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Journal articles on the topic 'JTECH (Program)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Knuteson, R. O., H. E. Revercomb, F. A. Best, et al. "Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer. Part I: Instrument Design." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21, no. 12 (2004): 1763–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-1662.1.

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Abstract A ground-based Fourier transform spectrometer has been developed to measure the atmospheric downwelling infrared radiance spectrum at the earth's surface with high absolute accuracy. The Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) instrument was designed and fabricated by the University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering Center (UW-SSEC) for the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. This paper emphasizes the key features of the UW-SSEC instrument design that contribute to meeting the AERI instrument requirements for the ARM Program.

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Knuteson, R. O., H. E. Revercomb, F. A. Best, et al. "Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer. Part II: Instrument Performance." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21, no. 12 (2004): 1777–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-1663.1.

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Abstract The Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) instrument was developed for the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program by the University of Wisconsin Space Science and Engineering Center (UW-SSEC). The infrared emission spectra measured by the instrument have the sensitivity and absolute accuracy needed for atmospheric remote sensing and climate studies. The instrument design is described in a companion paper. This paper describes in detail the measured performance characteristics of the AERI instruments built for the ARM Program. In particu

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Cheng, Anne Ru, Tim Hau Lee, Hsin I. Ku, and Yi Wen Chen. "Quality Control Program for Real-Time Hourly Temperature Observation in Taiwan." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (2016): 953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0005.1.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a quality control (QC) program for the real-time hourly land surface temperature observation developed by the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan. There are three strategies involved. The first strategy is a range check scheme that inspects whether the observation falls inside the climatological limits of the station to screen out the obvious outliers. Limits are adjusted according to the station’s elevation. The second strategy is a spatial check scheme that scrutinizes whether the observation falls inside the derived confidence interval, according to the data from

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Roemmich, Dean, Jeffrey T. Sherman, Russ E. Davis, et al. "Deep SOLO: A Full-Depth Profiling Float for the Argo Program." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 10 (2019): 1967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0066.1.

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AbstractDeployment of Deep Argo regional pilot arrays is underway as a step toward a global array of 1250 surface-to-bottom profiling floats embedded in the upper-ocean (2000 m) Argo Program. Of the 80 active Deep Argo floats as of July 2019, 55 are Deep Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer (SOLO) 6000-m instruments, and the rest are composed of three additional models profiling to either 4000 or 6000 m. Early success of the Deep SOLO is owed partly to its evolution from the Core Argo SOLO-II. Here, Deep SOLO design choices are described, including the spherical glass pressure housing, t

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Tridon, Frédéric, Alessandro Battaglia, Pavlos Kollias, Edward Luke, and Christopher R. Williams. "Signal Postprocessing and Reflectivity Calibration of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program 915-MHz Wind Profilers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 6 (2013): 1038–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00146.1.

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Abstract The Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program has recently initiated a new research avenue toward a better characterization of the transition from cloud to precipitation. Dual-wavelength techniques applied to millimeter-wavelength radars and a Rayleigh reference have a great potential for rain-rate retrievals directly from dual-wavelength ratio measurements. In this context, the recent reconfiguration of the ARM 915-MHz wind profilers in a vertically pointing mode makes these instruments the ideal candidate for providing the Rayleigh reflectivity/Doppler vel

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Leeper, Ronald D., Jared Rennie, and Michael A. Palecki. "Observational Perspectives from U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) and Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Network: Temperature and Precipitation Comparison." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 4 (2015): 703–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00172.1.

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AbstractThe U.S. Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) network was formed in the early 1890s to provide daily observations of temperature and precipitation. However, manual observations from naturally aspirated temperature sensors and unshielded precipitation gauges often led to uncertainties in atmospheric measurements. Advancements in observational technology (ventilated temperature sensors, well-shielded precipitation gauges) and measurement techniques (automation and redundant sensors), which improve observation quality, were adopted by NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) into the es

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Tokay, Ali, Leo Pio D’Adderio, David B. Wolff, and Walter A. Petersen. "Development and Evaluation of the Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters for the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Ground Validation Program." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 1 (2020): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0071.1.

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AbstractThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission ground validation program uses dual-polarization radar moments to estimate raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters, the mass-weighted mean drop diameter Dmass, and normalized intercept parameter NW, to validate the GPM Core Observatory–derived DSD parameters. The disdrometer-based Dmass and NW are derived through empirical relationships between Dmass and differential reflectivity ZDR, and between NW, reflectivity ZH, and Dmass. This study employs large datasets collected from two-dimens

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Demaria, Eleonora M. C., David C. Goodrich, and Kenneth E. Kunkel. "Evaluating the Reliability of the U.S. Cooperative Observer Program Precipitation Observations for Extreme Events Analysis Using the LTAR Network." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 3 (2019): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0128.1.

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AbstractThe detection and attribution of changes in precipitation characteristics relies on dense networks of rain gauges. In the United States, the COOP network is widely used for such studies even though there are reported inconsistencies due to changes in instruments and location, inadequate maintenance, dissimilar observation time, and the fact that measurements are made by a group of dedicated volunteers. Alternately, the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network has been consistently and professionally measuring precipitation since the early 1930s. The purpose of this study is to c

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Martini, Kim I., David J. Murphy, Raymond W. Schmitt, and Nordeen G. Larson. "Corrections for Pumped SBE 41CP CTDs Determined from Stratified Tank Experiments." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 4 (2019): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0050.1.

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AbstractSea-Bird Scientific SBE 41CP CTDs are used on autonomous floats in the global Argo ocean observing program to measure the temperature and salinity of the upper ocean. While profiling, the sensors are subject to dynamic errors as they profile through vertical gradients. Applying dynamic corrections to the temperature and conductivity data reduces these errors and improves sensor accuracy. A series of laboratory experiments conducted in a stratified tank are used to characterize dynamic errors and determine corrections. The corrections are adapted for Argo floats, and recommendations for

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Seaman, Curtis J., Yoo-Jeong Noh, Steven D. Miller, Andrew K. Heidinger, and Daniel T. Lindsey. "Cloud-Base Height Estimation from VIIRS. Part I: Operational Algorithm Validation against CloudSat." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 3 (2017): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0109.1.

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AbstractThe operational VIIRS cloud-base height (CBH) product from the Suomi–National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite is compared against observations of CBH from the cloud profiling radar (CPR) on board CloudSat. Because of the orbits of SNPP and CloudSat, these instruments provide nearly simultaneous observations of the same locations on Earth for a ~4.5-h period every 2–3 days. The methodology by which VIIRS and CloudSat observations are spatially and temporally matched is outlined. Based on four 1-month evaluation periods representing each season from June 2014 to April 2015, s

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Chen, Maosi, John Davis, and Wei Gao. "A New Cloud Screening Algorithm for Ground-Based Direct-Beam Solar Radiation." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 12 (2014): 2591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00095.1.

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Abstract Cloud screening of direct-beam solar radiation is an essential step for in situ calibration and atmospheric properties retrieval. The internal cloud screening module of a Langley analysis program [Langley Analyzer (LA)] used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) is used for screening the uncalibrated direct-beam measurements and for deriving Langley offset voltages for calibration of the UV version of the Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (UV-MFRSR). The current LA cloud screening module utilizes data from extended clear-sky

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Miller, Steven D., Cynthia L. Combs, Stanley Q. Kidder, and Thomas F. Lee. "Assessing Moonlight Availability for Nighttime Environmental Applications by Low-Light Visible Polar-Orbiting Satellite Sensors." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 4 (2012): 538–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00192.1.

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Abstract The next-generation U.S. polar-orbiting environmental satellite program, the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS), promises unprecedented capabilities for nighttime remote sensing by way of the day/night band (DNB) low-light visible sensor. The DNB will use moonlight illumination to characterize properties of the atmosphere and surface that conventionally have been limited to daytime observations. Since the moon is a highly variable source of visible light, an important question is where and when various levels of lunar illumination will be available. Here, nighttime moonlight availabi

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Caicedo, Vanessa, Ruben Delgado, Ricardo Sakai, et al. "An Automated Common Algorithm for Planetary Boundary Layer Retrievals Using Aerosol Lidars in Support of the U.S. EPA Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations Program." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 10 (2020): 1847–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0050.1.

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AbstractA unique automated planetary boundary layer (PBL) retrieval algorithm is proposed as a common cross-platform method for use with commercially available ceilometers for implementation under the redesigned U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations program. This algorithm addresses instrument signal quality and screens for precipitation and cloud layers before the implementation of the retrieval method using the Haar wavelet covariance transform. Layer attribution for the PBL height is supported with the use of continuation and time-tracking paramet

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Davison, Jennifer L. "A Filter for Removing Sidelobe Artifacts in Bragg Scattering Layer (BSL) Analysis for S-Band Radar." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 7 (2015): 1289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0033.1.

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AbstractThe local environment during the joint Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) Investigation Experiment (AMIE)–Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in Year 2011 (CINDY2011)–Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field experiments caused frequent occurrences of sidelobe artifacts in the NCAR S-Pol radar dataset. Although generally low in radar reflectivity factor value (less than 5 dBZ), this contamination still proved problematic for Bragg scattering layer (BSL) analysis, generating numerous false BSL edge detections. In this pa

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Tirelli, Cecilia, Simone Ceccherini, Nicola Zoppetti, et al. "Data Fusion Analysis of Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 Simulated Ozone Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 4 (2020): 573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0063.1.

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AbstractThe complete data fusion method, generalized to the case of fusing profiles of atmospheric variables retrieved on different vertical grids and referred to different true values, is applied to ozone profiles retrieved from simulated measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and thermal infrared spectral ranges for the Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 missions of the Copernicus program. In this study, the production and characterization of combined low Earth orbit (Sentinel-5) and geostationary Earth orbit (Sentinel-4) fused ozone data is performed. Fused and standard products have been compare

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Schmid, Paul, and Dev Niyogi. "A Method for Estimating Planetary Boundary Layer Heights and Its Application over the ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 3 (2012): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00118.1.

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Abstract A new objective method to determine the height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is presented here. PBL heights are computed using the statistical variance and kurtosis of dewpoint and virtual potential temperature differences measured from radio soundings at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. These heights are compared with those derived from lidar, also on the site, and with gridded model data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). A climatology of mean heights in the early (1800 U

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Chu, Peter C., Robin T. Tokmakian, Chenwu Fan, and L. Charles Sun. "Optimal Spectral Decomposition (OSD) for Ocean Data Assimilation." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 4 (2015): 828–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00079.1.

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AbstractOptimal spectral decomposition (OSD) is applied to ocean data assimilation with variable (temperature, salinity, or velocity) anomalies (relative to background or modeled values) decomposed into generalized Fourier series, such that any anomaly is represented by a linear combination of products of basis functions and corresponding spectral coefficients. It has three steps: 1) determination of the basis functions, 2) optimal mode truncation, and 3) update of the spectral coefficients from innovation (observational increment). The basis functions, depending only on the topography of the

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Bruserud, Kjersti, and Sverre Haver. "Uncertainties in Current Measurements in the Northern North Sea." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 4 (2017): 855–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0192.1.

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AbstractA met–ocean measurement program of waves and current profiles at five locations in the northern North Sea was performed over a period of approximately 5 years. Despite quality control, the measured current speed data contained more noise than expected and large discrepancies were observed between overlapping current speed data measured by different current profilers at the same locations and water depths. Some of the noise and discrepancies can be explained by the influence from surface waves. The current measurements from instruments attached to a surface buoy indicated that these suf

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Zhang, Jun A., Joseph J. Cione, Evan A. Kalina, Eric W. Uhlhorn, Terry Hock, and Jeffrey A. Smith. "Observations of Infrared Sea Surface Temperature and Air–Sea Interaction in Hurricane Edouard (2014) Using GPS Dropsondes." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 6 (2017): 1333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0211.1.

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AbstractThis study highlights infrared sensor technology incorporated into the global positioning system (GPS) dropsonde platforms to obtain sea surface temperature (SST) measurements. This modified sonde (IRsonde) is used to improve understanding of air–sea interaction in tropical cyclones (TCs). As part of the Sandy Supplemental Program, IRsondes were constructed and then deployed during the 2014 hurricane season. Comparisons between SSTs measured by collocated IRsondes and ocean expendables show good agreement, especially in regions with no rain contamination. Surface fluxes were estimated

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Li, Feili, M. Susan Lozier, and William E. Johns. "Calculating the Meridional Volume, Heat, and Freshwater Transports from an Observing System in the Subpolar North Atlantic: Observing System Simulation Experiment." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 7 (2017): 1483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0247.1.

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AbstractA transbasin monitoring array from Labrador to Scotland was deployed in the summer of 2014 as part of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP). The aim of the observing system is to provide a multiyear continuous measure of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the associated meridional heat and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic. Results from the array are expected to improve the understanding of the variability of the subpolar transports and the nature and degree of the AMOC’s latitudinal dependence. In this present work, t

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Lumpkin, Rick, Nikolai Maximenko, and Mayra Pazos. "Evaluating Where and Why Drifters Die*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 2 (2012): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00100.1.

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Abstract NOAA ’s Global Drifter Program (GDP) manages a global array of ~1250 active satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys (“drifters”) in collaboration with numerous national and international partners. To better manage the drifter array and to assess the performance of various drifter manufacturers, it is important to discriminate between drifters that cease transmitting because of internal failure and those that cease because of external factors such as running aground or being picked up. An accurate assessment of where drifters run aground would also allow the observations to be used to

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Lumpkin, Rick, Semyon A. Grodsky, Luca Centurioni, Marie-Helene Rio, James A. Carton, and Dongkyu Lee. "Removing Spurious Low-Frequency Variability in Drifter Velocities." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 2 (2013): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00139.1.

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Abstract Satellite-tracked drifting buoys of the Global Drifter Program have drogues, centered at 15-m depth, to minimize direct wind forcing and Stokes drift. Drogue presence has historically been determined from submergence or tether strain records. However, recent studies have revealed that a significant fraction of drifters believed to be drogued have actually lost their drogues, a problem that peaked in the mid-2000s before the majority of drifters in the global array switched from submergence to tether strain sensors. In this study, a methodology is applied to the data to automatically r

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Hashimoto, Taishi, Koji Nishimura, Masaki Tsutsumi, Kaoru Sato, and Toru Sato. "A User Parameter-Free Diagonal-Loading Scheme for Clutter Rejection on Radar Wind Profilers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 5 (2017): 1139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0058.1.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for the automatic determination of the diagonal-loading level for robust adaptive beamforming on radar wind profilers. This method balances the degradation of the signal-to-interference ratio with that of the signal-to-noise ratio to maximize the detectability of the backscattered signals. Because radial wind velocities are usually estimated from the first moment of the spectrum of backscattered echoes, both the residual ground clutter and any increase in noise level degrade the detectability of atmospheric echoes. The proposed algorithm evaluates the

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Hashimoto, Taishi, Akinori Saito, Koji Nishimura, Masaki Tsutsumi, Kaoru Sato, and Toru Sato. "First Incoherent Scatter Measurements and Adaptive Suppression of Field-Aligned Irregularities by the PANSY Radar at Syowa Station, Antarctic." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 9 (2019): 1881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0175.1.

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The Program of the Antarctic Syowa Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere/Incoherent Scatter (PANSY) radar is a large atmospheric radar located at the Antarctic Syowa Station (69.01°S, 39.59°E). The PANSY radar performed the first incoherent scatter (IS) measurements in the Antarctic region in 2015. Several specific observations were undertaken in 2017 including a 24-h observation of the ionosphere using a peripheral antenna array to suppress interference from the field-aligned irregularities (FAIs). This paper presents the preliminary results derived from the IS measurements using the PANSY rada

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Kottayil, Ajil, Stefan A. Buehler, Viju O. John, Larry M. Miloshevich, M. Milz, and G. Holl. "On the Importance of Vaisala RS92 Radiosonde Humidity Corrections for a Better Agreement between Measured and Modeled Satellite Radiances." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 2 (2012): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00080.1.

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Abstract A study has been carried out to assess the importance of radiosonde corrections in improving the agreement between satellite and radiosonde measurements of upper-tropospheric humidity. Infrared [High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS)-12] and microwave [Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)-18] measurements from the NOAA-17 satellite were used for this purpose. The agreement was assessed by comparing the satellite measurements against simulated measurements using collocated radiosonde profiles of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program undertaken at tropical an

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Piecuch, Christopher G., and Tatiana A. Rynearson. "Quantifying Dispersal and Connectivity of Surface Waters Using Observational Lagrangian Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 8 (2012): 1127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00172.1.

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Abstract Probability distribution functions of displacement are central to Lagrangian statistics and the study of fluid dispersal. A method for computing marginal probability distributions of passive tracer dispersal from Lagrangian observations is developed. Using a pseudotrack approach, probability distributions for the domain of occupation and transit time are developed, complimenting more frequently used bulk statistics for average transit time and overall crossing probability. To demonstrate application of this technique to observations, likelihoods and time scales of dispersal from the G

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Senocak, Inanc, Micah Sandusky, Rey DeLeon, Derek Wade, Kyle Felzien, and Marianna Budnikova. "An Immersed Boundary Geometric Preprocessor for Arbitrarily Complex Terrain and Geometry." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 11 (2015): 2075–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00023.1.

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AbstractThere is a growing interest to apply the immersed boundary method to compute wind fields over arbitrarily complex terrain. The computer implementation of an immersed boundary module into an existing flow solver can be accomplished with minor modifications to the rest of the computer program. However, a versatile preprocessor is needed at the first place to extract the essential geometric information pertinent to the immersion of an arbitrarily complex terrain inside a 3D Cartesian mesh. Errors in the geometric information can negatively impact the correct implementation of the immersed

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Kluver, Daria, Tom Mote, Daniel Leathers, Gina R. Henderson, Weihan Chan, and David A. Robinson. "Creation and Validation of a Comprehensive 1° by 1° Daily Gridded North American Dataset for 1900–2009: Snowfall." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (2016): 857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0027.1.

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AbstractThis study details the creation of a gridded snowfall dataset for North America, with focus on the quality of the interpolated product. Daily snowfall amounts from National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program stations and Meteorological Service of Canada surface stations are interpolated to 1° by 1° grids from 1900 to 2009 and examined for data record length and quality. The interpolation is validated spatially and temporally through the use of stratified sampling and k-fold cross-validation analyses. Interpolation errors average around 0.5 cm and range from less than 0.01 to

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Sadikni, Remon, Nils H. Schade, Axel Andersson, et al. "The KLIWAS North Sea Climatology. Part I: Processing of the Atmospheric Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 1 (2018): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0044.1.

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AbstractClimatological reference data serve as validation of regional climate models, as the boundary condition for the model runs, and as input for assimilation systems used by reanalyses. Within the framework of the interdisciplinary research program Climate Water Navigation (KLIWAS): Impacts of Climate Change on Waterways and Navigation of the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, a new climatology of the North Sea and adjacent regions was developed in an joint effort by the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, the German Weather Service [Deutscher Wetterdien

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Cook, Werner E., and J. Scott Greene. "Gridded Monthly Rainfall Estimates Derived from Historical Atoll Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 4 (2019): 671–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0140.1.

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AbstractTo provide an analysis tool for areal rainfall estimates, 1° gridded monthly sea level rainfall estimates have been derived from historical atoll rainfall observations contained in the Pacific Rainfall (PACRAIN) database. The PACRAIN database is a searchable repository of in situ rainfall observations initiated and maintained by the University of Oklahoma and supported by a research grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Climate Program Office/Ocean Observing and Monitoring. The gridding algorithm employs ordinary kriging, a standard geostatistical techni

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Zhao, Mengnan, Rui M. Ponte, Ou Wang, and Rick Lumpkin. "Using Drifter Velocity Measurements to Assess and Constrain Coarse-Resolution Ocean Models." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38, no. 4 (2021): 909–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0159.1.

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AbstractProperly fitting ocean models to observations is crucial for improving model performance and understanding ocean dynamics. Near-surface velocity measurements from the Global Drifter Program (GDP) contain valuable information about upper-ocean circulation and air–sea fluxes on various space and time scales. This study explores whether GDP measurements can be used for usefully constraining the surface circulation from coarse-resolution ocean models, using global solutions produced by the consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) as an example. To address t

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Bouali, Marouan, and Alexander Ignatov. "Adaptive Reduction of Striping for Improved Sea Surface Temperature Imagery from Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 1 (2014): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00035.1.

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Abstract The Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite was successfully launched on 28 October 2011. It carries five new-generation instruments, including the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The VIIRS is a whiskbroom radiometer that scans the surface of the earth using a rotating telescope assembly, a double-sided half-angle mirror, and 16 individual detectors. Substantial efforts are being made to accurately calibrate all detectors in orbit. As of this writing, VIIRS striping is reduced to levels below those seen in corresponding Terra and Aqua Moderate Re

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Turner, D. D., R. A. Ferrare, V. Wulfmeyer, and A. J. Scarino. "Aircraft Evaluation of Ground-Based Raman Lidar Water Vapor Turbulence Profiles in Convective Mixed Layers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 5 (2014): 1078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00075.1.

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AbstractHigh temporal and vertical resolution water vapor measurements by Raman and differential absorption lidar systems have been used to characterize the turbulent fluctuations in the water vapor mixing ratio field in convective mixed layers. Since daytime Raman lidar measurements are inherently noisy (due to solar background and weak signal strengths), the analysis approach needs to quantify and remove the contribution of the instrument noise in order to derive the desired atmospheric water vapor mixing ratio variance and skewness profiles. This is done using the approach outlined by Lensc

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Lund, Björn, Hans C. Graber, Katrin Hessner, and Neil J. Williams. "On Shipboard Marine X-Band Radar Near-Surface Current ‘‘Calibration’’." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 10 (2015): 1928–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00175.1.

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AbstractThe ocean wave signatures within conventional noncoherent marine X-band radar (MR) image sequences can be used to derive near-surface current information. On ships, an accurate near-real-time record of the near-surface current could improve navigational safety. It could also advance understanding of air–sea interaction processes. The standard shipboard MR near-surface current estimates were found to have large errors (of the same order of magnitude as the signal) that are associated with ship speed and heading. For acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), ship heading errors are kno

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Scovell, Robert, and Hassan al-Sakka. "A Point Cloud Method for Retrieval of High-Resolution 3D Gridded Reflectivity from Weather Radar Networks for Air Traffic Management." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 3 (2016): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0051.1.

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AbstractA prototype high-resolution (1 km, 5 min) multiradar 3D gridded reflectivity product, including a suite of derived 2D vertical column products, has been developed for the Single European Skies Air Traffic Management Research program. As part of this, a new method for mapping radar data to grid points is being used, based on the concept of a binary space partitioning (BSP) tree that treats radar data as a set of points in a 3D point cloud. This allows the resulting analysis to be based on a complete picture of the nearby data from overlapping radars and can easily adapt to irregular gri

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Crosby, Sean C., Bruce D. Cornuelle, William C. O’Reilly, and Robert T. Guza. "Assimilating Global Wave Model Predictions and Deep-Water Wave Observations in Nearshore Swell Predictions." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 8 (2017): 1823–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0003.1.

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AbstractNearshore wave predictions with high resolution in space and time are needed for boating safety, to assess flood risk, and to support nearshore processes research. This study presents methods for improving regional nearshore predictions of swell-band wave energy (0.04–0.09 Hz) by assimilating local buoy observations into a linear wave propagation model with a priori guidance from global WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model predictions. Linear wave propagation, including depth-induced refraction and shoaling, and travel time lags, is modeled with self-adjoint backward ray tracing techniques. The B

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Dushaw, Brian D. "Ocean Acoustic Tomography in the North Atlantic." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 2 (2019): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0082.1.

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Abstract An objective mapping exercise simulating observations of temperature in the North Atlantic Ocean was used to assess the resolution capabilities of ocean acoustic tomography in combination with Argo floats. A set of basis functions for a basinwide area was obtained from a singular value decomposition of a covariance derived from an ocean state estimate. As demonstrated by the formal uncertainty estimates from the objective maps, Argo and tomography are complementary measurements. In several examples, each separately obtained uncertainty for determining large-scale monthly average tempe

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Williams, Skylar S., Timothy J. Wagner, and Ralph A. Petersen. "Examining the Compatibility of Aircraft Moisture Observations and Operational Radiosondes." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38, no. 4 (2021): 859–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0053.1.

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AbstractThe addition of moisture observations via the Water Vapor Sensing System (WVSS) from about 150 aircraft available operationally through the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) program now provides highly reliable thermodynamic profiles of the troposphere. The nearly 900 profiles available daily provide greater temporal and spatial density than the operational radiosonde network over many parts of the United States. Previous studies comparing WVSS reports with specially collocated radiosondes have documented the quality and consistency of t

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Thadathil, Pankajakshan, C. C. Bajish, Swadhin Behera, and V. V. Gopalakrishna. "Drift in Salinity Data from Argo Profiling Floats in the Sea of Japan*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 1 (2012): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00018.1.

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Abstract In drift analysis of salinity sensors, one major problem is the difficulty in delineating sensor drift from water mass changes. In the present study, a new method is proposed for finding sensor drift that is free from water mass changes. The efficiency of this new method in finding out possible drift in the Argo salinity is demonstrated in the Sea of Japan (SOJ) by using the “near-linear” subsurface salinity structure of the SOJ. The new method is based on the time–space decorrelation scale. The salinity difference between two neighboring observations within the time–space decorrelati

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Wang, Yunheng, Youngsun Jung, Timothy A. Supinie, and Ming Xue. "A Hybrid MPI–OpenMP Parallel Algorithm and Performance Analysis for an Ensemble Square Root Filter Designed for Multiscale Observations." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (2013): 1382–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00165.1.

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Abstract A hybrid parallel scheme for the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) suitable for parallel assimilation of multiscale observations, including those from dense observational networks such as those of radar, is developed based on the domain decomposition strategy. The scheme handles internode communication through a message passing interface (MPI) and the communication within shared-memory nodes via Open Multiprocessing (OpenMP) threads. It also supports pure MPI and pure OpenMP modes. The parallel framework can accommodate high-volume remote-sensed radar (or satellite) observations as

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Reverdin, G., S. Morisset, H. Bellenger, et al. "Near–Sea Surface Temperature Stratification from SVP Drifters." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 8 (2013): 1867–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00182.1.

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Abstract This study describes how the hull temperature (Ttop) measurements from multisensor surface velocity program (SVP) drifters can be combined with other measurements to provide quantitative information on near-surface vertical temperature stratification during large daily cycles. First, Ttop is compared to the temperature measured at 17 -cm depth from a float tethered to the SVP drifter. These 2007–12 SVP drifters present a larger daily cycle by 1%–3% for 1°–2°C daily cycle amplitudes, with a maximum difference close to the local noon. The difference could result from flow around the SVP

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Wagner, Timothy J., David D. Turner, Larry K. Berg, and Steven K. Krueger. "Ground-Based Remote Retrievals of Cumulus Entrainment Rates." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7 (2013): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00187.1.

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Abstract While fractional entrainment rates for cumulus clouds have typically been derived from airborne observations, this limits the size and scope of available datasets. To increase the number of continental cumulus entrainment rate observations available for study, an algorithm for retrieving them from ground-based remote sensing observations has been developed. This algorithm, called the Entrainment Rate In Cumulus Algorithm (ERICA), uses the suite of instruments at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site of the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Clim

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Kollias, Pavlos, Nitin Bharadwaj, Kevin Widener, Ieng Jo, and Karen Johnson. "Scanning ARM Cloud Radars. Part I: Operational Sampling Strategies." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 3 (2014): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00044.1.

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Abstract The acquisition of scanning cloud radars by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program and research institutions around the world generates the need for developing operational scan strategies for cloud radars. Here, the first generation of sampling strategies for the scanning ARM cloud radars (SACRs) is presented. These scan strategies are designed to address the scientific objectives of ARM; however, they introduce an initial framework for operational scanning cloud radars. While the weather community uses scan strategies that are based on a sequence of scans at constant ele

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Kollias, Pavlos, Ieng Jo, Paloma Borque, et al. "Scanning ARM Cloud Radars. Part II: Data Quality Control and Processing." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 3 (2014): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00045.1.

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Abstract The scanning Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program cloud radars (SACRs) are the primary instruments for documenting the four-dimensional structure and evolution of clouds within a 20–30-km radius of the ARM fixed and mobile sites. Here, the postprocessing of the calibrated SACR measurements is discussed. First, a feature mask algorithm that objectively determines the presence of significant radar returns is described. The feature mask algorithm is based on the statistical properties of radar receiver noise. It accounts for atmospheric emission and is applicable even for SACR

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André, Xavier, Bertrand Moreau, and Serge Le Reste. "Argos-3 Satellite Communication System: Implementation on the Arvor Oceanographic Profiling Floats." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 10 (2015): 1902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00219.1.

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AbstractThe scientific community observes the ocean for applications in the fields of oceanography and climate research. To recover in situ data, more than 3000 profiling floats are operated in the framework of the Argo program. Each float performs cycles between the sea surface and a depth of 2000 m. Scientific data are gathered while the float is traveling upward from the depths of the oceans and are then transmitted via a satellite communication system at the end of each cycle. During its time at the surface, mainly dedicated to transmissions, the float is vulnerable and subject to drift, w

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Organelli, Emanuele, Hervé Claustre, Annick Bricaud, et al. "A Novel Near-Real-Time Quality-Control Procedure for Radiometric Profiles Measured by Bio-Argo Floats: Protocols and Performances." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (2016): 937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0193.1.

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AbstractAn array of Bio-Argo floats equipped with radiometric sensors has been recently deployed in various open ocean areas representative of the diversity of trophic and bio-optical conditions prevailing in the so-called case 1 waters. Around solar noon and almost every day, each float acquires 0–250-m vertical profiles of photosynthetically available radiation and downward irradiance at three wavelengths (380, 412, and 490 nm). Up until now, more than 6500 profiles for each radiometric channel have been acquired. As these radiometric data are collected out of an operator’s control and regar

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Le Reste, Serge, Vincent Dutreuil, Xavier André, et al. "“Deep-Arvor”: A New Profiling Float to Extend the Argo Observations Down to 4000-m Depth." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (2016): 1039–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0214.1.

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AbstractThe international Argo program, consisting of a global array of more than 3000 free-drifting profiling floats, has now been monitoring the upper 2000 m of the ocean for several years. One of its main proposed evolutions is to be able to reach the deeper ocean in order to better observe and understand the key role of the deep ocean in the climate system. For this purpose, Ifremer has designed the new “Deep-Arvor” profiling float: it extends the current operational depth down to 4000 m, and measures temperature and salinity for up to 150 cycles with CTD pumping continuously and 200 cycle

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Fairall, C. W., Sergey Y. Matrosov, Christopher R. Williams, and E. J. Walsh. "Estimation of Rain Rate from Airborne Doppler W-Band Radar in CalWater-2." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 3 (2018): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0025.1.

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ABSTRACTThe NOAA W-band radar was deployed on a P-3 aircraft during a study of storm fronts off the U.S. West Coast in 2015 in the second CalWater (CalWater-2) field program. This paper presents an analysis of measured equivalent radar reflectivity factor Zem profiles to estimate the path-averaged precipitation rate and profiles of precipitation microphysics. Several approaches are explored using information derived from attenuation of Zem as a result of absorption and scattering by raindrops. The first approach uses the observed decrease of Zem with range below the aircraft to estimate column

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Wick, Gary A., Terrence F. Hock, Paul J. Neiman, Holger Vömel, Michael L. Black, and J. Ryan Spackman. "The NCAR–NOAA Global Hawk Dropsonde System." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 8 (2018): 1585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0225.1.

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AbstractA new remotely controlled Airborne Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS) dropsonde system has been developed for and deployed on the NASA Global Hawk (GH) unmanned aircraft. Design, fabrication, and operation of the system was led by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) with support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Program. The system has employed the NCAR Research Dropsonde 94 (NRD94) dropsonde, a smaller and lighter version of the standard RD94 dropsonde deployed from manned aircraft but with virtua

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Tornow, F., H. W. Barker, Velázquez Blázquez, C. Domenech, and J. Fischer. "EarthCARE’s Broadband Radiometer: Uncertainties Associated with Cloudy Atmospheres." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 11 (2018): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0083.1.

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AbstractThe Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite’s Broadband Radiometer (BBR) consists of three telescopes and a rotating chopper drum (CD). Together they yield alternating measurements of total wave (TW; 0.25 to >50 μm) and shortwave (SW; 0.25–4 μm) radiances with point spread functions that translate to 0.6-km-diameter pixels. The mission requires that SW and TW radiances be averaged over 100-km2 domains. Correspondingly, the average longwave (LW) radiances are the differences between TW and SW averages. It is shown that impacts on domain-average nadir radian

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