techniques.
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Aromi, J. Daniel, María Paula Bonel, Julián Cristia, Martín Llada, and Luis Palomino. Socioeconomic Status and Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Eight Large Latin American Cities. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003315.
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This study analyzes mobility patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic for eight large Latin American cities. Indicators of mobility by socioeconomic status (SES) are generated by combining georeferenced mobile phone information with granular census data. Before the pandemic, a strong positive association between SES and mobility is documented. With the arrival of the pandemic, in most cases, a negative association between mobility and SES emerges. This new pattern is explained by a notably stronger reduction in mobility by high-SES individuals. A comparison of mobility for SES decile 1 vs decile 10 shows that, on average, the reduction is 75% larger in the case of decile 10. According to estimated lasso models, an indicator of government restrictions provides a parsimonious description of these heterogeneous responses. These estimations point to noticeable similarities in the patterns observed across cities. We also explore how the median distance traveled changed for individuals that travel at least 1 km (the intensive margin). We find that the reduction in mobility in this indicator was larger for high-SES individuals compared to low-SES individuals in six out of eight cities analyzed. The evidence is consistent with asymmetries in the feasibility of working from home and in the ability to smooth consumption under temporary income shocks.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Facts about adolescents from the Demographic and Health Survey—Statistical tables for program planning: Jordan 1997. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy21.1018.
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The Population Council initiated its work on adolescents in the mid-1990s. At that time, those advocating greater attention to adolescent issues were concerned about adolescent fertility—particularly outside of marriage—and adolescent “risk-taking” behavior. As an international scientific organization with its mandate centered around the needs of developing countries, the Council sought a more nuanced and context-specific understanding of the problems confronting adolescents in the developing world. In working with colleagues inside and outside the Council, it became clear that information on adolescents, and the way data are organized, were limiting the ability to understand the diversity of their experiences or to develop programs to address that diversity. In the absence of data, many adolescent policies were implicitly based on the premise that the lives of adolescents in developing countries were like those of adolescents in Western countries. In fact, significant numbers of young people in the West do not fit this description, and even larger groups within the developing countries. The Council created tables to more clearly describe the diversity of the adolescent experience by drawing on Jordan Demographic and Health Survey data. The tables, presented in this report, are intended to be used as a basis for developing programs.