Relevant bibliographies by topics / Just war theory

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Just war theory'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Just war theory"

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Kaplan, Shawn. "Just War Theory." Philosophy in the Contemporary World 19, no. 2 (2012): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcw20121922.

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Yoder, John H. "Just war theory." History of European Ideas 17, no. 2-3 (March 1993): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(93)90306-b.

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کاکەامین, زانا, and ئومێد فتاح. "تیۆرى جه‌نگى ڕەوا له‌ سیاسەتی نێوده‌وڵه‌تیدا “لێکۆڵینەوەیەکی تیۆری." Journal for Political and Security Studies 3, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31271/jopss.10039.

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Just war is a theory that contains moral and legal justifications, and governs the time and circumstances in which states are allowed to enter the war. Therefore, just war theory and the laws of war are reflecting to each other. The first has a long history of legitimizing war and its appearance possibly goes back to the Greek and Roman civilisation as the public interest was a reasoning for their wars. In the Middle-Ages, religious authority played a significant role in legitimizing the use of force by political authority. In the modern era, the nature of war and the principles of intervention have undergone changes, so that the implementation of that theory built and established the nation-state in the West. In contemporary times, Michael Walzer developed the theory so that individual rights became a central principle of just war. The main question of this study is whether war can be legitimized and reasonable or when intervention is legitimate? As well as how the forces are used? This study examines and explains the mentioned questions by presenting the roots and principles of that theory. Thus, it is assumed that a war is just when it is decided through the principles of a just war theory. This theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. It can be concluded that Just war is a last resort and that its essential aim is always peace and Justice.
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Cook, Martin L. "Applied Just War Theory." Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 18 (1998): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/asce19981817.

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van der Linden, Harry. "Questioning Just War Theory." Radical Philosophy Review 8, no. 2 (2005): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev20058218.

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Orend, Brian. "Kant's Just War Theory." Journal of the History of Philosophy 37, no. 2 (1999): 323–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0847.

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Carter, Jacoby Adeshei. "Just/New War Theory." Philosophy in the Contemporary World 16, no. 2 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcw200916213.

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Yakushev, Leonid V. "Jus Post Bellum in Just War Theory." Ethical Thought 19, no. 2 (2019): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146//2074-4870-2019-19-2-128-136.

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Reichberg, Gregory. "Preventive War in Classical Just War Theory." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 9, no. 1 (2007): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138819907x187288.

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Stanar, Dragan. "Just war theory in Njegos’s works." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 179 (2021): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn2179361s.

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Modern just war theory represents more of a tradition of thoughts on ethical issues of war than a theory per se. However, philosophical attitudes on war coming from authors from non-western cultures, including Serbian culture, are often left outside of this tradition. Author aims to demonstrate that there are clear ideas on ethical attributes of war and warring in Njegos?s work. By analyzing Njegos?s views expressed in his most significant works, through the prism of criteria of the classical elements of the modern just war theory (Jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello), author demonstrates the existence of Serbian tradition of thought on ethics of war and warring. In this way, modern just war theory is supplemented and enriched with the Serbian historical perspective on justness of war and in war. Simultaneously, author highlights the challenges and perils of interpretation of philosophical ideas without considering the historical context, specific political-culturological circumstances and personality of the idea author. This is of a particular contemporary relevance, as misinterpretations of Njegos?s ideas on war and justice in war are often used to further fuel national antagonisms and destabilize the region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Just war theory"

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Starke, Steven Charles. "Kant's Just War Theory." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6398.

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The main thesis of my dissertation is that Kant has a just war theory, and it is universal just war theory, not a traditional just war theory. This is supported by first establishing the history of secular just war theory, specifically through a consideration of the work of Hugo Grotius, Rights of War and Peace. I take his approach, from a natural law perspective, as indicative of the just war theory tradition. I also offer a brief critique of this tradition, suggesting some issues that are endemic to these kinds of theories. From this general understanding, the version of Kant’s just war theory present in Brian Orend’s work War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective, is explored and rejected as another traditional just war theory. Orend attempts to shoehorn Kant into a tradition which Kant rejects as ineffective, and poorly grounded. Orend’s work is not without merit, and his view is reconceptualized in the last chapter. If not a traditional just war theory, then either a new category of just war theory needs to be established, or the thesis ought to be rejected. Thus, the next task is to defend against the claim that Kant does not have a just war theory at all, as claimed by Howard Williams in his work Kant and the End of War. This is rejected as insufficiently nuanced in its interpretation of Kant, and also for resulting in principles contrary to Kant’s moral theory. This view is also utilized in a new manner in the last chapter. Prior to describing the new category of just war theory, I consider the general approach Kant had to war. To do this, I explore his philosophical approach on ever more specific areas of philosophical investigation. I conclude that Kant has a dynamic and progressive understanding of the concepts he investigated, including philosophy, humanity, ethics, politics, and, eventually, war. In the penultimate chapter, I establish what I call a universal just war theory. I consider and name the traits of both a traditional just war theory and a universal just war theory, using Marxist Communism as an explanatory example of universal just war theory. This provides an intellectual space for Kant’s theory to reside, which is also consistent with his philosophical approach. The last chapter is devoted to the explanation and application of Kant’s universal just war theory. I offer an overarching principle for Kant’ view of conflict and defend it as a universal just war theory. I also revisit the place Orend and Williams views’ have in a proper understanding of Kant on just war. I end with an application of Kant’s universal just war theory to previous conflicts, as a demonstration of the practical value of this view. Thus, through first a negative argument against current conceptions of Kant’s views of just war theory, and then a positive argument for Kant’s general philosophical approach and a new category of just war theory, I offer an interpretation of Kant on just war theory. I argue this interpretation is superior to previous ones, and recommends real world applications for just war theorists to utilize.
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Malone, Naomi. "From Just War To Just Peace: Re-Visioning Just War Theory From A Feminist Perspective." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000339.

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Larsson, Amanda. "Not Just War, But A Just War : Individual rights versus the collective good in just cause for war." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433324.

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Underwood, III Maj Robert E. "The Moral Reality of War: Defensive Force and Just War Theory." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/53.

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The permissible use of defensive force is a central tenet of the traditional legal and philosophical justification for war and its practice. Just War Theory holds a nation’s right to resist aggressive attack with defensive force as the clearest example of a just cause for war. Just War Theory also stipulates norms for warfare derived from a conception of defensive force asserted to be consistent with the moral reality of war. Recently, these aspects of Just War Theory have been criticized. David Rodin has challenged the status of national defense as an uncontroversial just cause. Jeff McMahan has charged that Just War Theory’s norms that govern warfare are inconsistent with the norms of permissive defensive force. In this thesis I defend the status of national defense as a clear case of a just cause. However, my defense may require revision of Just War Theory’s norms that govern warfare.
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Underwood, Robert E. "The moral reality of war defensive force and just war theory /." unrestricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04212009-201600/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2009.
Title from file title page. Andrew Altman, committee chair; Sebastian Rand, Andrew J. Cohen, committee members. Description based on contents viewed July 14, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85).
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Olson, Matthew D. "Is the just war theory a valid option for Christians?" Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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Fairbrother, Mark E. "The intersection of just war theory, Romans 13:4, the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, and pre-emptive war." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

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Nasri, Carl-Christian. "Intervention? Yes, it’s Just War : Analyzing the possibilities of justifying a U.S. intervention according to the Just War Theory." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384704.

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This study will focus on examining the probabilities of justifying military interventions. In order to conduct this study, the U.S. will be the subject of interest. The paper will discuss and analyze the case of justifying an intervention by the U.S. in Syria. The analysis will be based on the Just War Theory by the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas. To be able to conduct this study, official statements by the US government will be used to understand their reasoning concerning the subject. Mainly, statements will from the current and former heads of state, the American presidents, be analyzed. In the analysis of the paper, the criteria of the Just War Theory will be applied to the U.S. case with the objective to determine if the statements could justify an intervention. The outcome of Discussion and Conclusion reached the result that it would be justifiable for the U.S. to intervene in Syria. However, it becomes clear that the question of legitimate warfare and interventions are more complex than expected.
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Kauffman, Rudi D. "The Outcomes of Just War: An Empirical Study of the Outcomes Associated with Adherence to Just War Theory, 1960-2000." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342105770.

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Son, Changwan. "Just war and nuclear weapons : just war theory and its application to the Korean nuclear weapons issue in Korean Christianity." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4515.

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This thesis is primarily an application of the Christian tradition of Just War to the problems arising from the basing of US nuclear weapons in South Korea and the development of nuclear weapons by the regime in the North. The Christian theology of Just War has developed over the last two thousand years, adapting as first Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire, through the break down of any enforceable norms in Europe‘s 'Dark Ages‘, to the emergence of the concept of the modern nation state at the end of the Thirty Years Wars in 1648. Throughout these shifts, two issues have remained constant, although their relative weight has changed. First that a war can only be described as 'just' if it is being waged for legitimate reasons, jus ad bellum, and that is waged in a proportionate manner that seeks to separate combatants from non-combatants, jus in bello. Both these ideas were severely weakened in the period of warfare that followed on from the American and French Revolutions at the end of the Eighteenth Century. The new ideology of nationalism brought with it the idea of the nation at arms, the armed citizenry, and with this, a further blurring of the always weak distinction between soldiers and the wider population. By 1945, both the secular and Christian tradition lay in ruins, damaged by the total warfare in the twentieth century when anything and anyone who could contribute to the wider war effort became a target. Also, although not the most destructive weapon, this saw the advent of the nuclear bomb. In response, Christian thinkers sought to redefine the concepts of Just War for a nuclear age, with the potential for the use of weapons that could destroy all of humanity. Some saw this as the lesser evil, when faced with the victory of a totalitarian political system, and others argued that proportionality could be maintained if the size of weapons, or their targeting, was such as to minimise wider damage. On the other hand, many theologians argued that by definition they could never be discriminate or proportionate and that their use (or even the implied threat of their use) would always fail the precepts of Jus in Bello. In the modern Korean context, this debate is not abstract, but has real bearing on the practical steps being taken by all the main parties. The acquisition of nuclear weapons by the North (the DPRK) has meant that the desire for Korean re-unification has become entwined with how best to resolve the nuclear issue. At the moment, in the South amongst the Protestant communities (split between the CCK and the NCCK), this debate has become fixed on issues of practical politics. In effect, is it better to negotiate with the North over the nuclear weapons issue and hope that resolving this will then lead to reunification or is it better to aim to overthrow the DPRK (economically, politically or even militarily) and, this, by definition, would resolve the question of their possession of nuclear weapons. At the moment both the NCCK and the CCK have based their policies towards North Korea (the DPRK) on the basis of secular politics not the teachings of the Christian gospel. The NCCK is tending to overlook human rights abuses in the DPRK, and the threat of that regime‘s nuclear arsenal, in their emphasis on the need to overcome the political division of Korea. In turn, the CCK ignores much Christian teaching with its emphasis on seeking the collapse (perhaps by military means) of the DPRK as a precursor to unification. In this, both bodies seem to have forgotten that they are fundamentally Christian confessional bodies, and as such their public statements should be based on the Gospels, not on the practicalities of day to day politics. Neither approach is particularly grounded on either in the Christian message of the gospels or the Just War tradition. Thus this thesis does not just seek to explore and explain the current situation in Korea using the concepts of Just War, it also seeks to provide a basis on which the Protestant community can resolve their current impasse. This means the thesis is grounded on the Christian concept of political theology, in particular in so far as this approach 'offers alternatives to better comprehend the different postures and approaches towards a solution‘. In the case of the situation in Korea, this means there is no military solution to the problem of unification. Nor can a solution be found in ignoring the human rights abuses in the DPRK. The answer lies in stressing three aspects that remain fundamental to any Christian identity in Korea – of a unified Korean koinoina, that any resort to force must meet the conditions of the Christian Just War tradition, and that, as faith groups, any response must stem from the Gospels.
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Books on the topic "Just war theory"

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1941-, Elshtain Jean Bethke, ed. Just war theory. New York, USA: New York University Press, 1992.

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1941-, Elshtain Jean Bethke, ed. Just war theory. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell, 1992.

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Evans, Mark, ed. Just War Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5.

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Mark, Evans, ed. Just war theory: A reappraisal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005.

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1965-, Evans Mark, ed. Just war theory: A reappraisal. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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May, Larry. Contingent pacifism: Revisiting just war theory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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Hawkins, Ty, and Andrew Kim. Just War Theory and Literary Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79863-5.

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Cahill, Lisa Sowle. Discipleship, pacifism and just war theory. Mundelein, Ill: University of St. Mary of the Lake, Mundelein Seminary, 1995.

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McCarthy, Leo. Human rights, intervention & just war theory. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Dept. of Politics, 1992.

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Fotion, N. War and ethics: A new just war theory. London: Continuum, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Just war theory"

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Brocklehurst, Helen. "Just War? Just Children?" In Just War Theory, 114–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_6.

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Chatterjee, Deen K. "Just War Theory." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 585. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_1059.

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Evans, Mark. "Introduction: Moral Theory and the Idea of a Just War." In Just War Theory, 1–21. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_1.

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Evans, Mark. "Conclusion: In Defence of Just War Theory." In Just War Theory, 203–22. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_10.

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Crawford, Neta C. "The Justice of Preemption and Preventive War Doctrines." In Just War Theory, 25–49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_2.

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Lang, Anthony F. "Punitive Intervention: Enforcing Justice or Generating Conflict?" In Just War Theory, 50–70. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_3.

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Evans, Mark. "In Humanity’s Name: Democracy and the Right to Wage War." In Just War Theory, 71–89. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_4.

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Carmola, Kateri. "The Concept of Proportionality: Old Questions and New Ambiguities." In Just War Theory, 93–113. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_5.

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Orend, Brian. "Is there a Supreme Emergency Exemption?" In Just War Theory, 134–53. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_7.

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Hayden, Patrick. "Security Beyond the State: Cosmopolitanism, Peace and the Role of Just War Theory." In Just War Theory, 157–76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10912-5_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Just war theory"

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Wan Rashid, Wan Mohamad Izrin. "An Analysis On The Sultan Muhammad Al-Fateh’s Military Leadership Based On The Traditional Theory Of Just War." In 4th icPSIRS International Conference on Political Science, International Relations and Sociology. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.02.8.

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Mandra, Galyna. "RETHINKING HUGO GROTIUS’S STANCE ON THE JUST WAR THEORY AS A FOUNDATIONAL PILLAR OF THE MODERN SCIENCE IN APPLIED SECURITY, JUSTICE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS." In ЗДОБУТКИ ТА ДОСЯГНЕННЯ ПРИКЛАДНИХ ТА ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНИХ НАУК XXI СТОЛІТТЯ. Міжнародний центр наукових досліджень, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/07.08.2020.v2.20.

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Levitskaia, Tatiana. "THE FORGOTTEN WAR: WORKS BY N. A. LUKHMANOVA ABOUT MANCHURIA." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.28.

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Nadezhda Lukhmanova (1841–1907) was a novelist, playwright, publicist, lecturer. Today her name is almost forgotten, but at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries she was well-known throughout Russia: her artistic and dramatic works were widely in demand, she gave lectures in the capital and abroad, worked as a journalist in the leading St. Petersburg newspapers. At the age of 62, she took part in the Russian-Japanese war as a nurse of the Red Cross and war correspondent (Peterburgskaia gazeta, Yuzhniy Krai). During her stay in the war and later in Japan, Lukhmanova wrote not only travel notes and articles for newspapers, but also short plays, stories based on real events (Shaman, Black stripe, Tree in the Palace of Chizakuin, Li-Tun-Chi), stylization of Chinese and Japanese fairy tales (The Only Language Clear for a Woman, Human Soul, Typhoon, Golden Fox). The writer raised a variety of topics: the place and role of women in the war, the organization of hospitals, unjustified victims of war and the problem of moral choice, as well as ethnographic sketches devoted to the traditions and mode of life of Manchuria and Japan. And if its early records resemble ethnographic sketches, filled with wariness towards the local population and a lack of understanding of Chinese customs, then later, in fairy tales and diary sketches, the sense of guilt before the Chinese people for the bloody slaughter taking place on their land becomes more clearly apparent. The works of the writer were undeservedly forgotten for more than a hundred years and are just beginning their return to literary memory.
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Keyes, Robert W. "Overview of Electronic Switching Technologies for Digital Logic." In Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1987.wa2.

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Modern computation depends on the representation of information in digital form. “Digital” means that there are a discrete set of signal values. All contemporary electronic logic uses just two digits, binary representation of information. There are two recognizable signal values. A binary unit of information is known as a bit. It can be represented by the position of a switch of the familiar ON-OFF type. The state of the switch or the signal is also conveniently represented by a 0 or a 1.
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Šmejkal, Václav. "CORONAVIRUS CRISIS AND EU ANTITRUST – JUST TEMPORARY ADAPTATIONS OR LONG-TERM CHANGES?" In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.1.

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The European Commission and the competition authorities of the EU member states responded to the coronavirus crisis with assurances about sufficient flexibility of their instruments. They enabled temporary cooperation between competitors to ensure the supply of essential medical products and services. At the same time, they warned against any misuse of the crisis for overpricing or other monopolistic practices. However, the crisis has also intensified long-term pressures for a fundamental adaptation of European competition rules. The first challenge is represented by Chinese state-backed enterprises as potential acquirers of weakened European competitors. The second source of pressure is the increasingly dominant role of global online platforms. Their role as an irreplaceable infrastructure for management, communication, counselling and distance learning was reinforced in the coronavirus crisis. The Commission and other experts are already discussing appropriate responses. This paper maps the discussion on possible EU responses to these challenges, and tries to show the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed solutions and on this basis to estimate the future development of EU antitrust in the post-coronavirus period.
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Rebmann, Andrea J., Barry P. Boden, and Frances T. Sheehan. "Patellar Maltracking: No Longer Just a 2D Problem." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43098.

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In order to correctly diagnose and treat pathological knee joint mechanics we must be able to non-invasively quantify the 3D in vivo kinematics of this joint. Unfortunately, the majority of clinical diagnoses, for this joint, are based upon static 2D imaging. This is due to the fact that currently there is a scarcity of noninvasive measurement techniques that acquire 3D in vivo data dynamically. Thus, in vivo patellofemoral (PF) kinematic measurements typically compress a 3D time-dependent joint attitude to a static 2D representation. The purpose of this study was to investigate if patellar maltracking is limited to two dimensions, as assumed clinically, or if it is a complete six-degree of freedom problem. To do this, we quantified the 3D patellofemoral and tibiofemoral (TF) kinematics in both healthy individuals and those with suspected patellofemoral maltracking using fast-phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging, a technique developed in our previous work. Our data suggest that variations in kinematics were not confined to the standard axial plane measures (e.g. patellar tilt, patellar subluxation), but variations are exhibited in all six degrees of freedom. Therefore, future clinical diagnoses and interventions along with future research will be most effective if the measures used are broadened to include all six-degrees of freedom.
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Tomko, Megan, Amanda Schwartz, Wendy Newstetter, Melissa Alemán, Robert Nagel, and Julie Linsey. "“A Makerspace Is More Than Just a Room Full of Tools”: What Learning Looks Like for Female Students in Makerspaces." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86276.

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Postulating that the act of making stimulates learning, a widespread effort prompted the integration of makerspaces on college campuses. From community colleges to research-based higher education institutions, large investments were and still are being made to advance the making spirit and encourage non-traditional learning in academic settings. While optimistic that students are taking advantage of the makerspace resources and are in fact learning from their experiences, there needs to be a more direct effort to understand the learning, if any, that is occurring in the makerspace. The makerspace is labeled as an open, learning environment where students are able to design, create, innovate, and collaborate [1, 2]. In response, we investigate the claims of this statement through the research question: how is learning experienced by female students in an academic makerspace? Female students in STEM, especially those engaged in makerspaces, have unique and uncharacteristic experiences that can lend way to various learning and pedagogical implications. The purpose of this paper is to highlight our methodological process for incorporating in-depth phenomenologically based interviewing and for utilizing open and axial coding methods to establish grounded theory. We interview five female students through purposeful maximum variation sampling and snowball sampling. Through a rigorous and iterative data analysis process of the ten-percent of the overall, we created a preliminary coding scheme that articulates how learning is occurring, what design skills are being learned, and what life skills are being learned. These preliminary findings show that not only are these female students learning by doing and learning how to problem solve in design, but they are also overcoming fears, developing patience, and communicating ideas in these design-oriented makerspaces.
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Murphy, Cristina C., and Carla Brisotto. "Universal Method, Local Design: The JUST CITY Studio at Morgan State University." In 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.57.

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In May 2017, the AIA honored Paul R. Williams with a Gold Medal. At the ceremony, his granddaughter advocated for an architectural education that is more just throughout ethnicity and genders, a call that was stated fourteen years earlier by Melvin Mitchell when he noted that “black America is entering the twenty-first century with a shortage of […] black […] architects.” Unfortunately, Mitchell’s question of “what those […] missing black architects must do toward the furtherance of the cultural and socio-economic agenda of today’s Black America” has still to be fully answered. Though African Americans made up 13 percent of the total U.S. population, only 2 percent of licensed architects in the U.S. are African American. In 2007, African-American women made up a scant two-tenths of a percent of licensed architects in the U.S., for just 196 practitioners. It is important that “[black] schools … be at the forefront of establishing the theoretical as well as practical rapprochement between black architects and the Black America they were spawned from […]” The time to assess of the educational development in black schools has arrived. In Freire’s The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, education is a form of empowerment that liberates minorities from a standardized system of knowledge. The educator has to tailor the teaching experience through a deep understanding of the students. With this approach the educator can learn about the context the students live in, helping them visualize individual problems, advocating for their awareness and willingness to take a professional, creative and social stand. This approach is founded on the idea that real education implies a not hierarchical, horizontal relationship between the teacher and students, one that does not pour knowledge from teacher to students. As Freire says, “the teacher is no longer the one who teaches, but one who is taught in dialogue with students […]. They become responsible for a process in which [everyone] grow.” Developing Freire’s argument, we propose a relationship teacher – students that is circulation of knowledge between the teacher and the students, but also fellow students and communities. Education is carried on globally to prepare the learners to a reality that goes beyond their immediate surrounding. Following Freire’s pedagogical principles, schools of architecture need to focus on a different approach to education, one that leads to their enfranchisement. Education should reconnect these individuals to the environment they live in while, at the same time, give them the opportunity to move beyond the expected path of architectural education. The paper presents three sections, each with a theoretical description that frames the pedagogical approach and the critical analysis of the studio. The conclusion lays down the final outcomes and the further development of the research.
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Rice, Alyssa, Gabrielle Longo, Faith Shank, and Clayton Neighbors. "Just Say No: The Relationship between Conformity Motives, Refusal Self-Efficacy, and Cannabis-Related Consequences." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.03.

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Cannabis use on college campuses is common, with more than half of students reporting use within the past year (Schulenberg, et. al, 2020). Additionally, a 2017 study found that approximately 90% of past-month cannabis users reported having experienced at least one negative consequence (Pearson, Liese, & Dvorak, 2017). Numerous studies have evaluated the association between conformity motives and cannabis-related consequences such as driving under the influence or poor academic performance (Glodosky & Cuttler, 2019; Lee, Neighbors, & Woods, 2007). Research suggests that while those users who endorse conformity motives generally report lower use and frequency (Zvolensky et al., 2007), they may be at high risk of experiencing negative cannabis-related consequences (Buckner, Walukevich, & Lewis, 2019). One construct that has been shown to predict lower cannabis-related problems in young adults is refusal self-efficacy (Papinczak, Connor, Harnett, & Gullo, 2018; Hayaki et al., 2011). Refusal self-efficacy in relation to cannabis use is one’s belief that they will be able to resist, refuse, or turn down cannabis when offered. As refusal self-efficacy is prominent in conformity-driven situations, it is important to understand how refusal self-efficacy may mediate the relationship between conformity motives and cannabis-related consequences. As this relationship has not yet been tested we aim to examine this mediational relationship. We hypothesized that refusal self-efficacy mediates the relationship between motives and cannabis-related problems, such that refusal self-efficacy explains the preexisting relationship between conformity motives and problems related to cannabis use. Participants included 567 undergraduate students (49.02% White, 77.21% female). Cannabis use prevalence among the sample was 61.25% lifetime, 36.53% within the past 6 months, and 28.92% within the past 30 days. The relationship between conformity motives, refusal self-efficacy, and problems was examined using structural equation modeling in STATA Version 15.1. Results found that The relationship between conformity motives and cannabis-related problems was partially mediated by cannabis refusal self-efficacy. The direct path from conformity motives to problems was significant and positive (B = .167, SE = .063), indicating a competitive mediation (Zhao, Lynch, & Chen, 2010). The standardized regression coefficient between conformity motives and refusal self-efficacy was statistically significant (B = -.337, SE = .053), as was the standardized regression coefficient between refusal self-efficacy and cannabis-related problems (B = -.411, SE = .06). We tested the significance of the indirect effect using bootstrapping procedures. Unstandardized indirect effects were computed for each of the 5,000 bootstrapped samples. The bootstrapped unstandardized indirect effect was .357, and the 95% confidence interval ranged from .180, .533. Thus, the indirect effect was statistically significant. This indicates that part of the reason that those with conformity motives have cannabis-related problems is due to their inability to refuse cannabis when offered. However, due to the fact that this was a partial mediation, there are other potential mediators to be accounted for, such as social anxiety (Buckner & Schmidt, 2008).
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Squires, Christopher, Brad Leonard, Shaun Geerts, and Matthew Clay. "Perf Guns, They’re Not Just for Holes Anymore! Perf Cluster Tracer Injection." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210134-ms.

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Abstract Oilfield water and oil tracers have historically been pumped into the fracturing fluid during well stimulation. This paper will introduce an alternative method of injecting oilfield tracers that utilizes perforating guns with energetic propellant to force the tracer into a perforation cluster prior to fracturing operations. Direct tracer injection from perforating guns offers several advantages to operators that are interested in oilfield tracer diagnostics, they include:Monitoring a wells oil or water returns down to an individual cluster level of resolution.Energetic propellent assisted perforation cluster breakdown.Direct tracer injection into clusters for wells that are: Perforated but not hydraulically fractured.Bullhead refracturing treatments with long open intervals of newly fired perforations.Not sufficiently isolated between stages from poor cementing or leaking plugs.Not isolated or experimentally isolated between stages. Oilfield tracers in solid form were first injected into perforation clusters with energetic propellants on two Marcellus Shale wells. The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine if Perforation Gun Tracing (PGT) could be used to provide flow-assurance diagnostic information to the well operator. Additionally, standard liquid water tracers were also injected into the flowstream during the corresponding fracture treatment stages and used as a control for the PGT. Both tracer injection methods indicated that the toe side of the wellbore was contributing to the fluid returns profile and also showed similar trends in tracer response over time. This experiment showed that PGT could provide valuable diagnostic information to well operators. Several additional field trials that exploit the unique benefits of PGT were completed after the success of the initial experiment and are included in the case studies section of the paper. In each case, PGT was able to provide the intended diagnostic which included flow-assurance, flow-profiling, fracture driven interactions and/or refracturing effectiveness. In refracturing, PGT has tremendous benefits because the energetic propellent can help the new perforations breakdown and compete with the existing broken down and eroded perforations. Additionally, unique tracers are injected at several known cluster depths throughout the lateral. Any returns of the unique tracers in the flowback water will correspond to fracturing fluid that has contacted the depth of that specific traced cluster. This provides an operator valuable diagnostic information to determine how deep their refracture treatment was able to reach into the lateral. PGT also delivers information on the returns of an individual cluster, without post-frac well intervention or permanent hardware installation.
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Reports on the topic "Just war theory"

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Limberg, Wayne. The Gulf War and the Theory of Just War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440700.

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Morrow, Patrick D. Just War Theory and the 2003 Decision to Invade Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589709.

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Hendrickson, Eric K. Just War Theory Applied to US Policy in Pakistan and Yemen. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612170.

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Patton, Desmond, and Catalina Vallejo. Examining Violence and Black Grief on Social Media: An Interview with Desmond Upton Patton. Just Tech, Social Science Research Council, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/jt.3020.d.2022.

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As part of our “What Is Just Tech?” series, we invited several social researchers—scholars, practitioners, artists, and activists—to respond to a simple yet fundamental question: “What is just technology?” This interview was conducted by Just Tech program officer Catalina Vallejo, who spoke with Desmond Upton Patton, Professor of Social Work at Columbia University and Just Tech Advisory Board member. Patton (he/him) studies how gang-involved youth conceptualize threats on social media and the extent to which social media may shape or facilitate youth and gang violence. He is the founding director of SAFElab, which centers young people’s perspectives in computational and social work research on violence, trains future social work scholars, and actively engages in violence prevention and intervention. In their conversation, Vallejo and Patton spoke about social media as an amplifier of violence, the importance of lived experience informing computational research, and misunderstandings about Black grief.
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Nucera, Diana J., and Catalina Vallejo. Media-making Pedagogies for Empowerment & Social Change: An Interview with Diana J. Nucera (AKA Mother Cyborg). Just Tech, Social Science Research Council, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/jt.3022.d.2022.

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" As part of our “What Is Just Tech?” series, we invited several social researchers–scholars, practitioners, artists, and activists—to respond to a simple yet fundamental question: “What is just technology?” This interview was conducted by Just Tech program officer Catalina Vallejo, who spoke with Diana J. Nucera, AKA Mother Cyborg, a multimedia artist, educator, and organizer based in Detroit, Michigan. Nucera (she/her) uses music, performance, DIY publishing, community-organizing tactics, and popular education methods to elevate collective technological consciousness and agency. Her art draws from and includes eleven years of community organizing work in Detroit. In their conversation, Vallejo and Nucera spoke about the history of independent media and the internet, the potential of media-making pedagogies for empowerment and social change, and being optimistic about opportunity in the midst of great challenges."
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Woodruffe, P. Rosebank: Cabbages, Horses and Science. Unitec ePress, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/emed.010.

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In 1993, Neville Exler filmed on his Sony Handicam, the three Connell brothers on site at their market garden on Rosebank Road. This film was made just as these men, the last farmers on Rosebank Road were negotiating the sale of their farmland for development, and so ending the last chapter of Rosebank Road as the fruit and vegetable basket of Auckland. In 2012 this video was given to our research collective to convert to digital format.
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Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.

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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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BALYSH, A. N., and O. B. CHIRICOVA. SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROCKET WEAPONS IN THE USSR IN THE 20-40S OF THE XX CENTURY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-2-91-102.

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The aim of the article. Establishment and development of the USSR rocket weapons for the period of the New Economic Policy and industrialization is one of the most interesting and poorly researched problem of the USSR military industry. The USSR first researches in the field of rocket weapons and ammunition creation, their features and results are poorly investigated by national historical science and just they are observed in the paper. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also use special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. The paper is written by using the declassified documents for Official Use Only, by military technical documents, stored in the Russian National Library, little known memories of direct participants and some published researches. By considering these documents and materials it become clear that in the USSR before the Great Patriotic War a complex of problems on rocket weapon implementation were conditioned by objective and subjective reasons. The consequence of this was the adoption of some unfounded species of reactive weapons before the Great Patriotic War, who received an overestimated assessment and not justified all expectations and hopes assigned to them during the fighting. As a result, only by the end of the war these systems began to be used for their true purpose. Practical application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: facts shown in the article and conclusions drawn on them can be used for further research of USSR rocket weapon establishment and development in 20-40th years of XX century and also for Soviet history in general.
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.

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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
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Darity Jr., William, M’Balou M’Balou Camara, and Nancy MacLean. Setting the Record Straight on the Libertarian South African Economist W. H. Hutt and James M. Buchanan. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp184.

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In their stormy response to Nancy MacLean’s book Democracy in Chains, some academics on the libertarian right have conducted a concerted defense of Nobel Laureate James Buchanan’s credentials as an anti-racist, or at least a non-racist. An odd component of their argument is a claim of innocence by association: the peripatetic South African economist and Mont Pelerin Society founding member William Harold Hutt was against apartheid; Buchanan was a friend and supporter of Hutt; therefore, Buchanan could not have been abetting segregationists with his support for public funding of segregationist private schools. At the core of this chain of argument is the inference that Hutt’s opposition to apartheid proves that Hutt himself was committed to racial equality. However, just as there were white supremacists who opposed slavery in the United States, we demonstrate Hutt was a white supremacist who opposed apartheid in South Africa. We document how Hutt embraced notions of black inferiority, even in The Economics of the Colour Bar, his most ferocious attack on apartheid. Whether or not innocence by association is a sound defense of anyone’s ideology or conduct, Hutt, himself, was not innocent of white supremacy.
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