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1

Shannon, Christopher. "The Protection of the journalists : a survey and analysis of international activities /." Genève : l'auteur, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34945598f.

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2

Boiton-Malherbe, Sylvie. "La Protection des journalistes en mission périlleuse dans les zones de conflit armé." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596132d.

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3

Boiton-Malherbe, Sylvie. "La protection des journalistes en mission perilleuse dans les zones de conflit arme." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA111008.

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Sur la base d'un inventaire typologique factuel des cas d'expulsion, d'arrestation, de detention ou de mort de journalistes, la these met en exergue les pretextes des etats pour se defendre contre le prelevement de l'information sur leur territoire par les journalistes etrangers. Que ce soit en vertu du principe de non discrimination ou de celui de la libre expression, le present travail tente de determiner si une norme de droit positif international vise de facon specifique le journaliste. Il etudie par ailleurs le projet de convention de sauvegarde des journalistes en mission perilleuse des nations-unies (1973) dans lequel la protection implique le controle du journaliste ou de son comportement (deontologie) et se heurte a la liberte d'expression. La seule norme dont le journaliste - lorsqu'il est en mission perilleuse - est le beneficiaire designe appartient au droit de la guerre : article 79 protocole i additionnel aux conventions de geneve du 12 aout 1949, qui porte sur les conflits armes internationaux. (elle est absente du protocole ii consacre aux conflits armes non internationaux, on trace un historique de cette dissymetrie. ) comparant cette protection de droit humanitaire a celle du medecin, le travail se propose d'expliquer pourquoi le journaliste en mission perilleuse apparait comme un gardien de l'humanite a l'information de guerre. Il se pose enfin la question de savoir pourquoi les journalistes sont aujourd'hui si recherches comme "otages" dans le cadre du "marchandage" international
On the basis of a typological and factual inventory of expulsion, arrest, detention, murder of journalists, the thesis focuses on the pretexts advanced by countries in order to hinder the collection of information by foreign journalists. Wether based on the principle of non-discrimination or on the principle of freedom of expression, the present work tries to determine to what extent norms of international law apply specifically to journalists. Forthemore, the work reviews the u. N. Draft convention on the protection of journalists on dangerous mission of 1973 providing for a kind of protection which implies the control of journalist or his behaviour (professionnal ethics) and thus conflicts with the freedom of expression. The only norm from witch a journalist benefits when he is on a dangerous mission refers to the right of war. Article 79 of the additional protocol i to the geneva conventions of 12 august of 1949 witch deals armed international conflicts. (this norm is not included in additional protocol ii with deals with armed conflicts witch are not international in scope. ) by way of a comparison beetween the protection of humanitarian rights on the one hand and the protection enjoyed by a physician on the other, this work sets out to explain why a journalist on dangerous mission functions as a custodian of the right of people to obtain information on warfare. Finally, the question arises as to why journalists are in suchhigh demand as "hostages" in the context of today's international bargainin
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4

Lhoni, Murielle. "Humanitaires et Journalistes : des acteurs de terrain non négligeables en droit international, de par leurs missions en zones de conflit armé." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMD005.

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Les Humanitaires et les Journalistes sont des acteurs de terrain qui se mobilisent à chaque fois que des conflits armés éclatent et que des populations sont, malheureusement, livrées à elles-mêmes. Leurs missions respectives consistent, d'une part, à venir en aide aux victimes touchées soit par la maladie, soit par la famine ou encore par les blessures de guerre ; d'autre part, à informer sur la situation conflictuelle en cours, parfois à en dénoncer les dérives et violations du droit de la guerre. Cependant, le danger n'est jamais très loin de ces deux acteurs de terrain, car ils sont exposés aux effets directs et indirects du conflit armé que peuvent être : les enlèvements voire les rétentions arbitraires, les assassinats, les viols, etc. La particularité de leurs missions et la dangerosité des zones dans lesquelles ils exercent, leur ont fait gagner en importance en droit international. C’est en ce sens qu’un cadre de protection juridique des Humanitaires et des Journalistes a été élaboré par le droit international, notamment via deux de ses branches que sont le droit international humanitaire et le droit pénal international. Il en résulte donc à la fois une protection par les textes contraignants de droit international humanitaire, ainsi qu’une protection par la répression judiciaire des violations desdits textes grâce aux règles de droit pénal international. Un équilibre parfait sur le papier que les juridictions compétentes tardent à appliquer, principalement en raison d’une négligence, voire d’un désintérêt, pour la problématique de la protection juridique des Humanitaires et des Journalistes
Humanitarian workers and journalists are actors on the ground who mobilize every time armed conflicts erupt and populations are unfortunately left to their own devices. Their respective missions consist, on the one hand, in helping the victims affected either by illness, famine or war wounds ; on the other hand, to inform about the current conflict situation, sometimes to denounce its abuses and violations of the law of war. However, the danger is never very far from these two actors on the ground, because they are exposed to the direct and indirect effects of the armed conflict that can be : kidnappings or even arbitrary retention, assassinations, rape, etc. The particularity of their missions and the dangerousness of the areas in which they exercise, has increased their importance in international law. It is in this sense that a legal protection framework for humanitarians and journalists has been developed by international law, in particular through two branches of : international humanitarian law and international criminal law. The result is both protection by binding texts of international humanitarian law, as well as protection by judicial repression of violations of these texts thanks to the rules of international criminal law. A perfect balance on paper that the competent jurisdictions are slow to apply, mainly because of negligence or even lack of interest in the legal protection of humanitarians and journalists
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5

Werly, Stéphane. "La protection du secret rédactionnel /." Genève [u.a.] : Schulthess, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/502310243.pdf.

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6

Abou, Zeid Mohamed. "La vie privée face au droit à faire savoir la vérité : étude comparative des droits français, égyptien et musulman." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON10041.

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Depuis quelques annees, les legislations francaise et egyptienne ont consacre un principe de la protection de la vie privee. La mise en oeuvre de ce principe a l'egard du juge et du journaliste, qui ont pour mission de faire savoir la verite, souleve une question de savoir si et comment les particuliers seront proteges contre l'intervention du juge et du journaliste dans leur vie privee. L'etude presente traite cette question en deux parties. La premiere partie expose la protection des personnes contre l'immixtion du juge dans la vie privee. La deuxieme partie traite la protection des personnes contre la divulgation de la vie privee par le journaliste. Au cours des developpements qui suivront, nous marquerons, le cas echeant, les quelques ameliorations qui pourraient etre apportees aux regles des droits consideres : mulsulman, egyptien et francais, afin d'etablir une hierarchie des valeurs
French and egyptian legislations of late years have established a principle of private life protection. The pratical application of this principle in regard to the judge and the journalist, whose task is to let out the truth, brings up a question : if and how private persons will be protected from the intervention of the judge and the journalist in their private life? the present study treats this question in two parts. The first part is about the protection of persons against the unwarrantable interference of the judge with their private life. The second part is about the protection of persons against the divulgation of their private life by the journalist. In the following developments, we'll notice, if necessary, some improvements which should be effected in the rules of the considered laws : moslem, egyptian and french in order to st up a hierarchy of values
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7

Al-Moslamani, Judge Khalifa Abdullatif M. J. "The legal protection of journalists and media in conflict zones." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15852.

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This dissertation examines whether the international regime for the protection of journalists reporting from armed conflict zones is sufficient to protect journalists and the media operating in such places. This examination includes the current rules and principles of International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law and the proposals provided by International, Regional and Non-Governmental Organisations. The second aim is to examine whether violence against journalists should be categorised as war crimes and/or crimes against humanity with automatic jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in cases where national courts are unable or unwilling to prosecute such offences. The final aim is to provide recommendations for enhancing the protection of journalists and media covering conflict zones. The research findings show that the protection of journalists covering armed conflicts under International Law is absent. State motivation to initiate that is non-existent. Depending on general International Human Rights Law and general International Humanitarian Law to protect this profession which is at the forefront of the protection of democracy and the rule of law in Western democracies is no longer sustainable because it is inefficient. States must make haste to establish treaty law for the protection of journalists and the media working in conflict zones. The UN General Assembly must instruct the UN International Law Commission under Article 13 (1) of the UN Charter to immediately commence studies on the international law for the protection of journalists and the media operating in conflict zones. The conclusions of the International Law Commission Draft Articles on Protection of Journalists and the Media should then be adopted by the UN and lead to new State practice/ Convention on the protection of journalists and the media reporting from armed conflict zones.
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8

Anderson-Dupéré, Mélanie. "La liberté de la presse au Royaume-Uni depuis 1998." Thesis, Paris 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA030025.

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La période qui court depuis 1998 comporte de nombreux paradoxes pour la liberté de la presse au Royaume-Uni : certaines avancées ont été obtenues, de nouveaux obstacles ont surgi. La crédibilité de l’industrie de la presse à œuvrer au service de l’intérêt public dépend de sa capacité à contrôler les activités des gouvernements et des autres acteurs sociaux. Pour cela, la presse se doit de communiquer des informations fiables, et cela dans le respect de la déontologie journalistique. Or, des tensions existent entre la logique commerciale et la défense de l’intérêt public. L’incapacité du système d’autorégulation à mettre fin aux mauvaises pratiques et l’impact de la dérégulation progressive de l’économie de la presse sur la pluralité des voix font l’objet de controverses. La référence à une « crise » de la presse est abondante dans les discours, dans un contexte marqué par un manque de moyens humains et matériels consacrés au journalisme d’investigation. La place accordée à la pratique journalistique a évolué depuis 1998, en raison de la reconnaissance de la liberté d’expression en tant que droit positif qualifié. Toutefois, la presse est sujette à des contraintes et pressions liées aux structures économiques. Par ailleurs, elle doit faire face à des mesures de censure et d’autocensure en amont de la publication ainsi qu’aux risques liés à la saisie de matériel journalistique et à la divulgation des sources. À l’ère numérique, la capacité de la presse à exercer librement est bouleversée par les évolutions de la stratégie anti-terroriste du Royaume-Uni et la surveillance de masse. Dans ce contexte de changements économiques, politiques et technologiques, certains éléments de la presse traditionnelle ont été capables de s’adapter, de se réinventer et de réaffirmer leur légitimité. De nouveaux modèles de coopération en ressortent, tels que les projets de partenariats transnationaux. Allant au-delà des intérêts des publications concurrentielles, ces projets permettent de traiter des sujets de grande envergure au service de l’intérêt public
The period since 1998 is comprised of many paradoxes for the freedom of the press in the United Kingdom: some progress has been made but new hurdles have arisen. The newspaper industry’s credibility as a public interest medium is dependent on its ability to hold governments and other societal actors to account for their actions. This means that the press has a duty to communicate reliable information and pay due respect to journalistic ethics. Yet there are tensions between the commercial logic and the defence of the public interest. The inability of the self-regulatory system to put a stop to malpractice and the impact of the press economy’s progressive deregulation on the plurality of voices are points of contention. References to a “crisis” of the press abound within the various discourses, against a background of a lack of human and material resources being devoted to investigative journalism. The position granted to journalistic practice has changed since 1998, due to the recognition of the freedom of expression as a qualified positive right. However, the press is subject to curbs and pressures in relation to economic structures. Furthermore, it has to deal with measures involving prepublication censorship and self-censorship as well as the risks in relation to the seizure of journalistic material and the disclosure of sources. In the digital age, the ability of the press to practise freely has been shaken by developments in the United Kingdom’s anti-terrorist strategy and mass surveillance. Against this background of economic, political and technological changes, some elements of the traditional press have been capable of adapting, reinventing and reaffirming their legitimacy. This has resulted in new paradigms of cooperation such as transnational project partnerships. By going beyond the interests of competing publications, these partnerships are making it possible to deal with large-scale matters in the public interest
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9

Adams, Leticia A. "An Exploratory Study of the Effectiveness of the CPJ in Defending Journalists and Press Freedom Ideals in Latin America: Transnational Advocacy in the International Sphere." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd363.pdf.

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10

Larssen, Urban. "Call for protection situating journalists in post-cold war Romania in a global media development discourse /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38396.

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11

Seppelt, Rosalie. "Media and Armed Conflict: Protection of Journalists and Media Facilities under Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31234.

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This master thesis gives a comprehensive overview of the protection of journalists and media facilities in times of armed conflict. First, the thesis analyses, which legal regimes are applicable: international humanitarian or human rights law. In conclusion, it suggests a parallel application of both regimes while international humanitarian law is to be regarded as lex specialis in the event of an armed conflict. In the case of a discrepancy between norms of the two regulatory complexes, the lex specialis maxim solves the inconsistency as an interpretation rule. Thus, the human rights provision is interpreted in the light of the more specific humanitarian law provision. Secondly, the thesis examines the concrete norms under both legal regimes that protect journalists and media facilities. It finds that only human rights norms protect the work of journalists while international humanitarian law protects journalists as civilians and media facilities as civilian objects. In the event, that a (fatal) military attack on journalists or media facilities is justifiable under international humanitarian law, there exists a controversy with the right to life guaranteed in human rights law which is solved by means of the lex specialis principle. Finally, the extent of the de facto protection of journalists and media facilities in comparison to the assured de jure protection is tested. For this purpose, the effective protection of journalists and media facilities in general during the current South Sudan crisis is analysed as well as the protection of female journalists against gender-based rights violations in times of armed conflict. A huge discrepancy between the de jure granted protection and the actual protection is found in both cases. Therefore, this thesis stresses the need to adopt new binding international regulations specifically tailored to afford all journalists and media facilities the highest protection possible – especially in times of conflict.
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12

Stolte, Yolande Wilhelmina. "International legal framework for the protection of journalists in conflict zones : a round peg in a square hole?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10597.

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Journalists reporting from conflict zones are increasingly at risk of injury or death. Not only are they at risk of becoming a casualty in the crossfire, they are now often directly targeted and killed because of their profession. The legal framework protecting journalists in conflict zones consists predominantly of International Humanitarian Law, supplemented by International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law. The main body of law providing protection to journalists consists of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, which are now several decades old. Since their drafting, there have been significant changes in the way we conduct wars, as well as in the way journalists operate and report from conflict zones. This raises the question whether this legal framework is still suitable for the protection of journalists in contemporary conflicts. This thesis confirms that the legal framework contains, at least in theory, a significant number of provisions that continue to provide protection for journalists in conflict zones. What is clear, however, is that there are significant differences in the protection awarded to journalists based on the type of journalist, for example whether they are embedded or function independently in conflict zones, the type of conflict they are covering and even their nationality. The result is a rather complicated legal framework that is not always easy to apply in practice. It has been argued by the International Committee of the Red Cross, a view also reflected in most of the academic literature, that the protection offered by the current legal framework is adequate, but that the enforcement of it is lacking. This is considered the predominant reason why journalists reporting on conflicts currently face such significant risks to their safety. While this is clearly part of the problem, this thesis challenges the notion that the legal framework provides all necessary protection and that only through stronger enforcement can protection be increased. In particular, it suggests that this ignores the effect that clarity and the comprehensiveness of the framework can have on enforcement. Having explored the gaps and limitations in the existing law, this thesis sets out the case for introducing a dedicated convention for the protection of journalists in conflict zones in order to clarify and streamline the current legal framework.
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13

Lundberg, Emelie, and Adrian Sadikovic. "Vem skyddar vi källan från? : En kvalitativ studie om digital säkerhet och källskydd bland svenska journalister." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-32885.

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In the digital era, journalists’ source protection is facing new challenges. A big part of the communication between the journalists and their sources is now taking place online, thus exposing it to surveillance, national security interests and erosion of source protection laws. How engaged and interested are swedish journalists regarding these challenges? And what methods do they use to protect their sources in this new era? This study examines the knowledge and interest among swedish journalists regarding digital security and source protection issues, and which methods they use for source protection in the digital age. It also gives a brief introduction to the current laws and legislative proposals that may impact source protection in Sweden. This is done through interviews with journalists from four swedish media editors. Uppdrag granskning, Dagens Nyheter, HD/Sydsvenskan and P4 Västerbotten. Our study shows that the majority of our respondents are interested and engaged in issues regarding digital security and source protection, but the level of actual knowledge varies. Some journalists are so engaged that it affects how they live their private lives outside the newsroom, while others have little or no knowledge regarding the security of their own editorial office. It is also clear that there is a need for journalists to be educated in new secure methods so that they can, in turn, educate their own sources.
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14

Kaheru, Hamis. "An analysis of the views of journalists and government officials regarding the impact of new vision's coverage of the Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002893.

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15

Venter, Sahm. "The safety of journalists an assessment of perceptions of the origins and implementation of policy at two international television news agencies /." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/213/.

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16

Podkowik, Jan. "Journalistic monitoring and privilege in the era of new telecommunications technologies under the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115856.

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The digital age has reconfigured the security services, especially the forms of mass surveillance aimed at preventing various threats to society. However, this scenario may become problematic from the perspective of protecting the freedom of the media and journalistic privilege. The author of this article offers an overview of the scope of the protection of the journalistic privilege pursuant to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as its management in Poland from the developments prepared by its Constitutional Court.
La era digital ha reconfigurado los servicios de seguridad, sobre todo las formas de vigilancia masiva que buscan prevenir distintas amenazas para la sociedad. No obstante, este escenario puede convertirse en problemático desde la perspectiva de la protección de la libertad de los medios de comunicación y del privilegio periodístico. El autor del presente artículo nos ofrece un panorama sobre los alcances de la tutela del privilegio periodístico en el Convenio Europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales, así como sobre su tratamiento en Polonia a partir de los desarrollos realizados por su Tribunal Constitucional.
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17

Danbury, Richard M. "The 'full liberty of public writers' : special treatment of journalism in English law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5299bf69-f793-4280-9525-9f3cc6f50ccc.

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This thesis investigates whether institutional journalism should receive special treatment at the hands of the law. Special treatment encompasses the affording of benefits to and the imposition of liabilities on journalistic institutions and the individuals who work for them. The arguments against special treatment are pragmatic and theoretical: pragmatic arguments emphasise, inter alia, the difficulty of providing a definition of journalism, and theoretical arguments emphasise the difficulty in explaining why special treatment can be coherent. The former can be addressed by describing how special treatment is already afforded to institutional journalism, both liabilities and benefits, to individuals and institutions, and showing that some of the problems foreseen by the pragmatic arguments have not proved as difficult as they appear. The arguments that special treatment is incoherent can be addressed by arguing that the credibility and assessability of institutional journalism still provide a prima facie rationale for special treatment irrespective of the rise of public speech on the Internet, when combined with the integral nature of journalism to democracy. Two basic arguments are advanced why this is so. The first, the free speech values argument, is a consequentialist account that holds that special treatment is appropriate when (or because) institutional journalism contributes to free speech values. It is attractive, but presents difficulties, both when considered in the abstract and when applied to the free speech value of democracy. The second, a rights-based argument, based on the notion that freedoms of speech and of the Press are distinguishable, can be based on either on Dworkin’s theory of rights as trumps or Raz’s theory of rights as interests. Raz’s account is preferable, as it complements the free speech values thesis in explaining the coherence of special treatment.
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18

Fan, Li-Ta, and 范立達. "Journalists'' Privilege in Protection of News Sources." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16990611432202718827.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
95
This thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction to the motivation and the research purpose, method, and scope. Questions are raised. Beginning with Chapter 2, domestic legal cases are introduced, including the damage to news sources made by some reporters for being unable to refuse testifying in the court. Chapter 3 introduces some U.S. cases, including the 1972 Branzburg v. Hayes and the 2005 Judith Miller cases. Obviously, the U.S. Supreme Court does not believe that reporters enjoy more constitutional rights than ordinary citizens do. Chapter 4 further discusses a reporter’s relations with news sources and the importance of protecting such resources. Chapter 5 deals with a citizen’s obligation to stand witness in the fair judgment of a lawsuit, including the exceptions. It is found that some witnesses may refuse to give testimony under certain circumstances, so the question whether they should include reporters is discussed. Therein, the thesis explores the procedures of reporter protection in various Statesfor legislative reference of my country in the future. Chapter 6 proposes to codify reporters’ privilege of refusing to stand witness. In conclusion, whether a reporter has the right to reject to appear in the court should be judged by the three standards proposed by Justice Stewart. Besides safeguarding reporters’ privilege of not revealing new sources, media should be protected from search, detention, and bugging. This thesis also tries to make definitions on reporter and media of the new century. The last chapter of the thesis sums up the highlights of the foregoing chapters and reminds, in light of journalistic ethics, news workers of their basic commitment made when first entering this industry: “Defend the sources of confidential information with life.”
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19

Welgemoed, Anton Christo. "Media law aspects of the news-gathering function of journalists in a conflict zone." Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/536.

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The function of a journalist is not only to inform but also to investigate. Since the public has a right to information, jurists need to protect journalists that report from dangerous war-torn regions in order to keep the world informed. As the primary reliable source and often eyewitness to humanitarian atrocities a journalist has a duty to report such atrocities. There has for several decades now been uncertainty regarding the fact whether journalists should be granted special protection or not. On the one hand it is argued that journalists should be protected in terms of humanitarian law due to their humanitarian function, the service that they render in facilitating the free flow of information to the world and the role that journalists play in society. On the other hand, some argue that the protection of journalists is not the responsibility of the international community but rather their individual national governments or local news organisations.
Jurisprudence
LL.M.
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20

Kaheru, Hamis. "An analysis of the views of journalists and government officials regarding the impact of new vision's coverage of the Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation Project /." 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/272/.

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Thesis (M.A. (Journalism and Media Studies))--Rhodes University, 2005.
"A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism and Media Studies" -T.p.
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21

Roba, Tesema Fote. "Media and environmental awareness : a geographical study in Kembata Tembaro Zone, southern Ethiopia." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9236.

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In Ethiopia people are highly dependent on natural resources which often lead to environmental degradation. The perception is that environmental degradation is partly due to lack of environmental awareness. The level of environmental awareness and the role of the media in creating awareness in Kembata Tembaro Administrative zone were investigated. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to identify sources of environmental knowledge, content, spatial extent, volume and priority of media coverage, impact of media, and expectation of audiences and producers. Experience, rather than outside sources, such as provided by the media, is the main source of environmental information, but awareness is key to reduce further environmental degradation. Environmental media programs should be transmitted at suitable times and the experiences of successful farmers in natural resources conservation and development should be shared. Attention should also be given to identification of awareness obstacles and training and sensitizing of journalists on environment issues
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