Academic literature on the topic 'Juniper – Fertilizers'

Juniperus scopularum Sarg. (Rocky Mountain juniper) and Potentilla fruticosa L. `Gold Drop' (gold drop potentilla) plants grown in containers had similar or better morphology, higher nitrogen concentrations and contents, and higher N-use efficiency when grown with liquid fertilizer applied at an exponentially increasing rate as compared to the same amount of N applied via controlled-release fertilizers. More importantly, plants grown with a half-exponential rate were similar to those grown with controlled-release fertilizer but with a higher N-use efficiency, indicating that this type of fertilization may be a method for reducing the amounts of applied nutrients in nurseries and subsequent nutrient discharge.

Containerized one-seed juniper (Juniperusmonosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) were planted on two northern New Mexico mine spoils to evaluate effects of establishment methods and postplanting site conditions on seedling survival and growth. Establishment factors included planting date, mulch, fertilizer regimes, and seedling protection. Wood chip mulch and animal protection provided by rigid plastic mesh tubes or plastic netting improved juniper survival, growth, or both, depending on the study. The forms and rates of fertilizers tested provided no benefits and sometimes decreased survival. Juniper fertilization at planting stimulated the growth of reseeded grass and resulted in greater competition. Perennial weeds that invaded a mechanically cleared planting site also reduced juniper growth and survival. Results point to the need to consider the adverse effects associated with fertilization, time of planting, and order of grass and juniper revegetation.

Abstract Juniperus horizontalis Moench ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ (compact Andorra juniper) and Picea glauca Moench (Voss) ‘Conica’ (dwarf Alberta spruce) were grown for one season in 2.2 1 (#1) nursery containers in a potting medium containing composted hardwood bark, sphagnum peat moss and sand (1:1:1 by vol). The containers were placed over lysimeters permitting continuous collection and measurement of water passing through and around the containers. Slow release or soluble N was applied at an annual rate of 1.6 g of N per pot. Containers were irrigated by either trickle or overhead methods and water volumes were recorded. Subsamples of leachate were collected and analyzed for nitrate. Much less nitrate was leached by the trickle than by the overhead irrigation. Although slow release N sources lost considerably less nitrate in runoff water, there is still sufficient nitrate lost by these sources to pollute ground water unless annual fertilizer needs are supplied by split applications. Depending on sources, 58–80% of the N applied as slow release fertilizers was not recovered in either the plant or runoff water.

The scale insect, Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a significant pest on juniper (Juniperus spp.). Its population number has increased in the Belgrade area in recent years. It is present in large numbers on plant twigs, needles and cones, and causes a slowdown in growth, needle chlorosis and premature needle fall, the loss of aesthetic value, drying of branches and whole plants. The presence and attack intensity of C. juniperi were determined on Juniperus spp. in 19 localities in the Belgrade area in 2007 and 2008. Its life cycle and harmfulness were also studied. C. juniperi develops one generation per year and overwinters as a fertilized female on juniper branches and needles. Oviposition starts at the end of April and beginning of May. The number of eggs laid by a single female is 16- 44. First instar larvae hatch in May and second instars appear at the beginning of June. At the end of June and in July males and females form. After copulation the males die and the fertilized females remain on the plants feeding until overwintering.

Juniperus horizontalis ’Plumosa Compacta’ were grown in 3.8-L containers to compare the factorial effects of irrigation (top vs. capillary) and controlled release fertilizer placement (incorporated vs. surface-applied) on shoot nutrient content and growth. These treatments were compared with a liquid fertilized control. Shoot N contents on 30 June (31 d after potting) were highest in plants which were top-irrigated and supplied with incorporated Nutricote, but were lowest in these plants at the end of the season (28 Sept.). Top-irrigated, Nutricote-incorporated, and liquid-fertilized plants showed the highest shoot K contents on 30 June. Lowest shoot K occurred in the top-irrigated, Nutricote-incorporated treatment on 28 Sept. In comparison with N or K, shoot P showed much less variation over the growing season. Incremental branch growth was less when fertilizer was surface-applied than when it was incorporated, but end-of-season shoot dry weights were similar in all plants except those which were top irrigated and supplied with incorporated Nutricote. This treatment produced the highest end-of-season shoot dry weight and best overall growth. Seasonal growth was positively correlated with early season (30 June) shoot N and K contents.Key words: Controlled release fertilizer, Nutricote, irrigation, Juniper

AbstractCauses of secondary sexual dimorphism (SSD) in dioecious plants are very poorly understood, especially in woody plants. SSD is shown mainly in mature plants, but little is known about whether secondary sexual dimorphism can occur in juveniles. It is also assumed that stress conditions intensify differences between the sexes due to the uneven reproductive effort. Therefore, the following research hypotheses were tested: (1) secondary sexual dimorphism will be visible in juveniles; (2) unfavourable soil conditions are the cause of more pronounced differences between the sexes. Rooted shoots of the common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), previously harvested from parental individuals of known sex were used in the study. During two growing seasons vegetation periods and four times a year, comprehensive morphological features of whole plants were measured. Some SSD traits were visible in the analysed juveniles. Contrary to expectations, differences were more pronounced in the fertilized treatment. Both species reacted to fertilization in different ways. Female yew had a clearly higher total plant mass, root mass, and mean root area when fertilized, whereas male juniper had a higher root mass when fertilized. Differences between the sexes independent of the fertilization treatment were seen, which can be interpreted as sexual adaptations to a continued reproduction. Female yews and male junipers made better use of fertile habitats. Our study showed that SSD may be innate, and sexual compensatory mechanisms could generate uneven growth and development of both sexes. Because the SSD pattern was rather different in both species, it was confirmed that SSD is connected with the specific life histories of specific species rather than a universal strategy of dioecious species.

Abstract Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Plumosa compacata’ and Euonymus fortunei Turcz. ‘Sarcoxie’ were grown on a sand capillary bed with two types of controlled release fertilizer (3:1 Type 100:Type 40 Nutricote 16N-4.4P-8.1K (16-10-10),and Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.7K (18-6-12) either medium-incorporated, surface-applied or dibbled below the roots. Throughout the growing season, neither leaf area, root or shoot dry weight of euonymus was affected by fertilizer type or placement. Branch length growth and dry weight of juniper was not affected by fertilizer type when fertilizer was surface-applied or medium incorporated. Dibbled Osmocote produced similar results, but dibbled Nutricote resulted in poor root and shoot development in juniper throughout the season. Medium soluble salt concentration (determined on container leachate) was 2800 dS/m in the dibbled Nutricote treatments in June (approximately 2.5 times higher than that in the other treatments). Soluble salts decreased between June 21 and August 16 in all treatments and then remained quite constant until the end of the season (September 13).

Abstract ‘Plumosa Compacta’ juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench.) and ‘Coral Beauty’ cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C. K. Schneid.) were container grown in a bark:peat-sand medium (2:1:1 by vol.). Plants received either 70, 140, 280 or 420 mg (0.003, 0.005, 0.010 or 0.015 oz) N per week from nutrient solutions. Growth was assessed on plants harvested from each treatment regime on May 22 and then at monthly intervals until September 16. Juniper plants grown with 140 mg (0.005 oz) N per week were larger at the end of the season than those in the other treatments. In cotoneaster, growth increased as weekly N application increased from 70 to 420 mg (0.03 to 0.015 oz) N per week. Path analysis was used to quantify the effect of plant relative growth rate (RGR) during each month on RGR in subsequent months and on total seasonal relative dry weight gain (TRWG). RGR during each month significantly influenced TRWG, with the periods from June 21 to July 20, and from July 21 to August 18 exerting the greatest influence in cotoneaster. In juniper, the influence of RGR in each month on TRWG was equal. For both cotoneaster and juniper, increasing RGR during one month tended to have a negative influence on RGR during subsequent months.

The case is based on Engro Fertilizers Limited (EFERT), a company listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange and an important player in the fertilizer sector of Pakistan. The case describes the role of a senior equity analyst at Intermarket Securities Limited (IMS), Qasim Ahmad, who is preparing the Intermarket Pulse report on Pakistan’s fertilizer sector. The upcoming report, due on 16 February 2017, requires a comprehensive analysis. Qasim gathered the background information on the fertilizer sector in Pakistan as well as EFERT and asked a newly hired junior analyst to prepare an estimate of EFERT’s cost of capital. Now Qasim has to review the workings of the new hire and then prepare the cash flow forecast to determine the stock’s target price.

Nutrient release from Nutricote Type 100 (100-day N release; 16N-4.4P-8.1K), and from a 1:3 mixture of Nutricote Type 40 (40-day N release; 16N-4.4P-8.1K) and Type 100 was affected by time and temperature. The Type 40/100 mixture released nutrients more rapidly over a 5 to 35C range in laboratory studies. Seasonal growth of containerized cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid `Coral Beauty') and juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench. `Plumosa Compacta') increased with increasing application rates of either Nutricote Type 100 or a 1:3 mixture of Type 40/100 over the range 2-10 kg·m-3. Between 25 June and 27 July, cotoneaster grew more rapidly in media with Type 40/100 Nutricote, but by the end of the season (27 Sept.), fertilizer type showed no effect on plant dry weight. Shoot N was higher in cotoneaster plants grown with Type 40/100 Nutricote than with the Type 100 formulation during the first 2 months of growth, reflecting the more rapid release and uptake of N from the mixture. During the last month the situation was reversed, as nutrients from the Type 40/100 mixture were depleted. Potassium and P shoot concentrations were not affected by fertilizer type. Juniper growth and shoot concentrations of N, K, and P were not affected by fertilizer type at any time during the season. The results provided no evidence that seasonal growth could be enhanced in either cotoneaster (grows rapidly) or juniper (slower growing) by mixing rapid and more slowly releasing types of Nutricote.

Juniper (Juniperus spp.) encroachment into sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and bunchgrass communities has reduced understory plant cover and allowed juniper trees to dominate millions of hectares of semiarid rangelands. Trees are mechanically masticated or shredded to decrease wildfire potential and increase desirable understory plant cover. When trees are masticated after a major increase in tree population density and associated decrease in perennial understory cover, there is a risk that invasive annual grasses will dominate because they are highly responsive to the increased resource availability that commonly follows removal of the main resource user. To determine if tree mastication increases resource availability and subsequently favors invasive annual or perennial grasses, we compared soil temperature, water, and nutrient microenvironmental conditions and seedling establishment and growth. We used the major rangeland weed, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), to represent invasive annual grasses and Anatone bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve), a natural accession of native bluebunch wheatgrass, to represent the perennial grasses of the sagebrush-bunchgrass plant community. These comparisons were made between and within paired-adjacent masticated and untreated areas at three locations in Utah dominated by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little). Juniper tree mastication generally increased resource availability with masticated areas having greater soil temperature, soil water availability, and soil N supply rates than untreated areas. Prior to juniper tree mastication litter mounds were not found to be resource islands probably because juniper trees themselves were using subcanopy soil water and nutrients. After juniper tree mastication and elimination of these predominant resource users, litter mounds served as resource islands with greater soil water availability and N supply rates than bare interspaces during the critical time for seedling establishment in spring. Plant growth followed in line with greater resource availability after tree mastication with masticated areas having more productive although fewer invasive-annual and perennial grass seedlings than untreated areas. These results suggest that increases in resource availability and warmer spring temperatures associated with mastication will not necessarily favor invasive annual over perennial grass seedling establishment. Resilience of the sagebrush-bunchgrass community to return to dominance after juniper control will likely be greatly influenced by how much of the sagebrush-bunchgrass community remains following tree control and the intensity of propagule pressure by invasive species. If only invasive annuals remain when the trees are treated then invasive annuals would be expected to dominate the post-treatment plant community especially with their ability to establish inside litter mounds unless they were also controlled and perennial grasses planted at the time of treatment.