Academic literature on the topic 'Jumping in the contractual chain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Jumping in the contractual chain"
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Zhang, Qiyuan, Jason Lu Jin, and Defeng Yang. "How to enhance supplier performance in China: interplay of contracts, relational governance and legal development." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 40, no. 6 (August 27, 2020): 777–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2020-0093.
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PurposeGiven the pivotal influence of institutional forces, an important yet underexplored question in supply chain management literature is how contractual and relational governance jointly affect supplier performance under weak legislative environments. This study tends to solve the debate by distinguishing contractual definability from contractual enforceability and by considering the contingent role of legal development in China.Design/methodology/approachUsing a combined dataset of secondary data and a survey of 224 buyer–supplier dyads in China, this study examines how contractual definability and contractual enforceability interact with relational governance differently in driving supplier performance, and assesses the contingent role of legal development.FindingsThis study finds that contractual definability complements yet contractual enforceability substitutes relational governance in affecting supplier performance. Moreover, legal development weakens the complementary effect but strengthens the substitutive effect.Originality/valueThe study firstly enriches supply chain management literature by classifying the roles of contracts into contractual definability and contractual enforceability and showing their differential interplay with relational governance. Second, the study contributes to the complements–substitutes debate by revealing the shifting role of legal development. Third, the research enriches the understanding of supply chain management in the Chinese market.
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Liu, Hua, and Shaobo Wei. "Leveraging interorganizational governance for bridging responses to supply chain disruptions: a polynomial regression analysis." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 41, no. 8 (June 29, 2021): 1350–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-07-2020-0480.
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PurposeDrawing on the transactional cost economics (TCE) perspective, we aim to investigate the effects of the balance and imbalance between contractual and relational governance on a firm's bridging responses to supply chain disruptions. By adopting the institutionally contingent perspective, we further examine the moderating effect of cultural distance on the relationship between governance mechanisms and bridging responses.Design/methodology/approachBased on data collected from 183 firms in China, we use polynomial regression and response surface analyses to test our research model.FindingsThe bridging responses increase along with an increasing balance level between contractual and relational governance and decrease along with an increasing imbalance level between contractual and relational governance. Moreover, the positive effect of balance between contractual and relational governance is strengthened by a large cultural distance. We also find that a large cultural distance amplifies the negative effect of the combination of high relational governance and low contractual governance yet weakens that of the combination of high contractual governance and low relational governance.Originality/valueOur study provides nuanced insights into the effects of the balance and imbalance between contractual and relational governance on bridging responses and into the cultural boundary conditions under which these effects vary.
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Yixing, Wang, Zheng Zhifeng, and Zhang Guangyi. "A Study on Jumping-Over-Teeth Phenomenon in Roller Chain Drive." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912648.
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This paper introduces the experimental device used in the research of the jumping-over-teeth in the roller chain drive, describes the differences and the similarities between the jumping-over-teeth at the driving sprocket and at the driven sprocket, analyzes the likelihood of this phenomenon occurring at the driven sprocket, and presents pictures of the two kinds of jumping-over-teeth and the curve diagram of the chain link tension during the experiment. In addition, the paper also provides the formula of the ultimate service load for the roller chain drive without jumping-over-teeth.
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GERBERT, Goran. "BCD-8 JUMPING PHENOMENON OF ROLLER CHAIN(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions II.01.202 (2001): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.ii.01.202.743.
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Salminen, Jaakko. "Towards a Genealogy and Typology of Governance Through Contract Beyond Privity." European Review of Contract Law 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0003.
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AbstractContracts are used to extend governance on supply chain and platform actors in ways that could not be envisaged when the foundations of current conceptualizations of contractual privity were laid down in the 19th century. This results in a stark contradiction. Firms use contracts to extend governance on actors beyond privity when it suits their interests, for example for reasons of supply-chain-wide cost-management. At the same time, law offers few means of holding a firm liable for the inadequate governance of social, environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability in its supply chain or platform eco-system. I propose two tools for uncovering the multiple societal tensions that this disjuncture between law and contractual practice entails. The first is a genealogy of how contractual paradigms have contributed to the rise of new forms of production, such as centralized mass production in the 19th century, global value chains in the 20th century, and the platform economy in the 21st century. The second is a multidisciplinary typology of the contractual mechanisms used to extend governance beyond privity. My hope is that these two tools will help us better understand, research, teach, and balance the implications of contractual paradigms on the social, environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability of production.
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Mora, Cristina, and Davide Menozzi. "Vertical contractual relations in the Italian beef supply chain." Agribusiness 21, no. 2 (2005): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.20044.
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Zhang. "How do Information Technology Resources Facilitate Relational and Contractual Governance in Green Supply Chain Management?" Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 3663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133663.
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Although a plethora of studies demonstrate that information technology (IT) has a positive influence on integration, collaboration and coordination side of green supply chain management, our knowledge about the influence of IT resources on governance side remains limited, especially the relational and contractual governance, two of the fundamental governances in green supply chain management. Based on the transaction and agency cost perspective and literature of information systems and B2B governance, this study investigates how IT resources affect the effects of relational and contractual governance. The results show that IT resources could improve the relational governance (i.e., joint-actions) and contractual governance (explicit and contingent contract clauses designing), and thus, effectively mitigate partner’s opportunism. Finally, the theoretical contribution and implications for managers are also given in the end.
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Dolci, Pietro Cunha, Antonio Carlos Gastaud Maçada, and Ely Laureano Paiva. "Models for understanding the influence of Supply Chain Governance on Supply Chain Performance." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 22, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-07-2016-0260.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop models and analyse the influence of supply chain governance (SCG) and its conceptions (contractual, relational and transactional) on supply chain performance (SCP). Design/methodology/approach Multiple case studies and survey methods were used. Data collection in the multiple case studies was performed by in-depth interviews with supply chain executives from top strategic levels in six companies. The research instrument was applied to 185 executives from large companies that possessed a broad, complex supply chain in Brazil. Findings It was identified that SCG, comprising contractual, relational and transactional aspects, has a positive influence on operational and financial SCP. SCG was found to be a more comprehensive view of the supply chain that focuses on more strategic aspects and long-term inter-organizational relationships. SCG affects SCP, primarily in the operational aspects with regard to global costs and in the financial aspects of investment return. Originality/value SCG is a topic that has been widely studied in recent years for analysing inter-organizational relations as a multi-dimensional phenomenon embedded in the company’s structures and processes. Studies analysing all aspects of SCG at the same time, however, have not been found. Moreover, there are a number of performance indicators, but there is a lack of consensus on what determines the performance of these supply chains. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to understand the effects of SCG on supply chain performance.
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Ming, Jian, Azamat Rajapov, and Saidjahon Hayrutdinov. "Three-Echelon Supply Chain Contractual Coordination with Loss-Averse Multiple Retailer Preference." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4927302.
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In this paper, we propose a supply chain contract model aimed to coordinate a three-echelon supply chain, which is based on the revenue-sharing allocation with loss-aversion preference. We consider a three-echelon supply chain consisting of a risk-neutral manufacturer, a risk-neutral distributor, and loss-averse multiple retailers. To address this model, we consider a shortage product produced and sold within a single period in the stochastic market. The model allows the system efficiency to be achieved as well as it will improve the profits of all supply chain members by tuning the contract parameters. We used the expected utility function to describe the loss-aversion member’s influence coefficient. The decisions of chain members under different conditions are studied by simulation analyses. The paper also analysed the relationship between different revenue-sharing coefficient combinations with multiple retailers in the supply chain system. Furthermore, the study has addressed the supply chain coordination decision bias in the centralized and decentralized systems.
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Eckerd, Stephanie, and Kevin Sweeney. "The role of dependence and information sharing on governance decisions regarding conflict." International Journal of Logistics Management 29, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2016-0301.
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Purpose Contemporary supply chain exchanges are governed by both contractual and relational governance mechanisms. However, the decision about when to use these mechanisms is likely driven by key relationship characteristics as well as the context in which they are needed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of dependence and information sharing on the governance decision within the context of inter-organizational conflict, and assess the degree to which contractual and relational governance approaches lead to more satisfying outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This research builds on both transaction cost and conflict resolution arguments to build hypotheses. To test the hypotheses, survey data were collected from supply chain professionals regarding specific episodes of conflict and analyzed using an ordinary least squares regression. Findings The results show a strong reluctance for the use of relational governance mechanisms to resolve conflict when the relationship is characterized by strong joint dependency or information sharing asymmetries. A strong dependence asymmetry and high degree of joint information sharing are associated with greater use of contractual and relational governance approaches, respectively. Finally, the authors find that contractual mechanisms do not necessarily lead to a dissatisfactory outcome for the manager involved. Originality/value This research investigates not only the use of contractual and relational governance mechanisms in inter-firm conflict resolution, but also the relationship specific factors that influence a firm’s decision to leverage either type of governance mechanism.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jumping in the contractual chain"
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Söderström, Frida. "Bravidadomen : om en byggherres möjlighet att hoppa i kontraktskedjan." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2547.
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Uppsatsen skall utreda och analysera en byggherres rätt till ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör när det föreligger samordnad generalentreprenad med AB 92 som avtalsvillkor mellan byggherren och generalentreprenören. Uppsatsens utgångspunkt är Bravidadomen, där en byggherre inte gavs rätt att utfå ersättning från en vårdslös underentreprenör. Flera frågor blir aktuella, t ex om det föreligger något avtalsförhållande mellan en byggherre och en underentreprenör och vilka avtalsvillkor som i så fall skulle vara tillämpliga dem emellan. Vidare undersöks om en underentreprenör kan hållas ansvarig gentemot en byggherre på utomobligatorisk grund, samt huruvida en skadelidande kan välja att utfå ersättning från skadevållaren på kontraktsrättslig eller på utomobligatorisk grund.
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Ibrahim, Adriana Irawati Nur. "New methods for mode jumping in Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500720.
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Standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods can experience problem sampling from multi-modal distributions. A variety of sampling methods have been introduced to overcome this problem. The mode jumping method of Tjelmeland & Hegstad (2001) tries to find a mode and propose a value from that mode in each mode jumping attempt. This approach is inefficient in that the work needed to find each mode and model the distribution in a neighbourhood of the mode is carried out repeatedly during the sampling process. We shall propose a new mode jumping approach which retains features of the Tjelmeland & Hegstad (2001) method but differs in that it finds the modes in an initial search, then uses this information to jump between modes effectively in the sampling run. Although this approach does not allow a second chance to find modes in the sampling run, we can show that the overall probability of missing a mode in our approach is still low. We apply our methods to sample from distributions which have continuous variables, discrete variables, a mixture of discrete and continuous variables and variable dimension. We show that our methods work well in each case and in general, are better than the MCMC sampling methods commonly used in these cases and also, are better than the Tjelmeland & Hegstad (2001) method in particular.
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Mao, Wenjin. "Dimension jumping and auxiliary variable techniques for Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3284426.
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Namulindwa, Rebecca Kiwanuka. "Participation of smallholder farmers in Zambia's dairy value chain through interlocked contractual arrangements and its impact on household income." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65926.
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This thesis examines factors influencing smallholder dairy farmers’ participation in interlocked contractual arrangements, the nature and level of participation, the role of interlocked contractual arrangements in promoting smallholder farmers’ participation in markets and the impact of participation on household income. The study seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate about the prospects of these arrangements in enhancing smallholder farmers’ access to restructured and liberalised agrifood markets and whether they truly benefit from participating. The study was carried out in 2014 in the milk shed areas of three districts of Zambia where interlocked contractual arrangements were present. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data from representatives from two financial institutions, four milk collection centres and three milk-processing firms. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 266 households engaged in dairy farming. A multi-stage sampling design was used to select these households. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and econometric regression models. Detailed analysis was carried out by employing measures of dispersion and central tendency, as well as data normality tests. The double-hurdle model was used to identify determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation in interlocked contractual arrangements, while propensity score matching was used to assess the impact of participation on household income. Determinants of smallholder farmers’ decision to sell milk through interlocked contractual arrangements include ownership of improved breed animals, milk price, access to dairy marketing information, income from other sources and landholding size. While most of these factors also affected the proportion of milk sold, the following were important as well: household head education level, cattle-rearing culture, relative supplier’s dependency on buyer and existence of trust in the exchange relationship. Factors adversely affecting farmers’ participation include high stock feed cost, poor breeding programmes, low milk prices, a long time lag for contract review, low participation of women and youths and inadequate involvement in decision-making and transparency in grading. Results further show that ownership of a milk-processing plant and membership to a dairy cooperative enhance smallholder farmers’ involvement in value chain activities but not in key business decision-making. Interlocked contractual arrangements have enhanced smallholder farmers’ participation in the mainstream dairy value chain and access to resources and services, through reduction of information asymmetry and related costs and risks. They have achieved this through the concurrent use of contracts, transaction-specific investments, trust and relational norms. Support from development agencies and public and private sectors is also critical in addressing the multiple market and institutional failures that prevent smallholder farmers from participating in markets. Although results show that smallholder farmers are not excluded from participating in interlocked contractual arrangements, the intensity of their participation is low. Meanwhile, processors are willing to collaborate more with smallholder farmers because of their low side-selling risk. Whereas interlocked contractual arrangements offer prospects to enhance access to financial services and stock feed, much more needs to be done to increase the number of participating farmers. Results also reveal that participation in interlocked contractual arrangements enhances milk revenue but not household income. While interlocked contractual arrangements enhance smallholder farmers’ access to markets, they are not a panacea for addressing the high rural poverty rates. Thus, reorientation from overemphasis on contract farming to a mix of other strategies, such as livelihood diversification.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted
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Veiga, Rachel Havas. "Impactos da votalidade cambial na atividade de turismo receptivo: novos desenhos de contratos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/311.
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Previous issue date: 2006-09-26De 2002 a 2006 a moeda nacional brasileira, o real, vem sofrendo crescente valorização, tendência que afeta negativamente o setor exportativo no Brasil. Este trabalho refere-se o impacto desta valorização numa indústria específica do setor de exportação, a de turismo receptivo. São destacados os modelos de contratos atuais e analisada a proposição de um novo modelo de contrato, fechado em moeda nacional para as vendas internacionais, visando minimizar o risco cambial inerente à atividade. Os resultados indicam que a adoção deste novo modelo contratual eliminaria o risco cambial da parte da cadeia de distribuição situada no território nacional, trocando este por risco de demanda em função da flutuação do preço para o cliente final.
Books on the topic "Jumping in the contractual chain"
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Vytopil, Louise. Contractual control in the supply chain: On corporate social responsibility, codes of conduct, contracts and (avoiding) liability. The Hague, the Netherlands: Eleven International Publishing, 2015.
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Mastering the Business of Global Trade: Negotiating Competitive Advantage Contractual Best Practices, INCO Terms, and Leveraging Supply Chain Options. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Monaghan, Nicola. 2. Actus reus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0002.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses the actus reus elements of a criminal offence. The actus reus of an offence may involve an act or omission (conduct crimes); certain consequences being caused (result crimes); or the existence of surrounding circumstances (‘state of affairs’ crimes); it must be voluntarily performed. There is generally no liability for an omission to act. There are five exceptions: special relationship; voluntary assumption of responsibility; supervening fault; contractual duty or public office; and statutory duty. Where the defendant is charged with a ‘result’ crime, the prosecution must prove causation. An intervening event will break the chain of causation and the actus reus will not be established.
Book chapters on the topic "Jumping in the contractual chain"
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Stötzel, Matthias. "Contractual Relationships Across the Value Chain." In Equity Markets in Transition, 215–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45848-9_8.
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Ashworth, Allan, and Srinath Perera. "Partnering and supply chain management." In Contractual Procedures in the Construction Industry, 197–207. Seventh edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315529059-15.
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Russell, Mark C. "Jumping the Chain: A Military Psychologist’s Story." In Different Drummers: Military Culture and Its Discontents, 69–80. Utah State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7330/9781607329527.c004.
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De Silva, Sam. "Key Contractual Issues with Logistics Outsourcing." In Outsourcing Management for Supply Chain Operations and Logistics Service, 388–404. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2008-7.ch022.
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Whilst there have been many papers on logistics outsourcing there is very limited commentary on the contractual issues with logistics outsourcing. Most of the literature can be generally categorized according to different focus area. Some of these focus areas include logistics practices, usage of 3PL logistics services, current state and future trends, strategies, and performance measurements. The chapter attempts to address this “gap.” The chapter will focus on some of the key contractual issues with logistics outsourcing contracts currently troubling customers, service providers, and advisers, such as (a) scope of the services; (b) change control; (c) service levels and service credits; (d) risk allocation – limitations and exclusions of liability; and (e) benchmarking.
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Mitkidis, Kateřina. "Enforcement of sustainability contractual clauses in supply chains by third parties." In Law and Responsible Supply Chain Management, 65–88. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429461231-4.
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Schroeder, Andreas, and Beverley G. Hope. "Information Flows in a New Zealand Sheep Meat Supply Chain." In Supply Chain Management, 45–63. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-231-2.ch003.
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Recent outbreaks of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), foot-and-mouth disease, and bird flu have heightened awareness of traceability and information flows in agricultural industries. Existing supply chain research has focused on supply chains for manufactured goods, but the agricultural industry differs from manufacturing, being characterized by horizontal alliances and imprecise output predictions arising from uncontrollable factors such as weather and rates of natural increase. This chapter explores the downstream information flows in a sheep meat supply chain. It identifies stakeholders and the nature and efficiency of their information exchanges. Findings show that important information is generated in several tiers along the supply chain, but this information is not always shared and opportunities for increased supply chain competitiveness are lost. The lack of information sharing is explained by the unwillingness of partners to commit to tight contractual agreements, the lack of adequate technological infrastructure, and the absence of regulations mandating certain information flows.
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Ulfbeck, Vibe, Ole Hansen, and Alexandra Andhov. "Contractual enforcement of CSR clauses and the protection of weak parties in the supply chain." In Law and Responsible Supply Chain Management, 46–64. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429461231-3.
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Shi, C., and B. Chen. "Coordination of a Supply Chain with Satisficing Objectives Using Contracts." In E-Supply Chain Technologies and Management, 232–51. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-255-8.ch012.
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Setting performance targets and managing to achieve them is fundamental to business success. As a result, it is common for managers to adopt a satisficing objective—that is, to maximize the probability of achieving some preset target profit level. This is especially true when companies are increasingly engaged in short-term relationships enabled by electronic commerce. In this chapter, our main focus is a decentralized supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer, both with the satisficing objective. The supply chain is examined under three types of commonly used contracts: wholesale price, buy back, and quantity flexibility contracts. Because a coordinating contract has to be Pareto optimal regardless of the bargaining powers among the agents, we first identify the Pareto-optimal contract(s) for each contractual form. Second, we identify the contractual forms that are capable of coordination of the supply chain with the satisficing objectives. In contrast to the well-known results for the supply chain with the objectives of expected profit maximization, we show that wholesale price contracts can coordinate the supply chain with the satisficing objectives, whereas buy back contracts cannot. Furthermore, quantity flexibility contracts have to degenerate into wholesale price contracts to coordinate the supply chain. This provides an important justification for the popularity of wholesale price contracts besides their simplicities and lower administration costs. Finally, we discuss possible extensions to the model by considering different types of objectives for different agents.
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Nandamuri, Purna Prabhakar, Annapurna Devi Munaganti, and Rekh Raj Jain. "Legal Analysis of Contract Management for Effective Supply Chain Administration." In Emerging Applications in Supply Chains for Sustainable Business Development, 219–37. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5424-0.ch013.
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Modern businesses have rapidly been transforming to become more competitive by developing competitive advantage through focusing on the core business and outsourcing what is not vital to the principal objective to third party agencies. Thus, the relevance of third party supply chain systems has augmented spawning the necessity to establish an effective legal framework for efficient contract management at national and international levels. The present chapter critically analyzes the Indian perspective of contract management for effective supply chain administration by presenting the legal provisions and case laws pertaining to various aspects of supply chains such as contract formation, unenforceable contracts, UNCITRAL model law, law of agencies, contract indemnity, contractual liability of third party, performance of contracts, international commercial terms, CISG convention, legal bases for recognition of electronic records, and the dispute resolution system through various institutions.
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Allègre, Thierry, François Fulconis, and Gilles Paché. "Exploring the Franchisor-Franchisee Relationship." In Multidisciplinary Approaches to Service-Oriented Engineering, 1–26. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5951-1.ch001.
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In the past 40 years, the franchising system has undergone a remarkable expansion, increasingly retaining the attention of economy and service management researchers. A recurring question relates to the sources of competitive advantage that a franchise network may have. This chapter intends to contribute to the debate based on the fundamentals of the resource/competence-based view, and applying the reflection to the case of the logistical service. The aim is to identify how and why supply chain resources and skills are deployed by franchisors to retain their franchisees thanks to a high level of service quality and therefore avoid the termination of contractual relationships. Based on a case study driven within a European franchise network, it is possible to conclude that the supply chain resources and competences of a franchisor play an important role in the duration of the franchisor-franchisee relationship when customized solutions are proposed thanks to information technologies.
Conference papers on the topic "Jumping in the contractual chain"
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Adland, R. O., and H. Jia. "Contractual Barriers and Energy Efficiency in the Crude Oil Supply Chain." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2018.8607536.
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Li, Qing-Kui, and Xi-Ming Sun. "Production-inventory control of closed-loop supply chain based on switched system with Markov jumping parameters." In 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics and Control (ICMC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmc.2014.7231561.
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Andreadis, George O., Christos Papaleonidas, and Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "Evaluating the Operations of an LNG Shipping Company with Business Process Modelling." In SNAME 7th International Symposium on Ship Operations, Management and Economics. SNAME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/some-2021-018.
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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry is a typical example for which various business models, strategies, and affiliated interests exist, making it highly complex in terms of operations. The extended supply chain, from liquefaction to regasification, combined with multilateral contractual relationships that crossover, make efficient operation a challenging task. Considering barriers such as the volume of transactions, communication hurdles, etc., and the lack of contemporary management tools by shipping companies contrary to other industries, the paper proposes a model structure based on Business Process Modelling (BPM). The proposed BPM concept offers a holistic view of company organization and operations, as well as enables control of key performance indicators. Implementing intelligent computer systems to model an inter-organizational business environment to highlight and overcome such problems, is the ultimate goal of the study. This paper offers a coherent perspective of business process visualization across the midstream section of the LNG supply chain, including roles, tasks and resources. The research highlights commonly used business models, the contractual framework, and the physical processes. The volume of the information leads to knuckle points and dysfunctions related to time, transparency and work assignment. It is underlined that the occurring issues relate to the nature of LNG projects, business policies, safety and compliance issues, document transaction load and mishandling, disputes over SPAs, as well as to subjects of goodwill and partnership, unstandardized procedures executed empirically, and concurring office intervention. The aim of the study is the identification of the aforementioned problems that prevent an LNG shipping company from extracting the added value from its operation.
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Prasad, Asim. "Risk and Challenges in Speedy Commencement of Natural Gas Supplies for Last Mile Consumer Connectivity Projects." In ASME 2013 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2013-9843.
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Over the years the natural gas pipeline industry in India has witnessed significant growth in all three segments namely domestic gas production / gas import, development of pipeline infrastructure for gas transmission and actual usage by end consumers. This is manifested by the fact that in the last five years the gas consumption in the country has increased by over 50 %. Natural gas is the fuel of choice due to controllability and flexibility in use, low emission of CO2 and other pollutants, efficiency in transportation and distribution. Due to this, natural gas the cleanest fossil fuel is emerging as the most sought for fuel across the globe. Last Mile Consumer Connectivity are small pipeline projects that are executed to commence natural gas supplies to prospective customers who come forward to sign firm contractual agreement for commencing gas supplies. These projects are extremely important as the connectivity’s leading to start of commercial supplies by different segments of customers for diversified application generates revenue for the company apart from intensifying economic activities for wealth creation of shareholders. It is experienced that such projects encounters risks and challenges both in the internal and external environment which are either known-known, known-unknown or unknown-unknown. This retards the project progress leading to resource idling. The risks are in different areas related to gas marketing, project execution, operations, economic and regulatory risk. Such risks ultimately affect the company’s net profit, due to delay in commencement of commercial supplies. This in turn retards economic development and wealth creation of shareholders. Efforts has been made to draw and consolidate examples from the experience gained in execution of these projects with respect to the types of risks and challenges being encountered under different phases of value chain, situations, along with measures taken to counter the same. Even though such situations are encountered tactfully leading to successful commencement of gas supplies, the question still remains as to what are the best practices for speedy execution for these projects. The aim of this paper is to provide vivid description and insights into the different types of risks and challenges encountered under the Last Mile Connectivity Value Chain and the best practices adapted for speedy commencement of gas supplies to customers.
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Barbosa, Fábio C. "Competition Into Brazilian and North American Freight Rail Systems: A Comparative Regulatory Assessment." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6138.
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Competition is the driving force of any economic system, as it creates a challenging environment for service suppliers to provide affordable and reliable services to customers. Rail systems are an important element of the logistic chain, as they provide a unique service category (generally transporting large volumes at low unit costs) to shippers that otherwise would not be serviced by other modes — the so called captive shippers. In this scenario, competition is essential to guarantee the required service levels (availability and reliability), followed by competitive rates, which ultimately may influence shippers’ business competitiveness, both regionally and globally. Brazil and some North American countries (Canada, Mexico and United States), have a common feature, i.e. continental territories allied with the economic exploitation of bulky activities (industrial, mineral and agricultural), and, hence, depend strongly on heavy haul rail systems. These countries have been performing a continuous effort on improving competition practices into their rail systems, which are translated into important, and sometimes controversial, regulatory measures. These initiatives require a tenuous equilibrium, as they are supposed to provide the required competitive service at affordable rates for shippers, as well as a sustainable (financial and operational) environment to rail carriers, to guarantee the required return on long term investments and avoid compromising medium and long term rail network efficiency. This challenging task for rail market stakeholders (rail carriers, shippers and regulators) is far from a consensus. Rail companies claim that, as a capital intensive sector, governmental regulatory intervention into the rail system may inhibit their ability to invest the required funds to provide and expand rail capacity, as well as the maintenance of the required safety levels. Shippers, on the other hand, state that rail systems operate within a strong market concentration (originally formatted or due to subsequent merges and acquisitions) that give some rail carriers a disproportionate market power, that resembles a monopoly, which ultimately leaves a significant contingent of the so called captive shippers with just one freight rail carrier option, sometimes subjected to excessive rates, and, in some special instances (into offer restricted rail markets, for example), are responsible for the unavailability of rail services into the required volumes. In this context, there is currently a controversial debate regarding the effectiveness of competitive regulatory remedies into freight rail systems. This debate includes both market oriented rail systems (Canadian and U.S.), as well as rail contractual granted ones (Brazilian and Mexican). In the formers, the systems are mostly owned and operated by the private sector, and inter and intra modal options may theoretically provide the required competition level, while in the latter, rail systems have been broken into separate pieces and granted to the private sector under a concession arrangement, followed by an exclusive right to serve their territories, with trackage rights provisions, to be exerted by third parties, under previously defined circumstances and subjected to contractual agreements among rail operators. In both systems, competitive regulatory actions may be desirable and effective, as far as they may address the technical-operational-economic boundary conditions of each particular rail system. This work is supposed to present, into a review format, sourced from an extensive research into available international technical literature, and gathered as a unique document, an overview of the Brazilian and North American freight rail competition scenario, followed by a technical and unbiased effectiveness’ assessment of current (existing) and proposed competitive regulatory freight rail initiatives into Brazil, Canada, Mexico and United States, highlighting their strengths and eventually their weaknesses.
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Khan, Osama Hasan, Samad Ali, Mohamed Ahmed Elfeel, Shripad Biniwale, and Rashmin Dandekar. "Integrated Field Management System for LNG Assets: Maximizing Asset Value Through Representative End-To-End Modeling." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205969-ms.
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Abstract Effective asset-level decision-making relies on a sound understanding of the complex sub-components of the hydrocarbon production system, their interactions, along with an overarching evaluation of the asset's economic performance under different operational strategies. This is especially true for the LNG upstream production system, from the reservoir to the LNG export facility, due to the complex constraints imposed by the gas processing and liquefaction plant. The evolution of the production characteristics over the asset lifetime poses a challenge to the continued and efficient operation of the LNG facility. To ensure a competitive landed LNG cost for the customer, the economics of the production system must be optimized, particularly the liquefaction costs which form the bulk of the operating expenditure of the LNG supply chain. Forecasting and optimizing the production of natural gas liquids helps improve the asset economics. The risks due to demand uncertainty must also be assessed when comparing development alternatives. This paper describes the application of a comprehensive field management framework that can create an integrated virtual asset by coupling reservoir, wells, network, facilities, and economics models and provides an advisory system for efficient asset management. In continuation of previously published work (Khan, Ali, Elfeel, Biniwale, & Dandekar, 2020), this paper focuses on the integration of a steady-state process simulation model that provides high-fidelity thermo-physical property prediction to represent the gas treatment and LNG plant operation. This is accomplished through the Python-enabled extensibility and generic capability of the field management system. This is demonstrated on a complex LNG asset that is fed by sour gas of varying compositions from multiple reservoirs. An asset wide economics model is also incorporated in the integrated model to assess the economic performance and viability of competing strategies. The impact of changes to the wells and production network system on LNG plant operation is analyzed along with the long-term evolution of the inlet stream specifications. The end-to-end integration enables component tracking throughout the flowing system over time which is useful for contractual and environmental compliance. Integrated economics captures costs at all levels and enables the comparison of development alternatives. Flexible integration of the dedicated domain models reveals interactions that can be otherwise overlooked. The ability of the integrated field management system to allow the modeling of the sub-systems at the ‘right’ level of fidelity makes the solution versatile and adaptable. In addition, the integration of economics enables the maximization of total asset value by improving decision making.
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Kulkarni, Sukrut Shridhar. "Agile Response Aimed at Unprecedented Situation of Truncated Gas Demand Via Holistic Network Modelling of Complex Integrated Facilities for Value Maximization." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21470-ms.
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Abstract This paper highlights the efforts to mitigate the unprecedented situation of truncated gas demand via network modeling development and harmoniously harvesting value generation by its implementation. Global Pandemic in year 2020 resulted into unique situation of steep truncated gas demand due to economic slowdown worldwide. Hence as a prudent operator its deemed necessary to pursue strategic ideas and innovative concepts to manage offshore complex gas network to handle reduced supply demand balance, whilst protecting fulfill technical and contractual obligations also by optimizing value generation. It therefore demands the development and implementation of robust integrated system (end to end value chain system for hydrocarbon molecule) that would be leveraged on for agile response for deploying appropriate resolution considering dynamics of supply/demand balance and system equilibrium. This study focuses on a state of art that was commenced to develop an End to End Holistic Network Model from well head (fields) to product delivery terminal to scrutinize the complex offshore facilities to decipher appropriate pain points in terms of capabilities, risks, uncertainty, opportunity and exposures by performing robust analysis for trouble shooting, root cause analysis, gap analysis and expansion strategies for required scenario(s). A novel approach was influenced to create simulation model for complex network with building components i.e. source (100+ fields), sinks (multiple terminals), connectors (120+ export pipelines and ∼8 gas highways) along with pressure boosters (pump/compressor) etc. embedded in model. Major hubs, sub-hub, spill-over pipelines/loop lines including main gas transporting facilities with dedicated receiving terminal which formed integral part of network were also modeled in single platform. Flow co-relations for hydraulic estimations and material balance calculations along with engineering thermodynamics formulae for seamless data transfer in collaboration with operations were inbuilt for representative and resilient results. Simulation model was further validated with actual plant data as history matching and that precise forecasting analysis output. Multiple scenarios utilizing system ullage/ pipeline hydraulics (adhering to first principles) were studied and suitable alteration in operating philosophy e.g. were proposed to cater the truncated demand and to shape development strategies for future portfolios. Multi-level diagnostic was conducted to assure that system parameters such as operating pressure, velocity limits and required quality specifications are within operating envelope for the entire landscape. Lookahead analysis (what-if scenarios) were performed to evaluate to root cause analysis and troubleshoot at various intensities of the network to cater for equilibrium balance. Multiple contemplating scenarios were accomplished to analyze complex network parameters such as ullage opportunity, pressure variations, hydraulic fluxes, potential choking of low-pressure wells/fields & prospective blending specifications with variations in the supply/demand outlook. Gap analysis was executed in addition to arrive at necessary alterations for operating philosophy, partial segregation of system for pressure balancing due to low flow volume and product quality adherence. Model output assisted to gauge the potential for operating network by implementing appropriate reforms to optimize truncated flow in system and ensuring system is above its minimum turndown rate flow regime and could also propose to have the necessary mitigations to be in place for vigorous liquid management system due to low flow in network. Above methodology describes how by developing an end to end network model that summarize the granularity of a complex offshore network has facilitated to steer the agile response for operating envelope to cater the fluctuations in the demand/supply balance and optimize offshore allocations by network balancing for value maximization and to form a vision of portfolio strategy for future developments.
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Roberts, Treacy Anne, and Natasha Theresa Gaskin-Peters. "Early Interventions for Guyanese Business Development and Optimization." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31016-ms.
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Early Intervention and Local Content Optimization Esso Exploration and Production Guyana Limited ("ExxonMobil"), an affiliate of Exxon Mobil Corporation, and its co-venturers Hess Guyana Exploration Limited and CNOOC Petroleum Guyana Limited, discovered oil in the Stabroek block offshore Guyana during the first half of 2015. The success of safely drilling their first well (Liza-1), followed a history of 40 dry holes in the Guiana Basin prior to ExxonMobil beginning ultra-deepwater oil and gas exploration in 2008 (Varga et al. 2021). Guyana, with a small population of 750,000, was primarily economically focused on agriculture, manufacturing, and the mining of bauxite and gold. ExxonMobil identified the need for an early, focused, coordinated, and long-lasting approach to local content planning to provide tangible results for Guyana. Developing local businesses to actively participate in the industry and enter the supply chain while raising awareness of how the oil and gas industry operates was paramount, as was managing expectations of the Guyanese government and populace about local content. ExxonMobil recognized that the established mining sector in Guyana had the potential to provide a base of local suppliers able to transition into the emerging oil and gas sector. It subsequently undertook a number of assessments and studies on the local economy to further understand the local context. The finding of these assessments highlighted that most Guyanese companies were operating in the small local economy or working within the Caribbean region, limiting their exposure to international standards and providing little impetus to become globally competitive. Despite having technical competencies that could be utilized in the oil and gas industry, shortfalls were apparent in the areas of auditable systems, business processes, quality assurance, and safety. Closing the gaps would take time and investment, and a shift in culture in some parts. An internal assessment of ExxonMobil's supplier development programs was conducted, and a Guyana supplier development program was developed by drawing from best practices around the globe. ExxonMobil, with the support of its Stabroek Block co-venturers, took a proactive decision and devised a plan to engage an independent third party to run a "fit for purpose" enterprise development centre (EDC) to support the technical development in country through local content prior to final investment decision (FID). In order to be equipped to provide early roll out of local content development, and 6 months before FID for Liza 1, ExxonMobil released a Request for Proposal (RFP). Bidders were invited to submit proposals on how the EDC would function "fit for purpose" and compliment rather than compete with current Guyanese activities and vendors. The successful bidder, DAI Global LLC (DAI), had a proven track record of international socioeconomic project successes and was selected to form a unique and collaborative, strategic relationship with ExxonMobil. Although DAI had previous experience in nascent markets, the challenge in Guyana was to expand the Guyanese supplier base into a new sector. The global experience of both ExxonMobil and DAI worked in tandem to produce a flexible management structure with the capability to adapt to the ensuing exploration successes and expanding industry needs. Both short and long term programs would be utilized to engage businesses for the changing needs of businesses during varying developmental stages. Additionally, ExxonMobil's foresight to incorporate local content requirements and contractual use of the centre into prime contractor contracts provided support for the long-term viability of the EDC. The EDC established in Guyana was named The Centre for Local Business Development (Centre). The Centre design provides a supportive environment where seeking and acquiring information about the oil and gas sector is a comfortable experience. Inclusive of classrooms, meeting spaces, offices, and networking areas, the Centre sponsors engaging programs and provides mentorship for companies entering the industy. Drawing upon studies and data to drive the content and focus of its programs, the Centre addresses relevant needs in the business community. For example, a DAI baseline study on the international competitiveness of local businesses showed that two-thirds of Guyanese businesses were not internationally competitive and needed support with basic business systems (e.g. financial management, supply chain management and human resources). Other stakeholder focus group studies conducted by ExxonMobil determined that there was a lack of foundational knowledge about the oil and gas sector. Having access to this research pre-FID allowed for a head start on planning and enabled the implementation of a work program just 3 months after the Centre's opening.
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Ijomanta, Henry, Lukman Lawal, Onyekachi Ike, Raymond Olugbade, Fanen Gbuku, and Charles Akenobo. "Digital Oil Field; The NPDC Experience." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207169-ms.
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Abstract This paper presents an overview of the implementation of a Digital Oilfield (DOF) system for the real-time management of the Oredo field in OML 111. The Oredo field is predominantly a retrograde condensate field with a few relatively small oil reservoirs. The field operating philosophy involves the dual objective of maximizing condensate production and meeting the daily contractual gas quantities which requires wells to be controlled and routed such that the dual objectives are met. An Integrated Asset Model (IAM) (or an Integrated Production System Model) was built with the objective of providing a mathematical basis for meeting the field's objective. The IAM, combined with a Model Management and version control tool, a workflow orchestration and automation engine, A robust data-management module, an advanced visualization and collaboration environment and an analytics library and engine created the Oredo Digital Oil Field (DOF). The Digital Oilfield is a real-time digital representation of a field on a computer which replicates the behavior of the field. This virtual field gives the engineer all the information required to make quick, sound and rational field management decisions with models, workflows, and intelligently filtered data within a multi-disciplinary organization of diverse capabilities and engineering skill sets. The creation of the DOF involved 4 major steps; DATA GATHERING considered as the most critical in such engineering projects as it helps to set the limits of what the model can achieve and cut expectations. ENGINEERING MODEL REVIEW, UPDATE AND BENCHMARKING; Majorly involved engineering models review and update, real-time data historian deployment etc. SYSTEM PRECONFIGURATION AND DEPLOYMENT; Developed the DOF system architecture and the engineering workflow setup. POST DEPLOYMENT REVIEW AND UPDATE; Currently ongoing till date, this involves after action reviews, updates and resolution of challenges of the DOF, capability development by the operator and optimizing the system for improved performance. The DOF system in the Oredo field has made it possible to integrate, automate and streamline the execution of field management tasks and has significantly reduced the decision-making turnaround time. Operational and field management decisions can now be made within minutes rather than weeks or months. The gains and benefits cuts across the entire production value chain from improved operational safety to operational efficiency and cost savings, real-time production surveillance, optimized production, early problem detection, improved Safety, Organizational/Cross-discipline collaboration, data Centralization and Efficiency. The DOF system did not come without its peculiar challenges observed both at the planning, execution and post evaluation stages which includes selection of an appropriate Data Gathering & acquisition system, Parts interchangeability and device integration with existing field devices, high data latency due to bandwidth, signal strength etc., damage of sensors and transmitters on wellheads during operations such as slickline & WHM activities, short battery life, maintenance, and replacement frequency etc. The challenges impacted on the project schedule and cost but created great lessons learnt and improved the DOF learning curve for the company. The Oredo Digital Oil Field represents a future of the oil and gas industry in tandem with the industry 4.0 attributes of using digital technology to drive efficiency, reduce operating expenses and apply surveillance best practices which is required for the survival of the Oil and Gas industry. The advent of the 5G technology with its attendant influence on data transmission, latency and bandwidth has the potential to drive down the cost of automated data transmission and improve the performance of data gathering further increasing the efficiency of the DOF system. Improvements in digital integration technologies, computing power, cloud computing and sensing technologies will further strengthen the future of the DOF. There is need for synergy between the engineering team, IT, and instrumentation engineers to fully manage the system to avoid failures that may arise from interface management issues. Battery life status should always be monitored to ensure continuous streaming of real field data. New set of competencies which revolves around a marriage of traditional Petro-technical skills with data analytic skills is required to further maximize benefit from the DOF system. NPDC needs to groom and encourage staff to venture into these data analytic skill pools to develop knowledge-intelligence required to maximize benefit for the Oredo Digital Oil Field and transfer this knowledge to other NPDC Asset.