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WU, WEN-LAN, JIA-HROUNG WU, HWAI-TING LIN, and GWO-JAW WANG. "BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STANDING LONG JUMP." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 15, no. 05 (October 25, 2003): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237203000286.
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The purposes of the present study were to (1) investigate the effects of the arm movement and initial knee joint angle employed in standing long jump by the ground reaction force analysis and three-dimensional motion analysis; and (2) investigate how the jump performance of the female gender related to the body configuration. Thirty-four healthy adult females performed standing long jump on a force platform with full effort. Body segment and joint angles were analyzed by three-dimensional motion analysis system. Using kinetic and kinematic data, the trajectories on mass center of body, knee joint angle, magnitude of peak takeoff force, and impulse generation in preparing phase were calculated. Average standing long jump performances with free arm motion were +1.5 times above performance with restricted arm motion in both knee initial angles. The performances with knee 90° initial flexion were +1.2 times above performance with knee 45° initial flexion in free and restricted arm motions. Judging by trajectories of the center mass of body (COM), free arm motion improves jump distance by anterior displacement of the COM in starting position. The takeoff velocity with 90° knee initial angle was as much as 11% higher than in with 45° knee initial angle. However, the takeoff angles on the COM trajectory showed no significant differences between each other. It was found that starting jump from 90° bend knee relatively extended the time that the force is applied by the leg muscles. To compare the body configurations and the jumping scores, there were no significant correlations between jump scores and anthropometry data. The greater muscle mass or longer leg did not correlated well with the superior jumping performance.
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Asadi, Abbas. "Relationship Between Jumping Ability, Agility and Sprint Performance of Elite Young Basketball Players: A Field-Test Approach." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 18, no. 2 (May 23, 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p177.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n2p177 The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between sprint, agility and jump performance of elite young basketball players. Sixteen elite national level young male basketball players participated in this study. The jumping ability of each player was determined using countermovement jump (CMJ), and broad long jump (BLJ). The agility T test (TT) and Illinois agility test (IAT) were assessed to determine the agility, and 20-m sprint time was also measured to determine sprint performance. The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis indicated moderate correlation between training age and IAT (r = -0.57; p = 0.021). Strong correlations were found between CMJ and BLJ (r = 0.71; p = 0.002), and between TT and IAT (r = 0.70; p = 0.002). Similarly, 20-m sprint time was strong correlated with CMJ (r = -0.61; p = 0.011), BLJ (r = -0.76; p = 0.001), TT (r = 0.77; p = 0.001), and IAT (r = 0.68; p = 0.003). In addition, CMJ was strongly correlated with TT (r = -0.60; p = 0.013), and IAT (r = -0.64; p = 0.007), and also strong correlation between BLJ with TT (r = -0.85; p = 0.001) and IAT (r = -0.76; p = 0.001). The findings of the present study indicated significant correlation between sprint and agility, jumping ability and sprint performance and between jumping ability and agility performance in basketball players. Therefore, the results suggest that sprint, agility and jumping ability share common physiological and biomechanical determinants.
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Vazini Taher, Amir, Ratko Pavlović, Shahram Ahanjan, Iryna Skrypchenko, and Marko Joksimović. "Effects of vertical and horizontal plyometric exercises on explosive capacity and kinetic variables in professional long jump athletes." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0205.
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Background and Study Aim. Athletic jumps are specific cyclically-acyclic movements that despite the good performance of the techniques require from competitors a high level of motor, specific-motor and functional abilities. The aim of this study was to examine the response effect of vertical and horizontal plyometric training on explosive capacity and kinetic variables in long jump athletes.
Material and Methods. The participants of this study were twenty professional jumpers (22.5 ± 4.2 years; 178.4 ± 9.8 cm; 70.3 ± 7.6 kg) who were divided into two groups: experimental (plyometric training) and control (standard training). They participated in the last track and field championship in country, moreover, three of them participated in the last Asian games, and one athlete participated in the world track and field championship. The experiments were conducted on June-July 2019 in twenty professional athletes. All tests were performed after a standard warm up protocol. The place of camera was always determined wisely around the jumping field to attain best photography. Organizing and controlling the imaging and motor analysis processes were done by a biomechanics expert.
Results. Post training results in experimental group showed more improvement in 30 m sprint, vertical jump, horizontal velocity at take-off, and long jump completion, comparing the control group. Significant between group differences in all variables were detected post training. No significant post training improvements in flight time and take off duration were reported in control group.
Conclusion. Vertical and horizontal plyometric training protocol was shown to be more effective in promoting improvement in explosive capacity than kinetic variables.
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Liu, Pei Hua, Yun Bo Zhang, and Xiao Dong Liang. "Biomechanical Study on Take-Off Technique of Junior Male Long Jumpers." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1301.
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The take-off is the most difficult key technique stage of long jump. The related specifications of take-off directly affect long jumper performance. In this paper, biomechanics study method was used to analyse the factors of take-off such as the last two steps step length and pace, the landing angle, the pedal angle, the take-off sector-shaped angle, the jumping initial velocity and the jumping angle, etc, and the main influencing factors of take-off were decided, to seize these factors in the training will contribute to long jump level improvement.
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Zhou, Huiyu, Datao Xu, Chaoyi Chen, Ukadike Chris Ugbolue, Julien S. Baker, and Yaodong Gu. "Analysis of Different Stop-Jumping Strategies on the Biomechanical Changes in the Lower Limbs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 4633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104633.
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The stop-jumping task is one of the most important technical actions in basketball. A previous study showed 70% probability of non-contact ACL injuries during stop-jumping tasks. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the differences in lower extremity biomechanical changes between the rear foot as the initial contact area to terminate the jump (SJR) and the fore foot as the initial contact area to also terminate the jump (SJF) during the horizontal landing during a stop-jumping phase. In total, 25 male amateur Ningbo University basketball athletes from China were recruited for this study. The participants were asked to jump vertically by using two different stop-jumping strategies. Kinematic and kinetics data were amassed during a stop-jumping task. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis was used to find the differences between SJR and SJF. Our results indicated that the change of different ankle range of motion caused significantly different values for knee angle (p < 0.001), velocity (p = 0.003) (p = 0.023) (p < 0.001), moment (p = 0.04) (p < 0.001), (p = 0.036) and power (p = 0.015) (p < 0.001) during the stop-jumping phase and the horizontal landing phase. The same biomechanical parameters of the hip joint were also significantly different for hip angle (p < 0.001), moment (p = 0.012) (p < 0.001) (p < 0.001), and power (p = 0.01) (p < 0.001) (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that altering the primary contact at the ankle angle might effectively reduce the risk of a knee injury.
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Struzik, Artur, Bogdan Pietraszewski, and Jerzy Zawadzki. "Biomechanical Analysis of the Jump Shot in Basketball." Journal of Human Kinetics 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0062.
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Abstract Basketball players usually score points during the game using the jump shot. For this reason, the jump shot is considered to be the most important element of technique in basketball and requires a high level of performance. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of the lower limbs during a jump shot without the ball and a countermovement jump without an arm swing. The differences between variables provide information about the potential that an athlete can utilise during a game when performing a jump shot. The study was conducted among 20 second-league basketball players by means of a Kistler force plate and the BTS SMART system for motion analysis. The variables measured included the take-off time, mean power, peak power, relative mean power, jump height, maximum landing force and calculated impact ratio. Surprisingly, more advantageous variables were found for the jump shot. This finding suggests a very high performance level in the jump shot in the studied group and a maximum utilisation of their motor abilities. Both types of jumps were characterised by high mean and peak power values and average heights. The high forces at landing, which result in considerable impact ratios, may have prompted the studied group to land softly. Use of the countermovement jump without an arm swing is recommended to assess and predict the progression of player’s jumping ability
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Shi, Peng Fei. "Long Jump Motion Analysis Based on the Aerodynamics." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1441.
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The long jump motion is a traditional track and field event. This sport is not only relevant with athletes congenital physical conditions, but also with the action skills in the long jump process. In the process of long jump, from the run-up to the take-off and landing, relatively large air resistance will be suffered, and the air resistance is affected by the size of the take-off speed and jumping height. Based on this, this article has carried on the detailed analysis of the air dynamic theory in the process of athletes long jump. It also has established the mathematical model of the friction resistance and air pressure resistance in the long jump process, and it has obtained the maximum incident angle when the maximum jump distance was happened by the take-off angle. Finally, through the experiment method, it has established the jumping speed loss curve and loss table under the air resistance effect, and obtained the incident angle and take-off speed in the long jump process, which provides the theory basis for the research of long jump motion.
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Bayraktar, Işik, Murat Çilli, and Tuncay Örs. "Prediction of Jumping Distance Using Run-Up Velocity and Age for Female Long Jumpers." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 2324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582324.
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It is the flight distance which is approximately ninety percent of jump distance in long jump. On the other hand, there are many biomechanical factors that determine the flight distance and horizontal velocity is considered to be the most effective factor. The aim of this study was to create a jump distance estimation model based on run-up velocity that can practically be used by trainers. The research data was included 858 valid trials of 156 female Turkish long jumpers (ages: 17.8±3.4 years). According to the correlation results of the current study; a nonlinear regression model was used between the variables found to have the highest correlation (age, last 10 meter run-up velocity, jump distance). According to this model, 79.10% of the jump distance can be estimated with the variables of age and run-up velocity in the last ten meters. Developed to be used for female long jumpers at a broad performance level, this model may make it possible to make technical evaluations about whether the velocity, technique and strength of a female long jumper are stable. Keywords: long jump, velocity, age, prediction model
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Chen, Yong. "Jumping Mechanism Analysis of the Humanoid Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1562.
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The jumping procedure of the human in the standing long jump was captured with a high-speed video camera. The geometrical configurations and motion postures of the human during jumping were analyzed from the high-speed photographs. By biological observation, the human jump was divided into stance phase, flight phase and land phase. The dynamic model of the humanoid jumping robot was established by the technology of virtual prototype. The joint angles of the robot during jumping were analyzed. The results would provide some theoretical and practical references for the biomimetic design to improve the reasonable motion of the humanoid jumping robot. This work may provide the basic theory in developing humanoid jumping robot in structural design. Besides, it provides an important reference to study the other bionic robots.
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Liu, Bin. "Biomechanics Simulation of Volleyball Player in Jumping Spike." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.38.
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Sports biomechanics is able to identify the variables that aim to define some or all aspects of a performance and then provide useful information for teachers or coaches to improve players' performance. The purpose of the study was to identify the crucial variables that contribute to a successful volleyball spike jump performance by using biomechanical analysis, in order to help teachers improve the jump performance of their students, these investigations allow teachers to observe student performance more systematically and also help them provide the right information at the right time and in an easily understood format.
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Lim, Mi-Hee, and Jin-Ho Back. "Biomechanical Analysis of Yeonpungdae One step jump and Sit down and change feet jump during the jumping phase." Korean Journal of Sports Science 26, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2017.12.26.6.1327.
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Kibele, Armin. "Possibilities and Limitations in the Biomechanical Analysis of Countermovement Jumps: A Methodological Study." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 14, no. 1 (February 1998): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.14.1.105.
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Possibilities and limitations in the biomechanical analysis of countermovement jump performance were examined using force plate data. Four male and 4 female sport students participated in the study. Software designed to test jumping performance was used to evaluate recordings from a force plate and to compute net velocity and net displacement measures for the center of gravity. In parallel, a film analysis incorporating Dempster's center of gravity model was used for a comparison. Validity of the computed kinetic measures was evaluated with a general analysis of the major error sources including the data acquisition and numerical computations. Numerical integration procedures were found to be a reasonable tool for calculating net velocity and net displacement parameters for a more detailed analysis of athletic jumping performance. On the other hand, it appeared that Dempster-like center of gravity models can cause errors that disqualify their use as validation criteria for kinetic parameters.
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Mackala, Krzysztof, Jacek Stodółka, Adam Siemienski, and Milan Ćoh. "Biomechanical Analysis of Standing Long Jump From Varying Starting Positions." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27, no. 10 (October 2013): 2674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825fce65.
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Choi, Ji Young, and Seung Jae Kim. "Biomechanical Analysis of Standing Long Jump -Elementary School`s Children-." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 18 (November 30, 2002): 1421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2002.11.18.1421.
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Acar, Hakan, and Nebahat Eler. "The Relationship between Body Composition and Jumping Performance of Volleyball Players." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i3.4047.
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Body composition and the skill of jumping are very important for high physical performance in volleyball. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between body composition and jumping performance in female volleyball players aged 14-17. 74 female volleyball players volunteered to participate in the study. The height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, body muscle mass and trunk fat percentage measurements were taken and the vertical jump and standing long jump tests were applied. The data were evaluated with the SPSS 16 statistical software program, the Pearson Correlation test was done for the statistical analysis and the significance level was determined as p< 0.05. The athletes’ vertical jump and standing long jump values were found statistically to have a negative relationship with height, body fat percentage, body muscle mass and body fat percentage, whereas a positive relationship was found between vertical jump and standing long jump values and body weight (p< 0.05). As a result, it was determined that body composition in volleyball players affects jumping performance.
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Fu, Feng Qin, Sheng Wang, Yang Shu, Jian She Li, Sergey Popik, and Yao Dong Gu. "A Comparative Biomechanical Analysis the Vertical Jump between Flatfoot and Normal Foot." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 28 (July 2016): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.28.26.
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Flatfoot has been one of the most common foot deformity, which gives rise to several malfunctions or disoders to the foot and lower extremity. Difference between flatfoot and normal foot mainly present in the middle foot, while few is known about the biomechanical difference under barefoot vertical jump. The objective of this study is to investigate the difference of flatfoot and normal foot while vertical jumping under barefoot condition. Twenty males (ten with flatfoot and ten with normal foot) volunteered to participate in this study. Foot morphology was measured with Easy-Foot-Scan. Foot kinetics and joint kinematics were obtained from EMED force platform and Vicon motion analysis system. Results showed that flatfoot group had a significantly larger peak pressure in the region of hallux and larger contact area of center forefoot than that of normal foot group, and larger contact area in medial midfoot. The flatfoot group presented larger plantarflexion and smaller external rotation to the ankle, and larger flexion and abduction and smaller external rotation to the knee than normal foot group during vertical jump. It can be concluded that people with flat-arched feet may have a poorer ability of self-regulation when facing a movement with rapid impact force like vertical jump, which will increase the risk of injuries. This information will be valuable for future work in structure, function and potential treatment of low arched feet.
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Yu, Peimin, Liangliang Xiang, Minjun Liang, Qichang Mei, Julien S. Baker, and Yaodong Gu. "Morphology-Related Foot Function Analysis: Implications for Jumping and Running." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 3236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163236.
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Barefoot and shod running has received increased attention in recent years, however, the influence of morphology-related foot function has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate morphology-related jumping and running biomechanical functions in habitually barefoot and shod males. A total of 90 barefoot males (Indians) and 130 shod males (Chinese), with significant forefoot and toe morphology differences, participated in a vertical jump and running test to enable the collection of kinematic and kinetic data. The difference of pressure distribution in the hallux and forefoot was shown while jumping and running. The unrestricted forefoot and toes of the barefoot group presented flexible movement and leverage functions to expand the forefoot loading area during performance of the two tasks. Findings related to morphology functions, especially in the forefoot and toe may provide useful information for footwear design.
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Gerber, L. Derek, Evan V. Papa, and Eydie A. Kendall. "Biomechanical Differences in Knee Valgus Angles in Collegiate Female Athletes Participating in Different Sports." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.7n.2p.8.
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Background: Dynamic knee valgum is a major risk factor in ligamentous injuries of the knee. Different sports have higher rates of knee ligament injury than others and females experience knee non-contact ligament injuries at higher rates than their male counterparts. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lower extremity biomechanics of genu valgum in female collegiate athletes of various sports while performing a drop jump test. This information may provide those designing individualized prevention programs assistance in reducing risk of knee ligamentous injury during jumping tasks. Methods: Current members of Idaho State University’s women’s basketball, soccer, and softball teams were evaluated for this study. Thirty-seven athletes participated. Motion capture reflective markers were placed bilaterally on the lower extremities to allow for analysis of knee biomechanics during a double-leg drop jump test. The angles of knee valgum in the frontal plane were calculated and analyzed between sport groups. Results: Female athletes of different sports displayed statistically significant differences in knee angles for both right, and left knees. Post hoc analysis with a Bonferroni adjustment revealed that basketball players utilized a more valgus right knee angle compared to both soccer and softball players and a more varus left knee angle compared with softball players. Conclusions: Our study suggests that collegiate-level female basketball players have an increased risk of right leg non-contact knee ligament injury during jump landing maneuvers when compared to collegiate level softball and soccer players due to increased knee valgus movements during the drop jump test. Collegiate-level female basketball players may benefit from biomechanical exercise interventions designed to decrease right knee valgus moments in jumping and landing to decrease their risk of injury.
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Yappa, Yappa. "Pengaruh Latihan Lompat Dengan Rintangan Dan Meraih Sasaran Di Atas Terhadap Kemampuan Lompat Jauh Gaya Jongkok Pada Siswa Kelas VII 3 SMP Negeri 1 Mare Kabupaten Bone." JIKAP PGSD: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kependidikan 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jkp.v3i2.9123.
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The problem of this research is: Is there a difference in the effects of exercise jumping obstacles and achieve goals on the ability of the long jump at the Class VII student SMP Negeri 1 Mare. The research objective to declare the presence and absence difference in the effects of exercise jumping obstacles and achieve the above targets. The research method uses an experimental method with the M-S pattern. This study population Class VII student SMP Negeri 1 Mare amounting to 24 students. The research instrument used was the squat style long jump test. Data analysis using the t-test. The results showed that t count> t-table or 2.4620> 2.201 with a significant level of 5% to 11 dB means that there is a significant difference between the exercise jumping obstacles and achieve goals on the ability of the long jump at Seventh Grade 3 student of SMP Negeri 1 Mare. From the calculation of the mean, indicating that the first experimental group means is greater than the mean of the experimental group 2 (318.67> 308.17), thereby exercise hurdle jump with better results compared with the exercise achieve the above targets. To see the results, it is suggested to Penjas teachers and trainers to improve the long jump ability can squat exercise style jump with the hurdle
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Пашкевич, С. А., and Я. В. Матвієнко. "Means of Speed-Strength Abilities Development in Physical Training Classes with 10th Graders." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 2 (August 6, 2016): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2016.2.1163.
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The purpose of the research is to determine the means of development of speed-strength abilities manifesting in jump-offs in jumping exercises in classes with the 10th graders in order to improve the compliance with the standards of physical preparedness.
Materials and methods. Analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature, special preparedness testing, methods of mathematical statistics. The participants in the experiment were eight 10th-grade boys who turned fifteen or sixteen at the time of the experiment.
Research results. During the experiment, we used the following tests: standing long jump, 30‑meter race from the standing start, standing triple jump. We suggested that the pupils perform special exercises: jumping on two legs and pulling up bent legs to the chest, repeated jumps on two legs over obstacles, jumping on two legs over the gymnastic bench while moving along the bench, jumping off a 60-70-cm height landing in half-squat, jumping off a 30-40-cm height onto two legs followed by a jump over obstacles (3-4 low barriers).
Conclusions. When performing jumping exercises, it is necessary to create conditions for the reactive-ballistic type of muscle contractions. Experimental exercises were selected by the criteria of “the dynamic compliance principle” to correspond, fully or partly, to the nature of motor activity: motor structure, jump-off biodynamics, muscle tension regime, peculiarities of manifestation of speed-strength abilities.
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Makaruk, Hubert, Marcin Starzak, and Jared Marak Porter. "Influence of Attentional Manipulation on Jumping Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Human Kinetics 75, no. 1 (October 31, 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0037.
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Abstract Enhancing jumping ability can lead to substantial benefits in sports performance and physical activity. Previous studies indicate that directing an individual’s attention externally before the jump is an effective way to improve jumping performance, especially when the standing long jump (SLJ) and vertical jumps (VJs) are performed. To scrutinize reported findings, we systematically reviewed studies that compared the effects of attentional manipulations on jumping performance in adults. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTSDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched for original research publications. A priori defined inclusion criteria were: (a) participants were healthy adults with a mean age > 18 years, (b) an external (EF) or an internal focus (IF) of attention instruction was used, (c) the study compared an external focus intervention with an internal focus intervention or an external focus with a control (no attentional; CON) intervention or an internal focus intervention with a control intervention, (d) jumping performance was tested, and (e) an immediate effect of focus of attention intervention was evaluated. Of the 380 papers identified, 14 studies were used in 3 part meta-analyses (EF vs. IF, EF vs. CON, and IF vs. CON) that involved 24 comparisons in total. The findings of this analysis revealed that the EF condition displayed superior jumping performance relatively to the IF (p < 0.05) and CON (p < 0.05) conditions. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the IF and CON conditions. These findings suggest that EF instructions should be incorporated into testing procedures when jumping performance is assessed.
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Franceschi, Alberto, Daniele Conte, Marco Airale, and Jaime Sampaio. "Training Load, Neuromuscular Readiness, and Perceptual Fatigue Profile in Youth Elite Long-Jump Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0596.
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Purpose: To describe and identify individual trends and changes in training load, neuromuscular readiness, and perceptual fatigue measures in 2 youth elite long jumpers, finalists at the European Athletics U18 (Under 18) Championships (athlete A, female, age 16.5 y, long-jump record 6.25 m; athlete B, male, age 16.0 y, long-jump record 7.28 m). Methods: Data were collected from both training sessions and athletics competitions during a 16-week period, divided into a preparation (weeks 1–8) and a competitive phase (weeks 9–16). Training load was computed through training diaries (training time, sprint, jumping, and weights volume). The countermovement jump and the 10-to-5 repeated-jump test were executed on a weekly basis to assess neuromuscular readiness, and perceptual fatigue measures were collected through a wellness questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using a magnitude-based decisions approach. Results: The results highlighted a decrease in training load during the competitive period with moderate to large differences for training time, sprint, and jump volume. Moreover, data showed an upward trend and very likely higher scores in vertical-jump performance across the competitive phase together with a very likely lower perceptual fatigue. Conclusions: This scenario seemed to be favorable to achieve competition performance very close to the personal record during the competitive season. This study provided an example of application of a comprehensive monitoring system with young athletes involved in track-and-field jumping events.
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Tang, R. H., and C. F. Huang. "LEGEND OR HISTORY? A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRA WEIGHTS ON STANDING LONG JUMP." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70597-3.
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NOLAN, LEE, BENJAMIN L. PATRITTI, and KATHY J. SIMPSON. "A Biomechanical Analysis of the Long-Jump Technique of Elite Female Amputee Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 10 (October 2006): 1829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000230211.60957.2e.
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Krivetskiy, Ilya Y., and Grigoriy I. Popov. "Innovative Modeling Method in Technical Training of High Jumpers." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-012-0024-z.
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AbstractIntroduction. This essay introduces an innovative high jump technique modeling method that uses a cascaded fuzzy neural network. An interactive system for the prediction of the success of a high jump has been designed based on this method and it allows the creation of an individual model for highly skilled athletes to control the jumper's technical training. Material and methods. The research material included a video recording of 92 high jumps and analysis by 48 kinematic characteristics. The result allowed the fine tuning of the cascaded fuzzy neural network model in order to analyse successful and failed jumps. Results and conclusions. We have developed the interactive system based on the analysis of kinematic characteristics of the high jump and this allows individual performance models to be tailored for elite athletes. With the help of this instrument, which takes into account the individual biomechanical features of an athlete's jumping style, we can analyze all stages of a jump in detail, improve the technique through the targeted correction of specific motions and achieve the optimal combination of kinematic values for the best possible result.
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Liang, Tiehuai. "Based on the Statistics of the Long Jump Athletes Three-dimensional Force Analysis of Jumping." Information Technology Journal 12, no. 15 (July 15, 2013): 3345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2013.3345.3348.
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Czaplicki, Adam, Marcin Śliwa, Paulina Szyszka, and Jerzy Sadowski. "Biomechanical Assessment of Strength and Jumping Ability in Male Volleyball Players During the Annual Training Macrocycle." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2017-0021.
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Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the peak torque of the knee extensors and flexors of the dominant lower limb, the shoulder internal and external rotators of the dominant upper limb, and the shoulder extensors and flexors of the dominant upper limb as well as the changes in jump height in volleyball players during the annual training macrocycle. Material and methods. The study involved 13 volleyball players from a Polish second-league team. The measurements were performed five times: before the preparation period (T1), at the beginning of the competitive season (T2), in the middle (T3) and at the end of the first competition period (T4), and after the competitive season (T5). The torque of the knee muscles and shoulder rotators was measured in isokinetic conditions, and the torque of the shoulder extensors and flexors was assessed in isometric conditions. Jumping ability was tested using a piezoelectric platform. Results. We observed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in jump height and relative peak torque between the measurements, except for the torque of the shoulder external rotators and flexors. The results of multiple factor analysis based on 5 sets composed of 5 strength variables revealed differences between subjects and measurement sessions. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that strength and jumping ability should be assessed regularly during the competitive season. The findings of the study suggest that it is necessary to modify the training methods used during the preparation period and individualize the training in the final phase of the competition period.
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Makaruk, Hubert, Jared Marak Porter, and Marcin Starzak. "Environmental and task constraints influence footfall variability in track and field jumping events." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 4 (September 27, 2017): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117733888.
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By analysis of footfall variability in the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault, the present study was designed to highlight gait variability patterns required in varied nested tasks. Twelve male athletes in each event who participated in one international and two national competitions were involved in this study. Twenty five pairs of 1-m Optojump Next system bars were used to evaluate relevant footfall placement. The footfall variability was taken to present the pattern of step regulation and onset of visual regulation. The main results of this study showed that pole vaulters manifested a highly consistent gait pattern, which was different than the pattern which appeared in the horizontal jumps. The results also revealed that the onset of step length adjustments in the horizontal jumps occurred significantly later during the zeroing-in phase of the approach run in comparison to those utilized by the pole vaulters. These findings indicate that locomotor pointing control in the long jump, triple jump, and pole vault produce specific footfall variability patterns due to different task and environmental constraints that need to be taken into account during training and competition settings.
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Silva, Raissa Thais Belarmino, Patrícia Verçoza de Castro, Marcos Paulo Galdino Coutinho, Ana Camila Nobre de Lacerda Brito, Márcio Almeida Bezerra, and Silvia Regina Arruda de Moraes. "Resistance jump training may reverse the weakened biomechanical behavior of tendons of diabetic Wistar rats." Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 24, no. 4 (December 2017): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-2950/17198024042017.
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ABSTRACT Background: resistance training is widely applied in non-diabetic physical protocol showing effectiveness in improving the tendon tissue. To address this gap, we assessed the effects of resistance training on aquatic environment, on the biomechanical properties of the calcaneal tendon of diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: 59 male Wistar rats were evaluated for 60 days, they were randomly divided into the following groups: Sedentary Control Group (SCG, n=15), Sedentary Diabetic Group (SDG, n=15), Trained Control Group (TCG, n=14) and Trained Diabetic Group (TDG, n=15). After randomization the animals from the SDG and the TDG were induced to Diabetes Mellitus by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The animals on the trained groups performed resistance exercise that consisted of jumping in an aquatic environment. After nine weeks the calcaneal tendons were collected and tractioned on a conventional mechanical testing machine. Results: the analysis of biomechanical parameters showed lower values in elastic modulus (p=0.000), maximum strength tension (p=0.000) and energy/area (p=0.008) in TDG compared to SDG in addition to an increase on the cross-sectional area (p=0.002). There was no difference for the specific deformation variable. Conclusion: the training protocol used restored some biomechanical parameters of the calcaneal tendon in rats induced to diabetes, thus, resulting in an improvement of its mechanical efficiency.
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Panoutsakopoulos, Vassilios, Apostolos S. Theodorou, Mariana C. Kotzamanidou, and Iraklis A. Kollias. "Biomechanical analysis of the 2017 European indoor champion in the women’s long jump: case report." Exercise and Quality of Life 12, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31382/eqol.200601.
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Lees, Adrian, Philip Graham-Smith, and Neil Fowler. "A Biomechanical Analysis of the Last Stride, Touchdown, and Takeoff Characteristics of the Men's Long Jump." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10, no. 1 (February 1994): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.10.1.61.
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This study was concerned with the measurement of performance variables from competitors in the men's long jump final of the World Student Games held in Sheffield, England, in July 1991. Several performances of 10 finalists were recorded on cine film at 100 Hz. Resulting sagittal plane kinematic data were obtained for the last stride, touchdown, and takeoff for a total of 27 jumps. It was confirmed that takeoff velocity was a function of touchdown velocity, and that there was an increase in vertical velocity at the expense of a reduction of horizontal velocity. It was concluded that there was evidence for mechanisms which may be termed mechanical, biomechanical, and muscular. The former relates to the generation of vertical velocity by the body pivoting over the base of support during the compression phase, and a lifting of the arms and free leg during the lift phase; the second is the elastic reutilization of energy; and the third is the contribution by concentric muscular contraction.
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Pradon, Didier, Alice Mazure-Bonnefoy, Giuseppe Rabita, Emilie Hutin, Raphael Zory, and Jean Slawinski. "The biomechanical effect of arm mass on long jump performance: A case study of a paralympic upper limb amputee." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 38, no. 3 (August 28, 2013): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364613497392.
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Background: The role of arm motion during the long jump has been well studied. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of forearm mass on impulse and the kinematics of the flight phase in an upper limb amputee. Case description and methods: A world-record paralympic long jumper carried out jumps in three conditions: wearing his usual forearm prosthesis and with 0.3 and 0.4 kg added mass. A motion capture system including force plates was used to record the jump. Findings and outcome: At take-off, the addition of 0.4 kg to the prosthesis decreased the vertical velocity of the centre of mass but increased horizontal velocity. These modifications were associated with an increase in landing distance and an improvement of the synchronization between arms. Conclusion: Increasing forearm mass appears to improve long jump performance. Further studies need to evaluate the optimal prosthetic mass for both training and competition. Clinical relevance This biomechanical analysis of the long jump highlighted the effects of changing prosthesis mass on performance. This methodological approach may be useful in the context of sport and performance research.
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Xu, Datao, Xuanzhen Cen, Meizi Wang, Ming Rong, Bíró István, Julien S. Baker, and Yaodong Gu. "Temporal Kinematic Differences between Forward and Backward Jump-Landing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 6669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186669.
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Backward jump-landing during sports performance will result in dynamic postural instability with a greater risk of injury, and most research studies have focused on forward landing. Differences in kinematic temporal characteristics between single-leg and double-leg backward jump-landing are seldom researched and understood. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze lower extremity kinematic differences throughout the landing phases of forward and backward jumping using single-leg and double-leg landings (FS and BS, FD and BD). Kinematic data were collected during the landing phases of FS and BS, FD and BD in 45 participants. Through statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis, we found that the BS showed smaller hip and knee flexion and greater vertical ground reactive force (VGRF) than the FS during 0–37.42% (p = 0.031), 16.07–32.11% (p = 0.045), and 23.03–17.32% (p = 0.041) landing phases. The BD showed smaller hip and knee flexion than the FD during 0–20.66% (p = 0.047) and 0–100% (p < 0.001) landing phases. Most differences appeared within a time frame during the landing phase at 30–50 ms in which non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are thought to occur and are consistent with the identification of risk in biomechanical analysis. A landing strategy that consciously increases the knee and hip flexion angles during backward landing should be considered for people as a measure to avoid injury during the performance of this type of physical activity.
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Ogawa, Mana, Chiaki Ohtaka, Motoko Fujiwara, and Hiroki Nakata. "Kinematic Characteristics of the Standing Long Jump in Young Children Aged 4–5 Years." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0026.
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The authors investigated the kinematic characteristics of the standing long jump in preschool children. Sixty 4-year-old children (boys: 30 and girls: 30) and sixty 5-year-old children (boys: 30 and girls: 30) participated in the present study. The authors focused on three differences in kinematics: between 4- and 5-year-old children, between boys and girls, and between high and low jumping performance groups at the same age. The kinematic data included the maximum flexions of the knee and hip before takeoff, at takeoff, and on landing; angular displacement of the upper body; takeoff speeds in horizontal and vertical directions; and takeoff angle of the greater trochanter. Anthropometric variables and kinematic data were separately analyzed with factors of age, sex, and group. The authors also performed multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of the jump distance. The movement speed of the greater trochanter in a horizontal direction, the maximum flexion angle of the hip before takeoff, and the hip angle on landing were identified as significant predictors of the jump distance among young children. These findings suggest that knowing how to use the hip and awareness of the horizontal direction are key factors to improve the long jump distance in young children.
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Ikadarny, Ikadarny, and Achmad Karim. "Konstribusi Kecepatan Lari, Daya Ledak Tungkai, Dan Keseimbangan Terhadap Kemampuan Lompat Jauh Murid SMP Negeri 2 Kabupaten Gowa." Jendela Olahraga 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/jo.v6i1.6971.
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The research aimed to find out the contribution of running speed, explosive power of limbs, and balance on the students’ long jump ability at SMP Negeri 2 Gowa Regency. The research method was a descriptive experimental. The sample was 30 students. The collecting data technique was by measuring the running speed of 30 meters, jumping without starting, dynamic balance, and long jump ability. The data analysis used descriptive analysis, normality test, correlation test and regression test. This research proved that the running speed contributes on the long jump ability with r (0.71). The explosive power of limbs contributes on the long jump ability with r (0.69). The balance contributes on the long jump ability with r (0.71). This research concludes that the running speed, explosive power of limbs and balance contribute on the long jump ability with r2 (0.73).Keywords: Running Speed, Explosive Power of Limbs, Balance, Long Jump Ability. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribus kecepatan lari, daya ledak, dan keseimbangan terhadap kemampuan lompat jauh murid SMP Negeri 2 Kabupaten Gowa. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen yang bersifat deskriptif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 murid SMP Negeri 2 Kabupaten Gowa. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara mengukur kecepatam lari 30 meter, lompat tanpa awalan, keseimbangan dinamis, dan kemampuan lompat jauh. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif, normalitas, uji korelasi dan uji regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terbukti bahwa kecepatan lari berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan lompat jauh dengan nilai r (0,71). Daya ledak tungkai berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan lompat jauh dengan nilai r (0,69). Keseimbangan berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan lompat jauh dengan nilai r (0,71). Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adala kecepatan lari, daya ledak tungkai dan keseimbangan terbukti berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan lompat jauh dengan nilai r2 (0,73).Kata kunci: Kecepatan Lari, Daya Ledak Tungkai, Keseimbangan, Kemampuan Lompat Jauh
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Demirel, Nurcan. "The Impact of Therapeutic Recreational Gymnastic Exercise on Basic Motor Skills of Hearing-Impaired Children Aged Between 6 and 9 Years." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i3.3048.
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Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of therapeutic recreational gymnastic exercises on basic motor skills of hearing-impaired children aged between 6-9 years.Material and Method: 18 students (12 boys; 6 girls) between the ages of 6-9 years participated in the study. 9 of these students were determined as experimental group (3 girls; 6 boys), and the other 9 were determined as control group (3 girls; 6 boys). Before and after the trainings, gross motor development tests (25m. walking, running, jumping, gallop jumping, standing long jump, dribbling, throwing tennis ball, catching the thrown ball, kicking the thrown ball, kicking the still ball) were applied to all the students in the experimental and control group, and the data were recorded. “Special movement training programme” was prepared for the trainings. The trainings were performed for 50-75 minutes twice a week for ten weeks. After the ten-week training programme, gross motor development tests were reapplied to the children as post-test.Analysis: The obtained data were analysed using SPSS.20, and of frequency, arithmetic mean and nonparametric tests, Mann Whitney U- test was applied as analysis method and the findings were tabulated.Results and Discussion: As a result of the study, significant developments (p>0,01) were found in gross motor development tests (25 m. walking, jumping, gallop jumping, standing long jump, throwing tennis ball, catching the thrown ball, kicking the still ball) of the children in the control group. Positive developments were not observed in the tests of 25 m. running, standing dribbling, kicking the thrown ball, and no significant developments (p>0,01 ) were observed in children in the control group.
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Malicka, Iwona, Joanna Mrowiec, Natalia Sajkiewicz, Katarzyna Siewierska, Maria Czajkowska, and Marek Woźniewski. "Physical Fitness of School-Age Children after Cancer Treatment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081436.
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The aim of the study was to assess physical fitness of school-age children after cancer treatment. The study was comprised of one hundred and fifty six children—children after cancer treatment (n = 71, mean age 11.22 ± 3.11 years) vs. healthy children previously untreated for cancer (n = 85, mean age 10.71 ± 1.22 years). Physical fitness was assessed indirectly based on a ball throw (assessment of strength, coordination, and upper limb speed), long jump (assessment of jumping ability, speed, and coordination), and a 60 m run (assessment of speed). The analysis was performed based on the Student’s t-test for independent samples and the analysis of variance and the post-hoc least significant difference test (LSD test). Children from the study group threw the ball closer and had shorter long jump performance compared to the control group, i.e., 12.93 [m] vs. 19.79 [m], respectively (p < 0.001) and 2.46 [m] vs. 2.70 [m], respectively (p = 0.02). However, their mean running time was longer, i.e., 13.33 [s] vs. 11.73 [s], respectively (p = 0.01). Division according to sex showed additionally significantly shorter ball throw distance in the study group in both girls (p = 0.001) and boys (p < 0.001), significantly shorter jump length in the group of girls (p = 0.01), and significantly longer running time in the group of boys (p = 0.04). Children treated for cancer are characterized by decreased physical fitness, and motor ability is sex-dependent. Both groups showed decreased strength, coordination, and upper limb speed. Additionally, worse jumping ability was found in girls whereas decreased speed was observed in boys.
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de Salles Painelli, Vitor, Emerson L. Teixeira, Bruno Tardone, Marina Moreno, Jonatas Morandini, Victória H. Larrain, and Flávio O. Pires. "Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 31, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0363.
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The long-standing caffeine habituation paradigm was never investigated in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance through a straightforward methodology. The authors examined if habitual caffeine consumption would influence the caffeine ergogenic effects on strength endurance and jumping performance as well as perceptual responses. Thirty-six strength-trained individuals were mathematically allocated into tertiles according to their habitual caffeine consumption: low (20 ± 11 mg/day), moderate (88 ± 33 mg/day), and high consumers (281 ± 167 mg/day). Then, in a double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced fashion, they performed a countermovement vertical jump test and a strength endurance test either after caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo supplementation or after no supplementation (control). Perceptual responses such as ratings of perceived exertion and pain were measured at the termination of the exercises. Acute caffeine supplementation improved countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .001) and total repetitions (p = .004), regardless of caffeine habituation. Accordingly, analysis of absolute change from the control session showed that caffeine promoted a significantly greater improvement in both countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .004) and total repetitions (p = .0001) compared with placebo. Caffeine did not affect the rating of perceived exertion and pain in any exercise tests, irrespective of tertiles (for all comparisons, p > .05 for both measures). Caffeine side effects were similar in low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers. These results show that habitual caffeine consumption does not influence the potential of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance, thus challenging recommendations to withdraw from the habitual caffeine consumption before supplementing with caffeine.
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Attia, Ahmed, Zied Nèji, Néjiba Farhat, Aymen Khemiri, Ahmed Kouki, Nejib Rejeb, Riadh Khalifa, and Chortane Sabri Gaied. "Relationships between Horizontal Drop Jump Test and Sprint Performance." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.352.
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Researchers and trainers are continually looking for determinants of soccer talent in the youngest and in the relationship between individual motor features relevant to this kind of sport. There is a fundamental consensus in the opinion that sprinting and jumping share a number of similar characteristics in soccer players. To the authors’ knowledge, the majority of the studies has been conducted in adult and young athletes and there has yet to be an analysis with prepubescent male players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the standing long jump, the three-hop test and sprint performance in prepubescent male soccer players. Material and methods. This study comprised 112 prepubescent soccer players (aged 12.08±1.79 years; height: 154.35±12.50 cm; body mass 43.69±10.28 kg). They were assessed for a 30-m linear sprint with three split sprint times, standing long jump test and three-hop test. The associations and relationships between horizontal jump performance in three-hop test and standing long jump with 0-5m, 10-m, 20-m and 30-m sprint times were investigated. Results and discussion. Correlations and linear regressions were assessed. There were weak and large associations between sprint and jump measures (r = -0.21 to -0.66; p <0.001). Linear regressions all included standing long jump as a predictor, but not three-hop test. There were no regression equations that would predict sprint times from triple hop distance that were significant. In their study of national team female athletes Agar-Newman and Klimstra, (2015) showed contradictory results. In their athletes, triple hop distance was a better predictor than standing long jump of both initial sprint speed, and maximal sprint speed. Thus, this area requires further research to better understand the mechanisms through which both sprint and jump performances are achieved in prepubescent male soccer players. Conclusion. Overall, the results of our study support the use of 30-m linear sprint and horizontal jump performance tests for prepubescent male soccer players. This research showed that sprint times correlated to horizontal jump performance in three-hop test and standing long jump tests. It showed the utility of the standing long jump test to evaluate lower limb performance between prepubescent male soccer players
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Alcock, J., E. Birch, and J. Boyd. "Effect of jumping style on the performance of large and medium elite agility dogs." Comparative Exercise Physiology 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep150017.
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Dog agility is a rapidly progressing sport worldwide. Consequentially, research and methods to improve technique and performance are becoming highly sought after. Video data were collected of elite agility dogs during a training session, with downstream analysis examining differences in apparent topline angle and jumping speed of large and medium dogs as well as collie breeds and non-collie breeds. The study further examined any correlations between topline angle and jumping speed. Findings suggest that there is a difference between the jump kinematics of large and medium dogs (P=0.001) and between collie breeds and non-collie breeds (P<0.001) with collie breeds jumping faster than non-collie breeds (P=0.013). This information could be used to inform future training regimes and competitive strategies in a breed and size specific way, with the aim to improve long-term health and welfare of canine participants, whilst also ensuring that training and competitive expectations are within biological capabilities.
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Lees, A., N. Fowler, and D. Derby. "A biomechanical analysis of the last stride, touch‐down and take‐off characteristics of the women's long jump." Journal of Sports Sciences 11, no. 4 (August 1993): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419308730000.
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Chen, Gang, Jiajun Tu, Xiaocong Ti, and Huosheng Hu. "A Single-legged Robot Inspired by the Jumping Mechanism of Click Beetles and Its Hopping Dynamics Analysis." Journal of Bionic Engineering 17, no. 6 (November 2020): 1109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42235-020-0099-z.
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AbstractThe click beetle can jump up with a hinge when it is on the dorsal side. This jumping mechanism is simple and suitable as an inspiration for designing a simple, small, and reliable hopping robot. We report a single-legged robot inspired by the jumping mechanism of click beetles. It is 85 mm high, 60 mm long, and 41 mm wide, and weighs about 49 g. The robot has good hopping performance that the hopping height is about 4 times – 4.3 times of its body height. It is capable for rescue missions that require to enter enclosed spaces through cracks and narrow channels. In addition, hopping dynamics of the robot is important to understand its jumping mechanism and improve the robot’s hopping performance. But existing dynamic study does not complete the analysis including all stages in the hopping which are pre-hopping, take-off, and air-flying. We propose the decomposition method to study dynamics of the three stages separately, and synthesize them with related parameters. The dynamic synthesis of multi-motion states in a hopping cycle of the single-legged hopping robot is implemented. The hopping performance and dynamic synthesis theory of the robot are verified by simulations and experiments. Our study helps lay the foundation for design and hopping control of simple hopping robot systems.
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Thomas, Jerry R., and Karen E. French. "References for Motor Tasks—Gender Differences across Age in Motor Performance: A Meta-Analysis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 2 (April 1987): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.503.
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In 1985 we published a meta-analysis of gender differences across age in motor performance in Psychological Bulletin, but it did not include an indexing of each motor task to the references from which it was obtained. This paper provides a table listing the 20 motor tasks and the references from which data for each task were taken. The range of tasks was from fundamental movements (e.g., catching, jumping, running, throwing) to motor fitness (e.g., agility, arm hang, balance, grip strength) to perceptual-motor abilities, (e.g., anticipation timing, fine eye-motor coordination, pursuit-rotor tracking, reaction time). The arm hang was represented in the fewest papers ( n = 2) while the dash and long jump were most frequently referenced ( n = 21).
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Gao, Ying, Martti Melin, Karoliina Mäkäräinen, Timo Rantalainen, Arto J. Pesola, Arto Laukkanen, Arja Sääkslahti, and Taija Finni. "Children’s physical activity and sedentary time compared using assessments of accelerometry counts and muscle activity level." PeerJ 6 (August 21, 2018): e5437. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5437.
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Background This research compared accelerometry (ACC)-derived and muscle electromyography (EMG)-based estimates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in typical PA tasks and during the daily lives of children. Methods Data was included from two exploratory studies. In Study I, 6–7-year-old children (n = 11, 64% girls) were assessed for eight PA tasks (walking, stair negotiation, climbing, crawling, swinging, balancing, trampoline jumping and a game of tag). In Study II, 7–9-year-old children (n = 14, 38% girls) were assessed for six PA tasks (walking, sitting, static squat, single leg hops, jump for height and standing long jump), and daily PA during one day with and one day without structured exercise. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity and inactivity using EMG shorts and acceleration by waist-mounted accelerometer were simultaneously measured and classified as sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activity. Data from ACC was further analyzed using five different published cut-off points and varying time windows (1−60 s) for comparison with EMG. Results In the PA tasks ACC counts and EMG amplitude showed marked differences in swinging, trampoline jumping, crawling, static squat, single leg hops, standing long jump and jump for height, the difference being over 170% when signals were normalized to that during walking. Furthermore, in walking, swinging, trampoline jumping, stair negotiation and crawling ACC classified over 60% of the time as vigorous-intensity activity, while EMG indicated primarily light- and moderate-intensity activities. During both days with and without exercise, ACC resulted in greater proportion of light activity (p < 0.01) and smaller proportion of moderate activity compared to EMG (p < 0.05). The choice of cut-off points and epoch length in ACC analysis influenced the classification of PA level and sedentary time. In the analysis of daily activities the cut-off points by Evenson et al. (2008) with epochs of 7.5 s and 15 s yielded the smallest difference (less than 10% of recording time at each intensity) against EMG-derived PA levels. Discussion This research provides novel insight on muscle activity and thereby on neuromuscular loading of major locomotor muscles during normal daily activities of children. While EMG and ACC provided similar estimates of sedentary time in 13 typical PA tasks, duration of light, moderate and vigorous PA varied considerably between the methods especially during walking, stair negotiation, crawling, swinging and trampoline jumping. Evenson et al.’s (2008) cut-off points with ≤15 s epoch provided similar classification of PA than EMG during daily life. Compared to impacts recorded using ACC, EMG can provide understanding on children’s neuromuscular loading during motor tasks that is useful when studying effects of PA interventions on, and development of, motor competence and coordination.
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Vodicar, Janez, and Bojan Jost. "The Factor Structure of Chosen Kinematic Characteristics of Take-Off in Ski Jumping." Journal of Human Kinetics 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0005-6.
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The Factor Structure of Chosen Kinematic Characteristics of Take-Off in Ski JumpingWith a sample of 29 of the best Slovenian ski jumpers, a research project was carried out with the purpose of determining the structure relation of chosen dynamic and kinematic variables during the take-off of ski jumpers. The experiment was performed in August 2008 on the jumping hill in Hinterzarten, Germany (K=95m). The subjects jumped seven times without breaks between rounds. The analysis was done on variables that determine the technique of take-off in ski jumping (in-run velocity - km/h, vertical take-off velocity - m/s, precision of take-off - cm). The criteria variable was the length of the jump (m). The variability of the long distance of the jumps was significantly strong. The reliability of all used multi-item variables was high and satisfactory in most variables (in-run velocity - 0.98, vertical take-off velocity - 0.98, precision of take-off - 0.85, length of the jump - 0.95). The factor analysis produced an independent latent structure (explanation of variance = 93.3%) of five specific factors (1. in-run velocity connected to distance jumped (39.8 % of VAR.), 2. vertical take-off velocity strongly connected to distance jumped (26.0 % of VAR.), 3. precision of take-off partly connected to distance jumped (14.9 % of VAR.), 4. precision of take-off in the 7th round (6.7 % of VAR.), 5. precision at take-off in the 4th round (5.7 % of VAR.). The present factor structure confirms the hypothetical model of three independent motor tasks to be optimally realized in the take-off of the ski jumper. Criteria variables influencing the length of jumps were mainly associated with the first two factors, which confirm the basic hypothesis that the length of the jump reflects the overall output quality of the first two factors. The accurancy factor of take-off affects the length of the jumps indirectly and latently through these two fundamental factors.
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Hewett, Timothy E., Kevin R. Ford, Yingying Y. Xu, Jane Khoury, and Gregory D. Myer. "Effectiveness of Neuromuscular Training Based on the Neuromuscular Risk Profile." American Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 9 (April 25, 2017): 2142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517700128.
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Background: The effects of targeted neuromuscular training (TNMT) on movement biomechanics associated with the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are currently unknown. Purpose/Hypotheses: To determine the effectiveness of TNMT specifically designed to increase trunk control and hip strength. The hypotheses were that (1) TNMT would decrease biomechanical and neuromuscular factors related to an increased ACL injury risk and (2) TNMT would decrease these biomechanical and neuromuscular factors to a greater extent in athletes identified as being at a high risk for future ACL injuries. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Female athletes who participated in jumping, cutting, and pivoting sports underwent 3-dimensional biomechanical testing before the season and after completing TNMT. During testing, athletes performed 3 different types of tasks: (1) drop vertical jump, (2) single-leg drop, and (3) single-leg cross drop. Analysis of covariance was used to examine the treatment effects of TNMT designed to enhance core and hip strength on biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics. Differences were also evaluated by risk profile. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < .05. Results: TNMT significantly increased hip external rotation moments and moment impulses, increased peak trunk flexion, and decreased peak trunk extension. Athletes with a high risk before the intervention (risk profile III) had a more significant treatment effect of TNMT than low-risk groups (risk profiles I and II). Conclusion: TNMT significantly improved proximal biomechanics, including increased hip external rotation moments and moment impulses, increased peak trunk flexion, and decreased peak trunk extension. TNMT that focuses exclusively on proximal leg and trunk risk factors is not, however, adequate to induce significant changes in frontal-plane knee loading. Biomechanical changes varied across the risk profile groups, with higher risk groups exhibiting greater improvements in their biomechanics.
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Срібний, Є. В. "Analysis of Motor Abilities Development in Male and Female High Schoolers." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 2 (August 6, 2016): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2016.2.1162.
Full textAbstract:
The pupose of the research is to define the peculiarities of motor abilities development in male and female high schoolers.
Materials and methods. To solve the tasks set, the research relies on the following methods used: analysis of scientific literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics of data reduction. The participants in the study were 10 boys and 14 girls of the 10th grade, 14 boys and 10 girls of the 11th grade.
Conclusions. The level of motor abilities development in the 10th-11th-grade girls and the 11th-grade boys is at the sufficient level, while this level in the 10th-grade boys is average.
The statistically significant difference between the 10th-grade boys and girls is observed in the following tests: assessment of time parameters of movement (error in 10 seconds), assessment of perception of strength parameters of movement (standing long jump at ½ of MAX), bending and unbending of arms in suspension, bent suspension. The boys performed better in these tests than girls.
The statistically significant difference between the 11th-grade boys and girls shows in the following tests: jumping with “increases of weight”, assessment of time parameters of movement (error in 5, 10 seconds), assessment of perception of strength parameters of movement, shuttle run, bending and unbending of arms in suspension, bent suspension. The girls performed better in jumping with “increases of weight”, assessment of time parameters of movement, assessment of perception of strength parameters of movement.
The correlation analysis of the indicators of motor abilities development proves that the “shuttle run” test has more connections with the other tests in case of the 10th-grade girls (3 сonnections at r > 0.6); for the 10th-grade boys such tests are “bending and unbending of arms from the lying position”, “bending and unbending of arms in suspension” (5 сonnections at r > 0.6); for the 11th‑grade girls — “bending and unbending of arms from the lying position”, “bending and unbending of arms in suspension” (3 сonnections at r > 0.6); for the 11th-grade boys — “standing long jump at 2/3 of МАХ” (10 сonnections at r > 0.6).
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Іващенко, О. В., А. В. Коптенков, and Д. О. Прокопенков. "Factor Model of Motor and Functional Readiness of Girls Aged 15-16 Years." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2015.3.1143.
Full textAbstract:
Research objective. To define methodological approaches to pedagogical control of dynamics of motor and functional readiness of girls aged 15-16.Research methods. To solve the tasks set, the study used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics of data reduction. The testing program consisted of the commonly known tests: jumping with “increases f weight” (number of jumps in the given corridor), evaluation of time parameters of movement (error in re-creating the duration of five-second running in place), evaluation of perception of strength movement parameters (the error in re-creating the efforts is 0.5 of the maximum), shuttle run 4×9 m (s), bending and unbending of arms from the lying position (times), bending and unbending of arms in suspension (times), bent suspension (s), standing long jump (cm).Research results. The girls aged 15 show statistically significantly better readiness by the results of the tests: No. 1 “Jumping with ‘increases of weight’, times”, No. 3 “Bending and unbending of arms from the lying position, times”, No. 5 “Bent suspension, s”, and by the indicators of functional tests (p < 0.05).The most informative indicators for the routine control of the motor readiness of girls aged 15 are the following tests: “Bending and unbending of arms from the lying position” (,951), Ghencea test (,929), “Standing long jump (cm)” (,930), “Shuttle run 4×9 m, s” (,911).The most informative indicators for the routine control of the motor readiness of girls aged 16 are the following tests: Ghencea test (,945), “Bending and unbending of arms in suspension” (,883), “Bending and unbending of arms from the lying position” (,823).
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Hansen, Mette, Christian Couppe, Christina S. E. Hansen, Dorthe Skovgaard, Vuokko Kovanen, Jytte O. Larsen, Per Aagaard, S. Peter Magnusson, and Michael Kjaer. "Impact of oral contraceptive use and menstrual phases on patellar tendon morphology, biochemical composition, and biomechanical properties in female athletes." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): 998–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01255.2012.
Full textAbstract:
Sex differences exist with regards to ligament and tendon injuries. Lower collagen synthesis has been observed in exercising women vs. men, and in users of oral contraceptives (OC) vs. nonusers, but it is unknown if OC will influence tendon biomechanics of women undergoing regular training. Thirty female athletes (handball players, 18–30 yr) were recruited: 15 long-term users of OC (7.0 ± 0.6 yr) and 15 nonusers (>5 yr). Synchronized values of patellar tendon elongation (obtained by ultrasonography) and tendon force were sampled during ramped isometric knee extensor maximum voluntary contraction to estimate mechanical tendon properties. Furthermore, tendon cross-sectional area and length were measured from MRI images, and tendon biopsies were obtained for analysis of tendon fibril characteristics and collagen cross-linking. Overall, no difference in tendon biomechanical properties, tendon fibril characteristics, or collagen cross-linking was observed between the OC users and nonusers, or between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. In athletes, tendon cross-sectional area in the preferred jumping leg tended to be larger than that in the contralateral leg ( P = 0.09), and a greater absolute ( P = 0.01) and normalized tendon stiffness ( P = 0.02), as well as a lower strain ( P = 0.04), were observed in the jumping leg compared with the contralateral leg. The results indicate that long-term OC use or menstrual phases does not influence structure or mechanical properties of the patellar tendon in female team handball athletes.
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Zamporri, Jacobo, and Arnel Aguinaldo. "The Effects of a Compression Garment on Lower Body Kinematics and Kinetics During a Drop Vertical Jump in Female Collegiate Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 232596711878995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118789955.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The use of compression garments has spread rapidly among athletes, largely because of marketing and perceived benefits. Upon review, it is unclear whether compression garments have a significant effect on performance and recovery, although they have been found to enhance proprioception. Further, it is reported that compression of the knee joint improves both dynamic and static balance. However, there is currently a paucity of data demonstrating the effects of compression garments on the biomechanical risk factors of knee-related injuries in female athletes. Purpose: To evaluate the ability of a directional compression garment to alter hip and knee kinematics and kinetics during a drop vertical jump (DVJ) in healthy college-aged female athletes. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A sample of 23 healthy female collegiate athletes (mean age, 19.6 ± 1.3 years) participating in jumping sports (volleyball, basketball, and soccer) was included in this analysis. Each athlete performed 2 sets of 3 DVJs with and without a directional compression garment. Three-dimensional hip and knee kinematics and kinetics were collected using a standard Helen-Hayes 29-marker set, which was removed and reapplied after the garment was fitted, as well as 8 visible-red cameras and 2 force platforms. Each participant was tested in a single session. Results: Hip abduction range of motion was significantly reduced from 12.6° ± 5.5° to 10.2° ± 4.6° ( P = .002) while performing DVJs without and with the compression garment, respectively. No statistically significant differences between conditions were found in peak hip abduction, knee valgus range of motion, peak valgus, peak hip abduction moment, and peak knee valgus moment. Conclusion: The results of this study show that wearing compression garments does have minimal effects on lower body mechanics during landing from a DVJ, partially supporting the idea that compression garments could acutely alter movement patterns associated with the knee injury risk. However, further research should focus on muscle activation patterns and adaptations over time. Clinical Relevance: The use of specifically designed compression garments could aid in the prevention of knee injuries by inducing changes in jumping mechanics.