Academic literature on the topic 'Jugoslovenska narodna armija'

In the military-territorial organization of Yugoslavia after the Second World War, Banja Luka was a part of the 6th Army, whose headquarters were in Sarajevo. In the beginning of 1948, from the former 6th Army, the 7th Military District was formed. The military area of Banja Luka was supposed to be the 5th Corps during the war. In 1983, 58 Yugoslav People's Army war units and 21 Territorial Defense war units were manned by conscripts and material and technical means from the territory of the Banja Luka municipality. As of 1990, the data on 50,624 conscripts in the municipality of Banja Luka were kept. A total of 4,568 conscripts or 2.28% of the total population of the municipality were engaged in all units of the Territorial Defense. For the needs of building the military infrastructure, the Roman Catholic monastery "Nazareth" was nationalized, and in several waves, thousands of Serbian peasants were evicted from the hilly and mountainous area of Manjaca. With the implementation of repressive measures, a wide area whose population belonged to the royalist movement during the Second World War was evicted, and the Yugoslav People's Army military training ground was built on it. Due to a combination of historical circumstances, Banja Luka has become an important center of military education. After the Resolution of the Inform Bureau, in September 1948, the Tank School Center (TSC) was moved from Bela Crkva in Banat, due to the proximity of the Romanian border, to Banja Luka. Over time, this institution developed into the Armored and Mechanized Units School Center "Petar Drapšin". Near Banja Luka, a significant demonstration exercise was performed as a part of the visit of the high US military delegation to Yugoslavia, which began in October 1951. During 1952, representatives of the US military mission visited two tank brigades and the Tank Officer School in Banja Luka. The Army played an important role in modernizing the undeveloped areas of the country, including the wider Banja Luka region, the Bosnian Krajina. Bosnia and Herzegovina benefited significantly from the establishment of the military industry in this republic, which was given strategic importance, due to the expected invasion from the East after 1948. A significant role in the military industry was played by the Aviation Institute 'Cosmos', which has been operating in Banja Luka since 1958. Most of the infrastructure and combat assets of the Fifth Corps of the YPA from Banja Luka were inherited by the First Krajina Corps of the Army of the Republic of Srpska, as the largest corps of the ARS, that played a key role in the defense of the Republic of Srpska during the civil war in the former SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Vojska podrazumeva celokupnost oružanih snaga jedne države. Ona prvenstveno štiti državu od spoljne agresije, ali ona štiti i unutrašnji ustavni poredak. Period od završetka Drugog svetskog rata 1945. godine do raspada SFRJ 1992. godine je poznat kao period druge Jugoslavije. U drugoj Jugoslaviji je uspostavljen jednopartijski politički sistem po ugledu na Sovjetski savez. Komunistička partija Jugoslavije (KPJ) je imala vladajući položaj, a marksizam je bio zvanična ideologija. Jugoslovenska narodna armija (JNA) je bila izrazito politizovana i pod snažnim uticajem KPJ. Ustavne promene krajem šezdesetih i početkom sedamdesetih godina 20. veka su donele krupne promene u karakteru federacije i sistemu odbrane. Te promene su značile konfederalizaciju zemlje i vidno su doprinele kasnijem raspadu SFRJ. Novi sistem opštenarodne odbrane je doneo značajnu decentralizaciju države i mnogo veću ulogu republika i pokrajina u poslovima odbrane. Formirani su nacionalni tj. republički i pokrajinski štabovi i jedinice teritorijalne odbrane. Teritorijalna odbrana je uz JNA bila ravnopravna komponenta oružanih snaga. Ove promene su donele veliki rizik jer su praktično formirane republičke i pokrajinske vojske koje mogu biti pretnja bezbednosti zemlje u slučaju međunacionalnih sukoba. JNA je imala visoku autonomiju u društvu i delovala je kao prilično zatvorena socijalna grupa. Ona je kao višenacionalna narodna vojska bila pripremana za opštenarodnu odbranu zemlje od spoljnog neprijatelja, tako da je nespremna dočekala izazove međunacionalnih sukoba i građanskog rata. Ipak, JNA je početkom devedesetih godina 20. veka odigrala značajnu ulogu kao snaga koja je nastojala da smiri tenzije, zaštiti ugroženo stanovništvo i doprinese mirnom razrešenju krize.

U tekstu koji slijedi dat ćemo pregled organizacijskoga razvoja Jugoslavenske narodne armije u Narodnoj/Socijalističkoj Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom 60-ih godina. U tom periodu provedeno je nekoliko reorganizacija Armije. Cijelo desetljeće počinje reorganizacijom „Drvar” u drugoj polovini 1959., na bazi uvođenja koncepcije takozvane općenarodne obrane i očekivanoga nuklearnog rata, preko nekoliko reorganizacija između 1964. i 1968., pa do vremena nakon agresije snaga Varšavskoga pakta na Čehoslovačku. Članak je nastao na bazi arhivske građe koja se čuva u Upravi za organizaciju, Vojnom arhivu i Muzeju Jugoslovenskoga ratnog vazduhoplovstva, sve u sastavu Ministarstva odbrane Republike Srbije u Beogradu, te dvaju prethodno objavljenih autorovih radova koji se bave istom tematikom, ali u širem vremenskom kontekstu.

Članak daje pregled događaja koji su prethodili zauzimanju objekata Jugoslovenske narodne armije u Bjelovaru, potom je posvećen opisu napada na te objekte 29. septembra 1991. i sudbini pojedinih starešina, ubistvima ili zarobljavanju. Rad je nastao na sačuvanoj arhivskoj, sudskoj građi i izjavama pripadnika garnizona Bjelovar datim organima bezbednosti po dolasku u Srbiju. Sve izjave korišćene u ovom radu, sudeći po pečatima sa numeričkim oznakama – brojevima, čuvaju se u Vojno-bezbednosnoj agenciji. Taj materijal je korišćen u procesu suđenja pripadnicima hrvatskih snaga za ratni zločin, a autoru je predala ćerka ubijenog komandanta brigade u Bjelovaru pukovnika Rajka Kovačevića. Korišćena je i neobjavljena originalna arhivska građa 32. (varaždinskog) korpusa, koja se čuva u Hrvatskom memorijalno-dokumentacijskom centru Domovinskog rata u Zagrebu, zaplenjena prilikom predaje korpusa.

Heritage of Liminality: Remnants of the Military in the Istrian City of Pula in the Aftermath of Yugoslav SocialismThis article is devoted to the meanings of the liminality that shaped the (self-) perception of the Croatian city of Pula and came as a result of the long-term presence of the military (and heavy industry) in the city. The study discusses the modalities of cohabitation of the Yugoslav People’s Army and the citizens of Pula, who lived together, interacted, and shaped each other during the period of Yugoslav socialism, and highlights the consequences of this mutual shaping in the aftermath of the Yugoslav socialist project. In the ongoing process of Pula’s contentious urban transformation, in which several military and industrial facilities, complexes, and areas still wait for their new functions and new owners, the city’s military nature and liminality have been identified as a problem by authorities and policy makers: they see the material and immaterial traces of the presence of the military in the city as an “unwanted heritage”. In opposition to the view that Pula’s military (and industrial) heritage is a problem to be overcome/eliminated, the article argues for a more inclusive approach that would acknowledge the fact that this heritage is perceived by citizens as closely related to their city’s multicultural and working-class tradition, and that would recognize its potential to produce meanings, values, histories, and memories.Nasleđe liminalnosti: tragovi prisustva vojske u istarskom gradu Puli posle kraja jugoslovenskog socijalizmaČlanak se bavi liminalnošću koja u značajnoj meri oblikuje (samo) percepciju grada Pule u Hrvatskoj, a nastala je kao rezultat dugotrajnog prisustva vojske (i teške industrije) u ovom gradu. U njemu raspravljam o modalitetima kohabitacije Jugoslovenske narodne armije i građana Pule, koji su zajedno živeli i delili urbani prostor u periodu jugoslovenskog socijalizma, i osvetljavam posledice ove kohabitacije, deljenja i uzajamnosti vidljive u vreme nakon kraja jugoslovenskog socijalističkog projekta. U ambivalentnom procesu urbane transformacije Pule koji se upravo odvija, dok mnogi vojni i industrijski objekti, kompleksi i prostori još uvek čekaju na novu namenu i vlasnike, gradske vlasti i snovaoci urbane politike „vojni” identitet grada i njegovu liminalnost identifikuju kao problem: materijalni i nematerijalni tragovi prisustva vojske u gradu označavaju se kao “neželjena baština”. Nasuprot viđenju pulske vojne (i industrijske) baštine kao problema koji treba prevazići/eliminisati, u članku se zalažem za inkluzivniji pristup koji uzima u obzir činjenicu da građani Pule ovo nasleđe usko povezuju sa multikulturnim i radničkim identitetom grada, i koji prepoznaje potencijal tog nasleđa da proizvodi značenja, vrednosti, istorije i sećanja.Dziedzictwo liminalności: znaki obecności wojska w Puli na Istrii po upadku jugosłowiańskiego socjalizmuArtykuł porusza kwestię liminalności w znacznym stopniu kształtującą (auto)percepcję miasta Pula w Chorwacji, co jest skutkiem wieloletniej obecności wojska (i przemysłu ciężkiego) w tym mieście. W tekście omawiam kwestię współdzielenia przestrzeni miejskiej w okresie jugosłowiańskiego socjalizmu przez Jugosłowiańską Armię Ludową i mieszkańców miasta, analizuję również skutki owej kohabitacji i współpracy widoczne w okresie po upadku jugosłowiańskiego projektu socjalistycznego. W trakcie wciąż trwającego ambiwalentnego procesu transformacji przestrzeni miejskiej Puli wiele obiektów, kompleksów i miejsc militarnych oraz przemysłowych oczekuje na zmianę przeznaczenia i nowych właścicieli, tymczasem władze miejskie oraz twórcy polityki miejskiej za podstawowy problem uznają „wojskową” tożsamość miasta i jej liminalność: materialne i niematerialne ślady obecności armii w mieście określane są jako „niechciane dziedzictwo”. Wbrew powszechnemu traktowaniu owego dziedzictwa jako problemu do rozwiązania, w swoim artykule wybieram podejście bardziej otwarte, które uwzględnia zdanie mieszkańców Puli wpisujących je w wielokulturową i robotniczą tożsamość miasta; staram się również podkreślić jego potencjał w procesie wytwarzania znaczeń, wartości, historii i pamięci.

The article aims to provide an overview of the deployment of the Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija - JNA) in the ethnic clashes in 1991. It also outlines most of the organizational changes that occurred in that year. Finally, it attempts to outline the JNA experience in, what we called “turbulent 1991.” This article is written based on partly realized JNA documentation, captured JNA materials that were kept in the Croatian Homeland War Memorial-Documentation Center, and on various sources. The problem that limits our view on the JNA in 1991 is the still classified sources kept in the Military Archives in Belgrade.

The war in Croatia ended by the beginning of 1992 with the arrival and deployment of United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in three Protected Areas (UNPA). By the terms of the truce, the Yugoslav People’s Army had to withdraw from those zones. This process was completed by the beginning of June 1992. However, the Yugoslav Army still retained smaller units on the islands of Vis and Lastovo, in the wider area of Dubrovnik and on the Prevlaka Peninsula. Those forces were also ordered to withdraw, and further obligation was overtaken by its successor, the Army of the newly founded Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that was proclaimed on 27 April 1992. While the Yugoslav Army silently withdrew from Vis and Lastovo, the withdrawal process from Prevlaka Peninsula at the border between Montenegro and Croatia, caused a serious conflict between the Serbian and Montenegrin leaderships over war goals and overall strategy of the 1991 war. Momir Bulatović, the President of Montenegro, believed that Prevlaka should remain under Montenegrin control. Since the withdrawal would be taken as acknowledgment that the war against Croatia was unsuccessful. Serbia’s position was that all the requirements of the United Nations Security Council must be met without delay. After complex diplomatic negotiations moderated by Cyrus Vance and Lord David Owen, the initial agreement was reached in Geneva by Dobrica Ćosić, President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Franjo Tudjman, President of the Republic of Croatia, on 30 September 1992. They agreed on the withdrawal of the Yugoslav Army from Prevlaka and transferring the authorities over the peninsula to the United Nations control. The final agreement came on 20 October 1992, at a new meeting between Ćosić and Tudjman in Geneva. A joint interstate commission was envisaged to consider all security issues in the wider Kotor Bay and area of Dubrovnik that borders with Prevlaka, as well as to establish joint customs control at the border line. On the same day, 20 October, at exactly 8.30 pm, the last troops of the Yugoslav Army, commanded by Colonel Miodrag Miladinović left the Prevlaka Peninsula. All facilities were handed over to United Nations observers for further safekeeping. This act could be marked as the formal end of the war between Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia.