To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Judgement strategies.
Journal articles on the topic 'Judgement strategies'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Judgement strategies.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hoffmann, Janina A., Bettina von Helversen, Regina A. Weilbächer, and Jörg Rieskamp. "Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 11 (2018): 2261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817739861.
Full textAbstract:
People often forget acquired knowledge over time such as names of former classmates. Which knowledge people can access, however, may modify the judgement process and affect judgement accuracy. Specifically, we hypothesised that judgements based on retrieving past exemplars from long-term memory may be more vulnerable to forgetting than remembering rules that relate the cues to the criterion. Experiment 1 systematically tracked the individual course of forgetting from initial learning to later tests (immediate, 1 day, and 1 week) in a linear judgement task facilitating rule-based strategies and a multiplicative judgement task facilitating exemplar-based strategies. Practising the acquired judgement strategy in repeated tests helped participants to consistently apply the learnt judgement strategy and retain a high judgement accuracy even after a week. Yet, whereas a long retention interval did not affect judgements in the linear task, a long retention interval impaired judgements in the multiplicative task. If practice was restricted as in Experiment 2, judgement accuracy suffered in both tasks. In addition, after a week without practice, participants tried to reconstruct their judgements by applying rules in the multiplicative task. These results emphasise that the extent to which decision makers can still retrieve previously learned knowledge limits their ability to make accurate judgements and that the preferred strategies change over time if the opportunity for practice is limited.
2
Molleman, Lucas, Alan N. Tump, Andrea Gradassi, et al. "Strategies for integrating disparate social information." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1939 (2020): 20202413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2413.
Full textAbstract:
Social information use is widespread in the animal kingdom, helping individuals rapidly acquire useful knowledge and adjust to novel circumstances. In humans, the highly interconnected world provides ample opportunities to benefit from social information but also requires navigating complex social environments with people holding disparate or conflicting views. It is, however, still largely unclear how people integrate information from multiple social sources that (dis)agree with them, and among each other. We address this issue in three steps. First, we present a judgement task in which participants could adjust their judgements after observing the judgements of three peers. We experimentally varied the distribution of this social information, systematically manipulating its variance (extent of agreement among peers) and its skewness (peer judgements clustering either near or far from the participant's judgement). As expected, higher variance among peers reduced their impact on behaviour. Importantly, observing a single peer confirming a participant's own judgement markedly decreased the influence of other—more distant—peers. Second, we develop a framework for modelling the cognitive processes underlying the integration of disparate social information, combining Bayesian updating with simple heuristics. Our model accurately accounts for observed adjustment strategies and reveals that people particularly heed social information that confirms personal judgements. Moreover, the model exposes strong inter-individual differences in strategy use. Third, using simulations, we explore the possible implications of the observed strategies for belief updating. These simulations show how confirmation-based weighting can hamper the influence of disparate social information, exacerbate filter bubble effects and deepen group polarization. Overall, our results clarify what aspects of the social environment are, and are not, conducive to changing people's minds.
3
Bech, P., A. Haaber, and C. R. B. Joyce. "Experiments on clinical observation and judgement in the assessment of depression: profiled videotapes and Judgement Analysis." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 4 (1986): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700011880.
Full textAbstract:
SynopsisVariations within and between observer-judges reduce the accuracy of clinical research. Judgement Analysis allows strategies to be developed and applied which reduce variation in judgement. The prediction that the removal of important sources of error variance by this means would reduce the likelihood of committing a Type 2 Error was supported by the application of Judgement Analysis to assessments by 15 psychiatrists of 92 patients in a clinical trial of 2 antidepressive treatments. The statistical significance of differences between the effect of the treatments on the severity of depression was increased, and significant differences appeared earlier. Ten stimulated patient profiles were also converted into narrative case histories, enacted by experienced psychiatrists or psychologists and videotaped. The participants' judgements of the overall severity of the depression were in good agreement with those they had made on the original cases. Videotapes so prepared help training to reduce variation in observation, just as Judgement Analysis can lead to reductions in the variation of judgement.
4
Marx, Melvin H., Yung Che Kim, and Bruce B. Henderson. "Developmental Patterns of Free Recall and Frequency Judgement in Korean and American Students." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21, no. 2 (1997): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384848.
Full textAbstract:
Four experiments were conducted to compare developmental changes in free recall and frequency judgement. In Experiment 1, 1012 Korean students were shown a series of animal names and then asked to recall them and to estimate the frequency with which they had occurred. The poorest performance on both tasks was by primary-school students and the best by secondary-school students; college students were intermediate in performance. Essentially similar results were obtained in Experiment 2, with an additional 288 Korean students, except that secondary-school students did not perform better than college students. In this experiment, there was complete control of item specificity over frequency and any possible clustering effect was eliminated by using unrelated words rather than animal names. In Experiment 3, the developmental trends in frequency judgement were replicated with 193 American students. Those developmental trends were obtained with another 186 American students in Experiment 4 using relative frequency judgements. Retrospective reports about how frequency judgements were made suggested a developmental shift from more literal counting strategies to more intuitive strength impression judgements. The results are interpreted as suggesting the need for some modification of the Hasher and Zacks (1979, 1984) age-invariance proposition for frequency judgement.
5
Maradona, Agus Fredy. "A Qualitative Exploration of Heuristics and Cognitive Biases in Auditor Judgements." ACCOUNTABILITY 9, no. 2 (2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/ja.30634.9.2.2020.94-112.
Full textAbstract:
Professional judgement is inherent in financial statement audits because various methods, techniques, or approaches prescribed in auditing standards do not provide auditors with detailed guidance or specific audit criteria. While auditors are expected to exercise their judgements based on careful reasoning, there is a possibility that they do not always follow such an approach and instead make their judgements using heuristics. This study aims to penetrate and reveal whether there are cognitive biases in the judgements of auditors and what heuristics lead to these biases. This study employs a qualitative research design and uses ethnomethodology as a research approach. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 auditors who were either partners, managers, seniors, or juniors at a public accounting firm. Using the heuristic-bias framework as a theoretical lens and based on an analysis involving data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification, this study identifies five types of biases that auditors can experience: jumping to conclusions, groupthink, representativeness, availability, and anchoring biases. The results of this study present practical implications for auditors, accounting professional associations, public accounting firms, and academic institutions. That is, the findings provide insights for formulating strategies aimed at raising auditors’ awareness about possible systematic errors, or biases, in professional judgements when auditors rely on heuristics as a simplifying judgement-making strategy.
6
Song, Mingzhi, Zheng Zhu, Peipei Wang, et al. "An Alternative Rural Housing Management Tool Empowered by a Bayesian Neural Classifier." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (2023): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031785.
Full textAbstract:
In developing countries, decision-making regarding old rural houses significantly relies on expert site investigations, which are criticized for being resource-demanding. This paper aims to construct an efficient Bayesian classifier for house safety and habitability risk evaluations, enabling people with none-civil-engineering backgrounds to make judgements comparable with experts so that house risk levels can be checked regularly at low costs. An initial list of critical risk factors for house safety and habitability was identified with a literature review and verified by expert discussions, field surveys, and Pearson’s Chi-square test of independence with 864 questionnaire samples. The model was constructed according to the causal mechanism between the verified factors and quantified using Bayesian belief network parameter learning. The model reached relatively high accuracy rates, ranging from 91.3% to 100.0% under different situations, including crosschecks with unused expert judgement samples with full input data, crosschecks with unused expert judgement samples with missing input data, and those involving local residents’ judgement. Model sensitivity analyses revealed walls; purlins and roof trusses; and foundations as the three most critical factors for safety and insulation and waterproofing; water and electricity; and fire safety for habitability. The identified list of critical factors contributes to the rural house evaluation and management strategies for developing countries. In addition, the established Bayesian classifier enables regular house checks on a regular and economical basis.
7
Hu, Zhilong, Kangyao Deng, Yi Cui, Xinxin Yang, and Baochuan Zhang. "Steady-state and transient control strategies for a two-stage turbocharged diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 9 (2017): 1167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017727442.
Full textAbstract:
Two-stage turbocharging technology is widely used to achieve higher engine power density and lower exhaust emissions. To solve a series of contradictions in matching, a regulated two-stage (RTS) turbocharging system is applied to reasonably control boost pressure. This paper investigated steady-state and transient control strategies for an RTS turbocharging system to achieve optimum fuel economy in steady-state conditions and better performance in transient conditions. The economic control strategies for steady-state operational conditions were based on an economic regulation law, which was established by a steady-state test of an engine with an RTS turbocharging system under all operating conditions. To optimize the transient performance, open-loop and closed-loop control systems (the latter with dynamic judgement) for the RTS system were designed and validated with experiments on a heavy-duty diesel engine. The experimental results demonstrated that the open-loop control strategy and the closed-loop strategy with dynamic judgement could improve the transient response performance. The optimum transient response performance was achieved by the closed-loop control system with dynamic judgement. Additionally, the combination of steady-state and transient control strategies could achieve the best fuel economy in steady-state conditions and good transient response performances.
8
Luwel, Koen, Lieven Verschaffel, Patrick Onghena, and Erik De Corte. "Children’s Strategies for Numerosity Judgement in Square Grids of Different Sizes." Psychologica Belgica 40, no. 3 (2000): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.962.
Full text
9
Van Graan, Anna C., Martha J. S. Williams, and Magdalena P. Koen. "Clinical judgement within the South African clinical nursing environment: A concept analysis." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.932.
Full textAbstract:
Reform in the South African healthcare and educational system were characterized by the ideals that the country needs to produce independent, critical thinkers. Nurses need to cope with diversity in a more creative way, defining their role in a complex, uncertain, rapidly changing health care environment. Quality clinical judgement is therefore imperative as an identified characteristic of newly qualified professional nurses. The objective of this study was to explore and describe clinical judgement through various data sources and review of literature to clarify the meaning and promote a common understanding through formulating the characteristics and developing a connotative (theoretical) definition of the concept. An explorative, descriptive qualitative design was used to discover the complexity and meaning of the phenomenon. Multiple data sources and search strategies were used, for the time frame 1982—2013. A concept analysis was used to arrive at a theoretical definition of the concept of ‘clinical judgement’ as a complex cognitive skill to evaluate patient needs, adaption of current treatment protocols as well as new treatment strategies, prevention of adverse side effects through being proactive rather than reactive within the clinical nursing environment. The findings emphasized clinical judgement as skill within the clinical nursing environment, thereby improving autonomous and accountable nursing care. These findings will assist nurse leaders and clinical nurse educators in developing a teaching-learning strategy to promote clinical judgement in undergraduate nursing students, thereby contributing to the quality of nursing care.
10
Pentzek, Michael, Michael Wagner, Heinz-Harald Abholz, et al. "The value of the GP’s clinical judgement in predicting dementia: a multicentre prospective cohort study among patients in general practice." British Journal of General Practice 69, no. 688 (2019): e786-e793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x706037.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundClinical judgement is intrinsic to diagnostic strategies in general practice; however, empirical evidence for its validity is sparse.AimTo ascertain whether a GP’s global clinical judgement of future cognitive status has an added value for predicting a patient’s likelihood of experiencing dementia.Design and settingMulticentre prospective cohort study among patients in German general practice that took place from January 2003 to October 2016.MethodPatients without baseline dementia were assessed with neuropsychological interviews over 12 years; 138 GPs rated the future cognitive decline of their participating patients. Associations of baseline predictors with follow-up incident dementia were analysed with mixed-effects logistic and Cox regression.ResultsA total of 3201 patients were analysed over the study period (mean age = 79.6 years, 65.3% females, 6.7% incident dementia in 3 years, 22.1% incident dementia in 12 years). Descriptive analyses and comparison with other cohorts identified the participants as having frequent and long-lasting doctor–patient relationships and being well known to their GPs. The GP baseline rating of future cognitive decline had significant value for 3-year dementia prediction, independent of cognitive test scores and patient’s memory complaints (GP ratings of very mild (odds ratio [OR] 1.97, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 1.28 to 3.04); mild (OR 3.00, 95% CI = 1.90 to 4.76); and moderate/severe decline (OR 5.66, 95% CI = 3.29 to 9.73)). GPs’ baseline judgements were significantly associated with patients’ 12-year dementia-free survival rates (Mantel–Cox log rank test P<0.001).ConclusionIn this sample of patients in familiar doctor–patient relationships, the GP’s clinical judgement holds additional value for predicting dementia, complementing test performance and patients’ self-reports. Existing and emerging primary care-based dementia risk models should consider the GP’s judgement as one predictor. Results underline the importance of the GP-patient relationship.
11
Luwel, Koen, Lieven Verschaffel, Patrick Onghena, and Erik De Corte. "Flexibility in strategy use: Adaptation of numerosity judgement strategies to task characteristics." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 15, no. 2 (2003): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09541440244000139.
Full text
12
Westenberg, Mirjam R. M., Pieter Koele, and Elisabeth Kools. "The treatment of substance addicts: a judgement analysis of therapists' matching strategies." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 5, no. 1 (1998): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199803)5:1<39::aid-cpp142>3.0.co;2-h.
Full text
13
Borrelli, Arianna. "Symmetry, beauty and belief in high-energy physics." Approaching Religion 7, no. 2 (2017): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67711.
Full textAbstract:
This paper engages with the aesthetics of knowl-edge, both in its sense as the connection between knowledge and ‘aesthetic’ judgements of beauty, or ugliness, and of the many ‘aesthetic’ – that is to say sensually perceivable – dimensions of knowledge, which are always to be seen to be constituting an epistemic factor in its production and consumption. On the one hand I analyse how in recent decades the connection between beauty and truth has been systematically employed to both inspire and guide research in high-energy physics; at the same time I also show how this use of aesthetic judgement only reveals its constitutive role in physics research when paying attention to the broad range of aesthetic strategies employed for expressing scientific knowledge.
14
Roos, L. L., and A. Wajda. "Record Linkage Strategies." Methods of Information in Medicine 30, no. 02 (1991): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634828.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecord linkage techniques can help identify the same patient for matching diverse files (hospital discharge abstracts, insurance claims, registries, Vital Statistics data) which contain similar identifiers. Prior knowledge of whether a linkage is feasible is important to prevent wasted effort (additional data collection or data manipulation), which decreases the cost-effectiveness of the linkage. Using examples generated by linking the Manitoba Health Services Commission data with Vital Statistics files, a method of estimating the information in each data set is presented first. Further, the feasibility of several different record linkage strategies is described and tested, given varying amounts of information. At the margin, relatively small amounts of information (having just one more variable to match with) can make a great difference. Probabilistic linkage’s great advantage was found in those situations where only a moderate amount of extra information was available.By using the above techniques when working with one or both files in a proposed record linkage project, a much more informed judgement can now be made as to whether a linkage will or will not work. In facilitating record linkage, flexibility of both software and the strategy for matching is very important.
15
Lee, Hannah, Jung-Kwang Ahn, and Jung-Hye Kwon. "Effects of Self-Image on Anxiety, Judgement Bias and Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 47, no. 1 (2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581800022x.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Research to date has focused on the detrimental effects of negative self-images for individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD), but the benefits of positive self-images have been neglected. Aims: The present study examined the effect of holding a positive versus negative self-image in mind on anxiety, judgement bias and emotion regulation (ER) in individuals with SAD. Method: Forty-two individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for SAD were randomly assigned to either a positive or a negative self-image group. Participants were assessed twice with a week's interval in between using the Reactivity and Regulation Situation Task, which measures social anxiety, discomfort, judgement bias and ER, prior to and after the inducement of a positive or negative self-image. Results: Individuals in the positive self-image group reported less social anxiety, discomfort and distress from social cost when compared with their pre-induction state. They also used more adaptive ER strategies and experienced less anxiety and discomfort after using ER. In contrast, individuals in the negative self-image group showed no significant differences in anxiety, judgement bias or ER strategies before and after the induction. Conclusions: This study highlights the beneficial effects of positive self-images on social anxiety and ER.
16
Dimech, Dominic K. "Hume is the Enemy of Pyrrho." Philosophy 96, no. 4 (2021): 651–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819121000188.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractI offer reasons against reading Hume as a Pyrrhonian sceptic. I argue that Hume's scepticism is motivated differently, that his sceptical strategies are not analogous to Pyrrhonism's, and that it is profitable to read Hume as a critic of Pyrrhonism. I hold that the most informative point of comparison between Hume and Sextus Empiricus is a point of difference, namely, their stands on the connection between suspension of judgement (epochê) and tranquillity (ataraxia). For Sextus, tranquillity flows naturally from suspending judgement on all opinions. Hume, by contrast, consistently treats radical suspension of judgement as resulting in despair and social detachment. I take a firmer stance than past commentators on this issue by affirming that Hume and Sextus do not merely disagree on this issue, but that Hume's view is more plausible. Reading Hume's sceptical crisis, I propose, reveals an insightful criticism of Pyrrhonism, one that sheds light on human nature's response to radical doubt.
17
Griffiths, Sarah, Alex Gude, Leanne Greene, et al. "‘Do I have the capacity to make capacity judgements?’ Researcher reflections from a person-centred dementia support study." Dementia 21, no. 3 (2022): 972–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14713012211067320.
Full textAbstract:
Background and purpose Adults lacking capacity are under-represented in research; therefore, the evidence-base surrounding their support needs is inferior compared to other populations. Involving this group in research is fraught with challenges, including researcher uncertainties about how to carry out capacity judgements. Whilst ethical guidelines and principles provide overarching guidance, there is a lack of detailed guidance and evidence-based training, incorporating practical ‘on the ground’ strategies and advice on communication practices. Experiences and reflections on research procedures used to gauge and address capacity are under reported, resulting in a lack of shared knowledge within the field. Design To help address this, we engaged in researcher (co)meta-reflection on the informed capacity judgement procedure for initial consent, within our current, person-centred dementia intervention feasibility study. Our objective was to identify areas to improve our approach, but to also put forward suggestions for wider change within ethical research practice. Results Findings reveal challenges and facilitators relating to six areas: ‘Conducting time sensitive research whilst remaining person-centred and building relationships’; ‘Information sharing and supporting communication’; ‘Applying the process flexibly’; ‘The role of the carer and the consultee process’; ‘Judging assent and dissent’ and ‘Researcher related factors’. We questioned our ‘capacity to make capacity judgements’ in terms of both our skills and research time constraints. Conclusions Based on our experiences, we argue for greater open discussion between researchers, Patient and Public Involvement contributors and Research Ethics Committees at initial project planning stages. We recommend training and guidance focuses on building researcher skills in applying a standard process flexibly, emphasising naturalistic, conversational approaches to capacity judgement. A crucial consideration for funders is how this time-intensive and sensitive work should be factored into bid application templates and funding grants. Learnings from this article have potential to inform evidence-based guidance and training for researchers, consultees, funders, reviewers and ethics committees.
18
Rankin, Daniel J., and Franziska Eggimann. "The evolution of judgement bias in indirect reciprocity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1660 (2009): 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1715.
Full textAbstract:
Indirect reciprocity is a form of reciprocity where help is given to individuals based on their reputation. In indirect reciprocity, bad acts (such as not helping) reduce an individual's reputation while good acts (such as helping) increase an individual's reputation. Studies of indirect reciprocity assume that good acts and bad acts are weighted equally when assessing the reputation of an individual. As different information can be processed in different ways, this is not likely to be the case, and it is possible that an individual could bias an actor's reputation by putting more weight to acts of defection (not helping) than acts of co-operation (helping) or vice versa . We term this difference ‘judgement bias’, and build an individual-based model of image scoring to investigate the conditions under which it may evolve. We find that, if the benefits of co-operation are small, judgement bias is weighted towards acts perceived to be bad; if the benefits are high, the reverse is true. Our result is consistent under both scoring and standing strategies, and we find that allowing judgement bias to evolve increases the level of co-operation in the population.
19
Osborne, Emma L., and Melissa J. Atkinson. "Effects of Decentering and Non-judgement on Body Dissatisfaction and Negative Affect Among Young Adult Women." Mindfulness 13, no. 3 (2022): 615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01817-z.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives Mindfulness-based interventions have shown effectiveness in reducing risk factors for disordered eating; however, little is known about mechanisms. This online study evaluated two isolated metacognitive components of mindfulness, adopting a decentered or non-judgemental stance towards internal experiences, respectively, for reducing body dissatisfaction and negative affect. Methods Women (N = 330, Mage = 25.18, SD = 4.44) viewed appearance-ideal media images before listening to a 5-min audio recording that guided them to (a) distance themselves from their experience (decentering), (b) accept their experience without judgement (non-judgement), or (c) rest (active control). Participants reported state body dissatisfaction and negative affect at baseline, post-media exposure, and final assessment. Trait measurements (weight and shape concerns, mindfulness, emotion regulation) were assessed as potential moderators. Participants self-reported engagement and acceptability. Results All groups reported significant reductions in body dissatisfaction and negative affect following the recording (d = 0.15–0.38, p < 0.001), with no between-group differences. Trait measurements did not moderate effects. Conclusions The results suggest rest was as effective as the metacognitive components in ameliorating immediate negative impacts of appearance-related threats. Alternatively, coping strategies spontaneously adopted by the control group may have supplied temporary relief. Findings highlight the importance of including suitable control; further research should investigate when and for whom specific aspects of mindfulness-based interventions may be particularly helpful.
20
Chancellor, Barbara, and Brendon Hyndman. "The rush to judgement: Mapping moral geographies of the primary school playground." Global Studies of Childhood 7, no. 1 (2017): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043610617694731.
Full textAbstract:
This article is informed by two studies in Australian primary school playgrounds and provides a critique of the interaction between adults and children during recess breaks in the school day. The study investigates the contours/lines of force that shape the moral geographies of playgrounds through management and supervision strategies. This scholarly discussion is underpinned by categories, including play that is risky, unhygienic, worthwhile, an obsession, violent/aggressive and good. It is argued that supervising teachers in the primary school playground can often rush to judge the play that they observe. Although mostly well intentioned, such types of play can often negatively impact adult agendas and biases. At an individual school level, critical engagement with the points raised in this article provides an opportunity for schools to reflect on primary school playground strategies and practices that they implement. Improving understanding of the moral geographies within primary school playgrounds can raise awareness in schools of the implications of supervisory interactions and judgement on the health and wellbeing of pupils.
21
Antoniou, George A., Marc L. Schermerhorn, Thomas L. Forbes, et al. "Risk factors, risk stratification and risk-specific surveillance strategies after endovascular aneurysm repair: study protocol for a Delphi study by the International RIsk Stratification in EVAR (IRIS-EVAR) working group." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (2022): e055803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055803.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionSeveral risk factors for adverse events after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) have been described, but there is no consensus on their comparative prognostic significance, use in risk stratification and application in determining postoperative surveillance.Methods and analysisA scoping review of the literature was conducted to identify risk factors for adverse events after EVAR. Main adverse events were considered post-EVAR abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture and reintervention. Risk factors were grouped into four domains: (1) preoperative anatomy, (2) aortic device, (3) procedure performance and (4) postoperative surveillance. The Delphi methodology will be used to steer a group of experts in the field towards consensus organised into three tiers. In tier 1, participants will be asked to independently rate risk factors for adverse events after EVAR. In tier 2, the panel will be asked to independently rate a range of combinations of risk factors across the four domains derived from tier 1. A risk-stratification tool will then be built, which will include algorithms that map responses to signalling questions onto a proposed risk judgement for each domain. Domain-level judgements will in turn provide the basis for an overall risk judgement for the individual patient. In tier 3, risk factor-informed surveillance strategies will be developed. Each tier will typically include three rounds and rating will be conducted using a 4-point Likert scale, with an option for free-text responses.Ethics and disseminationResearch Ethics Committee and Health Research Authority approval has been waived, since this is a professional staff study and no duty of care lies with the National Health Service to any of the participants. The results will be presented at regional, national and international meetings and will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. The risk stratification tool and surveillance algorithms will be made publicly available for clinical use and validation.
22
Silverman, Barry G. "Expert critics: operationalizing the judgement/decisionmaking literature as a theory of “bugs” and repair strategies." Knowledge Acquisition 3, no. 2 (1991): 175–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1042-8143(91)90004-7.
Full text
23
Aivaz, Kamer-Ainur, Ionela Florea Munteanu, Mari-Isabella Stan, and Alina Chiriac. "A Multivariate Analysis of the Links between Transport Noncompliance and Financial Uncertainty in Times of COVID-19 Pandemics and War." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 10040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610040.
Full textAbstract:
Sanctions should improve business compliance and mitigate the risks of non-conformity. This premise motivated our research and led to very interesting results for the trinomen business performance—transport infrastructure and local development strategies—public control. We used a customized Brunswik lens model to illustrate the decision-making process based on the interactions between the analysis of sanctions in the transport sector and the projected financial judgement, as we have traditionally understood and experienced them. We clustered 186,671 cases of noncompliance sanctioned by the Romanian authorities and created a chromatic map with accents on the risks of nonconformities. We employed principal component analysis to find patterns and correlations between faulty behavior in transport activities and the evolution of financial indicators, such as exports and imports. The ROC curve was used to investigate the credibility of a possible connection between transport sanctions and the development of regional exports and imports. We found multiple challenges that interfere with the projection of a trustworthy financial judgement in transport and offer insights and recommendations for integrated local governance practices and strategies aimed at mitigating the risks of noncompliance and promoting sustainable development in transport.
24
Guan, Junbiao, Kaihua Wang, Fangyue Chen, and Zhaosheng Feng. "Evolution of pedestrian evacuation considering different human behaviors." International Journal of Modern Physics C 28, no. 06 (2017): 1750081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183117500814.
Full textAbstract:
Pedestrian evacuation becomes more complicated when different human behaviors are considered. In this paper, pedestrian evacuation considering two different kinds of human behaviors is studied by using a cellular automaton (CA) model. Two types of evacuees, cooperators and defectors, are initially randomly distributed in a square room with one exit and they interact with their neighbors following the snowdrift game theory (characterized by the parameter “[Formula: see text]”) during the evacuation process. Cooperators and defectors are mutually changed according to two typically different kinds of evacuees’ judgements, namely, judgement based on neighbors’ strategies (we call it herding behavior) and judgement based on neighbors’ payoffs (we call it independent behavior), which leads to the corresponding evacuee clusters. It is found from a large amount of numerical simulations that the proportions of the corresponding evacuee clusters are evolved to respectively consistent states despite 11 typically different initial evacuee cluster ratios, largely owing to self-organization effect. Moreover, for other 200 randomly chosen initial evacuee cluster ratios, Monte-Carlo simulations show that the proportions of the corresponding evacuee clusters are evolved stably, without any oscillation, and when the initial number of pedestrians of two different kinds of behaviors are comparable, the proportions are evolved to respectively consistent states despite different initial evacuee cluster ratios, indicating that some regular phenomena occur during the evacuation process. Furthermore, it is found that the moderate values of [Formula: see text] is necessary for short evacuation time, and for the fixed values of [Formula: see text], the initial ratio of pedestrians of herding behavior has a great influence on the final evacuation time.
25
Venanzi, Matteo, Oliver Parson, Alex Rogers, and Nick Jennings. "The ActiveCrowdToolkit: An Open-Source Tool for Benchmarking Active Learning Algorithms for Crowdsourcing Research." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 3 (September 23, 2015): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v3i1.13256.
Full textAbstract:
We present an open-source toolkit that allows the easy comparison of the performance of active learning methods over a series of datasets. The toolkit allows such strategies to be constructed by combining a judgement aggregation model, task selection method and worker selection method.The toolkit also provides a user interface which allows researchers to gain insight into worker performance and task classification at runtime.
26
Bouchoucha, Stephane L., and Kathleen A. Moore. "Infection prevention and control: Who is the judge, you or the guidelines?" Journal of Infection Prevention 19, no. 3 (2017): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177417738332.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes and behaviours of registered nurses and their colleagues around the adoption of standard precautions in order to determine strategies to promote adherence. Design: A qualitative exploratory descriptive design used interviews and focus group to collect data. Setting: Registered nurses and registered midwifes from a tertiary metropolitan hospital took part in the study. Participants: A voluntary sample of 29 adults was recruited from the Australian nursing (n = 25) and midwifery (n = 4) workforce. There were six men (mean age = 36.83 years; SD = 8.93) and 23 women (mean age = 41.36 years; SD = 10.25). Participants were recruited through advertisement on notice boards and emails from unit managers. Results: Thematic analysis revealed five themes but the focus here is on staff judgements which are against the guidelines. Participants indicated that where in their judgement the patient posed no risk and they judged themselves skilled in the procedure, they were justified in deviating from the guidelines. Some staff judgements appeared to be self-protecting, while others were irrational and inconsistent. Conclusions: Despite use of standard precautions being mandated, staff often deviated from them based on their own assessment of the situation or the patient. Any deviance from the guidelines is of concern but especially so when staff take it upon themselves to apply their own criteria or judgements. These results also suggest there may be some organisational inadequacies with regards to training and supervision of staff.
27
Sinkeviciute, Valeria. "“Ya bloody drongo!!!”." (Im)politeness and Moral Order in Online Interactions 1, no. 2 (2018): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ip.00013.sin.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper explores impoliteness-related discourse on Facebook as a form of expressing situated moral judgement. The analysis focuses on negative and aggressive comments as a response to one public post that claims the non-existence of Australia. The content of the post indicates the threat to national identity of anyone who associates themselves with the country. As a result, a large number of impolite comments were made. A qualitative analysis of the dataset (limited to one month from the post’s publication) reveals four main strategies that are used in order to express the judgement of the post’s inappropriateness and repair the wrongdoing. Those range from insults of the author’s mental abilities and suspicion of drug use to violence-related discourse (e.g., death threats) and counter-attack of the author’s national identity. This paper, thus, aims to contribute to a growing area of research into online impoliteness.
28
Luwel, Koen, and Lieven Verschaffel. "Adapting Strategy Choices to Situational Factors: The Effect of Time Pressure on Children’s Numerosity Judgement Strategies." Psychologica Belgica 43, no. 4 (2003): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.1013.
Full text
29
Taillandier-Schmitt, Anne, and Nicolas Combalbert. "Influence of acculturation strategies on the judgement and punishment of an offender of North African descent." Psychology, Crime & Law 23, no. 9 (2017): 859–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2017.1335731.
Full text
30
Nijveldt, Mirjam, Douwe Beijaard, Mieke Brekelmans, Theo Wubbels, and Nico Verloop. "Assessors’ perceptions of their judgement processes: Successful strategies and threats underlying valid assessment of student teachers." Studies in Educational Evaluation 35, no. 1 (2009): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2009.01.001.
Full text
31
Parton, Chloe, Terri Katz, and Jane M. Ussher. "‘Normal’ and ‘failing’ mothers: Women’s constructions of maternal subjectivity while living with multiple sclerosis." Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 23, no. 5 (2017): 516–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363459317739442.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple sclerosis causes physical and cognitive impairment that can impact women’s experiences of motherhood. This study examined how women construct their maternal subjectivities, or sense of self as a mother, drawing on a framework of biographical disruption. A total of 20 mothers with a multiple sclerosis diagnosis took part in semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using thematic decomposition to identify subject positions that women adopted in relation to cultural discourses of gender, motherhood and illness. Three main subject positions were identified: ‘The Failing Mother’, ‘Fear of Judgement and Burdening Others’ and ‘The Normal Mother’. Women’s sense of self as the ‘Failing Mother’ was attributed to the impact of multiple sclerosis, contributing to biographical disruption and reinforced through ‘Fear of Judgement and Burdening Others’ within social interactions. In accounts of the ‘Normal Mother’, maternal subjectivity was renegotiated by adopting strategies to manage the limitations of multiple sclerosis on mothering practice. This allowed women to self-position as ‘good’ mothers. Health professionals can assist women by acknowledging the embodied impact of multiple sclerosis on maternal subjectivities, coping strategies that women employ to address potential biographical disruption, and the cultural context of mothering, which contributes to women’s experience of subjectivity and well-being when living with multiple sclerosis.
32
Beaumont, Elaine, Gillian Rayner, Mark Durkin, and Gosia Bowling. "The effects of compassionate mind training on student psychotherapists." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 12, no. 5 (2017): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-06-2016-0030.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine pre and post outcome measures following a course of Compassionate Mind Training (CMT). Participants were students enrolled on a Post Graduate Diploma in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy (CBP). The aim of the research was to explore whether CMT would increase self-compassion, compassion for others, dispositional empathy and reduce self-critical judgement. Design/methodology/approach In total, 21 participants who had enrolled on the CBP programme took part in the study. Data were collected using the self-compassion scale, interpersonal reactivity index, and the compassion for others scale. Findings Results reveal an overall statistically significant increase in self-compassion scores and statistically significant reduction in self-critical judgement scores post training. There was no statistically significant difference post training on the interpersonal reactivity index or the compassion for others scale. Research limitations/implications CMT training may help students develop healthy coping strategies, which they can use to balance their affect regulation systems when faced with organisational, placement, client, academic, personal and supervision demands. Further research and longitudinal studies, using larger sample sizes are needed to explore if cultivating compassion whilst on psychotherapy training helps students build resilience and provide a barrier against empathic distress fatigue, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout. Practical implications Incorporating CMT into a CBP programme may bring changes in student levels of self-compassion and self-critical judgement. Originality/value This inaugural study examines whether incorporating CMT into a CBP programme impacts on students levels of compassion, dispositional empathy and self-critical judgement. The findings from this preliminary study suggest the potential benefits of training students in compassion focused practices.
33
Rao, Sumangala P., and Stephen E. DiCarlo. "ACTIVE LEARNING OF RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY IMPROVES PERFORMANCE ON RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATIONS." Advances in Physiology Education 25, no. 2 (2001): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.2001.25.2.55.
Full textAbstract:
Active involvement in the learning process has been suggested to enhance creative thinking, judgement, interpretation, and problem-solving skills. Therefore, educators are encouraged to create an active-learning environment by incorporating active-learning strategies into the class. However, there is very little documentation of the effectiveness of active-learning strategies. Furthermore, faculty are often reluctant to incorporate new strategies without documentation of the effectiveness of these strategies. To address this concern, we compared the performance of two individual classes on an identical respiratory physiology examination. One class was taught respiratory physiology using active-learning strategies. The other class was taught respiratory physiology using the traditional lecture format. The results document that students who learned using active-learning strategies did significantly better ( P < 0.05) on the respiratory physiology examination than students who learned by the traditional lecture format (61 ± 2.2 vs. 86 ± 1.0). Thus, by actively involving students in the learning process, academic performance is enhanced.
34
Erhardt, Gabrielle A. "Intuitive eating as a counter-cultural process towards self-actualisation: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of experiences of learning to eat intuitively." Health Psychology Open 8, no. 1 (2021): 205510292110009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551029211000957.
Full textAbstract:
This research presents an in-depth idiographic study that illustrates how learning to eat intuitively involves socio-cultural challenges, strategies of resistance and self-actualising processes. Interviews were conducted with eight women who had been practising intuitive eating (IE) for at least 1.5 years. Data was analysed using IPA and four themes were drawn inductively from the data: IE as an ongoing process, perceived judgement of others, strategies of resistance and processes of self-actualisation. Further research is needed to explore experiences of learning to eat intuitively amongst different samples and with different cultures, and to further investigate the relationship between IE and the actualising tendency.
35
Pölcer, Thomas. "Wpływ moralności na przeciwdziałanie zmianom klimatycznym." Edukacja Etyczna 17 (2020): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20838972.17.
Full textAbstract:
Suppose you are a moral error theorist, i.e., you believe that no moral judgment is true. What, then, ought you to do with regard to our common practice of mak-ing such judgments? Determining the usefulness of our ordinary moral practice is exacerbated by the great number and variety of moral judgments. In-depth case studies may thus be more helpful in clarifying error theory’s practical im-plications than refl ections about morality in general. In this chapter I pursue this strategy with regard to a particularly important matter, namely climate change. First, I establish general conditions for when a moral judgement has any eff ect on those who accept it. Second, I show that the judgement that in-dividuals in industrialized countries are morally obliged to act against climate change does not fulfi l these conditions, and is thus neither benefi cial nor harm-ful. Finally, I sketch several strategies for increasing people’s non-moral moti-vation to act against climate.
36
Brierley, Daniel J., Paula M. Farthing, and Sandra Zijlstra-Shaw. "How consultants determine diagnostic competence in histopathology trainees." Journal of Clinical Pathology 72, no. 9 (2019): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205984.
Full textAbstract:
AimsThis is a qualitative study exploring how consultant histopathologists determine diagnostic competence in their trainees.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with consultants and trainees and analysed using the Framework Method.ResultsFive major themes emerged from the data: process, person, stage of training, trust and time. Within these major themes, there were multiple subthemes which reflect the complex, longitudinal nature of the judgement, as well as the knowledge, skills and attitudes which are most relevant to diagnostic competence. A conceptual framework is proposed to illustrate the judgement ecology, which is supported by anonymised quotes from interview participants.ConclusionsOur study is the first to explore in depth how consultant histopathologists determine diagnostic competence in their trainees. This is particularly important as histopathology is a unique medical specialty for which there is little evidence to support the current assessment strategies during training. The resulting conceptual model and findings from this study may help to form an evidence base to inform future assessment tools in histopathology.
37
Fogagnolo, Paolo, Dario Romano, Giovanni Montesano, Valentino De Ruvo, and Luca Mario Rossetti. "Comparison of Compass Suprathreshold Screening Strategies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (2021): 4330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194330.
Full textAbstract:
Screening programs may be useful to reduce the rate of undetected glaucoma. Compass (CMP, CenterVue, Padova, Italy) Standard Suprathreshold strategy (SST) analyses the visual function at 52 retinal locations. A new Quick Suprathreshold strategy (QST) reduces the number of tested locations to 24. With both tests, the CMP also provides an image of the central retina and a detail of the optic nerve head. The aim of this paper is to measure the performances of SST and QST compared with clinical diagnosis. 63 consecutive healthy subjects and 60 consecutive patients with perimetric defects from glaucoma in both eyes were recruited. They received one test per eye (SST or QST in randomized order); results were classified into normal, suspect and abnormal according to a global index provided in the report and called SupraThreshold Response (STR). Agreement between clinical diagnosis and test output were calculated, and test time was also measured. The agreement with the clinical diagnosis was 95.7% for SST and 95.1% for QST. When two suspect tests were excluded, agreement for QST increased to 96.7%. Test duration was 164 ± 82 s for SST and 71 ± 41 s for QST (p < 0.0001). Such a difference was similar in both glaucoma patients (respectively 231 ± 65 s vs. 105 ± 33 s, p < 0.0001) and normal subjects (98 ± 17 and 39 ± 9 s, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, SST and QST showed similar, high agreement with clinical judgement. Morphological analysis is potentially helpful in further improving the clinical usefulness of suprathreshold tests. QST is characterized by a strong time saving compared with SST.
38
Dewan, Torun, and David P. Myatt. "On the rhetorical strategies of leaders: Speaking clearly, standing back, and stepping down." Journal of Theoretical Politics 24, no. 4 (2012): 431–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629811429006.
Full textAbstract:
Followers wish to coordinate their actions in an uncertain environment. A follower would like his action to be close to some ideal (but unknown) target; to reflect his own idiosyncratic preferences; and to be close to the actions of others. He learns about his world by listening to leaders. Followers fail to internalize the full benefits of coordination and so place insufficient emphasis on the focal views of relatively clear leaders. A leader sometimes stands back, by restricting what she says, and so creates space for others to be heard; in particular, a benevolent leader with outstanding judgement gives way to a clearer communicator in an attempt to encourage unity amongst her followers. Sometimes a leader receives no attention from followers, and sometimes she steps down (says nothing); hence a leadership elite emerges from the endogenous choices of leaders and followers.
39
Ihtiyar, Ali, Mehmet Barut, and Hatice Gulsah Ihtiyar. "Experiential marketing, social judgements, and customer shopping experience in emerging markets." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, no. 2 (2019): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-02-2018-0081.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of experiential marketing modules, service quality and social judgement on experiential values of young customers. The paper also investigates the effects of experiential values on customer satisfaction (CS) and post-purchasing behaviour. In addition, the paper intends to strengthen the shift in marketing paradigm and to provide insightful enhancements to the literature. Design/methodology/approach An instrument was developed to measure how strategic experiential module (Schmitt, 1999), social judgement module (Rosenberg et al., 1968) and service quality perceptions of customers influence functional and emotional values. Primary data were gathered through surveying 402 respondents in order to diagnose young customers’ experiences in popular coffee stores in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The constructs and their interrelationships were examined based on partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings The results of PLS-SEM were found to be adequate in terms of validity and reliability. The results revealed that some of experiential modules and service quality have positive stimuli on experiential values. These contributions postulate an impetus for potential exploration in numerous service settings. Originality/value The study assesses the effect of shopping experiences of young customers on experiential values, social judgement, CS and post-purchase shopping attitudes. It is anticipated that by filling this gap, this study will assist in strengthening marketing strategies, which requires an alteration in the existing business atmosphere. The suggestions and results for future research are discussed in detail accordingly.
40
Skowron, Andrzej, Andrzej Jankowski, and Soma Dutta. "Interactive granular computing." Granular Computing 1, no. 2 (2016): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41066-015-0002-1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Decision support in solving problems related to complex systems requires relevant computation models for the agents as well as methods for reasoning on properties of computations performed by agents. Agents are performing computations on complex objects [e.g., (behavioral) patterns, classifiers, clusters, structural objects, sets of rules, aggregation operations, (approximate) reasoning schemes]. In Granular Computing (GrC), all such constructed and/or induced objects are called granules. To model interactive computations performed by agents, crucial for the complex systems, we extend the existing GrC approach to Interactive Granular Computing (IGrC) approach by introducing complex granules (c-granules or granules, for short). Many advanced tasks, concerning complex systems, may be classified as control tasks performed by agents aiming at achieving the high-quality computational trajectories relative to the considered quality measures defined over the trajectories. Here, new challenges are to develop strategies to control, predict, and bound the behavior of the system. We propose to investigate these challenges using the IGrC framework. The reasoning, which aims at controlling of computations, to achieve the required targets, is called an adaptive judgement. This reasoning deals with granules and computations over them. Adaptive judgement is more than a mixture of reasoning based on deduction, induction and abduction. Due to the uncertainty the agents generally cannot predict exactly the results of actions (or plans). Moreover, the approximations of the complex vague concepts initiating actions (or plans) are drifting with time. Hence, adaptive strategies for evolving approximations of concepts are needed. In particular, the adaptive judgement is very much needed in the efficiency management of granular computations, carried out by agents, for risk assessment, risk treatment, and cost/benefit analysis. In the paper, we emphasize the role of the rough set-based methods in IGrC. The discussed approach is a step towards realization of the Wisdom Technology (WisTech) program, and is developed over years, based on the work experience on different real-life projects.
41
Bellamy, Kate, M. Parafita Couto, and Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez. "Investigating Gender Assignment Strategies in Mixed Purepecha–Spanish Nominal Constructions." Languages 3, no. 3 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages3030028.
Full textAbstract:
Purepecha has no grammatical gender, whereas Spanish has a binary masculine–feminine system. In this paper we investigate how early sequential Purepecha–Spanish bilinguals assign gender to Purepecha nouns inserted into an otherwise Spanish utterance, using a director-matcher production task and an online forced-choice acceptability judgement task. The results of the production task indicate a strong preference for masculine gender, irrespective of the gender of the noun’s translation equivalent, the so-called “masculine default” option. Participants in the comprehension task were influenced by the orthography of the Purepecha noun in the -a ending condition, leading them to assign feminine gender agreement to nouns that are masculine in Spanish, but preferred the masculine default strategy again in the -i/-u ending condition. The absence of the “analogical criterion” in both tasks contrasts with the results of some previous studies, underlining the need for more comparable data in terms of task type. Our results also highlight how task type can influence the choices speakers make, in this context, in terms of the choice of grammatical gender agreement strategy. Task type should therefore be carefully controlled in future studies.
42
Csíkos, Csaba, and Judit Szitányi. "Teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in teaching word problem solving strategies." ZDM 52, no. 1 (2019): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11858-019-01115-y.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis research addressed Hungarian pre-service and in-service (both elementary and lower secondary) teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge concerning the teaching of word problem solving strategies. By means of a standardized interview protocol, participants (N = 30) were asked about their judgement on the difficulty of teaching word problems, the factors they find difficult, and their current teaching practice. Furthermore, based on a comparative analysis of Eastern European textbooks, we tested how teachers’ current beliefs and views relate to the word problem solving algorithm described in elementary textbooks. The results suggest that in the teachers’ opinion, explicit teaching of a step-by-step algorithm is feasible and desirable as early as in the 1st school grade. According to our results, two approaches (namely, paradigmatic- and narrative-oriented) concerning how to teach the process of word problems solving, originally revealed by Chapman, were found. Furthermore, teachers in general agreed with the approach taken in the textbooks on the subject of what kinds of word problems should be used, and that explicit teaching of word problem solving strategies should be introduced by using simple, routine word problems as examples.
43
Zyzik, Eve C. "Null objects in second language acquisition: grammatical vs. performance models." Second Language Research 24, no. 1 (2008): 65–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307082982.
Full textAbstract:
Null direct objects provide a favourable testing ground for grammatical and performance models of argument omission. This article examines both types of models in order to determine which gives a more plausible account of the second language data. The data were collected from second language (L2) learners of Spanish by means of four oral production tasks and a grammaticality judgement task. The results reveal that null objects in oral production are rare events limited to pragmatically appropriate contexts, that is, when the referent is easily recoverable from preceding discourse. The results of the grammaticality judgement task indicate that beginning level learners frequently accept sentences containing null objects with specific antecedents, while more proficient learners categorically reject such argument omissions. It is suggested that lower proficiency learners may rely primarily on semantic strategies in parsing and evaluating sentences, while advanced learners are more sensitive to syntactic violations. A performance account is ultimately adopted to explain the data given the lack of a clear null object stage in development, the presence of self-corrections, and the discourse-constrained nature of object omissions.
44
Lentz, Carola. "The chief, the mine captain and the politician: legitimating power in northern Ghana." Africa 68, no. 1 (1998): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161147.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the strategies of acquiring and legitimating power in Ghana, taking the example of three ‘big men’ from the north, a paramount chief, a mine captain and a politician in the making. After offering some observations on the recent public debate on the (im)morality of power and ‘bigness’, it outlines the biographies of these three ‘big men’ and analyses how they skilfully combine different registers of power and legitimacy. It then analyses the strategies of legitimation and grounds of moral judgement which depend, at least to a certain degree, on the particular relationship of the ‘judge’ with the ‘big man’ in question. The article concludes by discussing the common ‘grammar’ that seems to regulate the debates on ‘bigness’, morality and interest.
45
De Pauw, Pieter, Ralf De Wolf, Liselot Hudders, and Veroline Cauberghe. "From persuasive messages to tactics: Exploring children’s knowledge and judgement of new advertising formats." New Media & Society 20, no. 7 (2017): 2604–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817728425.
Full textAbstract:
Despite that contemporary advertising is decreasingly about persuading children through persuasive messages and increasingly about influencing them through implicit tactics, little attention has been given to how children may cope with advertising by understanding and evaluating the new advertising tactics. Drawing on 12 focus groups entailing 60 children of ages 9–11 years, this article investigates children’s advertising literacy by exploring their knowledge and judgements (and accordingly reasoning strategies) of the new advertising formats. In particular, insight is provided into children’s critical reflection on the tactics of brand integration, interactivity and personalization in the advertising formats brand placement, advergames and retargeted pre-roll video ads on social media. It is shown that while children not spontaneously do so, they appear to have the ability to understand these tactics and form judgements about their (moral) appropriateness, thereby considering a wide range of societal actors.
46
Luster, Maya S., and Brandon J. Pitts. "Open-Loop Naturalistic Driving: An Assessment of Human Behavior, Performance, and Physiology to Support the Development of Shared Control Strategies." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (2022): 1690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661253.
Full textAbstract:
Advanced systems that require shared control are becoming increasingly pervasive. One advantage of a shared control approach is that the human and machine work together to accomplish safe operations. However, data about the human is needed to implement successful strategies. The goal of this study was to quantify naturalistic driving by collecting performance and physiological data during manual, open-loop driving. Sixteen participants performed a single drive that included four sudden obstacles of increasing difficulty (road debris, construction, inclement weather, and an animal). Participants were asked to traverse each obstacle using self-employed judgement and strategies. Action selection, lane deviation, speed, and heart rate data were recorded. Results showed two distinct driving strategies for avoiding the moving obstacle/animal (left vs. right lane navigation). Also, maximum speed was affected by obstacle type, but heart rate variability was not. Results can be used to inform shared control algorithms designed to combat poor driving performance.
47
VOYIAKIS, EMMANUEL. "International Law and the Objectivity of Value." Leiden Journal of International Law 22, no. 1 (2009): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156508005633.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe familiar critical claim that propositions of international law cannot be both objective and normative casts a long shadow over international legal theory. The claim relies on the conjunction of two ideas: first, that the truth-conditions of any proposition of international law will include some element of evaluative judgement (about the right or the good) that gives the proposition its normative character, and, second, that evaluative judgements cannot be objectively true or false. International lawyers have two main strategies for defending their discipline against this sceptical challenge. A more modest strategy would accept that legal objectivity and normativity are incompatible and attempt to sidestep the sceptical critique by abandoning the claim to normativity. A second and more ambitious strategy would resist the sceptical challenge by disputing the plausibility of its attack on the objectivity of evaluative judgements. This strategy would rely on the claim that objectivity and normativity are not mutually incompatible and that the aim of producing an account of international law that displays both features is realistic. My aim in this paper is to show that there exists at least one version of this second strategy that can succeed against the sceptical challenge. I argue that scepticism about values is incoherent and, therefore, that the opposition between the objectivity and the normativity of international law is illusory. Setting such scepticism aside will allow international lawyers to concentrate fully on the substantive normative questions that drive theories of international law and on the values that provide the best account of its content.
48
ter Beek, Maurice H., and Alessio Ferrari. "Empirical Formal Methods: Guidelines for Performing Empirical Studies on Formal Methods." Software 1, no. 4 (2022): 381–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/software1040017.
Full textAbstract:
Empirical studies on formal methods and tools are rare. In this paper, we provide guidelines for such studies. We mention their main ingredients and then define nine different study strategies (usability testing, laboratory experiments with software and human subjects, case studies, qualitative studies, surveys, judgement studies, systematic literature reviews, and systematic mapping studies) and discuss for each of them their crucial characteristics, the difficulties of applying them to formal methods and tools, typical threats to validity, their maturity in formal methods, pointers to external guidelines, and pointers to studies in other fields. We conclude with a number of challenges for empirical formal methods.
49
Gaffikin, Frank, and Mike Morrissey. "The Other Crisis." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 16, no. 1 (2001): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940010016958.
Full textAbstract:
This article critically reviews the most recent economic development strategy for Northern Ireland, Strategy 2010. It is discussed within the con text of more general approaches to region al development and in terms of questioning whether it is adequate to address the key structural weaknesses of the local economy. The judgement is that it represents a superior approach to previous economic development strategies, but remains weak in integrating social inclusion objectives into the economic development process, underestimates the potential for developing economic relationships with the Irish Republic and fails to acknowledge that community division remains a barrier to successful development.
50
Meissner, M. H. "Rationale and Indications for Aggressive Early Thrombus Removal." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 27, no. 1_suppl (2012): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012s11.
Full textAbstract:
Randomized clinical trials have defined anticoagulation with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin followed by warfarin as a standard therapy for acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Such treatment is highly effective in preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism with a low risk of bleeding, but provides imperfect protection against development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Several strategies of early thrombus removal, including surgical venous thrombectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis and pharmacomechanical thrombectomy have been developed with the goal of reducing the incidence of the post-thrombotic syndrome by restoring venous patency and preserving valvular function. Although clinical judgement and a consideration of the individual patient's medical condition and values are required, early thrombus removal strategies should be considered in selected patients with phlegmasia cerulea dolens and those with a first episode of acute iliofemoral thrombosis of less than 14 days duration.