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Zhang, Qiyuan, Jason Lu Jin, and Defeng Yang. "How to enhance supplier performance in China: interplay of contracts, relational governance and legal development." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 40, no. 6 (August 27, 2020): 777–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2020-0093.
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PurposeGiven the pivotal influence of institutional forces, an important yet underexplored question in supply chain management literature is how contractual and relational governance jointly affect supplier performance under weak legislative environments. This study tends to solve the debate by distinguishing contractual definability from contractual enforceability and by considering the contingent role of legal development in China.Design/methodology/approachUsing a combined dataset of secondary data and a survey of 224 buyer–supplier dyads in China, this study examines how contractual definability and contractual enforceability interact with relational governance differently in driving supplier performance, and assesses the contingent role of legal development.FindingsThis study finds that contractual definability complements yet contractual enforceability substitutes relational governance in affecting supplier performance. Moreover, legal development weakens the complementary effect but strengthens the substitutive effect.Originality/valueThe study firstly enriches supply chain management literature by classifying the roles of contracts into contractual definability and contractual enforceability and showing their differential interplay with relational governance. Second, the study contributes to the complements–substitutes debate by revealing the shifting role of legal development. Third, the research enriches the understanding of supply chain management in the Chinese market.
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Liu, Hua, and Shaobo Wei. "Leveraging interorganizational governance for bridging responses to supply chain disruptions: a polynomial regression analysis." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 41, no. 8 (June 29, 2021): 1350–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-07-2020-0480.
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PurposeDrawing on the transactional cost economics (TCE) perspective, we aim to investigate the effects of the balance and imbalance between contractual and relational governance on a firm's bridging responses to supply chain disruptions. By adopting the institutionally contingent perspective, we further examine the moderating effect of cultural distance on the relationship between governance mechanisms and bridging responses.Design/methodology/approachBased on data collected from 183 firms in China, we use polynomial regression and response surface analyses to test our research model.FindingsThe bridging responses increase along with an increasing balance level between contractual and relational governance and decrease along with an increasing imbalance level between contractual and relational governance. Moreover, the positive effect of balance between contractual and relational governance is strengthened by a large cultural distance. We also find that a large cultural distance amplifies the negative effect of the combination of high relational governance and low contractual governance yet weakens that of the combination of high contractual governance and low relational governance.Originality/valueOur study provides nuanced insights into the effects of the balance and imbalance between contractual and relational governance on bridging responses and into the cultural boundary conditions under which these effects vary.
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Yixing, Wang, Zheng Zhifeng, and Zhang Guangyi. "A Study on Jumping-Over-Teeth Phenomenon in Roller Chain Drive." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912648.
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This paper introduces the experimental device used in the research of the jumping-over-teeth in the roller chain drive, describes the differences and the similarities between the jumping-over-teeth at the driving sprocket and at the driven sprocket, analyzes the likelihood of this phenomenon occurring at the driven sprocket, and presents pictures of the two kinds of jumping-over-teeth and the curve diagram of the chain link tension during the experiment. In addition, the paper also provides the formula of the ultimate service load for the roller chain drive without jumping-over-teeth.
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GERBERT, Goran. "BCD-8 JUMPING PHENOMENON OF ROLLER CHAIN(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions II.01.202 (2001): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.ii.01.202.743.
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Salminen, Jaakko. "Towards a Genealogy and Typology of Governance Through Contract Beyond Privity." European Review of Contract Law 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0003.
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AbstractContracts are used to extend governance on supply chain and platform actors in ways that could not be envisaged when the foundations of current conceptualizations of contractual privity were laid down in the 19th century. This results in a stark contradiction. Firms use contracts to extend governance on actors beyond privity when it suits their interests, for example for reasons of supply-chain-wide cost-management. At the same time, law offers few means of holding a firm liable for the inadequate governance of social, environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability in its supply chain or platform eco-system. I propose two tools for uncovering the multiple societal tensions that this disjuncture between law and contractual practice entails. The first is a genealogy of how contractual paradigms have contributed to the rise of new forms of production, such as centralized mass production in the 19th century, global value chains in the 20th century, and the platform economy in the 21st century. The second is a multidisciplinary typology of the contractual mechanisms used to extend governance beyond privity. My hope is that these two tools will help us better understand, research, teach, and balance the implications of contractual paradigms on the social, environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability of production.
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Mora, Cristina, and Davide Menozzi. "Vertical contractual relations in the Italian beef supply chain." Agribusiness 21, no. 2 (2005): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.20044.
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Zhang. "How do Information Technology Resources Facilitate Relational and Contractual Governance in Green Supply Chain Management?" Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 3663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133663.
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Although a plethora of studies demonstrate that information technology (IT) has a positive influence on integration, collaboration and coordination side of green supply chain management, our knowledge about the influence of IT resources on governance side remains limited, especially the relational and contractual governance, two of the fundamental governances in green supply chain management. Based on the transaction and agency cost perspective and literature of information systems and B2B governance, this study investigates how IT resources affect the effects of relational and contractual governance. The results show that IT resources could improve the relational governance (i.e., joint-actions) and contractual governance (explicit and contingent contract clauses designing), and thus, effectively mitigate partner’s opportunism. Finally, the theoretical contribution and implications for managers are also given in the end.
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Dolci, Pietro Cunha, Antonio Carlos Gastaud Maçada, and Ely Laureano Paiva. "Models for understanding the influence of Supply Chain Governance on Supply Chain Performance." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 22, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-07-2016-0260.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop models and analyse the influence of supply chain governance (SCG) and its conceptions (contractual, relational and transactional) on supply chain performance (SCP). Design/methodology/approach Multiple case studies and survey methods were used. Data collection in the multiple case studies was performed by in-depth interviews with supply chain executives from top strategic levels in six companies. The research instrument was applied to 185 executives from large companies that possessed a broad, complex supply chain in Brazil. Findings It was identified that SCG, comprising contractual, relational and transactional aspects, has a positive influence on operational and financial SCP. SCG was found to be a more comprehensive view of the supply chain that focuses on more strategic aspects and long-term inter-organizational relationships. SCG affects SCP, primarily in the operational aspects with regard to global costs and in the financial aspects of investment return. Originality/value SCG is a topic that has been widely studied in recent years for analysing inter-organizational relations as a multi-dimensional phenomenon embedded in the company’s structures and processes. Studies analysing all aspects of SCG at the same time, however, have not been found. Moreover, there are a number of performance indicators, but there is a lack of consensus on what determines the performance of these supply chains. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to understand the effects of SCG on supply chain performance.
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Ming, Jian, Azamat Rajapov, and Saidjahon Hayrutdinov. "Three-Echelon Supply Chain Contractual Coordination with Loss-Averse Multiple Retailer Preference." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4927302.
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In this paper, we propose a supply chain contract model aimed to coordinate a three-echelon supply chain, which is based on the revenue-sharing allocation with loss-aversion preference. We consider a three-echelon supply chain consisting of a risk-neutral manufacturer, a risk-neutral distributor, and loss-averse multiple retailers. To address this model, we consider a shortage product produced and sold within a single period in the stochastic market. The model allows the system efficiency to be achieved as well as it will improve the profits of all supply chain members by tuning the contract parameters. We used the expected utility function to describe the loss-aversion member’s influence coefficient. The decisions of chain members under different conditions are studied by simulation analyses. The paper also analysed the relationship between different revenue-sharing coefficient combinations with multiple retailers in the supply chain system. Furthermore, the study has addressed the supply chain coordination decision bias in the centralized and decentralized systems.
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Eckerd, Stephanie, and Kevin Sweeney. "The role of dependence and information sharing on governance decisions regarding conflict." International Journal of Logistics Management 29, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-12-2016-0301.
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Purpose Contemporary supply chain exchanges are governed by both contractual and relational governance mechanisms. However, the decision about when to use these mechanisms is likely driven by key relationship characteristics as well as the context in which they are needed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of dependence and information sharing on the governance decision within the context of inter-organizational conflict, and assess the degree to which contractual and relational governance approaches lead to more satisfying outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This research builds on both transaction cost and conflict resolution arguments to build hypotheses. To test the hypotheses, survey data were collected from supply chain professionals regarding specific episodes of conflict and analyzed using an ordinary least squares regression. Findings The results show a strong reluctance for the use of relational governance mechanisms to resolve conflict when the relationship is characterized by strong joint dependency or information sharing asymmetries. A strong dependence asymmetry and high degree of joint information sharing are associated with greater use of contractual and relational governance approaches, respectively. Finally, the authors find that contractual mechanisms do not necessarily lead to a dissatisfactory outcome for the manager involved. Originality/value This research investigates not only the use of contractual and relational governance mechanisms in inter-firm conflict resolution, but also the relationship specific factors that influence a firm’s decision to leverage either type of governance mechanism.
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Janurová, Eva, Miroslav Janura, Lee Cabell, Zdeněk Svoboda, Ivan Vařeka, and Milan Elfmark. "Kinematic Chains in Ski Jumping In-run Posture." Journal of Human Kinetics 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0069.
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Abstract The concept of kinematic chains has been systematically applied to biological systems since the 1950s. The course of a ski jump can be characterized as a change between closed and open kinematic chains. The purpose of this study was to determine a relationship between adjacent segments within the ski jumper’s body’s kinematic chain during the in-run phase of the ski jump. The in-run positions of 267 elite male ski jumpers who participated in the FIS World Cup events in Innsbruck, Austria, between 1992 and 2001 were analyzed (656 jumps). Two-dimensional (2-D) kinematic data were collected from the bodies of the subjects. Relationships between adjacent segments of the kinematic chain in the ski jumper’s body at the in-run position are greater nearer the chain’s ground contact. The coefficient of determination between the ankle and knee joint angles is 0.67. Changes in the segments’ positions in the kinematic chain of the ski jumper’s body are stable during longitudinal assessment. Changes in shank and thigh positions, in the sense of increase or decrease, are the same.
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RAMBELY, A. S., and FAZROLROZI. "A SIX-LINK KINEMATIC CHAIN MODEL OF HUMAN BODY USING KANE'S METHOD." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 09 (January 2012): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512005107.
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A biomechanics model of six-link kinematic chain of human body is developed by using Kane's method. The kinematic data comprise of six segments; foot, calf, thigh, trunk, upper arm and forearm, are obtained through data collection of walking, running and jumping using the Vicon Nexus system. The motion capture system uses 12 Vicon MX-3+ cameras and 12 Vicon MX-F40 cameras, two DV (50 Hz) cameras and a force plate (100 Hz). Inverse dynamics approach is used to obtain the unknown value of torques produced by joint segments during walking, running and jumping activities. The results show that the largest value of torques produced occurs at the foot segment.
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Kim, Kyung-Tae, Jung Seung Lee, and Su-Yol Lee. "The effects of supply chain fairness and the buyer’s power sources on the innovation performance of the supplier: a mediating role of social capital accumulation." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 7 (August 7, 2017): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2016-0134.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of contractual fairness and power sources on the relationship between the buyer and supplier on the innovation performance of the supplier. The mediating role of social capital accumulation between fairness, power and innovation performance was empirically explored. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses were developed to investigate the relationships between supply chain fairness, power sources, social capital and innovation performance. Using structural equation modeling, the hypotheses were tested on data of 209 responses collected from supplying firms in South Korea. Findings This study finds that supply chain contractual fairness and referent power use contribute to the innovation performance of the supplier through social capital accumulation between the buyer and supplier. Coercive power, in contrast, impedes the performance improvement of the supplier. Originality/value This study provides supply chain practitioners, academics and policy-makers with guidance on how to facilitate and enhance innovation capabilities and performance across the supply chain. By applying social capital theory, this study also provides theoretical underpinning of the literature on supply chain fairness, power and innovation.
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Moreira Begnis, Heron Sergio, Silvio Cesar Arend, and Rejane Maria Alievi. "WHO ARE THE BRAZILIANS TOBACCO GROWERS THAT BREACH THEIR CONTRACTS WHIT THE INDUSTRY?" RACE - Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Economia 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/race.v15i1.8286.
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<p>Based on the Transaction Costs and inter-organizational relations literature, this study analyzes the socioeconomic characteristics of the growers who may be related to opportunistic behavior and contract breach in the tobacco chain in South Brazil. In terms of its contractual relations, tobacco production chain is very little explored, although the contractual terms are determinants in Integrated Production Systems (IPS). The nature of this research is quantitative and the data were collected through a survey with tobacco growers from the three states of South Brazil. The analysis showed the main characteristics of the tobacco growers who are more likely to breach their contracts with integrative companies.</p><p>Keywords: Contract Breach. Integrated Production System (IPS). Opportunism. Tobacco.</p>
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Wang, Xiao Wei. "The Effects of Overconfidence in Supply Chain Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 4218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.4218.
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Based on the past research on overconfidence, we present a model of an overconfident retailer who has biased belief on variance of demand. We investigate the deviation on orders and profits between him and the rational one, and then prove that what the relationship between profits and overconfidence level is. Because the overconfident retailer's profits are always less than the rational one's, we discuss how supplier could take contractual mechanisms to achieve the maximize profits of supply chain, when confronted with an overconfident retailer.
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Barkhatov, Viktor, Daria Bents, Elena Silova, and Elena Kozlova. "PHENOMENON OF A TRANSACTIONAL RENT IN AGRARIAN BUSINESS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 24, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1128.
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The phenomenon of a transactional rent in agrarian business in Russian regions is studied in the presented paperwork. The authors have found such phenomenon while they were analyzing contractual relations in regional agrarian branches. The research was supported by the state grant for young scientists in 2015-2016. The authors gathered a set of qualitative and quantitative results exploring the problem of agrarian contractual relations.The article’s purpose is to research the nature and forms of transactional rent, to develop a technique of the quantitative assessment of contractual relations’ efficiency, and to evaluate that level.Transactional rent is understood as the income gained by one subject (contractor) while there are reasons to suppose that this income shall belong to the other subject of a transaction (if the market is perfect). Transactional rent is a result of imperfection in the market mechanism. The authors consider inefficiency of the contractual relations as the main problem of agrarian market functioning. That is shown by the presence of high market barriers, discriminating conditions, multiplicity of subjects of a contractual chain, and lack of regulation of contractual relations in business practice. The high prices of food for customers, monopolization of markets at the level of retail trade, high level of shadow operations in this market and, respectively, imperfection of monitoring over food quality are the consequences of similar inefficiencies of contractual relations. Threat of food security and regional economic stability in general can arise as the result of a high level of transactional rent. The research is based on neoinstitutional methodology. Key methods of research are statistical and econometric as a method of economic modeling. For carrying out empirical research, authors have access to the paid database (FIRA PRO) where a huge number of statistical information on the agrarian market is available. For the analysis of the level of transactional rent in agrarian business, the authors use a technique with such indicators as effectiveness ratio of the contract relations and coefficient of opportunism. In the conducted statistical research, it is established that the greatest transactional rent is formed at the third element of an agrarian contract chain (wholesale trade).
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Kandpal, Rajendra P., Hridayabhiranjan Shukla, David C. Ward, and Sherman M. Weissman. "A polymerase chain reaction approach for constructing jumping and linking libraries." Nucleic Acids Research 18, no. 10 (1990): 3081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.10.3081.
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Cafaggi, Fabrizio, and Paola Iamiceli. "Regulating Contracting in Global Value Chains. Institutional Alternatives and their Implications for Transnational Contract Law." European Review of Contract Law 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 44–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0004.
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AbstractGlobal Value Chains (GVCs) are both instruments to organize production and vehicles to implement transnational standards, to improve sustainability and to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. GVCs present a very high degree of interdependence among the enterprises. GVCs are not uniform universes. Part of the production process is organized through subsidiaries of the chain leader, partly with independent suppliers linked to the chain leader by long-term and stable contractual relationships, and partly with spot contracts. Hence, different modes of contracting are needed to ensure coordination and uniformity of principles along the chain. The differences within the chain suggest that a modular approach with adaptation to the various types of relationships is more effective than a uniform approach indifferently applied both to intrafirm (subsidiaries) and inter-firm (relationships with independent suppliers) contracting.While acknowledging the relevance of the institutional and legal framework, including the applicable law, this article focuses on the contractual structure of chain governance. We propose a modular architecture that integrates general principles of global trade in supply chains with local regulations. This approach will better combine the supplier codes, the framework agreements between parties, and the individual contracts that regulate specific exchanges.
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Cachon, Gérard P., and A. Gürhan Kök. "Competing Manufacturers in a Retail Supply Chain: On Contractual Form and Coordination." Management Science 56, no. 3 (March 2010): 571–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1122.
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Savelyev, Yasha. "Yang–Mills theory and jumping curves." International Journal of Mathematics 26, no. 05 (May 2015): 1550029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x15500299.
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We study a smooth analogue of jumping curves of a holomorphic vector bundle, and use Yang–Mills theory over S2 to show that any non-trivial, smooth Hermitian vector bundle E over a smooth simply connected manifold, must have such curves. This is used to give new examples complex manifolds for which a non-trivial holomorphic vector bundle must have jumping curves in the classical sense (when c1(E) is zero). We also use this to give a new proof of a theorem of Gromov on the norm of curvature of unitary connections, and make the theorem slightly sharper. Lastly we define a sequence of new non-trivial integer invariants of smooth manifolds, connected to this theory of smooth jumping curves, and make some computations of these invariants. Our methods include an application of the recently developed Morse–Bott chain complex for the Yang–Mills functional over S2.
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Nguyen Trung, Dung, and Thu Tran Thi. "STATE-FEEDBACK CONTROL OF DISCRETE-TIME STOCHASTIC LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH MARKOVIAN SWITCHING." Journal of Science Natural Science 65, no. 6 (June 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2020-0024.
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This paper is concerned with the stabilization problem via state-feedback control of discrete-time jumping systems with stochastic multiplicative noises. The jumping process of the system is driven by a discrete-time Markov chain with finite states and partially known transition probabilities. Sufficient conditions are established in terms of tractable linear matrix inequalities to design a mode-dependent stabilizing state-feedback controller. A numerical example is provided to validate the effectiveness of the obtained result.
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Garfamy, Reza Mohammady. "Supply Management: A Transaction Cost Economics Framework." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-012-0022-6.
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Abstract Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) is an economic theory that provides an analytical framework for investigating the governance structure of contractual relations within a supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to examine existing research in an effort to understand the potential effects of transaction costs on the vertical coordination of a supply chain. The paper arrives at many insights into how supply chains are organized under different governance structures. These insights can certainly be shared via the development and introduction of related propositions. The conceptual typology of contractual relations developed herein can help researchers better understand the scope of both the problems and the opportunities associated with supply management. It will be of value, therefore, not only to researchers who desire to expand their research into this area, but also to those who have already investigated this topic in isolation or with limited scope.
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Moore, Sian, and Kirsty Newsome. "Paying for Free Delivery: Dependent Self-Employment as a Measure of Precarity in Parcel Delivery." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 3 (June 2018): 475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017018755664.
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This article explores supply chain pressures in parcel delivery and how the drive to contain costs to ‘preserve value in motion’, including the costs of failed delivery, underpins contractual differentiation. It focuses on owner-drivers and home couriers paid by delivery. It considers precarity through the lens of the labour process, while locating it within the supply chain, political economy and ‘instituted economic process’ that define it. Focus on the labour process shows how ‘self-employment’ is used to remove so-called ‘unproductive’ time from the remit of paid labour. Using Smith’s concept of double indeterminacy the article captures the dynamic relationship between those on standard and non-standard contracts and interdependency of effort power and mobility power. It exposes the apparent mobility and autonomy of dependent self-employed drivers while suggesting that their presence, alongside the increased use of technology, reconfigures the work-effort bargain across contractual status.
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Hernoko, Agus Yudha. "ASAS PROPORSIONALITAS SEBAGAI LANDASAN PERTUKARAN HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN PARA PIHAK DALAM KONTRAK KOMERSIAL / The Principle Of Proportionality As The Basis Exchange Rights And Obligations Of The Parties In The Commercial Contract." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 5, no. 3 (November 29, 2016): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.5.3.2016.447-466.
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Dalam kontrak komersial, perdebatan “semu” mengenai “keadilan dan keseimbangan” yang berujung pada “ketidakadilan dan ketidakseimbangan” posisi para kontraktan pada dasarnya tidak relevan lagi untuk diungkapkan. Hal ini didasari pertimbangan bahwa dalam kontrak komersial posisi para pihak diasumsikan setara, baik pada tahap proses negosiasi (pre-contractual phase), pembentukan kontrak (contractual phase) maupun pelaksanaan kontrak (post contractual phase). Sementara itu, hasil pertukaran kepentingan para kontraktan dianggap adil apabila berlangsung secara proporsional. Proporsionalitas pertukaran hak dan kewajiban dalam kontrak komersial tidak menuntut hasil yang selalu seimbang-sama (equilibrium-matematis), oleh karenanya perbedaan hasil dianggap adil dan diterima secara wajar apabila proses pertukaran hak dan kewajiban berlangsung proporsional. Penerapan asas proporsionalitas dalam seluruh mata rantai proses kontraktual pada dasarnya merupakan perwujudan doktrin “keadilan berkontrak” yang dianut dan dikembangkan dewasa ini. In commercial contracts, the debates about 'fairness and balance' that led to the 'injustice and imbalance' position of the parties basically irrelevant to be disclosed. It is based on the consideration that the positions of the parties in commercial contracts is similar on the stage of the negotiation process (pre-contractual phase), the formation of the contract (contractual phase) and the execution of the contract (post-contractual phase). Meanwhile, the results of the exchange of the interests of the parties considered fair if it lasts proportionally. The proportionality of exchange of rights and obligations undercommercial contracts do not demand results that are always balanced and same (equilibrium-mathematically), therefore the differences in the results are considered fair and reasonably acceptable if the exchange process of the rights and obligations stay proportional. Application of the principle of proportionality in the whole chain of contractual process is basically a manifestation of the doctrine of "fairness of contract" adopted and developed today.
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Serner, Andreas, Andrea Britt Mosler, Johannes L. Tol, Roald Bahr, and Adam Weir. "Mechanisms of acute adductor longus injuries in male football players: a systematic visual video analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 3 (July 13, 2018): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099246.
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BackgroundChange of direction and kicking have been described as the main actions resulting in adductor longus injury. Video descriptions of inciting events are lacking.ObjectivePerform a standardised visual video analysis of a series of acute adductor longus injuries in football.Study designCross-sectional.MethodsVideo footage was reviewed by players, and assessed independently by five sports medicine professionals. Inciting events were described and categorised using standardised scoring, including playing situation, player/opponent behaviour, movement and body positions.ResultsVideos of acute adductor longus injuries in 17 professional male football players were analysed. Most injuries occurred in non-contact situations (71%), following a quick reaction to a change in play (53%). Injury actions were: change of direction (35%), kicking (29%), reaching (24%) and jumping (12%). Change of direction and reaching injuries were categorised as closed chain movements (59%), characterised by hip extension and abduction with external rotation. Kicking and jumping injuries were categorised as open chain (41%), characterised by a change from hip extension to hip flexion, and hip abduction to adduction, with external rotation.ConclusionAcute adductor longus injuries in football occur in a variety of situations. Player actions can be categorised into closed (change of direction and reaching) and open (kicking and jumping) chain movements involving triplanar hip motion. A rapid muscle activation during a rapid muscle lengthening appears to be the fundamental injury mechanism for acute adductor longus injuries.
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Rompoti, Kondylia, Michael Madas, and Fotis Kitsios. "A conceptual framework for effective contracting in construction supply chains." International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm100320-92-114.
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Construction supply chains are characterised by lack of trust and poor collaboration due to the short-term, project-based organisational structure of the construction industry. The lack of collaboration and trust among construction supply chain stakeholders affects the transparency and exchange of information, as well as the efficiency of the supply chain. Existing literature has shown that collaboration problems can be overcome through better integration, partnering and contractual governance. The latter requires some form of compatibility analysis and matching between the stakeholder profile and the appropriate contract type. This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework that will assist General Contractors in dealing with the complicated relationships and risks in construction supply chains through effective contracting. The methodology employed for the purposes of our analysis is based on constructive literature review, qualitative correlation of existing research and combination of concepts drawn from the fields of construction supply chain management and stakeholder analysis. The construction supply chain is viewed as a network of stakeholders organised around a General Contractor. Borrowing principles and tools from Stakeholder Analysis, a matching mechanism is developed with the aim to facilitate General Contractors in determining the suitable contract type for different profiles of construction supply chain stakeholders. The main conclusion of this paper is that stakeholder theory and contractual management can be effectively used to tackle opportunism and its negative impacts on construction supply chains.
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Young, Steven, Shannon Fernandes, and Michael Wood. "Jumping the Chain: How Downstream Manufacturers Engage with Deep Suppliers of Conflict Minerals." Resources 8, no. 1 (January 26, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010026.
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Global manufacturing firms are engaging distant suppliers of critical raw materials to participate in responsible sourcing. Downstream firms are concerned about risks in mineral supply chains of violent conflict, human rights violations, and poor governance, but they are limited in seeing their suppliers. Descriptive data on 323 smelters and refiners of tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold (the “conflict minerals”) were complemented by interviews with downstream firms in the electronics industry. Results provided a narrative of supplier engagement, describing tactics used to identify “deep suppliers” at chokepoints in metals supply and to persuade producers into joining due diligence programs. Top-tier firms collaborate through a standards program to overcame barriers of geography and cultural distance in supply chain management beyond the visible horizon. Curiously, manufacturers do not need line-of-sight transparency to lower-tier suppliers. Rather, top-tier firms are “jumping the chain” to engage directly with “deep suppliers” who may—or may not—be their own actual physical suppliers. The research contributes empirical evidence to understanding multi-tier supply chains, examines how power is exercised by top-tier firms managing suppliers, and provides insights on supply chain transparency. Responsible sourcing, based on due diligence guidance and standards, is becoming expected of companies that are involved in supply chains of raw materials.
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Vytopil, Louise. "Contractual Control and Labour-Related CSR Norms in the Supply Chain: Dutch Best Practices." Utrecht Law Review 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ulr.186.
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Liu, Haitao, Feng Gao, Xiaotian Liang, Xiaolan Chen, Yi Qu, and Lin Wang. "Pathogenesis and Development of Patellar Tendon Fibrosis in a Rabbit Overuse Model." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 5 (February 19, 2020): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520902447.
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Background: The pathogenesis of patellar tendon fibrosis caused by overuse remains unclear. In an effort to further investigate effective treatments for patellar tendon fibrosis attributed to overuse, it is necessary to construct a reliable animal model. Purpose: A rabbit patellar tendon fibrosis model was developed with the use of electrical stimulation to induce jumping. The pathogenesis and development of patellar tendon fibrosis were subsequently investigated with this model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 32 New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into a jumping group and a control group. Rabbits in the control group did not receive any treatment, while those in the jumping group jumped 150 times daily, 5 days per week. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the initiation of treatment, the patellar tendons of 4 rabbits from each group were harvested and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The influence of jumping training on the expressions of histology- and fibrosis-related factors in the patellar tendon was assessed. Results: The histological changes of patellar tendon fibrosis in the jumping group were most pronounced at 4 weeks. When compared with the control group at corresponding time points, the mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1, CTGF, COL-I, and COL-III were upregulated significantly in the patellar tendon after jumping training for 4 weeks ( P < .05). Intragroup comparison at different time points indicated that the mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β1, COL-I, and COL-III were the highest at 4 weeks in the jumping group ( P < .01). Conclusion: It was found that patellar tendon fibrosis occurred because of overuse and the peak changes occurred at 4 weeks. Jumping load increased the secretions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in the patellar tendon, with CTGF upregulation and higher synthesis of COL-I and COL-III, which were considered the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Clinical Relevance: This study simulated the effects of jumping load on tendon fibrosis at different time points. Moreover, the time course relationship between jumping training and patellar tendon fibrosis in the rabbit model was determined, which provided a new animal model for the study of patellar tendon fibrosis.
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Zervos, Vasilis. "European Policies and the Space Industry Value Chain (Note 1)." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v4n1p101.
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<p><em>The economics of contracting have received rather limited attention insofar as the implications for efficiency from the selection of types of contracts employed in the aerospace and defence sector are involved. The paper analyzes the challenges confronting the cost-plus/cost-reimbursement type of contracts of European Commission and intergovernmental organizations like the European Space Agency (ESA), who are involved in security and defence projects with significant multiplier effects within defence and security networks. The analysis indicates how institutional limitations result in contractual choice inefficiencies and anti-competitive practices that may affect the whole of the aerospace industrial base, including subcontractors. The paper concludes with policy implications and further research recommendation. </em></p>
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Hornibrook, S., and A. Fearne. "Managing perceived risk: a multi-tier case study of a uk retail beef supply chain." Journal on Chain and Network Science 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2001.x008.
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This paper examines the effect of increased environmental uncertainty and information asymmetry on contractual relationships between all members of the beef supply chain. It offers an alternative theoretical framework to the traditional Transaction Cost Economics view of the treatment of information by viewing co-ordinated supply chains as a series of Principal Agent relationships, and draws on Perceived Risk Theory to explain both consumer and organisational behaviour. The paper also presents a supply chain methodology and submits empirical evidence of the perceived risks, associated management strategies and benefits for all members, including consumers, of one particular UK retail co-ordinated supply chain for an own brand fresh beef product.
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Turchini, Giovanni M., Peter D. Nichols, Colin Barrow, and Andrew J. Sinclair. "Jumping on the Omega-3 Bandwagon: Distinguishing the Role of Long-Chain and Short-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 52, no. 9 (September 2012): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.509553.
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Trienekens, Jacques, Mariska van Velzen, Nic Lees, Caroline Saunders, and Stefano Pascucci. "Governance of market-oriented fresh food value chains: export chains from New Zealand." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0063.
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The competition in international food markets is increasingly moving towards products with higher levels of added value and higher degrees of differentiation, requiring companies to become more market-oriented. Market orientation is ‘the extent to which an actor in the marketplace uses knowledge about the market, especially about customers, as a basis for decision-making on what to produce, how to produce it, and how to market it’. Market orientation comprises three constructs: market intelligence generation, dissemination and responsiveness. Value chain governance can facilitate market orientation requirements. Value chain governance includes network governance, contracting and informal relationships. Knowledge about how governance can facilitate a value chain’s market orientation is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore how the governance of a global food value chain can facilitate the value chain’s market orientation. The study applies a multiple case study design. Four in-depth case studies were conducted on global food value chains from New Zealand to Western Europe dealing with the products apples, kiwis, venison and lamb. Interviews were conducted with actors from these four value chains in the Netherlands as well as in New Zealand. In each value chain actors with similar functions were interviewed in order to make the results comparable. Analysis of the case studies shows that network governance (i.e. leadership, shared governance and facilitation), contractual agreements (i.e. type and content: price, volume, quality) and informal relationships (i.e. trust and commitment) can contribute to the market orientation of a value chain. Leaderships and shared governance, in combination with good informal relationships in the chain, as well as contractual incentives, are main contributors to market orientation in global fresh food value chains. The paper adds to the still very scarce literature on governance of value chains and market orientation of value chains.
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Royal, I. Ara, G. Vicente-Rodr??guez1, J. Garc??a Romero2, J. R. Alvero Cruz2, and J. A. L. Calbet1. "IMPAIRMENT OF JUMPING PERFORMANCE AFTER ECCENTRIC EXERCISE DEPENDS ON MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN ISOFORM PROFILE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-02052.
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Preckel, Paul, Allan Gray, Michael Boehlje, and Sounghun Kim. "Risk and value chains: Participant sharing of risk and rewards." Journal on Chain and Network Science 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2004): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2004.x039.
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Much discussion, analysis and experimentation with various forms of value chain coordination has occurred, but often, these business arrangements have not been sustainable. We address the important role that risk/reward sharing plays in developing sustainable value chains. The discussion will: 1) describe an analytical framework for determining the optimal risk/reward sharing between partners in a value chain, and 2) illustrate the application of the framework to contractual arrangements between producers and processors in the pork industry. We find that contract structures must balance the risk/reward preferences of both producers and processors in order to be sustainable.
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Lucia-Palacios, Laura, Victoria Bordonaba-Juste, Melih Madanoglu, and Ilan Alon. "Franchising and value signaling." Journal of Services Marketing 28, no. 2 (May 6, 2014): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-09-2013-0253.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how signaling support services and contractual arrangements that create value for incumbent franchisees can help to create value for the whole network by attracting prospective franchisees. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from Bond's Franchising Report the study analyses franchisors operating between 1994 and 2008 via a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model for an unbalanced panel of 2,474 franchisors. Findings – Training, financial assistance, sub-franchising and restrictions against passive ownership, and the use of area development agreements are found to be valuable for prospective franchisees. Experience and the number of company-owned and franchised units also attract prospective franchisees. Research limitations/implications – Our findings imply that not all value-creating services and contractual arrangements are interpreted in the same way by prospective franchisees. Franchisors should offer training and financial assistance to new franchisees in the early stages of a franchise. They should also allow sub-franchising but restrict passive ownership and offer the possibility for area development agreements as contractual arrangements to appeal to new franchisees. Franchisors should focus not only on expansion, but should view the chain in a holistic manner by sustaining and growing both franchised and company-owned units. Originality/value – The findings contribute to the franchising literature by providing new evidence on how offering and signaling some contractual arrangements and support services can help franchisors create value for incumbent franchisees and can attract new franchisees. Our research shows that value in franchising is created differently depending on whether the franchisees are incumbent or prospective.
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Dolci, Pietro Cunha, and Antonio Carlos Gastaud Maçada. "Information technology investments and supply chain governance." Revista de Administração Contemporânea 18, no. 2 (April 2014): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552014000200007.
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The aim of this research is to propose a model that relates information technology (IT) investments, supply chain governance (SCG) and performance together. For this purpose, a pilot study involving both a qualitative and a quantitative stage was conducted. The qualitative analysis, consisting of an extensive literature review and two case studies conducted in six major, globally-relevant Brazilian companies, led to the development of an initial model. This model was refined during the quantitative stage that involved 38 executives from large national companies. IT was found to be one of the main drivers of SCG influencing companies' supply chain performance. The final model consists of 5 constructs and 26 elements. Regarding the SCG constructs: (a) a new element 'formal contracts', emerged in the 'contractual SCG' construct; (b) the element 'cooperation' was not confirmed in the 'relational SCG' construct; (c) the element 'transparency' was considered an important element in the 'transactional SCG' construct. Five new elements emerged in the 'IT investment' construct. Market aspects were highlighted as being relevant in the 'supply chain performance' construct. Thus, the model includes elements that can be analyzed in order to shed light on how IT investments influence SCG and supply chain performance.
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Yang, Chen-lung, and Suyuan Lien. "Governance Mechanisms for Green Supply Chain Partnership." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2018): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082681.
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The literature has recognized the value of green supply chain management in achieving the goals of environmental management. Yet developing and fostering sustainability partnerships among supply chain organizations remains challenging. Bounded rationality and opportunistic behaviors are likely to hinder joint sustainability collaboration and performance. The literature has called for a better understanding of the governance of green supply chain collaboration. This study applies transactional cost economics as a conceptual framework to investigate the relationships among transaction features, governance mechanisms, and environmental performance. Using the data collected from 969 plants in 17 countries, the statistical analysis compares and validates the effectiveness of three alternative governance mechanisms: contractual governance, problem-solving cooperation governance, and information-sharing governance. The statistical results reveal significant performance differences in how firms apply alternative governance mechanisms to mitigate opportunism, manage adaptation problems, and improve green supply chain collaboration and performance. Overall, this study makes research contributions by confirming the mediation effects of governance mechanisms on green supply chain practices. For green supply chains to be a viable practice, firms should apply governance mechanisms in proper alignment with the nature of the collaborative and environmental conditions.
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Alnimer, Raed Mohammed Flieh. "Dialectical Implementation of Contractual Obligation in Light of the Spread of the coronavirus COVID19 Pandemic between Force Majeure and Unforeseen: A Comparative Study." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.2.3.
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The paper seeks to examine the situations that have arisen with the global spread of Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on the implementation of contractual obligations. This is in light of the fact that governments have been taking multiple measures, for instance issuing orders regarding the closure of unnecessary activities in order to mitigate the spread of coronavirus COVID-19. The fast progression of this pandemic meant that contractual parties have not been capable of being in line with the terms stipulated in the contract because of multiple factors, such as government actions, the implementation of social distancing, the lack of infrastructure in areas such as ports and terminals, or supply chain implications. Thus, legal questions emerged which will be addressed with reference to Bahraini legislation, along with the presenting of suggestions to overcome such issues using analytical method and comparative approach.
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Häyhtiö, Markus, and Klaus Zaerens. "A Comprehensive Assessment Model for Critical Infrastructure Protection." Management and Production Engineering Review 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mper-2017-0035.
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Abstract International business demands seamless service and IT-infrastructure throughout the entire supply chain. However, dependencies between different parts of this vulnerable ecosystem form a fragile web. Assessment of the financial effects of any abnormalities in any part of the network is demanded in order to protect this network in a financially viable way. Contractual environment between the actors in a supply chain, different business domains and functions requires a management model, which enables a network wide protection for critical infrastructure. In this paper authors introduce such a model. It can be used to assess financial differences between centralized and decentralized protection of critical infrastructure. As an end result of this assessment business resilience to unknown threats can be improved across the entire supply chain.
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Mesa, Harrison A., Keith R. Molenaar, and Luis F. Alarcón. "Modeling Supply Chain Integration in an Integrated Project Delivery System." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 5092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125092.
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The supply chain relationship is an essential factor in the performance of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). The IPD system encourages the early involvement of key participants in the design stage. Consequently, this early involvement requires a new configuration of the supply chain relationship in the IPD system. However, there is a lack of knowledge in understanding the performance of the supply chain relationship in the IPD system. To fill this gap, we applied a simulation model, Virtual Design Team (VDT), to explore the dynamics of the supply chain integration in terms of project organization and project delivery process in design. This study presents a conceptual and qualitative analysis of the VDT model applied in two IPD projects. The results explored different behaviors of integration at inter-organizational and project levels throughout project organization, contractual and technological mechanisms of coordination. The project organization characteristics influence the performance of the construction supply chain.
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Gong, Guojin, and Shuqing Luo. "Lenders' Experience with Borrowers' Major Customers and the Debt Contracting Demand for Accounting Conservatism." Accounting Review 93, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 187–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-52022.
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ABSTRACT Lenders often have lending relationships with borrowers' major customers (labeled as “supply-chain lenders”). We hypothesize that private information obtained from borrowers' major customers can facilitate more timely and precise evaluation of borrowers' creditworthiness; this potentially reduces supply-chain lenders' reliance on accounting conservatism in debt contracting. Consistently, we find that suppliers borrowing from supply-chain lenders provide less conservative financial statements than suppliers borrowing from non-supply-chain lenders at loan origination. This finding is more pronounced when supply-chain lenders are likely to have greater information advantage over non-supply-chain lenders. Based on latent factors that proxy for private information accessible from customers, we find that supply-chain lenders' information advantage relates to customers' future operational and financial risks. Further, in lending agreements, supply-chain lenders accept fewer accounting-based contractual terms, lower spreads, and longer loan maturity than non-supply-chain lenders. The overall evidence suggests that borrowers' major customers represent an important information channel that enables lenders to more effectively screen and monitor borrowers, thus weakening the debt contracting demand for accounting conservatism.
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Zheng, Ji Yue, and Jun Guo Hu. "Research of the Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocol Based on CEJ Ant Colony Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1566.
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According to the limitation on radio range of sensor nodes and the shortage of the nodes' energy of wireless sensor networks(WSNs),we proposed a routing protocol based on CEJ ant colony algorithm(Common ants, Energy ants, Jumping ants).In the improved algorithm, the Common ants walk by inducing pheromone； the Energy ants walk by inducing the remaining energy of the nodes that adjacent to the current node；the Jumping ants induce the times they need to hop from the current node to the Sink node。All the ants cooperate to construct the optimum transmission chain eventually. Simulation results show that this algorithm can balance the energy consumption of nodes in the network and prolong the lifecycle of the whole network.
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Song, Qifan, Yan Sun, Mao Ye, and Faming Liang. "Extended stochastic gradient Markov chain Monte Carlo for large-scale Bayesian variable selection." Biometrika 107, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asaa029.
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Summary Stochastic gradient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms have received much attention in Bayesian computing for big data problems, but they are only applicable to a small class of problems for which the parameter space has a fixed dimension and the log-posterior density is differentiable with respect to the parameters. This paper proposes an extended stochastic gradient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm which, by introducing appropriate latent variables, can be applied to more general large-scale Bayesian computing problems, such as those involving dimension jumping and missing data. Numerical studies show that the proposed algorithm is highly scalable and much more efficient than traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms.
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Monteiro, Guilherme Fowler A., Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes, Silvia Morales de Queiroz Caleman, and Décio Zylbersztajn. "The role of empirical research in the study of complex forms of governance in agroindustrial systems." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 50, no. 4 (December 2012): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-20032012000400005.
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The growing complexity of supply chains poses new challenges for Agricultural Research Centers and statistical agencies. The aim of this perspective paper is to discuss the role of empirical research in understanding the complex forms of governance in agribusiness. The authors argue that there are three fundamental levels of analysis: (i) the basic structure of the market, (ii) the formal contractual arrangements that govern relations within the agroindustrial system and (iii) the transactional dimensions governed by non-contractual means. The case of the agrochemical industry in Brazil illustrates how traditional analyses that only address market structure are insufficient to fully explain the agricultural sector and its supply chain. The article concludes by suggesting some indicators which could be collected by statistical agencies to improve understanding of the complex relationships among agribusiness segments. In doing so, the paper seeks to minimize costs and to enable a better formulation of public and private policies.
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Denison, M. J. "Force majeure clauses in LNG sales and purchase agreements: how do they stand up during the Covid-19 pandemic?*." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 14, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwab011.
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Abstract During the Covid-19 pandemic companies have declared force majeure on contracts across the energy value chain. LNG Sales and Purchase Agreements (SPAs) are no exception. Courts in several jurisdictions have declared Covid-19 a force majeure event. Governments have issued guidelines on managing Covid-related contract disputes. The stage is set for high-value litigation turning on the validity of force majeure clauses. The purpose of this article is to help make sense of these developments. It will review the theory and application of the law of force majeure and, through comparison of six published LNG SPAs, ‘stress test’ current force majeure provisions. The article will consider how contractual risk is presently allocated in these model contracts, what drafting modifications might be applied to improve coverage, align with current case law, better reflect the market environment, and ensure contractual stability under Covid-19 conditions. The focus is on English law, given that this is the lex fori in the majority of the published contracts.
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Morgan, Royston, Des Doran, and Stephanie Jean Morgan. "Strong contracts: the relationship between power and action." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 272–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2016-0064.
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Purpose There is a view that strong preventative contracts are essential to control supplier opportunism and delivery during an outsourcing implementation. The purpose of this paper is to test the proposition that contractual project environments, typical of outsourcing engagements, are essentially conflictual and that context and circumstance can act to overwhelm formal contractual and project control and lead to poor outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The paper reports on a supply case study focussed on the outsourced delivery of an application development in the defence sector. Data were gathered by a participant observation in situ for a period of three years. A grounded analysis from observations, diaries, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, documentary analysis, and e-mails was carried out with six case organisations within the extended supply chain. Findings Collaboration between suppliers and buyers can be blocked by preventative fixed price contracts and as a result when requirements are incomplete or vague this adversely impacts success. Practical implications Strong contractual control focussed on compliance may actually impede the potential success of outsourcing contracts especially when collaborative approaches are needed to cope with variability in demand. Originality/value The research raises the important practical and conceptual notion that an outsourcing can be a conflictual inter-firm phenomenon especially where multiple actors are involved and business uncertainty is present.
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Ciliberti, Stefano, Gaetano Martino, Angelo Frascarelli, and Gabriele Chiodini. "Contractual arrangements in the Italian durum wheat supply chain: The impacts of the "Fondo grano duro"." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 2 (September 2019): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2019-002004.
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Selviaridis, Kostas, and Andreas Norrman. "Performance-based contracting in service supply chains: a service provider risk perspective." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 19, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-06-2013-0216.
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Purpose – The performance of service supply chains in terms of service levels and cost efficiency depends not only on the effort of service providers but also on the inputs of sub-contractors and the customer. In this sense, performance-based contracting (PBC) entails increased financial risk for providers. Allocating and managing risk through contractual relationships along the service supply chain is a critical issue, and yet there is scant empirical evidence regarding what factors influence, and how, provider willingness to bear PBC-induced risk. This paper aims to address this gap. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on agency theory and two cases of logistics service supply chains, in the food retail and automotive industries respectively, to identify key influencing factors. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 managers of providers and sub-contractors and review of 35 documents, notably contracts and target letters. Findings – Four influencing factors were found: performance attributability within the service supply chain; relational governance in service supply chain relationships; provider risk and reward balancing; and provider ability to transfer risk to sub-contractors. The propositions developed address how these factors influence provider willingness to bear PBC-induced risk. Research limitations/implications – The factors identified are external to the provider mindset and refer to the management of contractual relationships and service delivery interactions along the service supply chain. The paper contributes to agency theory by stressing the risk allocation implications of bi-directional principal-agent relations in service supply chains. Practical implications – The study suggests ways in which providers can increase their capacity to bear and manage financial risk related to PBC design. Originality/value – The paper identifies factors that influence provider willingness to bear financial risk induced by PBC in service supply chains.
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Perera, Supun S., Michael G. H. Bell, Mahendrarajah Piraveenan, Dharshana Kasthurirathna, and Mamata Parhi. "Topological Structure of Manufacturing Industry Supply Chain Networks." Complexity 2018 (October 3, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3924361.
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Empirical analyses of supply chain networks (SCNs) in extant literature have been rare due to scarcity of data. As a result, theoretical research have relied on arbitrary growth models to generate network topologies supposedly representative of real-world SCNs. Our study is aimed at filling the above gap by systematically analysing a set of manufacturing sector SCNs to establish their topological characteristics. In particular, we compare the differences in topologies of undirected contractual relationships (UCR) and directed material flow (DMF) SCNs. The DMF SCNs are different from the typical UCR SCNs since they are characterised by a strictly tiered and an acyclic structure which does not permit clustering. Additionally, we investigate the SCNs for any self-organized topological features. We find that most SCNs indicate disassortative mixing and power law distribution in terms of interfirm connections. Furthermore, compared to randomised ensembles, self-organized topological features were evident in some SCNs in the form of either overrepresented regimes of moderate betweenness firms or underrepresented regimes of low betweenness firms. Finally, we introduce a simple and intuitive method for estimating the robustness of DMF SCNs, considering the loss of demand due to firm disruptions. Our work could be used as a benchmark for any future analyses of SCNs.