Dissertations / Theses: 'Judicial developments'

1

Corkin, Nicola Christine. "Developments in abstract judicial review in Germany, Austria and Italy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2835/.

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This thesis investigates the reasons for the change in decision-making patterns in abstract judicial review in Germany, Italy and Austria in the last three decades. The literature on constitutional courts suggests that there are six factors influencing the decision-making of a constitutional court judge: personal political attitudes of the judges, direct influence by political institutions, Black Letter of the Law, Precedent, changes in public opinion and the harmonisation of national law with European law. The empirical data shows that throughout the last three decades the conditions in which legislation is formulated has become more complex through the harmonisation of national law with European Law. This causes the courts to react in three distinct ways: 1. The style of decisions is more interpretative 2. More laws are, at least in part, found unconstitutional 3. The pattern of decisions is leaning towards more unconstitutionality rulings so as to clarify the political framework for future legislation. Worry is expressed by the courts that not all the cases reaching them are referred to them in good intention. Politicians are increasingly using the complexity of the political system to refer cases to the courts on which they would prefer not to take a decision.

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Hussain, Majid Salman. "A critical study of constitutional and judicial development in Kuwait." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1164.

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This thesis offers an analytical study of constitutional and judicial development in Kuwait; beginning with the study of the political and constitutional developments up to the promulgating of a permanent constitution in Kuwait, the thesis examines Kuwait’s ruling system prior to independence, especially contemporary constitutional matters originally based on tribal codes. It assesses the Reformation in 1921 and 1938 and the impact on constitutional development in Kuwait, and considers judicial power until 1959 and the decreeing of judiciary regulations law. It analyses the judicial system, which was scattered over many areas and specialisations, up to 1959, as well as the contents of the “Constitutional Decree” that emerged after independence in 1961. This thesis discusses some basic constitutional concepts and how they relate to the Kuwaiti Constitution. It deals with the fundamental framework of a government and its powers, and studies the processes of initiating a constitution, types of democracy and political systems, and sources of the Kuwaiti constitution. It also examines the formative and objective characteristics of the Kuwaiti Constitution, a comparison is made with other constitutional sources and Islamic Law; legislative power and the role of the National Assembly in the legislative process are also considered. The role of executive power in political life is examined, particularly all aspects of its functions and structural components. The Study examines the judicial power and concentrates on independence of the judiciary, the right of defence, the court system and jurisdiction and structure of the court system and its types. Law no. 14 for 1973 established the Constitutional Court to supervise various laws issued by the state. The study explores aspects of the Court’s role in censoring the constitutionality of laws and regulations up till the present. Separation of powers in the Kuwaiti Constitution and the mechanisms of the relationship between executive and legislative powers are also scrutinized. The mechanisms of the relationship between the judicial power and the legislative and executive powers are also examined. This thesis examines the Kuwaiti constitutional crises, which have occurred since the introduction of the 1962 constitution until the present time, as one of the evidence of the imperfect and unbalanced constitution, thus this study ended with some suggestions and recommendations to improve the constitution to be stable and effective

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3

Vereshchagin, A. N. "The development of judicial law-making in the Russian legal system." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397678.

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Krapfl, Kristen A. "Judicial affairs: history, moral development, and the critical role of students." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8446.

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Master of Science
Department of Special Education, Counseling and Student Affairs
Kenneth F. Hughey
Judicial affairs play an integral role in the functioning of an institution and in the moral development of students. Thus, it is critical to have an understanding of the structures that are utilized, how to choose the most effective structure for one’s specific institution, and how to successfully bring about the moral and ethical development of students. The purpose of this report is to examine the judicial structures that are in place at institutions of higher education and their impact on students. Topics discussed include the history of discipline and current judicial structures that are commonly utilized (e.g., legalistic, collaborative, honor codes, and restorative justice), how they function, and if an ideal judicial structure exists. In addition, the report addresses the theoretical foundations of moral and ethical development through the work of Gilligan (1982), Kohlberg (1964), Perry (1981), and Piaget (1965), and provides perspectives and insight on the judicial process from both judicial and student affairs administrators as well as students who have experienced the process. The findings presented in the report include the transition from judicial systems run by administrators to those run primarily by students, and the importance of understanding theories of student moral development despite the process that is chosen. Also noted are the significant impact of a student’s moral development on their perceptions of the process and on their resultant behaviors, and the role the campus environment plays in regards to behavior and discipline. Additionally, the findings convey the importance of employing judicial structures that are effective for the student population at the institution, and not subscribing to a one-size-fits-all model. Finally, the crucial role of evaluation and continual improvement in creating an effective structure, and the implications for future practice that come from this are discussed.

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Makris, Maria C. "The distinct use and development of administrative law principles by the European Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240041.

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6

Shigeta, Y. "Standard setting, compliance control and the development of international environmental law through the practice of international arbitral, judicial and quasi-judicial procedures." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446112/.

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Although the main purpose of the international judiciary (covering international arbitral, judicial and quasi-judicial procedures) is to settle disputes, it can also perform other tasks: a concept described by Lauterpacht as 'a heterogeny of aims'. This thesis focuses on three other functions which the international judiciary is expected to fulfil in the international society lacking a centralized legislative body and sufficient law enforcement mechanisms, namely standard setting, compliance control and law development. The field of international environmental law is highly suitable for this study, on account of: 1) an abundance of ambiguous rules which demand clear standards for their practical application 2) scientific uncertainty, rapid changeability of situations and non-compliance derived from incapability of States, all of which need special considerations for compliance control and 3) newness of global environmental concern, which necessitates a substantial degree of law development. The above three functions are analyzed from the perspectives of inter-State relations and State-individual relations, on the one hand, and 'soft' control and 'hard' control, on the other. They are integrated into the concept of 'judicial control', whose main purpose lies in containing deviance within acceptable levels through adjudicative means. Several reforms are proposed to facilitate the improved functioning of international environment law through 'judicial control'. The most important in this context is that the international judiciary should ensure active but harmonized interaction of inner-regime law and outer-regime law. Thus even if the international judiciary is attached to a certain treaty-regime, it can make considerable use of the advantages of 'judicial control' over 'non-judicial control', namely its capacity to control States' compliance with outer-regime law, and to clarify a certain norm's meaning for all States in the international society.

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Bumin, Kirill Mikhaylovich. "VIABLE INSTITUTIONS, JUDICIAL POWER, AND POST-COMMUNIST CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/744.

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In pursuing their goals, newly-created constitutional courts of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics are affected by their institutional setting and capabilities. Yet, previous studies did not explore how constitutional courts develop over time and what noteworthy implications for politics and society result from their institutional growth. To address this gap in the literature, I measured a variety of organizational characteristics and constructed an index of institutional development for the twenty eight constitutional courts in the post-communist countries from the initial year of their transitions through 2005. I argued that high values on this measure (which I labeled the judicial viability score) should enable constitutional court judges to satisfy their policy objectives and improve public and elite perceptions of the judiciary’s role in new democratic systems. To demonstrate this empirically, I tested a series of statistical models of judicial influence to show that the level of court’s institutional viability has profound implications on its legal, political, and social impact. My analyses indicated that the level of the constitutional court’s institutional viability is, indeed, an important determinant of the constitutional court judges’ ability to actively shape public policies and render decisions which are independent of, and in opposition to, the preferences of dominant political actors and government institutions. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the level of constitutional court’s viability significantly affects the perceptions of the ordinary citizens and business elites—ordinary citizens and business owners and managers are more likely to express confidence in the national legal system in countries with relatively institutionalized constitutional courts than citizens living in countries with weakly institutionalized constitutional courts. Thus, my research highlights the importance of studying the evolutionary process by which courts acquire institutional viability and, in doing so, contributes to our understanding of the factors shaping the development of democracy, the rule of law, and constitutionalism in the post-communist societies.

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Ricken, Joseph. "The Rule of Law and InformalJustice Systems : A Potential Conflict in Judicial Development." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-72638.

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Scott, Mfundo Shakes. "Investigation and development of an e judiciary service for a citizen oriented judiciary system for rural communities." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/275.

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One of the factors that contribute towards slow rural development is the presence of the digital divide. An area where the digital divide is still prevalent is the administration of justice within traditional contexts. One of the areas affected by this problem is the Dwesa rural community, situated on the Wild Coast of the former homeland of Transkei, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. To address this problem for the Dwesa community, a research project on developing and implementing an e-Judiciary service was undertaken. The primary objective of this project was to develop a web application to support traditional justice administration in the Dwesa community. Due to the lack of a proper legal environment in this community, the e-Judiciary service acts as a portal for safe-keeping of judicial information. Such a system also serves as a platform for the administration of minor offences that are solved by the traditional courts. Furthermore, it provides a better working environment for traditional judicial leaders and eliminates the difficulty of accessing legal information by the rest of the community. Through the availability and use of the service, community members are provided with understanding and knowledge about judiciary operations and services in their community.

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Mehmood, Sultan. "Essays on Judicial Independence and Development Judicial Independence and Development: Evidence from Pakistan. The Dictator, the Imam and the Judge: Tracing the impact of religion on the courts The Political Economy of Foreign Aid and Growth:Theory and Evidence." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED058.

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L'indépendance du système judiciaire est considérée comme un élément clé de chaque société démocratique moderne. Dans ma thèse Essaies sur l’indépendance judiciaire et le développement, je me concentre sur les chocs sur l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au Pakistan et, notamment, j’examine son impact sur la prise des décisions des juges et, en gros, sur le développement du pouvoir judiciaire. Dans le premier chapitre de ma thèse Judicial Independence and Development: Evidence from Pakistan, je montre comment l’institution de la nomination présidentielle a un impact sur l’indépendance et le développement judiciaire. Dans le deuxième chapitre Dictateur, Imam et Juge : retracent l'impact de la religion sur les tribunaux, je documente un impact considérable des chefs religieux sur l'indépendance judiciaire au Pakistan. Le troisième chapitre L’économie politique de l’aide étrangère présente une nouvelle stratégie d’identification et une nouvelle approche théorique sur l’économie politique de l’aide étrangère et du développement
Independence of judiciary is considered a key ingredient for any modern democratic society. In my dissertation, Essays on Judicial Independence and Development, I study shocks to the independence of judiciary in Pakistan and examine its impact on judicial decision making and development. In the first chapter, Judicial Independence and Development: Evidence from Pakistan, I show how the institution of presidential appointment impact judicial independence and development. In the second chapter, The Dictator, Imam and the Judge: Tracing the Impact of Religion on the Courts, I document how religious leaders impact judicial independence in Pakistan. In the third chapter, The Political Economy of Foreign Aid, a new identification strategy and theory is presented on the political economy of foreign aid and development

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11

Dougherty, Sean Michael. "Regulation and trade in development : explaining productivity at the firm level." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010012/document.

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Les institutions et leurs règles sous-jacentes sont essentielles pour le développement économique, car elles fournissent un cadre pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés. Cependant, les différents types de réglementations et même les cadres institutionnels peuvent avoir des effets très différents sur les résultats au niveau de l'entreprise ou de l'individu. Cette dissertation examine l'effet de plusieurs types de règlementations et d'institutions sur la productivité et des mesures apparentées à celle-ci. Le premier chapitre examine l'effet de la concurrence internationale et des barrières compétitives intérieures sur la croissance de la productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les pays de l'OCDE. Une interaction étroite est observée entre la pénétration des importations et les obstacles à l'entrée d'origine nationale, conditionnelle à la distance où se trouve une entreprise par rapport à la frontière technologique. Le deuxième chapitre examine les effets de la réforme du marché du travail dans les usines situées dans les différents états de l'Inde. Un effet positif de la réforme du marché du travail est observé sur la croissance de productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les industries à forte intensité de main-d'œuvre et les industries volatiles. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur les exportateurs indiens qui ont profité de la libéralisation des capitaux pour investir à l'étranger et cherchent à savoir s'ils ont profité grâce à l'apprentissage par la pratique. Après avoir fait correspondre ces entreprises avec des entreprises semblables mais qui n'ont pas investi à l'étranger, le chapitre montre que la productivité n'a pas été stimulée, bien que les entreprises aient vraiment gagné en termes de taille globale grâce à l'accès au marché. Le quatrième chapitre explore comment la qualité du système juridique dans les différents États du Mexique a eu un impact sur la taille des entreprises. Les états pourvus de meilleures institutions juridiques apparaissent comme ayant des entreprises avec un capital plus grand, plus intense et étant plus productives
Institutions, and their underlying rules, are essential for economic development, in that they provide a framework for markets to operate. However, different types of regulatory roles and even institutional settings may have very different effects on outcomes at the firm or individual level. This dissertation examines the effect of several types of rules and institutions on productivity and related measures. The first chapter examines the effect of international competition and domestic competitive barriers on firm-level productivity growth in the OECD. A close interaction is observed between import penetration and domestic barriers to entry, conditional on a firm's distance to the technological frontier. The second chapter examines the effects of labor market reform on plants in different Indian states. A positive effect of labor market reform is found on plant-level productivity growth in labor-intensive and volatile industries. The third chapter looks at Indian exporters who took advantage of capital account liberalization to invest abroad, and explores whether they gained through learning-by-doing. After matching these firms with similar firms that did not invest abroad, the chapter finds that productivity was not boosted, though firms did gain in terms of their overall size through market access. The fourth chapter explores how the legal system in different Mexican states has impacted the size of firms through heightened capital intensity. States with higher quality legal institutions are found to have systematically larger and more productive firms

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12

Meagher, Peter J. "A Phenomenological Study of the Experience of Respondents in Campus-Based Restorative Justice Programs." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1257144186.

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13

Jimenez, Priscilla da Costa Lima. "CNJ e judicialização: o reconhecimento do poder de atuação do CNJ pelo STF e suas consequências na judicialização." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6464.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscilla da Costa Lima Jimenez.pdf: 1067465 bytes, checksum: 3f1f54b3011415dbc04ec370685445f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-26
The subject of this paper is due to the concern about the recognition of and respect to the power of the National Justice Council (Conselho Nacional de Justiça CNJ), be it as the administrative-strategic, budgetary-financial and disciplinary controller of the Judicial power; be it as the responsible for the progression and development of Justice in society. Being this study an exploratory research, the author sought to develop a broad empirical study in order to give rise to theoretical studies on the matter. To that extent, aiming at understanding the dynamics of recognition and respect to the powers of CNJ by the Judicial power and by the society and at measuring the impact of the creation of the CNJ in the number of lawsuits that discuss those before the Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal STF), the author has decided to research the lawsuits in which the STF acknowledged the powers of the CNJ in the first place and afterwards, research (i) the lawsuits that challenge these powers even after their recognition and try to measure the continuity or not of the respect to these powers; and (ii) the lawsuits that challenge these powers before their recognition by the STF, in order to enable the discussion around the judicial costs and benefits of the recognition of the powers of the CNJ
A escolha do tema do presente trabalho deve-se à preocupação com o reconhecimento e respeito aos poderes do Conselho Nacional de Justiça CNJ, seja como controlador administrativo-estratégico, orçamentário-financeiro e disciplinar do Poder Judiciário; seja como responsável direto pelo avanço e desenvolvimento da Justiça perante a sociedade. Sendo uma pesquisa investigativa, buscou-se desenvolver um estudo empírico bastante amplo a fim de fomentar estudos teóricos sobre a matéria ora desenvolvida. Para tanto, pretendendo entender a dinâmica de reconhecimento e respeito aos poderes do CNJ pelo Judiciário e pela sociedade e, ainda, mensurar o impacto da criação do CNJ no número de processos que os discutem perante o STF, resolveu-se pesquisar as ações judiciais em que primeiro o STF reconheceu os poderes do CNJ para logo depois, pesquisar (i) as ações judiciais questionando esses poderes mesmo após o seu reconhecimento, intentando mensurar a continuidade ou não do respeito a esses poderes reconhecidos; e (ii) as ações judiciais questionando esses poderes antes de seu reconhecimento pelo STF, a fim de possibilitar a discussão sobre os custos e os benefícios judiciais do reconhecimento dos poderes do CNJ

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14

Khelaif, Fahad. "Islamic law and the judiciary : development in Saudi Arabia in the 20th century." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244512.

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It is a well known saying in Saudi Arabia that differences amongst citizens should be regulated by the shari'a, Islamic law. Respect for the shari'a as a God-given law is a central element for the stability of the country and the legitimacy of the rulers. How the shari'a has developed in the recent history of Saudi Arabia and how the judicial institutions which apply it have accommodated change whilst maintaining people's respect for the rule of law is the subject of this thesis. The pace of social change in Saudi Arabia in the twentieth century has had to accommodate, since the unification of the Kingdom by 'Abd al-'Aziz in the 1920s, the old alliance which had been struck in the 18th century by the house of Saud and the Islamic reformist Muhammad ibn 'Abd al- Wahhab. The judicial resolution of some of the problems faced by the contemporary Saudi state forms the bulk of the work. The first two chapters deal with the constitutional evolution of Saudi Arabia, from the time of the unification of the Hijaz in 1924, at local (Chapter 1) and national (Chapter 2) levels. This is followed by an analysis of the specific changes in the Kingdom's judicial organization in general (chapter 3), and of two other main judicial institutions in the Kingdom, known as the Grievance Board (diwan al-,nazali,n, chapter 4) and the Council of the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (hay 'at al-amr bil-ma 'ruf wal-nahi 'an al-,munkar, chapters 5 and 6). In both cases, the chapters will offer an overview of the historical legacy of the corresponding institutions in classical Islam and their adaptation in the modern Saudi state. Some decisions rendered by these institutions will also be used to illustrate the judicial operation in the Kingdom in the light of the shari'a.

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15

Thomas, Melanie. "Law and economics theory and the judicial development of equal pay law in the United Kingdom and the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396134.

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16

Ponticelli, Jacopo. "Essays on finance and development." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117146.

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This thesis investigates various aspects of economic development. In the first chapter I study the effect of financial reform on firms. In particular, I study to what extent this effect depends on enforcement's quality. I find that -- when court enforcement works poorly -- financial reform increasing creditor protection is ineffective in fostering firm access to credit and productivity. In the second chapter I exploit the adoption of genetically engineered soybean seeds in Brazil to study the effects of agricultural productivity on industrial development. I find that areas more affected by technical change in soy production experienced faster manufacturing growth due to increased supply of cheap labour and larger credit availability. In the third chapter I study the relationship between fiscal consolidation and social unrest in Europe using cross-country data between 1919 and 2008. Results show that expenditure cuts are particularly potent in fuelling protests; tax rises have insignificant effects.
Aquesta tesi investiga varis aspectes del desenvolupament econòmic. En el primer capítol estudio l’efecte de la reforma financera a les empreses. En particular, estudio fins a quin punt aquest efecte depèn de la qualitat de l’execució de la llei. He trobat que – quan l’execució jurisdiccional no funciona – la reforma finançaria que augmenta la protecció del creditor és poc efectiva a l’hora de fomentar l’accés al crèdit i la productivitat de les empreses. En el segon capítol utilitzo l’adopció al Brasil de llavors de soja genèticament modificades per estudiar els efectes de la productivitat agricultora en el desenvolupament industrial. Trobo que les zones més afectades pel canvi tecnològic derivat de la producció de soja han experimentat un creixement productiu més ràpid a causa del augment de ma d’obra barata i més disponibilitat de crèdit. Al tercer capítol, estudio la relació entre la consolidació fiscal i el malestar social a Europa utilitzant dades a de varis països entre els anys 1919 i el 2008. Els resultats demostren que les retallades son potents detonants de protestes; les pujades d’impostos, per altre banda, tenen un efecte insignificant.

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Fine, Hilton Basil. "The history of the Cape Supreme Court and its role in the development of judicial precedent for the period 1827-1910." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 1986. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31980.

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Hahlo and Khan have aptly described South African law as a ‘three-layered cake’. This dissertation is not so much concerned with the ingredients of the cake, but with the Cape Supreme Court which was used to ‘bake’ the third layer, and the judges who were employed to supervise the task. However, in order t wet the appetites of the legal gourmets, an attempt has been made to analyse the ingredient of judicial precedent, and to serve it up in the form of ‘icing’.

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Callender, Smith Robin. "Celebrity privacy and the development of the judicial concept of proportionality : how English law has balanced the rights to protection and interference." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/7934.

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This thesis examines how English law has, and has not, balanced celebrities’ legal expectations of informational and seclusional privacy against the press and media’s rights to inform and publish. Much of the litigation that developed the English laws of privacy has been celebrity-generated by those with the financial resources to seek out and utilize privacy regimes and remedies in ways not immediately available to ordinary members of the public. The media, generally, has had the resources to present the relevant counter-arguments. Privacy protection was initially afforded to celebrities by breach of confidence and copyright. While public interest and “fair dealing” defences developed within English law, there was no underlying or consistent practical element in legislative or judicial thinking to promote a balance between the competing interests of protection and interference. That practical element, the concept of proportionality, developed in the Convention case-law of the ECtHR in Strasbourg during the 1950s. It was not until the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) that English legislators and the UK judicial system began to reflect and apply its consequences. Arriving at proportionate results and decisions – particularly in the realms of privacy - requires both the engagement of the rights that are sought to be maintained as well as a careful balancing exercise of these rights both internally and vis-à-vis each other. Because celebrities, with their Article 8 concerns, and the media, with Article 10 arguments, seek for their causes to prevail, the ways in which legislation and litigation now resolves matters is by the “ultimate balancing test” of proportionality. Proportionality is the measure within this thesis that is constant from chapter to chapter, highlighting, respectively, where the application of proportionality and balance might have produced different results as regimes developed historically and where new developments were needed to accommodate its requirements when it was apparently absent.

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Dougherty, Sean. "Regulation and trade in development : explaining productivity at the firm level." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984292.

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Institutions, and their underlying rules, are essential for economic development, in that they provide a framework for markets to operate. However, different types of regulatory roles and even institutional settings may have very different effects on outcomes at the firm or individual level. This dissertation examines the effect of several types of rules and institutions on productivity and related measures. The first chapter examines the effect of international competition and domestic competitive barriers on firm-level productivity growth in the OECD. A close interaction is observed between import penetration and domestic barriers to entry, conditional on a firm's distance to the technological frontier. The second chapter examines the effects of labor market reform on plants in different Indian states. A positive effect of labor market reform is found on plant-level productivity growth in labor-intensive and volatile industries. The third chapter looks at Indian exporters who took advantage of capital account liberalization to invest abroad, and explores whether they gained through learning-by-doing. After matching these firms with similar firms that did not invest abroad, the chapter finds that productivity was not boosted, though firms did gain in terms of their overall size through market access. The fourth chapter explores how the legal system in different Mexican states has impacted the size of firms through heightened capital intensity. States with higher quality legal institutions are found to have systematically larger and more productive firms.

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20

Sabados, Michael David. "The influence of the judiciary upon the development of the rule of law in post-communist Poland /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487953567771511.

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21

Ouyang, Yu. "New Models of the Unilateral Presidency." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/16.

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Though scholars have assessed the unilateral presidency with renewed interests, the literature remains weak in three important areas. What relation, if any, exists between the public and presidential unilateral actions? What impact does the judiciary have on unilateral presidential power? To what extent do presidents use the many tools in the unilateral policy toolchest? The three essays in this dissertation address each of these questions in term. Results have implications for both the unilateral presidency and broader works in executive decision-making and democratic governance.

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Hoque, Quazi Reza-ul. "The development of preventative detention legislation in Bangladesh : a study of its necessity, relevance and the role of the judiciary." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 1995. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/2419/.

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This thesis deals with the origin and development of the preventive detention legislation in Bangladesh, studying its necessity, relevance and desirability based on the judicial decisions. This study shows that the preventive detention legislation in Bangladesh runs contrary to the doctrines of fundamental rights; and the prejudicial acts for future commission of which are the basis for preventive detention are categorically included in the existing penal laws and can be dealt with more efficiently. The study investigates the preventive detention legislation and its impact over the fundamental rights of the citizens analyzing the judicial decisions in Bangladesh. Four aspects are considerered in this thesis. Firstly, it studies all the preventive detention legislation, Consititutions, and relevant statutes since their inception during the British period in the Indian sub-continent which have been carried through Pakistan till today. Secondly it investigates executive decisions to reflect the usage of the preventive detention legislation and views of the courts in this regard. Thirdly it analyses the definition and concept of 'subjective satisfaction of the executive authority and 'objective satisfaction of the Court' which has been the key factor detaining individuals. And fourthly, it provides an empirical study of the available number of cases from the Register of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to draw a scenario of preventive detention cases, decisions for and against the preventive detention orders made by the Executive authority in Bangladesh.

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Silva, Roseli Rêgo Santos Cunha. "A preservação da microempresa e da empresa de pequeno porte em recuperação judicial como forma de proteção do trabalho e de fortalecimento da economia nacional." Faculdade de Direito, 2016. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/21110.

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A presente tese tem por objetivo central analisar a eficácia e a eficiência da recuperação especial de microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte e propor mecanismos para a construção de um novo modelo de recuperação que torne efetiva a preservação dos pequenos negócios que enfrentem situação de crise econômico-financeira, proporcionando a proteção do direito fundamental ao trabalho e o fortalecimento da economia nacional. Sendo assim, inicialmente, foram apresentados os critérios de definição de microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte, bem como, os fundamentos jurídico-constitucionais de sua proteção, e então, examinadas as principais características dos pequenos negócios e sua importância socioeconômica. No segundo momento, foi desenvolvido um breve histórico da legislação de insolvência empresarial destacando o dualismo tradicional entre a finalidade de proteção dos credores e dos devedores, até chegar à análise dos regimes legais que definem a preservação da empresa como o principal objetivo. Na sequência, foi realizada uma abordagem histórica da legislação de insolvência brasileira, com destaque para o contexto do atual regime e, por fim, o exame do princípio da preservação da empresa e da viabilidade da atividade empresarial. Em seguida, foi apresentado o tratamento jurídico atual da microempresa e empresa de pequeno porte, com a demonstração do quadro atual de crise dos pequenos negócios, e a análise procedimental e crítica da recuperação judicial especial de micro e pequenas empresas. Na última parte do trabalho, de natureza propositiva, foi feita inicialmente uma abordagem da natureza transdisciplinar do estudo e a apresentação dos pressupostos da análise econômica do direito. Após tais análises, foram apresentadas, como contribuição científica, algumas propostas para a construção de um novo modelo de recuperação mais adequado à preservação das micro e pequenas empresas. Por fim, a última parte do último capítulo concluiu com a discussão acerca da necessidade, enquanto não ocorre a reforma do atual sistema, de aplicar o regime que vige atualmente em prol da efetiva preservação da microempresa e empresa de pequeno porte. No plano metodológico, considerando o caráter transdisciplinar do objeto pesquisado, foram utilizados métodos distintos, mas, complementares, possibilitando uma percepção mais ampla do problema e das possíveis soluções. Dentre os métodos utilizados, dois se constituem em pilares direcionadores deste trabalho: o hermenêutico-fenomenológico e o analítico-econômico de natureza dedutivo-indutivo. No plano complementar, outros métodos foram utilizados: o dialético sócio-histórico-econômico, o sistemático e o principiológico.

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24

Dias, Vitor Martins. "Bancos públicos e desenvolvimento: análise de decisões judiciais e intervenção do Estado na economia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8863.

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Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de estudar, entre diferentes modelos de organização econômica, aspectos da feição do arranjo financeiro brasileiro, com ênfase sobre os bancos públicos agentes de mercado no Brasil. A pesquisa está divida em uma etapa eminentemente jurídica, de sistematização e análise de normas e decisões judiciais; e uma leitura de economia política do contexto em que essas variáveis jurídicas estão inseridas. As normas pesquisadas analisam a constituição e o funcionamento do arranjo financeiro brasileiro, identificando elementos que constituem um maior protagonismo dos bancos oficiais no Sistema Financeiro Nacional, como, por exemplo, as funções de política econômica e mecanismos de poupança e depósito compulsórios. Entre outras normas, merecem destaque a Lei 4.595/64 e a Constituição Federal de 1988. A pesquisa de decisões judiciais, por sua vez, estuda o contexto e os principais argumentos de ações que envolveram um aspecto sensível na coexistência de bancos públicos e privados: a possibilidade de bancos oficiais depositarem e gerirem recursos em caráter de exclusividade. A leitura de economia política feita no segundo capítulo consiste em ampliar a lente de análise sobre o arranjo financeiro baseado em bancos públicos. Para tanto, serão analisados alguns modelos de organização econômica, divididos pela literatura de variedades de capitalismo em economias de mercado liberais e coordenadas. Ao interpretar esses modelos para o contexto econômico brasileiro, nota-se que o Brasil se valeu de mecanismos de coordenação distintos dos demais apresentados na literatura: uma coordenação pública da economia de mercado, enquanto alternativa para superar gargalos específicos do desenvolvimento econômico nacional. O Brasil, portanto, valendo-se de mecanismos de coordenação próprios, desenha o seu arranjo financeiro a partir de uma singularidade institucional: a possibilidade dos bancos oficiais poderem operar, exclusivamente, determinados recursos mesmo em uma economia de mercado; conta com mecanismos de coordenação eminentemente públicos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, deixando claro que existem mecanismos de mercado e concorrenciais estabelecidos e que devem ser observados. Essa dicotomia, entre bancos oficiais e privados, com um maior protagonismo dos bancos públicos em uma economia de mercado é que constitui, principalmente, essa singularidade institucional.
This thesis aims to study some institutional arrangements of the Brazilian financial sector, with focus on the role played by Brazilian public banks within the Brazilian economy. I start analyzing relevant norms and judicial opinions related to public banks. About former, I present the normative organization of the Brazilian financial system, and as for the latter I discuss different judicial opinions that decided upon the issue on whether public banks were permitted to monopolize some financial assets or not. Afterwards, I attempt to make a political economy reading about structuralism and varieties of capitalism and what this literature can tell about the context in which the norms, judicial opinions, and Brazilian public banks are embedded in order to understand how these institutions and organizations have changed during different political and economic regimes in Brazil. On the one hand, the norms and judicial opinions are relevant to understand the organization of the Brazilian financial system, which has opted to strengthen the role of government banks, e.g., by determining that they shall receive funds from compulsory saving mechanisms because they are relevant players for implementing economic policy in Brazil. Moreover, the judicial opinions provide relevant information on whether Brazilian public banks may maintain monopoly of assets in a market economy. On the other hand, the political economy analysis presented in the second chapter provides another layer to the study the maintenance of public banks in a market economy in Brazil. Whether Brazil lives a variety of capitalism or is path dependent on its public banks is a matter that needs a discussion, and the judiciary has an important role in this context. Therefore, I will analyze different models of economic organization regarding financial systems, using the varieties of capitalism literature for this purpose. Different from the countries studied by this literature, it is noted that Brazil has different coordination mechanisms, i.e., a public coordination of the market economy, which has been structured as an alternative to overcome specific problems of the Brazilian economic development. What has led to this institutional arrangement, how it has been structured, and what is the role of the judiciary in this process is what will be studied in this thesis.

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Bergling, Per. "Legal reform and private enterprise : the Vietnamese experience." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ., Dep. of Law, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/321764609.pdf.

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Lins, José Luiz Santos. "Os impactos econômicos e sociais das decisões judiciais: terra indígena Raposa Serra do Sol - o desafio de conciliar direitos humanos com desenvolvimento econômico." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/4186.

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O presente estudo aborda as imbricações entre Estado, Direito e Economia, fazendo uma retrospectiva acerca do surgimento do Estado sob a perspectiva das matrizes marxista e liberal, bem como as várias feições adotadas por este ao longo do seu processo evolutivo. Em seguida, apresenta a aproximação das ciências econômicas e jurídicas por meio dos estudos pioneiros apresentados durante a década de 70 e do atual debate em torno da matéria no País, realçando o conflito entre os interesses econômicos e os da pessoa humana. Na vertente empírica, expõe o conflito econômico, jurídico e social ocorrido em torno da Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol, procurando analisar a atuação do Poder Judiciário, a fim de aferir se houve equalização de interesses ou se um preponderou sobre o outro. A seguir, demonstra as graves conseqüências da inobservância de valores éticos, tanto na área econômica como na judiciária. O objetivo deste trabalho, assim, é demonstrar a necessidade da aproximação do direito não só com a economia, mas, sobretudo, com a ética, a fim de que os atos jurisdicionais, ao serem emanados, mantenham a devida conformação com os direitos humanos, objetivando sempre o equilíbrio entre interesses econômicos e sociais.
The study examines the interplay between state, law and economics, in retrospect about the emergence of the state from the perspective of Marxist and liberal arrays, as well as the various features adopted for this, throughout its evolutionary process. Then present the approach of economics and law, through the pioneering studies presented at the 70 and the current debate on the matter in the country, highlighting the conflict between economic interests and the human person. The empirical strand will be exposed some issues of economic and social importance, analyzing the weighing up made by the judiciary in order to ascertain whether it was kept equalization of interest or if one prevailed over the other. The following will be demonstrated the serious consequences of breach of ethical values in the area both economically and in the courts. The objective is to demonstrate the necessity of not only the right approach to the economy, but mainly with ethics, so that the jurisdictional acts, when issued, to maintain the proper conformation to human rights, enabling equalization interests of both economic and social.

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Payà, Sánchez Montserrat. "Avaluació del judici moral en l'educació secundària obligatòria: disseny d'un currículum d'educació moral per al primer cicle de l'ESO." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670514.

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Conjuntamente con la propuesta curricular de educación moral para las edades 12-14 años - propuesta que se fundamenta tanto en su marco teórico, como en el proceso seguido de cara a su elaboración -, se pretende profundizar en el juicio moral y en el dit (Rest, 1990) como instrumento de evaluación del mismo por lo que respecta a las edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años. Para ello fue necesario traducir y adaptar el instrumento en cuestión a la población española como tarea previa al estudio del juicio moral en jóvenes de Barcelona de edades comprendidas entre 12 y 16 años en situación de educación formal. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan hacia una educación del instrumento como herramienta de investigación también en estas edades iniciales de aplicación.

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Dominguez, Guilherme Diniz de Figueiredo. "Direito e desenvolvimento: as ações afirmativas nas universidades federais brasileiras sob a perspectiva da jurisprudência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9057.

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This paperwork is the result of a research that intends to investigate possible relations between Law and development, based upon an empiric study of the affirmative actions implemented by the Brazilian federal universities, mainly by means of the reservation of enrollment slots to minorities on its admission exams (social and racial quotas), but through the perspective of Court s decisions on the matter. The research focused on the analysis of whether or not such affirmative actions were held constitutional by the Regional Federal Courts of Brazil and by the Brazilian Supreme Court. Also the research intended to verify if such Courts recognized these quotas as public policies or affirmative actions (and thus if this recognition made them adopt a more detailed judicial review of such programs). Furthermore the research intended to study how the apparent conflict between the Executive Branch (universities) and the Legislative Branch, on whether a specific law is needed in order to authorize the adoption of such affirmative actions, was settled and how Courts acted when called to impose affirmative actions in the event of an omission by the Executive Branch. In addition to these specific issues, and assuming that affirmative actions are State policies directed to assure equality and, thus, reduce poorness and prejudice, aiming to promote social development, the main purpose of the research was to examine if such elements were part of the judicial debate that was studied and what was its importance on the examined decisions. We have verified that, considering absolute numbers, the quotas affirmative action is held constitutional by Federal Courts in Brazil. But by analyzing the decisions in each region of the Country we have noticed that a consensus on the subject is far and that there is no precedent of the Brazilian Supreme Court on the matter. In general, the Court s decisions value university autonomy on the implementation of affirmative actions, recognizing that such attribution does not belong only to the Legislative Branch, assessing such measures as public policies (and eventually, in more cases than anticipated, establishing or modulating these policies), although this assessment does not imply a deeper judicial review of the quotas programs, examining all its aspects. Beyond the debate on the constitutionality of the studied affirmative actions, the research detected a number of other problems related to its application, such as, for instance, the lack of a general and common provision on who could be considered a student from a public school in order to benefit from the social quotas, what suggests the need for a federal law determining the guidelines (standards) in order for such affirmative actions to be adopted by the federal universities in Brazil. Nonetheless, the debate on the constitutionality of such policies is marked by a clear discussion on its contribution or not to the development of the Country and, although that is not the main issue discussed on the decision, it is a strong element on the appreciation of the matter
Este trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa voltada a investigar possíveis correlações entre Direito e desenvolvimento a partir do estudo de um caso concreto: a implantação de ações afirmativas nas universidades federais brasileiras, especificamente por meio da reserva de vagas a minorias em seus vestibulares (cotas sociais e raciais), mas analisando a perspectiva da jurisprudência a respeito do assunto. O levantamento realizado tinha como objetivo examinar se essas medidas eram tidas como constitucionais pelos Tribunais Regionais Federais e pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, se essas Cortes reconheciam tais medidas como políticas públicas ou ações afirmativas (e se esse fato as induzia a realizar um controle judicial mais pormenorizado desses programas). Adicionalmente, a pesquisa buscou estudar como se decide o conflito de competência entre o Poder Executivo (universidades) e o Poder Legislativo a respeito da necessidade ou não de lei específica autorizando a adoção de ações afirmativas pelas universidades e qual era a postura dos Tribunais no caso de existir pedido de implantação de ação afirmativa em virtude de omissão administrativa. Além desses aspectos pontuais, a hipótese maior que pautou a pesquisa cujos resultados ora se apresentam partia da premissa de que ações afirmativas são medidas de Estado voltadas à promoção da igualdade material com redução de desigualdades econômicas e sociais, visando o desenvolvimento nacional. Nesse contexto, examinou-se se esses elementos estavam presentes ou não nos debates judiciais estudados e qual era o peso que tinham na decisão dos magistrados. Constatou-se que, em número absoluto de decisões analisadas, as cotas são tidas como constitucionais, porém examinando-se o conjunto de decisões em cada região do País, percebe-se que o assunto está longe de alcançar um consenso, não havendo ainda pronunciamento definitivo do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre o tema. Em geral, a jurisprudência valoriza a autonomia universitária na implantação de ações afirmativas, afastando o possível conflito de competência com o Legislativo e reconhecendo tais ações como políticas públicas (e em mais casos do que se supunha o próprio Judiciário fixou ou modulou tais políticas), embora isso não implique uma revisão judicial mais aprofundada desses programas, contemplando todos os seus aspectos. Para além da discussão a respeito da constitucionalidade dessas ações afirmativas, a pesquisa levantou uma série de outros problemas relacionados à sua aplicação, como, por exemplo, a ausência de uma padronização a respeito de quem pode ser considerado estudante egresso do ensino público para ser beneficiário das cotas sociais, o que sugere a necessidade de uma lei federal fixando diretrizes (standards) para implantação dessas ações pelas universidades federais. Todavia, o debate sobre a constitucionalidade dessas medidas é pautado por uma discussão a respeito da sua contribuição ou não para o desenvolvimento do País, não sendo o fundamento principal das decisões, mas um elemento fortemente presente no exame da questão

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Jaume, Bennasar Andrés. "Las nuevas tecnologías en la administración de justicia. La validez y eficacia del documento electrónico en sede procesal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9415.

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La tesis se encarga de analizar, por un lado, la integración y el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en la Administración de Justicia; y, por otro, los parámetros que constituyen la validez y eficacia del documento electrónico.
La primera cuestión se centra en la configuración de los Sistemas de Información de la Oficina Judicial y del Ministerio Fiscal, así como de la informatización de los Registros Civiles, donde el art. 230 LOPJ es la pieza clave. Se estudian sus programas, aplicaciones, la videoconferencia, los ficheros judiciales y las redes de telecomunicaciones que poseen la cobertura de la firma electrónica reconocida, donde cobran gran relevancia los convenios de colaboración tecnológica. La digitalización de las vistas quizá sea una de las cuestiones con más trascendencia, teniendo en cuenta que el juicio es el acto que culmina el proceso. Aunque no todos los proyectos adoptados en el ámbito de la e.justicia se han desarrollado de forma integral, ni han llegado a la totalidad de los órganos judiciales. El objetivo final es lograr una Justicia más ágil y de calidad, a lo cual aspira el Plan Estratégico de Modernización de la Justicia 2009-2012 aprobado recientemente.
En referencia a la segunda perspectiva, no cabe duda que el Ordenamiento jurídico y los tribunales, en el ámbito de la justicia material, otorgan plena validez y eficacia al documento electrónico. Nuestra línea de investigación se justifica porque cada vez son más los procesos que incorporan soportes electrónicos de todo tipo, ya sea al plantearse la acción o posteriormente como medio de prueba (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre otros temas examinamos el documento informático, la problemática que rodea al fax, los sistemas de videograbación y el contrato electrónico.
La tesi s'encarrega d'analitzar, per una part, la integració i el desenvolupament de les noves tecnologies dins l´Administració de Justícia; i, per l'altra, els paràmetres que constitueixen la validesa i l'eficàcia del document electrònic.
La primera qüestió es centra en la configuració dels Sistemes d´Informació de l´Oficina Judicial i del Ministeri Fiscal, així com de la informatització dels Registres Civils, on l'art. 230 LOPJ es la peça clau. S'estudien els seus programes, aplicacions, la videoconferència, el fitxers judicials i les xarxes de telecomunicacions que tenen la cobertura de la firma electrònica reconeguda, on cobren gran rellevància els convenis de col·laboració tecnològica. La digitalització de les vistes tal vegada sigui una de les qüestions amb més transcendència, tenint amb compte que el judici es l'acte que culmina el procés. Però no tots el projectes adoptats en l'àmbit de la e.justicia s'han desenvolupat d'una manera integral ni han arribat a la totalitat dels òrgans judicials. L'objectiu final es assolir una Justícia més àgil i de qualitat, al que aspira el Pla Estratègic de Modernització de la Justícia 2009-2012 aprovat recentment.
En referència a la segona perspectiva, no hi ha dubte que l´Ordenament jurídic i els tribunals, en l'àmbit de la justícia material, donen plena validesa i eficàcia al document electrònic. La nostra línia d'investigació es justifica perquè cada vegada son més el processos que incorporen suports electrònics de tot tipus, ja sigui quant es planteja l'acció o posteriorment como a medi de prova (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre altres temes examinem el document informàtic, la problemàtica que envolta al fax, els sistemes de videogravació i el contracte electrònic.
The thesis seeks to analyse, on the one hand, the integration and development of the new technologies in the Administration of Justice; and, on the other, the parameters which constitute the validity and efficiency of the electronic document.
The first question centres on the configuration of the Information Systems of the Judicial Office and the Public Prosecutor, as well as the computerisation of the Civil Registers, where the art. 230 LOPJ it's the part key. Their programmes, applications, the Video Conferencing, the judicial registers and the telecommunication networks which are covered by the recognised electronic signatures, are studied, where the agreements on technological collaboration gain great relevance. The digitalisation of evidence might perhaps be one of the questions with most consequence, bearing in mind that the judgment is the act by which the process is culminated. Although not all the projects adopted within the compass of e.justice have developed completely nor have reached all the judicial organs. The final objective is to achieve an agile, quality Justice, to which the recently approved Strategic Plan for the Modernisation of Justice aspires.
With reference to the second perspective, there is no doubt that the juridical Ordinance and the tribunals within the compass of material justice grant full validity and efficacy to the electronic document. Our line of investigation is justified because there are more and more processes which are sustained by electronic supports of all kinds, whether it be at the establishment of the action or later, as a proof of it (art. 299.2 LEC). Amongst other things, we examine the computerised document, the problems which surround the fax, the systems for video recording and the electronic contract.

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Rosário, Ricardo Pedro Guazzelli. "A criação de um mercado de carbono voluntário no Brasil como instrumento para o desenvolvimento sustentável." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/994.

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Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
Since the end of the 60's, humanity has been more concerned about its relationship with the environment. As a result, many worldwide conferences and concepts have been developed along the way. The main events were the Stockholm conferences (1972) and Rio de Janeiro (Eco- 992), the World Commission about the Environment and Development which published The Report of Our Common Future and defined sustainable development as being that which is capable of guaranteeing the necessities of present generations as well as future generations in regards to quality of life and the planet's resources. However, this is not what has been witnesses, especially in regards to the emissions of the greenhouse effect antropic gases, which have aggravated the system, the climate in relation to the increase in the planet's temperature, and its consequences. From the recognition of that fact, society began making either voluntary decisions or taking international political action. In the political sphere, agreements with the Agenda 21, the Convention of Biologic Diversity, The Convention of the Climatic Changes, and the Kyoto Protocol are the main instruments which are focused on the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases from the different antropic actions. The aforementioned instruments together with all of their systems created a mandatory carbon market. In parallel, organized society also desiring to reduce its gas emissions and start a lower carbon economy created several voluntary carbon marktes such as Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) and the Gold Standard Foundation to mention a few. This study presents the mandatory as much as the voluntary markets and presents the Brazilian potentials with the creation of the voluntary national carbon market.
Desde o fim da década de 1960 a humanidade tem tido uma maior preocupação com a sua relação com o meio ambiente. Diante disso, muitas conferências mundiais e conceitos foram desenvolvidos, nessa trajetória os principais fatos foram as Conferências de Estocolmo (1972) e do Rio de Janeiro (Eco-1992), além delas a Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento que em 1987 publica o Relatório Nosso Futuro Comum definindo o desenvolvimento sustentável como aquele capaz de garantir as necessidades das presentes e futuras gerações com relação à qualidade de vida e recursos do planeta. Porém, não é isso que se tem visto principalmente com relação às emissões antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa que têm agravado o sistema do clima em relação ao aumento da temperatura do Planeta e as suas conseqüências. A partir dessa constatação a sociedade passou a tomar decisões voluntárias ou no âmbito político internacional. Na esfera política acordos como a Agenda 21, a Convenção de Diversidade Biológica, a Convenção Quadro de Mudanças Climáticas, e o Protocolo de Quioto são os principais instrumentos que tem como objetivo a redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa das diferentes ações antrópicas. Estes últimos instrumentos junto com todo seu sistema criaram o mercado de carbono mandatório, mas também a sociedade organizada, com o mesmo objetivo de reduzir suas emissões e criar uma economia de baixo carbono criou diversos mercados voluntários de carbono como a Bolsa do Clima de Chicago, a Fundação Gold Standard,entre outros. Este trabalho apresenta tanto os mercados mandatórios quanto os voluntários e apresenta as potencialidades brasileiras com a criação de um mercado de carbono voluntário nacional.

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Kišonienė, Sonata. "Civilinio proceso tikslai Lietuvos teismų praktikoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060310_110355-98389.

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Artical 2 of civil procedure code establishes the main aims of civil litigation:defence of violated subject rights and licit interests, proper applying of law when hearing civil cases and passing judicial decisios,swift restoration of legal peace,interpretation and development of law. The essential goal of master's final thesis is to investigate how the above mentioned aims of procedure are implemented in the judicial practice. The author claims that procedural aim of proper appliance of law in the practice of Lithuanian courts is interpreted as the duty of court to identify material truth.The author as well analyses the influence of the recent reform of civil procedure unto the rapidity of litigation and states that there still exist some negative practice in pastponing the hearing of the case when there are no serious reasons for such procedural decision instesd of passing a default judgement or appying procedural penalties. It is generalished that the new Code of Civil procedure established better premises to materialise the essential aims of the procedure.

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Yougoné, Franck. "Arbitrage commercial international et développement : étude du cas des États de l’OHADA et du Mercosur." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40028/document.

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L’OHADA et le Mercosur sont deux organisations régionales qui ont été créées afin d’accentuer l’intégration et de favoriser la sécurité judiciaire et juridique pour les opérateurs du commerce international. En d’autres mots, leur objectif est d’aider au développement économique des pays membres. Dès le fonctionnement de ces deux organisations, le recours à l’arbitrage a été privilégié comme mode de règlement des différends liés au commerce international. Partant de là, il nous est apparu envisageable d’établir un lien entre la notion de développement et celle arbitrage commercial international. Presque vingt ans après la création de l’OHADA et du Mercosur, cette étude se propose d’évaluer les liens entre l’arbitrage et le développement. Cette évaluation se base sur l’observation de l’influence de l’arbitrage sur le processus d’intégration et sur l’apport de cette technique aux efforts d’amélioration de la sécurité judiciaire et juridique dans le milieu du comme international
OHADA and Mercosur are two regional organizations that were created to enhance the integration and promote judicial and legal certainty for international traders. In other words, their goal is to help the economic development of member countries. From the operation of these two organizations, arbitration was favored as a means of resolving disputes in international trade. From there, it became possible to establish a link between the concept and the development of international commercial arbitration. Almost twenty years after the creation of OHADA and Mercosur, this study aims to assess the relationship between arbitration and development. This assessment is based on the observation of the influence of arbitration on the integration process and the contribution of this technique towards the improvement of judicial and legal certainty in international affairs

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Mbala, Mbala Marcelle. "Contrats d'Etat et développement durable." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL20005/document.

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La dialectique entre contrats d’Etat et développement durable existe, malgré une antinomie apparente. Elle s’appuie sur une interaction particulière qui s’est construite depuis l’origine, à travers les contrats d’Etat, instruments conventionnels singuliers et autour des nécessités politiques et économiques de l’époque, avec en toile de fond l’impératif de développement.Face aux évolutions sociales successives et l’absence d’arsenal juridique adapté, les contratsd’Etat se sont développés de façon spécifique entre dépendance, indépendance,interdépendance, hétéronomie et autonomie. En droit international des affaires, c’estprécisément à partir du contrat conçu comme un instrument normatif singulier et à travers sesinteractions avec le contexte extracontractuel au sein duquel il est amené à opérer quel’existence d’un droit du développement durable en matière de contrats d’Etat doit êtrefondée. Cela nécessite une autre vision du droit, sans cesse renouvelée et davantageappropriée aux réalités de notre siècle
Common discussion points between sustainable development and State contracts exist, despite many visible contradictions. They are based on a particular interaction, built up from the beginning through State contracts, which are highly specific agreements and around political and economic necessities of the time, with the notion of development merely as a requirement in the background. Confronted with successive social changes and the lack of an appropriate judicial framework, State contracts developed in a particular way between dependence, independence, interdependence, heteronomy and autonomy. In international business law, the existence of a sustainable development law related to State contracts must be based precisely on contracts, seen as instruments able to set norms, and must benefit from contracts’interactions with a non-contractual environment. That requires another vision of law, constantly renewed and more adapted to current realities

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Traore, Mandiou. "Le réglement de litiges commerciaux en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE3009.

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L’organisation du règlement des litiges commerciaux en Afrique de l’ouest notamment dans les États Parties au Traité OHADA est marquée à la fois par l’intervention des juridictions nationales d’instance et d’appel et de la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage. En effet, la mise en place d’une législation commune en matière de droit des affaires a nécessité l’institution d’une Cour de cassation unique pour unifier la jurisprudence. L’uniformisation de la jurisprudence a conduit à la mise à l’écart des juridictions nationales supérieures de tout enjeu de règlement de litiges liés à l’application du droituniforme excepté les décisions appliquant des sanctions pénales. Dès lors, les relations entre les deux ordres de juridictions supérieures sont plus empreintes de conflits que basées sur un véritable dialogue des juges. Eu égard à ce qui précède, pour assurer aux opérateurs économiques un meilleur règlement de leurs litiges en évitant les difficultés liées au règlement judiciaire, il convient de promouvoir d’autres outils alternatifs de règlement des litiges. Dès lors, l’adoption des actes uniformes relatifs à l’arbitrage et à la médiation ont permis de donner aux opérateurs économiques, d’autres lieux alternatifs pour régler leurs litiges. En outre, le développement des centres d’arbitrage, de médiation et de conciliation semble être une alternative aux juridictions judiciaires. Au regard, des multiples saisines du centre d’arbitrage, de médiation et de conciliation de Ouagadougou par les banques et établissements financiers, les sociétés d’assurances, de transports et de télécommunications, les entreprises minières et énergétiques, l’on peut en déduire que ce centre joue un rôle important dans le règlement alternatif des litiges commerciaux en Afrique de l’ouest
The organization of the settlement of commercial disputes in West Africa, particularly in the States Parties to the OHADA Treaty, is marked by the intervention of national courts of instance and appeal and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration. Indeed, the establishment of common business law legislation has necessitated the institution of a single Court of Cassation to unify jurisprudence. The standardization of jurisprudence has led to the exclusion of the higher national courts from any dispute resolution issues related to the application of uniform law, except for decisions applying criminalsanctions. Consequently, relations between the two orders of higher courts are more marked by conflict than based on a genuine dialogue between judges. In order to ensure that economic operators have a better settlement of their disputes by avoiding the difficulties associated with judicial settlement, alternative dispute resolution tools should be promoted. Consequently, the adoptions of the Uniform Acts on Arbitration and Mediation have made it possible to give economic operators other alternative places to settle their disputes. In addition, the development of arbitration, mediation and conciliation centers seems to be an alternative to judicial jurisdictions. In view of the numerous referrals to the Ouagadougou Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation Center by banks and financialinstitutions, insurance, transport and telecommunications companies, mining and energy companies, it can be deduced that this center plays an important role in the alternative settlement of commercial disputes in West Africa

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Lyu, Shang-En, and 呂尚恩. "Theoretical Development and Judicial Regulations of the Minimum Service Period Agreements." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3sm8f7.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
106
This thesis analyzed the characters, content and effects of the minimum service period agreements by looking into court decisions. This thesis defined such agreements as independent liquidated damages clauses with ensuring the expected interests of the employers who trained their employees as its main purpose. Though Article 15-1 of the Labor Standard Acts made few differences from previous court decisions, the main contribution of this legislation was that it narrowed down the scope of training and urged the plaintiff to prove both the “enforceability” and “fairness” of such agreements. This thesis claimed that such agreements must be distinguished into two categories of “Training” and “Compensation”. The enforceability of “Training category” depended on (1) the employer paid for the training, (2) the employee engaged in the training, and (3) the training made the employee competent to a professional job; The core of its fairness depended on how to partly shorten the length of period of the agreements, and the key factor was the establishment of objective industry standards. By contrast, judicial regulations of “Compensation category” were unnecessary. As for the issues regarding breach of contract, the train costs, paid by the employee, weren’t damages and couldn’t be recovered. Liquidated damages of employment contract weren’t prohibited by current law, but the legitimacy of such contract was questionable. Although there were both procedural and substantial approaches to check the liquidated damages, this thesis suggested prohibiting the liquidated damages with allowing the employers to recover from training costs to be the most efficient option. Courts emphasized several factors including the damages of the employer, the benefits gained by the employee, the reasons for breach, and the affordability of the employee to be the main factors concerned in reducing liquidated damages. Eventually, this thesis asserted that the agreements of reimbursing training costs also fell into the definition of liquidated damages, while other kinds of theory may be theoretically flawed. Damages the employer can sue for must prorate for the proportion that the employee had performed in the minimum service period aggrements, so the employer must not be entitled to recover fully in any given moment. Accordingly, this thesis proposed several suggestions by both legislation and interpretation to resolve these arguments.

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WANG, TZU-FAN, and 王子凡. "The Development and Orientation of Polygraph on Judicial Practices in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5gwmkt.

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碩士
輔仁大學
法律學系
107
The status of polygraph has not been clearly stated in practice. The prosecution and the police have assisted in the investigation of crimes by means of polygraphs. However, the results of the polygraphs obtained may not be used as evidence in the courts, and the public’s misconceptions about polygraphs are also When the court did not adopt the letter for the result of the lie detection, it adversely affected the establishment of judicial prestige. The principle of polygraph is to judge whether the subject has lying by professional interpretation after recording the human physiology, but there is no psychological detection effect. Therefore, the accuracy of the lie detection result is supported. With the development of technology and interrogation techniques, the accuracy of lie detection has gradually increased. The polygraph has the nature of mandatory punishment. Therefore, before the country implements the polygraph , it should be subject to the prior consent of the tester. Otherwise, there will be doubts about human rights violations, and the test lies without the consent of the tester, which is equivalent to forcing the defendant to confess. Effect. Whether the results of the polygraph can be used as evidence can have different positions in various countries. Most of the opinions in Taiwan's practice take a positive opinion, but limit the scope and effect of its use, and believe that the polygraph result can only be used as reinforcement evidence. It is not allowed to use lie detection as the only proof of reinforcement to prevent lie detection from being used as a tool for acquittal. In recent years, Taiwan’s practice of polygraph has been gradually established, and it can be seen in the report of the Institute of Supervision and the relevant press release of the court that the excessive dependence on lie detection will cause human rights violations, and the actual demand for investigation cases It is still appropriate to be able to recognize the evidence of lying, but it should be legally included in the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law to reduce the controversy in the practical application of polygraph detection.

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Kienle, Alyson Wynn. "Service-learning judicial sanctions : new vehicles to promote student development in undergraduate education /." 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3161614.

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LAI, KUAN-HAN, and 賴冠翰. "The Executive Regulation, Due Process and Judicial Remedies of the Development in Mining Industry." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8adx4f.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
107
Human economic activities are closely related to mineral resources. Therefore, in the 19th year of the Republic of China, Taiwan formulated a Mining Act to regulate the development of various mineral resources. Since the 1980s, the public's awareness of environmental protection has risen, and various norms in China have also begun to practice the law. However, although Taiwan's Mining Act has undergone several revisions, the content system is still not comprehensive. As a result, many environmental impacts have been caused by mining development activities in Taiwan, and disputes have continued. This paper believes that there are two main reasons for the problems in mining development act: First, misidentify the nature of the Mining right. Based on Article 143 of the Constitution, the regulations of the Mineral shall belong to the State, and the nature of the Mineral right should be the concessionaire, not the licensing. Therefore, the state has a high discretionary authority on whether to give the applicant mining rights. Second, misunderstand the meaning of the development permit of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act. First of all, the significance of the EIA development permit is “no environmental assessment, no permit, no development”, so mining development activities should not be carried out before the development permit is obtained; in addition, the environmental impact assessment method is not the same as the development permit of the Mining act. The Mining right is a continuation of the old right, not a new one. Therefore, based on the above two points, this paper is divided into four chapters from the aspects of The Executive Regulation, Due Process and Judicial Remedies of the Development in Mining Industry. Beginning with Chapter 2, analyze the legal framework of mining development executive regulation. First introduce the Mining Act system including the evolution of the law, and how to obtain the mining rights and exhibition limits, and thereby guide the various issues under the current mining executive regulation in Taiwan. The third chapter discusses the due process of mining development executive regulation and focuses on popular participation. Analysis of Taiwan's Mining Act and mining law related regulations, with the rules of the public participation system, and can be summarized from the deficiencies and areas to be improved. And from the Aarhus Convention, as a comparative observation. The fourth chapter discusses the judicial remedies of mining executive regulation and the due process. And examine the lack of environmental laws and leaks in Taiwan. And introduce the foreign environmental public interest litigation system as a reference for Taiwan's future revision. The fifth chapter is the conclusion. Through the first three chapters on the overall analysis of the Mining Act, this chapter will first put forward research findings to explore the current Mining Act in Taiwan for executive regulation, due process and judicial remedies have their shortcomings, and propose relevant amendments for these three parts. Finally, an analysis of the relevant amendment norms or drafts currently in practice. And hope that the relevant recommendations and conclusions of this paper can contribute to the current disputes related to mining development.

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Wu, Kang-Chang, and 吳綱常. "Research of "Experimental Use Exception", a restriction of patent right：Focus on the U.S. judicial development." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38832884272040561400.

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碩士
國立臺北大學
法律學系法律專業組
99
The purpose of this dissertation is providing more comprehensive and complete data of this issue, it aims on the development of this legal principle, especially mainly focus on its source, the U.S. judicial development. The content of this dissertation is mainly based on the U.S. practical judgments views, beside the judicial results, it also pays more attention on the fact issues to fit the application of law properly. After that, we arrange some theories about this issue to clarify the possible short and missing of practical operation. From the content, we see some different regulation and views from the other countries, so we discuss them to compare with the U.S. practical development by other points of view. Finally, we point the present shortcoming of our country by the former foreign regulation and practical operation, and we explain the consistency between the amending of the law and the foreign law. We affirm the merits of experimental use exception again, and make some conclusions and suggestion.

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YANG, CHING-RONG, and 楊菁容. "The Impact of the Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 743 on the Mass Rapid Transit Joint Development." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q39f57.

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TAI, YING-I., and 戴熒怡. "The Legal Orientatio And Future Development Of The System Judicial Mediation In Prefectures,Towns And Cities." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71939041341721527746.

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碩士
國立中正大學
法律學研究所
103
The "System of The Township and County-Administered City Mediation ", which plays an important role in autonomy is a judiciary alternative for the purpose of seeking a practical and prompt solution to disputes among people. Department through reason to ease the emotional or negligence by both sides, and stress simple and fast solution, prompting the parties to compromise with each other, to seek a mutually are "acceptable" compromise to resolve the dispute between the parties, the design of an alternative justice system . In practice, people can better avail themselves of its flexibility if mediation is handled in accordance with the fact s rather than the law.Today, Taiwan area has accumulated a large number of legislation and practice experience in litigation and The Township and County-Administered City Mediation, and also achieved good social effect. It gives more convenient to people also plays an important role in reducing the cases and subsiding conflicts. So, in this monographic study, The purpose of the article is analysis on The Township and County-Administered City Mediation, and proposes the countermeasure. The members of the commission townships qualifications, mode selection, appointment procedures and substantive part of the dilemma. Improvement is also taken into consideration with in the future developmental direction.

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42

Leite, Filipa Sequeira. "Piracy rate : what is the impact of the economic, human development, social, cultural social and judicial factors?" Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/16788.

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The purpose of this paper is to contribute to and expand a whole series of papers that compare the piracy rates with economic, legal and cultural factors by country. I update the data and add a few factors into consideration: educational and social. Additional, I identify the piracy trend, study the correlations between social, judicial and economic factors with software piracy and compare the results with empirical evidence. This allows me to hypothesize on what drives piracy. In conclusion, based on the regression analysis results, the variables GDP, the rule of law index and the WEF readiness index are strong determinants to explain the piracy rate all over the world. The variable of human development index is not relevant to explain the piracy rate therefore the income continues to be the relevant factor over the studies analysed. Regarding the different types of spending all of them presented a high significant, meaning that they all are strong determinants to explain the piracy rate.

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CHIH-FENG, TAN, and 譚智方. "The development of the relationship between the Central and Local authorities on the Judicial Yuan interpretation NO.553." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92318713507964585216.

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Yu-ChiSun and 孫昱琦. "The Fulfillment and Development of the Insider Trading － Focusing on The Interaction between Judicial Practice and Law Amendment." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68162113051928968582.

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碩士
國立成功大學
法律學研究所
98
The long-term ups and downs of securities market make one see that, to stand strong in the volatile environment, apart from the ability to analyze the market accurately, one might also make use of insider trading as the most favorable way of trading. After all, those who hold the unpublished information are in absolute advantage compared with those innocent investors, and are thus bound to win. However, insider trading does great harm to the protection of investors and the regulatory policies which maintain the fair trading of securities market. Therefore, all countries have regulations that prohibit insider trading unanimously, but becasuse this kind of activity is obscure, not easy to be caught and highly profitable, insider trading is still very active in the securities market. Major insider trading cases happen continuously in the international community, such cases are also often found in our country. From 1990 to 2008, 52 insider trading cases are procecuted, but only 21 of them are found guilty, and 19 of them are not guilty, which means almost half of the cases are found innocent. In practice, the innocent rate of insider trading cases is very high, which makes the criminal cost very low for the defendants. In recent years, our government tries to enhance penalty against insider trading to prohibit this criminal activity which would undermine the fairness of securities market, but the effect is not yet conspicuous. The domestic insider trading law follows American law and practice. Thus, this article analyzes relevant American regulations and court cases, as well as dicussing Japanese laws and insider trading directives of the European Union. It aims to analyze the standards of insider trading elements in view of comparative law. It will then refer to the aforesaid legislative examples and the change of domestic insider trading regulations to analyze the application of domestic insider trading regulations stipulated in 1988 and its six amendments. Then, it categorizes the subjective and objective elements of insider trading criminal activities to sort out and analyze court cases, discusses the influence of the cases on the explanation and standardization of regulations, and explores the reason behind the high innocent rate of these cases in our country by discussing the differences in definition of such crimes and their regulations. On the other hand, it also discusses the possible influence of the amandments of Securities and Exchange Act based on real cases and opinions from the industry on the determination of insider trading criminal activities afterwards. By using the aforementioned methods, this article aims to observe the gradual amendment of the insider trading regulations and the effectiveness of its deterrence against insider trading activities, and to explore the insufficient part of the regulations. The conclusion, based on modern regulations, analyzes the amendment of insider trading regulations 2010 and hopes to provide suggestions for determining insider trading activities in investigations and trials. It also discusses the efforts to be made when observing an insider trading case from outside of a company and offers suggestions for preventing insider trading activities from happening inside a company.

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LEE, SAO-WANG, and 李碩望. "An Observation of Judicial Practice and Study on“Unpaid Leave”-case Study on development from 2008 until now." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jshz5m.

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碩士
中原大學
財經法律研究所
103
Since Lehman Shock lead into the global financial crisis in 2008, it continuously impacted on the global economy. Enterprises reduce working hours and wages to face with the rapid decline in the prosperity which made institutions got much less order then affect its operation. Finally, laborers have to confront with problems of livelihood, then it’s known as “unpaid leave” “Unpaid leave” is neither a jargon of law nor legal concept, this thesis collates the documents which discuss it. Court considers that the period time of unpaid leave will be carried out after an agreement between laborers and employers, because there is an unequal status between them. However, the issue about the implementation still remains controversial. “Therefore this thesis organizes the opinions and trends of administrations , courts , and scholars, and try to present the same or different subjects discussed by various kinds of people from 2008 until now. Based on the statistics which is made by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C (Taiwan), the national average annual income in R.O.C is between 470,000 to 540,000 NT dollars. The amount of money that is involved in most cases of period time of unpaid leave doesn’t exceed 1,500,000 which is the limitation of standard to appeal third trial. Consequently, this thesis organizes the judgements, which are made by first courts and high courts, and expect to help law practitioners whose work is relevant with the topic of the thesis to know and operate well. Finally, this thesis will introduce and compare “temporary work ”that is for ages from Germany with “employment stability measures” which was legislated in May 2010 in R.O.C, because the latter one was not started yet. This thesis wants to resort to contrast both mentioned above which could supply some references and suggestions for future use.

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Zenda, Free. "The SADC tribunal and the judicial settlement of international disputes." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4341.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is a regional economic community established by Treaty in 1992 and comprising fifteen southern African countries. The Tribunal, SADC’s judicial organ, is situated in Windhoek, Namibia and became operational in 2005. The Tribunal enjoys a wide mandate to hear and determine disputes between states, states and SADC, and between natural and legal persons and states or SADC. It is mandated to develop its own jurisprudence having regard to applicable treaties, general rules and principles of public international law, and principles and rules of law of member states. Being new in the field, the Tribunal has not as yet developed a significant jurisprudence although it has delivered a number of judgments some of which are referred to in the study. The Tribunal is expected to develop its own jurisprudence having regard to the jurisprudence developed by other international courts involved in the judicial settlement of disputes. The study offers a comparative review and analysis of the jurisprudence of two selected courts: the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). The focus is on four selected areas considered crucial to the functioning of the Tribunal and the selected courts. The study discusses the parties with access to the Tribunal and compares this with access to the ICJ and ECJ. The jurisdiction of the Tribunal is contrasted with that of the two selected courts. The sources of law available to the Tribunal are discussed and contrasted to those of the two courts. Lastly, the enforcement of law in SADC is contrasted to what applies in relation to the selected courts. In each selected area, similarities and differences between the Tribunal and the two courts are noted and critically evaluated. Further, rules and principles developed by the two selected courts are explored in depth with a view to identifying those which could be of use to the Tribunal. Recommendations are made on rules and principles which could be of use to the Tribunal and on possible improvements to the SADC treaty regime.
Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law
LL.D.

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47

Yen-ChuLu and 盧彥竹. "The Judicial Independence Under the Development of Taiwan Democracy: An Empirical Analysis in the Perspectives of Constitutional Counterbalance and Public Support." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84f48h.

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碩士
國立成功大學
政治經濟研究所
102
The development of the constitutional democracy not only requires well-operated institutions and a mature political culture that is suitable for the whole environment, but it also demands the appropriate role and the proper function of the judiciary, or the operation of the regime will come to collapse someday. The political transition of Taiwan, from authoritarianism to democratization, has gone through more than half of the century, and people, whether they be political elites or people who participated in social move-ments, have already put much time and lots of efforts in building the new structure of the nation. However, is the operation of the judiciary truly consistent with the content that is stipulated in the Constitution? Does the judiciary play an appropriate role in counterbalancing the political department? Does it reliably protect the human rights well? Finally, does the department possess the independence as all democratic nations are striving to achieve? Therefore, this research focuses mainly on whether the judiciary has become more and more independent after the long processes of democratization. To explore the answer to this question, my dissertation is based on two variables, Process Independence and Structural Independence, to measure the extent of judiciary in Taiwan. The indicator of Process Independence is the degree to which people support or trust in the judiciary department, and the data are mostly from the questionnaires of many years of research regarding public support in the judiciary; the indicator of Structural In-dependence is the level to which the ability of the judiciary checks and balances the political department, and the data are from the 《department of statistics of judicial yuan Republic of China》. Furthermore, to analyze the level of counterbalances possessed by the judiciary and whether they are used correctly. Not only does the research review the unconstitutional proportion of the interpretation of justices of the constitutional court, it also examines the ratio of the illegal administrative sanctions in all the administrative cases. In addition to analyzing the independence of Taiwan, I also discuss the correlation and direction between the degree of judicial independence and constitutional democracy based on correlation analysis. This paper finds unveils the fact that there is a high correlation between the ability of the checks and balances of the judiciary and the level of democratization, indirectly proving that the judiciary plays an essential role as counterbalance in democratic regime.

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48

Oladiji, Sharon Omowunmi. "The role of international, regional and domestic standards in monitoring children's rights." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10567.

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The study provides a brief overview of the most important legal instruments in the international, regional and national framework on the development and promotion of children’s rights. Basically, it examines the continuous and pervasive violation of children’s rights despite the progressive instruments that have been adopted to ensure the proper and effective realization of these rights. It focuses on three different countries in Africa: South Africa, Ethiopia and Nigeria because of the value-laden nature of the progressive laws adopted by these countries in the protection of children’s rights. Specific roles and actions taken by international, regional and national monitoring bodies are highlighted to indicate their effectiveness in promoting and fulfilling rights for children. Country reports on the situation of children are examined in the context of realization of salient rights for children amidst the different judicial, political and socio-cultural settings. Emerging judgments and judicial developments that have limited and advanced the realization of rights for children in the specific country context were explored. Conclusions and recommendations are made.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LLM

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49

Lin, Orpheus, and 林良榮. "Legal Protection of the Unions'' activities in the enterprise: a study of the development of theories and judicial practice in post-war Japan." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98759635222812580350.

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50

Lira, Ana Raquel. "Intervenção judicial com crianças : a influência das fases do desenvolvimento e do tipo de questões na entrevista forense." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/16881.

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Os crimes de abuso contra crianças são um fenómeno em ascensão ao nível teórico devido à sua maior prevalência e visibilidade no sistema judicial, bem como do mediatismo dos casos mais recentes. O aumento do número de casos é ainda acompanhado pelo crescente interesse pelas identidades judiciais, de identificar a criança como uma preciosa e, por vezes, única fonte de informação nos diversos crimes. Assim, reconhecendo-se as particularidades desenvolvimentais da criança, exige-se que o seu envolvimento nas investigações forenses seja apropriado, evitando-se a sua vitimização secundária e a destruição e contaminação de provas. Nos últimos anos têm-se vindo a reconhecer técnicas, guidelines e protocolos indispensáveis na investigação forense com crianças, pelos vários intervenientes e ao longo do processo, com a finalidade de diminuir o impacto da envolvência da criança do sistema judicial. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de contribuir numa investigação mais alargada que procura a adaptação do protocolo de entrevista forense a crianças vítimas de abuso sexual do NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development), ao contexto português. Encarando o objetivo geral como uma tradução e adaptação a uma cultura, apresentamos a influência das características do desenvolvimento da criança no decorrer de uma entrevista forense como o nosso objetivo específico dentro desta investigação.
Child abuse crimes are theoretical raising phenomena due to its prevalence and importance in the justice system, as well as the media disclosure of the most recent cases. The rising number of cases is accompanied by the rising concern of the legal entities in identifying the child as a precious and often only source of information in the most diverse crimes. Thereby, acknowledging the child's developmental specificities, it is mandatory that the child's implication in a forensic investigation to be appropriate, avoiding it's secondary victimization which, besides being harmful to the child, can destroy and contaminate evidence. The recent years have come to recognize techniques, guidelines and protocols needed in forensic research with children, by various stakeholders throughout the process, in order to lessen the impact of the child's immersion in the judicial system. This study aims to contribute to a wider investigation that seeks to adapt the forensic interview protocol for children victims of sexual abuse, from NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development), to the Portuguese context. Facing the general objective as a translation and adaptation to a culture, we present the influence of the child's development characteristics during a forensic interview as our main objective in this investigation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Judicial developments'

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