Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Journalism – Technological innovations – Lesotho'

This research is based on a case study of MoAfrika, a news organisation that has embraced digitisation to produce and distribute content across three platforms. It draws upon observation and in-depth interviews to show how MoAfrika's embrace of a degree of convergence has led to a fragmentation for journalists whose daily work now include additional responsibilities and pressures of time. While there is an increase in the quantity of news disseminated via radio, newspaper and online, questions arise about the quality of such news produced in a multi-skilled, multiple media news production environment. The result is repurposed stories with little original content and augmented employee workloads without training and compensation. The study examines these issues drawing on theories of gatekeeping and convergence. The decision to include a news story at MoAfrika depends partly on which medium it fits into most easily. News values, deadlines, organisational norms and national trends are some of the considerations which factored into gatekeepers' decisions. Primary decision-making was made within a group which also considered expense and expertise, and where the Managing Editor made the final call and set the frameworks for how content played across the enterprise's three platforms.

This study investigates how conforming and conflictual environment in media organizations contribute to the development of journalistic creativity. As a necessary prerequisite for institutional assimilation, media professionalism that learnt from school plays a stabilizing role in routine journalism operations. However, when principles disseminated in the classroom clash with practices in the newsroom, reporters typically find themselves caught in a fresh round of learning, relearning and even unlearning, a process that both demands conformity and opens up endless possibilities of creativity when rules are to be intentionally and tactfully breached. The two scenarios represent two distinct dimensions of the construct of journalistic creativity that are at odds with each other: consensual and conflictual. In explicating the concept, we bridge literature on media professionalism and political ideology in the hope of gaining a deeper understanding of how the tug of war between forces of compliance and those of oppositions is played out in the day to day work of journalism. This study adopts triangulation of methods, using both the in-depth interviews and surveys to explore the notion of journalistic creativity. The findings outline and explore the definitions and dimensions of journalistic creativity; identifies the creative process and the creative work within the media industry; and examines the relationship between political ideology, media professionalism and journalistic creativity. This study brings together two important aspects, conforming and conflictual environment, wherein media professionalism and political ideology are divided into two major categories, consistent and conflictual. In conclusion, this study contributes by putting forwarding the concept of journalistic creativity, the dimensions of journalistic creativity, and the major antecedents that contribute to journalistic creativity in the said media environments.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
This study examines the history, development and diversity of news agencies. It studies the major agencies and pinpoints how smaller wire services that sometimes purvey niche news seek to offer a more diverse global news-flow. The linkage between news agencies and technological developments, and how wire services have helped advance technology, is examined since the first agencies began in the 1800s, up to the current era of the Internet. The rise of television and the subsequent ascent of the Internet prompted new demands for more diverse news procurement. This accelerated the convergence of different media and has exposed challenges and opportunities to news agencies, large and small. Alongside the telegraph, news wire services expanded from supplying news and information locally to being global players, helping the world shrink. The mediahistoriographical approach engages a critical examination of literature sources regarding the development of the major wire services, and some of the smaller players. The literature, along with interviews with news agency experts, provides the material to examine wire services. The study shows how some original agencies leveraged opportunities offered by their standing in powerful nations to become dominant transnational players. The ascendancy of the mega-agencies compounded limited news-flows from developed to poorer nations, while an expansion of diversified news-flows has not matched technological progression. This study concludes by recommending greater recognition of the importance of news agencies and more scholarly examination of them, as studies on them appear scarce compared to those on other media branches, such as newspapers, the electronic media and the Internet. More studies into the development of both mainstream and alternative news agencies would pave the way for a better understanding of how they function and could provide clues as to how they might be able to better sustain themselves as more diverse entities for the benefit of the public discourse. Through the above, this dissertation seeks to contribute, in a small way, to rectifying a knowledge disparity regarding a key component of the mass media, namely the news agency.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This is a qualitative study on the question whether regional television can be feasible in South Africa with particular reference to the official process to introduce regional television (RTV), the various reports and opinions on the subject, new technological developments and the exploration of alternatives. It is an effort to make a contribution towards the debate about how the public broadcaster can deliver better dedicated services to the diverse language groups of the country wherever they live, while also keeping pace with the challenges of an ever changing global digital world. The study indicated that various public broadcasters internationally struggled to find a financially viable model for regional television to serve diverse communities. The general option was the use of “windows” – specific limited time allocated on national networks for regional break-aways. Yet, increasingly technology provided answers but still at a relative expensive fee for the average citizen. In South Africa the windows model was implemented for a limited period between 1996 and 2003. It was discontinued because of lack of financial support from the state. The researcher indicates how the process to implement regional television already started with transformation envisaged in the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act of 1993 through to the Broadcast Amendment Act of 2003 instructing the SABC to apply within nine months to the Independent Broadcasting Authority of South Africa (ICASA) for regional licenses that “should reflect the diversity of all sections of the population and represent the plurality of views and opinions of the audience” (ICASA, 2003a:11). ICASA published its Discussion Paper on Regional Television in September 2003 inviting comments while emphasizing the importance of serving the various language groups and providing local content. It recognised the problems concerning funding. Its Position Paper was released in November 2003. ICASA clearly took the view that the introduction of regional services in the various (especially marginalised) languages were imperative and that it had to be offered to the exclusion of English. The state had to fund the services while advertising would not be permitted. The study was approached within the framework of normative mass media theories, and in particular the developmental theory. Through content analysis the ICASA documents and the SABC’s application for RTV in December 2003 was assessed and the stark points of difference indicated, such as the use of English, local content (especially drama) and advertising income. By using the methodology of in-depth interviews and a social survey based on a structured questionnaire more information and perspective was gained. In its application for regional television the SABC suggested two channels for 10 indigenous languages in the nine provinces delivered through the outdated but cheaper analogue technology. Throughout 2004 ICASA and the SABC communicated in letters and at hearings to resolve differences without much success. The SABC’s main concerns remained funding and the lack of capacity and skills to offer the services required. ICASA decided in June 2005 to grant the SABC two regional licenses without issuing it until the funding issue could be resolved with the state. It relented to allow some advertising but remained opposed to the use of English. Towards the end of the study the researcher gives an overview of the fast developing international trends in digital broadcasting. Various options to serve regional communities are offered. News reports on international trends and the opinions of experts are then related to the situation in South Africa. One conclusion is that the state and the country would have to weigh up the cost of subsidising regional television to other pressing social needs of citizens. It appeared that the cost would be too high in the short term. Preparations for the staging of the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa might lay the foundation for more sophisticated and affordable services later.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie is ʼn kwalitatiewe studie van die proses om streekstelevisie in Suid-Afrika in te stel, ʼn bespreking van die verskillende verslae en menings oor die onderwerp, nuwe tegnologiese ontwikkelings en die oorweging van alternatiewe. Dit is ʼn poging om ʼn bydrae te maak tot die debat oor hoe die openbare uitsaaier beter en meer toegewyde dienste kan lewer aan die verskillende taalgroepe in die land, waar hulle woon. Terselfdertyd moet ook tred gehou word met die uitdagings van ʼn steeds veranderende internasionale digitale wêreld. Die studie dui aan dat openbare uitsaaiers wêreldwyd sukkel om ʼn lewensvatbare finansiële model vir die lewering van streekstelevisie aan verskillende gemeenskappe te vind. Die algemene keuse was die gebruik van “vensters” – dit is die toekenning van beperkte spesifieke tydsgleuwe op nasionale netwerke vir streekuitsendings. Tog begin tegnologie al hoe meer antwoorde verskaf, maar nog steeds teen redelike duur tariewe vir die deursnee-burger. Die venster-model van streekstelevisie is vir ʼn beperkte tyd van 1996 tot 2003 in Suid-Afrika toegepas. Dit is gestaak weens gebrek aan geldelike ondersteuning van die staat. Die navorser dui aan hoe die proses om streekstelevisie in te stel reeds begin het met die transformasie wat in die vooruitsig gestel is in die Wet op die Onafhanklike Uitsaai-Owerheid van 1993. Dit het later gelei tot die Uitsaai-Wysigingswetsonwerp van 2003. Daarin is die SAUK beveel om binne nege maande by die Onafhanklike Kommunikasie-Owerheid van Suid- Afrika (algemeen bekend as ICASA) om lisensies aansoek te doen vir streekstelevisie wat “die diversitieit van alle seksies van die samelewing sal reflekteer en die verskillende sienings en menings van die gehoor verteenwoordig” (ICASA, 2003a:11). ICASA het sy Besprekingsdokument oor Streekstelevisie in September 2003 gepubliseer. Daarin is klem gelê op die belangrikheid van dienslewering aan die verskillende taalgroepe en die lewering van plaaslike inhoud. Die kommentaar van belanghebbendes is gevra. In die dokument het ICASA erkenning gegee aan die struikelblokke rakende befondsing. ICASA se Standpuntdokument is in November 2003 vrygestel. ICASA het onomwonde verklaar dat die lewering van dienste aan die verskillende (maar veral aan die gemarginaliseerde) taalgemeenskappe voorkeur moes geniet en dat Engels uitgesluit moes word. Die staat sou die dienste moes finansier terwyl advertensies nie toegelaat sou word nie. Die ondersoek is benader binne die raamwerk van die normatiewe teorieë van massamedia kommunikasie en veral die ontwikkelingsteorie. Deur inhouds-analise het die navorser ʼn omvattende ontleding gedoen van die ICASA dokumente en van die SAUK se aansoek vir streekstelevisie. Die aansoek is in Desember 2003 by ICASA ingedien. Die skerp verskille met ICASA is uitgewys, naamlik die gebruik van Engels in die dienste, die lewering van plaaslike inhoud (veral drama) en oor advertensie-inkomste. Die navorser het die metode van diepteonderhoude en ʼn openbare menings-ondersoek, gegrond op ʼn gestruktureerde vraelys, gebruik om meer inligting en perspektiewe te bekom. Die SAUK het twee kanale vir streekstelevisie voorgestel vir die tien inheemse tale in die nege provinsies. Dit sou gelewer word met die goedkoper, maar uitgediende analoog-tegnologie. In 2004 het ICASA en die SAUK deurlopend gekommunikeer in briewe en by openbare verhore in ʼn poging om verskille te oorbrug, maar sonder veel sukses. Deurgaans was die SAUK bekommerd oor die kwessie van befondsing en die beskikbaarheid van bronne en vaardighede om sulke dienste aan te bied. ICASA het in Junie 2005 besluit om twee lisensies vir streekstelevisie aan die SAUK toe te ken, maar dit is nie uitgereik nie, hangende duidelikheid oor finansiering van die staat. Die owerheid het skiet gegee oor die geskil rondom advertensies, maar voet by stuk gehou dat Engelse uitsendings nie toegelaat sou word nie. Aan die einde van die studie gee die navorser ʼn oorsig van die vinnig ontwikkelende internasionale digitale tegnologiese tendense in die uitsaaiwese en die moontlikhede wat dit vir streeksgemeenskappe bied. Nuusberigte oor internasionale ontwikkelings en die menings van deskundiges word in verband gebring met streekstelevisie in Suid-Afrika. Een gevolgtrekking is dat die land die koste van subsidies vir streekstelevisiedienste sal moet opweeg teen die dringende maatskaplike behoeftes van burgers. Die het geblyk dat sulke subsidies te duur sou wees in die korter termyn. Voorbereidings vir die aanbied van die Wêreldbeker Sokkertoernooi in 2010 kan die basis skep om later wel meer gesofistikeerde en bekostigbare streeksdienste te lewer.

Orientador: Anna Christina Bentes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O presente trabalho procurou demonstrar os processos de legitimação dos blogs jornalísticos, divididos em práticas internas, ou seja, aquelas desempenhadas pelos blogueiros, e práticas externas, representadas pelas ações da audiência. O caminho percorrido contemplou uma rápida abordagem sobre a trajetória da imprensa no Brasil, evidenciando as transformações que a atividade sofreu e o processo de legitimação da prática em relação à audiência, e uma abordagem sobre o olhar dado aos blogs pelas teorias da Comunicação, das Ciências Políticas, e também pelas teorias do Texto e do Discurso. Discutiu-se, a partir desses diferentes olhares, a pluralidade de definições que eles recebem: ora são vistos como um programa, ora como um espaço de interação, ora como um texto. Como programa, ele serve ao blogueiro como uma ferramenta de publicação de textos. Como um "lugar", significa considerá-lo como um ambiente de interação. Como um texto, significa compreendê-lo como uma produção discursiva. Constatou-se, assim, a natureza multiforme dos blogs jornalísticos: são, ao mesmo tempo, gênero, prática discursiva, ferramenta (programa) e ambiente (espaço). Dois blogs jornalísticos foram selecionados para estudo: blog do Noblat e blog Reinaldo Azevedo. A partir da descrição e análise do objeto, constatou-se que o fato de os blogs serem jornalísticos não significa que eles estejam relacionados apenas a tal esfera de atividade; há, em relação ao campo do jornalismo, uma transformação em suas práticas discursivas, um ajustamento à nova realidade que vem se configurando. Os blogs jornalísticos representam, nesse contexto, uma nova forma de atuar no campo, caracterizada pela coexistência de elementos estabilizados e elementos que representam a emergência, a improvisação. Ele apresenta elementos do jornalismo tradicional, como a orientação para a divulgação periódica de notícias, mas possibilita novas práticas, como a inserção da persona do jornalista e a interação mais direta e frequente com a audiência, o que, certamente, reflete as condições tecnológicas e sociais do momento. Após mais de uma década de seu surgimento, o blog hoje constitui um objeto de estudo bastante produtivo e vem sendo intensamente discutido sob várias perspectivas distintas. O presente trabalho se configura como mais uma tentativa de entendimento desse fenômeno, para que, assim, possa haver maior compreensão das práticas discursivas do homem moderno
Abstract: This present work tried to demonstrate the jornalism blogs validation processes, divided into internal practices which are developed by the bloggers, and external practices, represented by the audience's actions. This study covered a quick approach to the press trajectory in Brazil, evidencing the transformations that this activity has been through and the validation process of the practice related to the audience, and an approach to the blogs by the Communication theories, Political Science, and also by the Text and Discourse theories. From these different points of view, the variety of definitions they have was discussed: they are either seen as a program, either as an interaction space, either as a text. As a program, it serves as a tool of text publishing. As a space, it is considered an interaction environment. As a text, it is considered a discursive production. This way, it was certified the fact of journalism blogs being heterogeneous in nature: they are, at the same time, gender, discourse practice, tool (program) and environment (space). Two journalism blogs were selected for study: blog do Noblat and blog Reinaldo Azevedo. From the description and analysis of the objects, it was verified that the fact of blogs being considered journalistic doesn't imply that they are related only to this sphere of activity; in relation to the journalism field, there is a change in its discoursive practices, an adjustment to the new reality that has been built. The journalism blogs, in this context, represent a new way of acting in this field, featured by the coexistence of stable elements and elements that represent the emergency, the improvisation. It presents features from the traditional journalism such as the orientation for the periodical news publication, however, it enables new practices, such as the persona insertion and the more direct and frequent interaction with the audience, which certainly reflect on the current social and technological conditions. After more than a decade of its origin, the blog, nowadays, is considered a really productive object of study and has been deeply discussed under many distinct perspectives. This present work represents another attempt of understanding this phenomenon, with the purpose of widening the understandings of the discursive practices of the current man
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística

Thesis (MTech (Public Relations Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.
The purpose of this mini thesis is to investigate the research question, "What is the importance and effectiveness of public relations practice in obtaining coverage in a multimedia newspaper?" It is obvious that the introduction of the multimedia newspaper has affected the role of the public relations practitioner and the role of the journalists. But has it changed the manner in which public relations practitioners practice public relations (that is the influence of the multimedia newspaper on the public relations industry) and its value in the eyes of the multimedia journalist. The study will measure the multimedia editorial staff's opinion and perceptions of the multimedia newspapers content and public relations practice's impact on that content. The research is interested in whether the introduction of the multimedia newspaper has affected the role of the public relations practitioner and the journalists and whether it has changed the manner in which public relations practitioners practice public relations (that is the influence of the multimedia newspaper on the public relations industry). The research reviews the perceived value of public relations to journalists operating within the multimedia newspaper context.

Thesis (M.Phil (Science and Technology Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
The purpose of the study is to investigate and provide an overview of the science and technology systems of three countries, namely South Africa, India and Malaysia. The study seeks to describe the process of science and technology policy development; the relationship of science policy with national policies of these countries and the link between the science and technology policies and national goals. It also identifies the differences, strengths and weakness of the three systems and shows their relevance to Lesotho. The methodology followed in the study was qualitative, conducted through desk research. The source of data was archival, specifically in the case of historical background of the three science systems and documentary, in terms of the current situation of the science systems of each country. The comparative analysis was textual based on the findings of the three case studies of each country. The comparative analysis depicts the common features, strengths and weaknesses, pertaining to each country. The common features were identified in the areas of; National System of Innovation, Politicisation of Science, Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Pubic Understanding of Science. The differences of the three systems were characterised on trends in investment on science and technology, in terms of inputs in research and development, institutionalisation of science, nature of the policies and their implementation process inclusive of the policy instruments, and provision of conducive environment for the prolific growth of science and technology, as a key to socio-economic development of any nation. The comparative analysis also provides lessons to be learned for a Least Developing Country (LCD) like Lesotho. This is in view of the current situation where the country is at its infancy stage to establish a stable, well-coordinated science and technology system. The study recommends pragmatic solutions and strategies that can be copied and be employed, in order to enable science and technology have meaningful contribution towards socio-economic imperatives of Lesotho.

Orientador: Pedro da Cunha Pinto Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre diferentes dispositivos (revistas impressas, sites e tablets) de divulgação científica jornalística. Por meio do Estudo de Caso, a pesquisa mostra quais são os formatos, as formas e as ferramentas em uso pelas revistas especializadas: Superinteressante e Scientific American - versão original em inglês - para promover a circulação das ideias sobre Ciência. As divulgações citadas, como estudado por pesquisadores das áreas de Educação e Comunicação, podem ser utilizadas em leituras sobre Ciência por professores e alunos. Este estudo utiliza a linha desenvolvida por Roger Chartier, uma abordagem identificada como Nova História Cultural, que afirma que as práticas culturais modificam as formas de relação entre o leitor e o texto, em seus diversos dispositivos de leitura. Além da Análise Descritiva dos suportes de leitura, como complemento, também foram realizadas entrevistas com estudantes universitários de Ciência. As conexões entre a teoria e a análise demonstram a característica do hibridismo no tablet - que reúne recursos tanto da versão impressa, quanto para site - e apresentam um cenário de produção do Jornalismo Científico em dispositivos eletrônicos ainda em fase de desenvolvimento.
Abstract: This thesis presents a study of scientific journalism in different devices (printed magazines, sites and tablets). Through the Case Study, the research shows formats, shapes and tools in use by specialized magazines as Superinteressante and Scientific American - original version in english - to promote circulation of ideas about Science. These magazines, as studied by researchers of the areas of Education and Communication, can be used in reading practices on Science by teachers and students. This study is based on the theory developed by Roger Chartier, an approach identified as New Cultural History, which affirms that recent cultural practices modify forms of relationship between the reader and the text, in its various reading devices. Besides the descriptive analysis of reading devices, it also holds some interviews with students from Science areas over reading practice. The connections between theory and the analysis demonstrate the characteristic of hybridism in tablet - which gathers resources from both of the printed version and the website - and feature a production scenario of Scientific Journalism in electronic devices that is still in a development phase.
Doutorado
Ensino e Práticas Culturais
Doutora em Educação

This case study researches newsroom convergence as a process at the Mail & Guardian newspaper and their online edition the Mail & Guardian Online. It focuses on the reporters’ and editors’ attitudes towards newsroom convergence and on cultural resistance against change; one of the major challenges in the process. With structured interviews, observations and questionnaires it was analysed that communication problems between the newsrooms, different production cycles and time management issues are other prominent difficulties. The case study furthermore provides a snapshot of the convergence phenomenon as a process in a particular South African news organisation. The outcomes could not only assist other news companies with convergence plans but also be used as a pilot study for further research on converged newsrooms in South Africa.

CAPES
As intervenções humanas no ambiente, por meio da tecnologia e do desenvolvimento industrial têm provocado manifestações de conscientização sobre os problemas ambientais. Mas mesmo com discussões que atravessam os séculos, muitos são os problemas ambientais que continuam a afetar o planeta. Os ecossistemas naturais e suas condições de água, ar, terra e biodiversidade passam por contínuas transformações, várias devido às ações humanas. Nesse contexto, o jornalismo apresenta-se como um importante meio de comunicação para informar os cidadãos sobre a questão do ambiental. Este estudo visa discutir como se formalizam certas representações discursivas da tecnologia em textos sobre meio ambiente, no jornalismo impresso da revista brasileira Época e da revista internacional norte americana e alemã Scientific American Brasil. Foram selecionadas duas reportagens, cada qual pertencente a uma das revistas. A metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se, sobretudo, nos conceitos das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin/Volochínov e Michel Foucault. Propõe-se verificar como são apresentadas as inovações e soluções tecnológicas nos discursos e, de acordo com a proposta do pesquisador Renato Dagnino, identificar sobre que perspectiva a tecnologia é interpretada, se determinista, instrumentalista, substantivista ou crítica.
Human interventions in the environment, through technology and industrial development have provoked demonstrations to raise awareness about environmental issues. But even with discussions covering several centuries, many environmental problems that continue to affect the planet. Natural ecosystems and their conditions of water, air, land and biodiversity undergo continuous transformations, many due to human actions. This context, journalism presents itself as an important means of communication to inform citizens about the environmental issue. This study aims to discuss how to formalize certain discursive representations of technology in texts on environment, print journalism of Brazilian Época’s magazine season and North American and German international Scientific American Brasil’s magazine. We selected two reports, each belonging to one of the magazines. The methodology is based mainly on the concepts of the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin / Volochínov and Michel Foucault. It is proposed to verify they are presented innovations and technological solutions in speeches and, according to the proposal the researcher Renato Dagnino, identify perspective on technology that is interpreted, is deterministic, instrumentalist, substantivist or criticism.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research has the objective of investigating the usage and recurrence of linguistic-discursive resources in the constitution of news headlines on an Internet portal. Based on the verbal language used on the digital platform, we have also analyzed how certain discursive modes utilized in the titles (such as the fact or speech reported, modalization, among others) intend to make the news story more attractive to the reader. As our corpus, we have selected 13 headlines from the News portal UOL published between August 27th, 2016, and September 3rd, 2016, period in which the impeachment of former president Dilma Rousseff occurred (31st of August), with the addition of the three days prior to event (from August 27th to 30th) and the three days after it (From September 1st to 3rd). The theoretical references of this dissertation are mainly situated in the field of Discourse Analysis, with emphasis on the principles of the enunciative clutch concept, direct and indirect discourse and detached enunciation proposed by Maingueneau (2013), supported on Bakhtin (2006). We have also resorted to the information staging strategies presented by Charaudeau (2010). We intend, with this research, to contribute not only to the studies on the peculiarities of the press online, but also to deepen the reflection of the market on how journalism is done. The results obtained demonstrate that there is a visible commitment to divulge relevant and/or exclusive content on the main event of the period studied (the impeachment), but there are situations when this commitment is broken by the usage of statements which prioritize the spectacle over the fact. Many linguistic and discursive choices used in the headlines are justifiable as attempts to mobilize the public interest. By such means, the Internet portal conducts a subtle staging of the information discourse, in which the journalist’s interpretation surpasses the actual news
Nesta pesquisa temos por objetivo investigar o uso e a recorrência dos recursos linguístico-discursivos na constituição de manchetes jornalísticas em um portal de notícias da Internet. Tendo como base a linguagem verbal utilizada na plataforma digital, procuramos, ainda, analisar como certos modos discursivos utilizados nos títulos (como o fato e o dito relatados, a modalização, entre outros) têm o intuito de tornar a notícia mais atraente para o leitor. Selecionamos, como corpus de análise, 13 manchetes do portal UOL, no período de 27 de agosto de 2016 a 3 de setembro de 2016, intervalo que compreende o impeachment da ex-presidente Dilma Rousseff (dia 31 de agosto), além de três dias antes (27 a 30 de agosto) e três dias depois (1 a 3 de setembro) desse episódio. Os referenciais teóricos deste trabalho inserem-se sobretudo na Análise do Discurso, com ênfase nos princípios de embreagem enunciativa, discursos direto e indireto e enunciados destacados propostos por Maingueneau (2013), apoiado em Bakhtin (2006). Recorremos, também, às estratégias de encenação da informação apresentadas por Charaudeau (2010). Buscamos, com este trabalho, contribuir não apenas para estudos acerca das peculiaridades da imprensa no suporte digital, como aprofundar a reflexão do mercado sobre o fazer jornalístico. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que há um compromisso visível de divulgar conteúdos relevantes e/ou exclusivos acerca do principal acontecimento do período estudado (o impeachment), mas há situações em que esse compromisso é rompido pelo uso de enunciados que priorizam a captação ao fato. Muitas escolhas linguísticas e discursivas utilizadas nas manchetes se justificam pela tentativa de mobilizar o interesse do público. Por meio desse expediente, o portal de Internet procede a uma encenação sutil do discurso da informação, em que a interpretação do jornalista se sobressai à notícia de fato

Thesis (MPhil) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The most neglected element in television reporting is the sound track. The problem is illustrated by the fact that there are currently no specialised textbooks, or training courses, on sound recording for television reporting, anywhere in the world. Textbooks that deal with television reporting dedicate very little space to sound recordings. With the growing competition in television news, news teams are increasingly becoming smaller. It is common practice these days to have a news team consisting of only a cameraperson and a reporter. The cameraperson is also responsible for the sound. Two television stations, namely NYl in New York and Channel One Television in England, have already dispensed with the cameraperson and send out only a reporter. This dissertation addresses the above-mentioned problem by doing research on the sound equipment, recording techniques and production techniques that are useful for effective sound recordings during single camera television reporting. Chapter two explains the functions of the different departments in a television station, as well as the duties of the staff. Chapter three explains basic television principles, terminology and equipment that the sound person uses daily and needs to understand to perform his work optimally. Chapterfour gives the basic terms that are needed to follow a conversation on sound recording. Terms like decibel, stereo and digital sound are explained. The chapter also covers basic electricity and sound equipment. Chapter five covers microphones under three headings, namely: electrical characteristics, acoustic characteristics and microphone design. The chapter also covers associated equipment, explains the sound facilities on video cameras and gives a list of possible sound equipment that can be used during a production. Chapter six covers sound recordings, principles and techniques under the following headings: • Perspective and boom swinging, which deals with sound perspective and boom swinging. • Rigging of cables, which gives practical tips for laying cables inside and outside buildings. • Recording principles, which gives practical tips on sound recordings. • Interviews, which includes recording tips for television interviews and reporting. • Reporting, which covers reporting, media conferences and public events. • Commentary recordings, which deals with the preparation and recording of voice over. • Music recordings, which deals with instruments and bands, and suggests microphone positions. • Telephone lines, which covers the use of telephone lines for reporting. • Location reconnaissance, which gives practical tips on pre-production planning. • Guidelines for sound persons during productions, which concludes the chapter and the dissertation with practical tips on behaviour during local, foreign and/or dangerous productions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die veranderlike wat die meeste afgeskeep word in televisieverslaggewing, is die klankbaan. Die probleem word onderstreep deur die feit dat daar wêreldwyd tans geen gespesialiseerde handboeke of opleidingskursusse bestaan wat oor klankopnames vir televisieverslaggewing handel nie. Handboeke wat handeloor televisieverslaggewing wy ook baie min ruimte aan klankopnames. Met die groeiende kompetisie in televisienuus raak nuusspanne toenemend kleiner. Dit is reeds algemene praktyk dat die nuusspan slegs uit 'n kamerapersoon en 'n verslaggewer bestaan. Die kamerapersoon moet dus ook die klankopnames doen. Twee televisiestasies, naamlik NYl in New York en Channel One Television in Engeland, het reeds die kamerapersoon uitgeskakel en stuur slegs 'n verslaggewer uit. Hierdie verhandeling spreek bogenoemde probleem aan deur navorsing te doen oor die klanktoerusting, opnametegnieke en produksietegnieke wat nuttig is vir effektiewe klankopnames tydens enkelkameratelevisieverslaggewing. Hoofstuk twee verduidelik die funksies van die verskillende departemente in 'n televisiestasie sowel as die pligte van die personeel. Hoofstuk drie verduidelik basiese televisiebeginsels, -terminologie en -toerusting wat die klankpersoon daagliks mee werk en dus moet verstaan om sy werk optimaal te verrig. Hoofstuk vier gee die basiese terme wat nodig is om 'n gesprek oor klankopnames te volg. Begrippe soos desibel, stereo en digitale klank word verduidelik. Die hoofstuk behandelook basiese elektriese beginsels en klanktoerusting. Hoofstuk vyf bespreek mikrofone onder drie indelings naamlik: elektriese eienskappe, akoestiese eienskappe en mikrofoonontwerp. Die hoofstuk dek ook aanverwante toerusting, verduidelik die klankfasiliteite op videokameras en gee 'n lys van klanktoerusting wat tydens produksies gebruik kan word. Hoofstuk ses is die belangrikste en bespreek klankopnames, beginsels en tegnieke onder die volgende opskrifte: • Perspektief en boomhantering, waaronder klankperspektief en boomhantering behandel word. • Lê van kabels, wat praktiese wenke gee vir die lê van kabels binne en buite geboue. • Opnamebeginsels, wat praktiese wenke gee in verband met klankopnames. • Onderhoude, wat opnamewenke gee in verband met televisieonderhoude en verslaggewing. • Verslaggewing, wat verslaggewing, nuuskonferensies en openbare geleenthede dek. • Kommentaaropnames, wat handeloor die voorbereiding vir, en opneem van kommentaar. • Musiekopnames, wat musiekinstrumente en orkeste bespreek en mikrofoonposisies voorstel. • Telefoonlyne, waaronder die gebruik van telefoonlyne vir verslaggewing bespreek word. • Terreinverkenning, wat praktiese riglyne gee vir voorproduksie-ondersoeke. • Riglyne vir klankpersone tydens produksies, wat die hoofstuk en die studie afsluit met praktiese wenke vir gedrag tydens plaaslike, buitelandse en/of gevaarlike produksies.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this work is to analyze the hybrid communication strategies of the voice and the presence of the journalists in the presentation of the Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo through the processes of hybridization of languages, starting from the changes occurred on April 27, 2015, in relevant sections. As hypothesis of this research it is believed that the change in the communicational device of the voice and the presence of the presenters invites the public to the proximity and bond. However, the changes in the communicational processes did not promote substantial changes in the discursive plan of the telejournalism. If, on the one hand, they allowed the opening of a polysemic sense to the body and the voice of the communicators, on the other hand, it is not enough for an effective re-signification in the telejournalism presentation, since the relations between the voice and the presence are the extreme ends in the processes of hybridization of this new proposal of presentation of the Jornal Nacional. For this, the study is based on the theory of the authors Arlindo Machado, Beatriz Becker, Yvana Fechine, Norval Baitello Junior and Paul Zumtor, as well as on the analysis instrument related to the critical approach of extremities of Christine Mello, which consists in observe an audiovisual product analyzing it, from three procedures: deconstruction, contamination and sharing. With the changes in the presentation of the Jornal Nacional, professionals began to value the presence of the body, in addition to reinventing itself with emerging technologies, maintaining or re-establishing the bond with its public
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as estratégias hibridas de comunicação da voz e a presença dos jornalistas na apresentação do telejornal Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo mediante os processos de hibridização das linguagens, a partir das mudanças ocorridas em 27 de abril de 2015, em trechos relevantes nos quais se expuseram que relataram esses fenômenos. Como hipótese desta pesquisa acredita-se que a mudança no dispositivo comunicacional da voz e da presença dos apresentadores convida o público à proximidade e vínculo. No entanto as alterações nos processos comunicacionais não promoveram modificações substanciais no plano discursivo do telejornal. Se, por um lado, propiciaram a abertura de um sentido polissêmico ao corpo e à voz dos comunicadores, por outro, não é suficiente para uma ressignificação efetiva na apresentação do telejornal, pois as relações entre a voz e a presença são as pontas extremas nos processos de hibridização desta nova proposta de apresentação do Jornal Nacional. Para isso, o estudo está apoiado na teoria dos autores Arlindo Machado, Beatriz Becker, Yvana Fechine, Norval Baitello Junior e Paul Zumtor, bem como no instrumental de análise relacionada a abordagem crítica das extremidades de Christine Mello, que consiste em observar um produto audiovisual analisando-o, a partir de três procedimentos: desconstrução, contaminação e compartilhamento. Com as transformações na apresentação do Jornal Nacional, os profissionais passaram a valorizar a presença do corpo, além de, reinventar-se junto às tecnologias emergentes, mantendo ou refazendo o vínculo com seu público

New media technology continues to provide journalists with sophisticated tools that are changing news processing and gathering. Economics journalists in particular have grasped the possibilities offered by new media technologies. Thus, this paper offers a theoretical and practical look at how new media technologies have impacted the production and processing of economics news in South Africa, with a particular focus on Fin24.com which is South Africa's biggest online economics news publication. Using qualitative research methods and the case-study approach, this thesis documents the impact of new media technologies on the production of economics news. It draws on Witschge and Nygren's (2009) framework which describes how new media technologies change the nature in which news is produced and processed. New media technologies in this study will refer to the Internet, particularly search engines like Google, social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook, Blogs as well as mobile telephony. Economics journalism will here refer to all coverage of economics and business-related news. This is because the case study (Fin24.com) covers both business and economics journalism by strict definition. Findings reveal that these new media technologies have not only changed economics newsgathering and processing but also journalistic routines. The findings generally show that new media technologies make it easier for economics journalists to produce the news quickly and efficiently. Indeed, the most distinguishing characteristic of new media is its overall speed, which is both challenging and attractive. The findings also reveal that new media technologies within a newsroom can be problematic in a number of ways, mainly raising issues of accuracy and credibility thus challenging the profession of economics journalism more than ever.

CAPES
Esta dissertação aborda como profissionais do jornalismo, através das práticas do cotidiano, se apropriam de artefatos e tecnologias computacionais para trabalhar com Jornalismo Guiado por Dados e, especificamente, com visualizações de dados. Para isso, considera-se que é no cotidiano que as tecnologias são apropriadas por quem as usa, e que este uso leva as tecnologias a uma estabilização, na qual elas deixam de ser percebidas como um elemento estranho. Os modos de uso dos artefatos também são considerados enquanto elementos construtores de identidades. O objeto principal da pesquisa são seis profissionais que fazem uso de artefatos e técnicas do Jornalismo Guiado por Dados no seu dia a dia. Através de entrevistas e observações, foram levantadas algumas maneiras através das quais as práticas e apropriações de tecnologias constroem as identidades de quem faz uso delas e levam os artefatos à estabilização. A análise das práticas do cotidiano colaboraria para uma visão menos instrumentalista no desenho de artefatos e também no ensino de técnicas, legitimando assim os modos de uso de cada pessoa. Para entender essas práticas do cotidiano, são apresentados os conceitos de “táticas” e “estratégias” com o objetivo de situar as relações de poder do cotidiano e como as pessoas podem subvertê-las, e conceitos dos estudos em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade como SCOT – construção social da tecnologia – e códigos técnicos, para analisar os processos que levam à estabilização de uma tecnologia. Relacionando esses conceitos com o jornalismo, é analisada a conotação de neutralidade dos grandes conjuntos de dados e comparando-a com a ideia de neutralidade da tecnologia. O Jornalismo Guiado por Dados é então relacionado a algumas taxonomias de gêneros e formatos jornalísticos, e é apresentado um breve histórico do uso do computador no jornalismo, para situá-lo dentro do jornalismo de modo geral e nas identidades jornalísticas que são construídas através das tecnologias consumidas no cotidiano. Por sua vez, é apresentado como os produtos jornalísticos derivados de grandes bases de dados propõem outro tipo de relação entre o jornalismo e o público, especificamente através da visualização de dados. São consideradas as possibilidades da visualização como forma de explorar e/ou comunicar grandes conjuntos de dados, assim como formas de leituras que elas propiciam. São descritos alguns processos para produzir visualizações de dados e mostrados exemplos de visualizações usadas no jornalismo, além de descrições de ferramentas de software usadas no Jornalismo Guiado por Dados. Como conclusão principal, defende-se que a legitimação das táticas, assim como uma visão menos instrumentalista e determinista do computar e de outras tecnologias, colaboraria para que mais pessoas se aproveitem dos recursos do Jornalismo Guiado por Dados e das visualizações.
This dissertation looks at how journalism professionals, through everyday practices, appropriate artifacts and computational technologies to work with Data-Driven Journalism and, specifically, with data visualization. For this, we considered that it is in everyday life that technologies are appropriated for those who make use of them, and that this use leads technologies to a closure or stabilization, in which they are no longer perceived as a foreign element. We also consider the way people make use of artifacts as elements that construct identities. The main study subjects are six professionals that make use of artifacts and techniques related to Data-Driven Journalism in their everyday life. Through interviews and observations, we collected some ways through which people appropriate technology, and thus takes them to stabilization and build identities. The analysis of everyday practices would collaborate to a less instrumentalist approach in artifact design and technique teaching, thus legitimating the ways each person makes use of technologies. For a better understanding of those everyday practices, the concepts of "tactics" and "strategies" are introduced, in order to situate the everyday power relations and how people can subvert them, as well as concepts from the Science, Technology and Society studies – STS –, such as SCOT – social construction of technology – and technical codes, in order to analyze the processes that lead to the closure of technology. Relating these concepts to journalism, the neutral connotation of large data sets is analyzed and compared to the idea of technology neutrality. Data-Driven Journalism is then related to some taxonomies of journalistic genres and formats, and a brief history of computer use in journalism is presented to situate it within journalism and how journalism’s identities are constructed through technology consumed in daily life. In turn, is presented how journalistic products derived from large databases propose another type of relationship between journalism and the public, specifically through data visualization. We describe some possibilities of visualization as a way to explore and/or communicate large data sets, as well as some different ways of reading they provide. We also describe some processes and tools for producing data visualization in journalism, as well as some software tools used in Data-Driven Journalism. The major conclusion of this study is that legitimating tactics, as well as a less instrumentalist and determinist approach to computing and other technologies, would help more people in making use of the artifacts and techniques of Data-Driven Journalism and data visualization.

Fu Li.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-186).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.2
Acknowledgement --- p.4
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.5
Is the Internet an agent of empowerment in Chinese journalism? --- p.6
Thesis organization --- p.12
Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Theoretical Background and ""Mediationist"" Perspective" --- p.15
"Changing technology, changing human communication" --- p.15
Internet as a liberalizing force --- p.24
Change or continuity? --- p.29
The third way: a mediationist perspective --- p.33
Concluding remarks --- p.37
Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Internet, Journalists and Media Reform with a Chinese Character" --- p.39
Hegemonic control: Institutional settings for China's Internet --- p.39
Dancing with shackles: Journalists in China's media reform --- p.45
Empowerment of journalists in a Chinese context --- p.58
Concluding remarks --- p.60
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Research Questions and Methodology --- p.62
Research questions --- p.62
Research methods --- p.64
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Chinese Journalists' Internet Usage in News Making --- p.72
News resource --- p.74
Reference framework --- p.82
Supplementary media outlet channel --- p.86
Concluding remarks --- p.89
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Patterns of the Internet's Impact on Journalists' News Making --- p.91
Reinforcement of the media's surveillance role --- p.91
Facilitation of news values reorientation --- p.101
Promotion of news timeliness --- p.106
Improvement of news making efficiency --- p.109
Concluding remarks --- p.113
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Internet's Situational Empowerment on News Making Practices --- p.115
Situationality of the Internet's impact --- p.116
Characteristics of situational empowerment --- p.130
Social mechanisms of situational empowerment --- p.147
Concluding remarks --- p.154
Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.156
Mediationist perspective on the Internet's impact on Chinese journalists --- p.158
Implications for Chinese journalism reform --- p.161
Limitations of the research --- p.164
Appendices --- p.166
Bibliography --- p.173

This study examines planning issues relating to the introduction of technological innovations in developing countries. Three major problem areas with respect to planning for innovation-introduction have been identified: (a) a disproportionate "Application-Focus" as compared to an "Organizational-Focus", that is, more concern for the innovation characteristics than for the contextual and people-related aspects of an innovation; (b) insufficient attention during a pilot study, to factors that could affect the future possibilities of an innovation and (c) lack of mechanisms to detect and address probable changes required in the technology, the users or the intervention process for effective use of the innovation. Literature on representative innovation projects involving technology such as radio and television for education in developing countries and theories and models of innovation research have been reviewed. The review of projects indicates the criticality of Organizational and Long-Term issues for the success of an innovation's installation and future. The review of innovation theories and models reflects an increase over time, in the level of synthesis of factors affecting the innovation process and in the emphasis on human and contextual aspects. A field study was conducted in Lesotho, Southern Africa to assess the viability of using electronic learning aids to supplement literacy and numeracy education in primary schools and to identify factors affecting the introduction and future use of this innovation. Conclusions, implications and recommendations, specific to this project and for innovation planners and practitioners in general, have been presented. The study concludes that despite the encouraging results of the exploratory study, substantial efforts on the part of the innovators, major changes in the infrastructure and intensive marshalling of resources would be required for large-scale, long-term use of the aids in Lesotho. An extensive pilot-study is recommended as an essential "first-step". For innovation planners and practitioners, the study recommends a balance between Organizational and Application perspectives, and a consideration of long-term aspects during the introductory phase.

Submitted in Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Technology, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.
Tourism can be classified either as urban tourism or as rural tourism, and it is one of the fastest growing industries globally. Rural tourism is usually associated with rural development because it has strong linkages to rural resources; but it remains underdeveloped compared to urban tourism. This underdevelopment of rural tourism serves as a motivation for this study whose aim is to examine the factors affecting the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists especially in this digital world where Information Communication and Technology (ICTs) is pervasive. In fact, ICT has transformed the travel industry in a remarkable way. The objectives of this study were: I) to select suitable theories that can explain the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; ii) to design a conceptual model of the factors affecting the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; iii) to empirically test the planned conceptual model of the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists, and, iv) to recommend measures to be taken for the improvement of the satisfaction levels of rural tourists to the point where they can significantly contribute to the full development of rural tourism. These objectives were achieved using content analysis of existing literature on rural tourism satisfaction and through a survey of tourists from the Malealea Lodge which is located in the Mafeteng District, in the Mountain Kingdom of Lesotho. The results of this study are the following: I) the push and pull motivation theory was selected to explain the perceived satisfaction of rural tourists; ii) rural tourism demographics, their push and pull motivation, and their level of ICT adoption were hypothesized as the factors that affect tourists satisfaction with their rural tourism experiences; iii) the satisfaction of rural tourists with their rural tourism experience is affected by their occupations (demographic factor), by their level of ICT adoption, and by their pull motivation; and this satisfaction is not affected by other demographic attributes nor by the push motivation of rural tourists; iv) it is recommended that rural tourism marketing be increased in order to attract clients from other regions besides Africa and Europe and other age groups apart from young Africans which were found by xiii this study to be the biggest rural tourism clientele group, and that peace and security be maintained in rural tourism destinations as these two attributes were found to have an effect on the perceived satisfaction of rural tourism. Finally, more research should be conducted on the effect of ICT adoption on rural tourism satisfaction.
M

The aim of this study was to determine the factors influencing readership of electronic news via the Internet. The status of printed news in the changing news environment was also investigated in the light of increasing electronic news readership. In order to achieve this aim, current electronic news readers were probed on their Internet news readership. The findings indicated that although traditional printed news was still very widely read, the shift amongst Internet users seemed to be towards reading more electronic news in the future. This study found that the two most significant factors that will lead to an increase in electronic news readership are the following: • This medium being accessed free of charge, i.e. where no monthly Internet subscriptions need to be paid. This has been achieved through free Internet access via ABSA since 16 February 2001; and • an improvement in the speed of access. The fact that traditional printed newspapers can be read in an informal environment seemed to be the single most important factor in maintaining its popularity.
Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2001.

This thesis seeks to investigate the role that blogs play in contemporary South African journalism through examining six blogs in the South African blogosphere and their content choices. This thesis draws on four key theoretical frameworks around which the research questions have been formulated: New Media and Journalism, Journalistic Blogging, Audiences and the Public Sphere. There are three key research questions: 1. What is the role played by blogging in contemporary South African journalism? 2. To what extent has the blogosphere become a Public Sphere? 3. How have blogs influenced/changed/impacted on the style and content of South African journalism? The qualitative data collected through blog observation, interviews with blog owner/ editors and concluded focus group discussions with blog readers, is designed to help reveal the role blogs and bloggers play in contemporary South African journalism, and through discussions with the audience and monitoring conversations online, help explore the possibilities of a public sphere. The conclusion of this thesis is that blogs do play a role in contemporary South African journalism and can serve as an effective public sphere. Defining what it means to be a journalist and recognising the differences between blogger and journalist is an issue that needs to be effectively understood before a conclusive agreement is to be reached in the blogger/journalist debate. However, for now the relationship between South African news agents and South African bloggers is promising.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

This study explored how social media are setting the agenda of the traditional media and re-defining the role of the journalists. Content analysis was done to analyse the coverage of Jacob Zuma stories in newspapers and on Facebook, from the 1st of February until the 30th of June 2018.The sample for the study was drawn from three local newspapers, the Citizen, the Sowetan, the NewAge (AfroVoice), as well as the Facebook page called #Zumamustfall. This was done to determine if newspapers which are traditional media were being influenced by social media in what stories to report on. Results from the study showed that social media are influential in building an agenda for the traditional media and in particular, with the Zuma story. In the same vein, it emerged that traditional and social media set the agenda for each other. Based on these findings the research recommends that other social media sites including Twitter be used in similar research to determine their effects on agenda setting of traditional media (newspapers).
Communication Science
M.A. (Communication Science)