Academic literature on the topic 'Justice, Administration of – Wales'

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Journal articles on the topic "Justice, Administration of – Wales"

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Bransbury, Lynda. "Devolution in Wales and social justice." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 12, no. 03 (2004): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/ygct9762.

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People in Wales are, on average, poorer than in Britain as a whole, with high levels of economic inactivity, poor health and child poverty. Following devolution, the new Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) pledged itself to ‘made in Wales’ policies that could tackle poverty, build a fairer and more inclusive society and generate more participative and accountable democracy in Wales. This article considers the scope for policy divergence, given the weakness of the devolution settlement in Wales, and examines some of the flagship policies since devolution that demonstrate WAG‘s distinctive approach
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Drakeford, Mark. "Social justice in a devolved Wales." Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, no. 2 (2007): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/arlt4378.

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This article aims to provide an insider’s account of post-devolution policy making in Wales. It focuses on the work of the Welsh Assembly Government in the field of social justice and argues that a set of distinctive and internally coherent principles can be seen in operation across the responsibilities which the Assembly discharges. These include a belief in the usefulness of government, a commitment to progressive universalism, a preference for cooperation rather than competition as a means of improving standards of public services, and the pursuit of equality of outcome, rather than simply
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Butterworth, Lee. "Investigating death in Moreton Bay: Coronial inquests and magisterial inquiries." Queensland Review 26, no. 01 (2019): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2019.2.

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AbstractEnglish common law was applied in the New South Wales penal colony when it was founded by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788. Phillip’s second commission granted him sole authority to appoint coroners and justices of the peace within the colony. The first paid city coroner was appointed in 1810 and only five coroners served the expanding territory of New South Wales by 1821. To relieve the burden on coroners, justices of the peace were authorised to conduct magisterial inquiries as an alternative to inquests. When the Moreton Bay settlement was established, and land was opened up to free
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Лошкарева, Мария, Mariya Loshkareva, Елизавета Долкова, and Elizaveta Dolkova. "“AN ACTE FOR LAWES AND JUSTICE TO BE MINISTERED IN WALES IN LIKE FOURME AS IT IS IN THIS REALM” AND PROBLEMS OF INCORPORATION OF WALES IN THE ENGLISH KINGDOM." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 4 (2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14267.

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The article is devoted to “An Acte for Lawes and Justice to be ministered in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realm” (27 Henry VIII c. 26) and “An Acte for certaine Ordinaunces in the Kinges Majesties Domynion and Principalitie of Wales” (34 and 35 Henry VIII c. 26) which incorporated Wales to England, extended the legal system of England to Wales and introduced the norms of English administration. These Acts are considered as a part of the Tudor’s state formation, which was characterized by colonialism and by the intention to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction. In this
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Slabospitsky, A. S. "Consideration of Civil Disputes During a Pandemic: Experience of England and Wales." Rossijskoe pravosudie 6 (May 26, 2021): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2021.6.83-87.

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The restrictions that have arisen in a pandemic have a significant impact not only on substantive relations, but also affect the scope of dispute resolution. The resulting «procedural risks» arising from the «freezing» of court proceedings during a pandemic can be partially neutralized, for which it is necessary to use various remote mechanisms of access to justice. The author of this article researched international and interstate agreements, as well as legislation, experience of the judicial system of England and Wales, which adopted a number of procedural mechanisms for remote litigation in
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Hallett, Nicholas, Nadine Smit, and Keith Rix. "Miscarriages of justice and expert psychiatric evidence: lessons from criminal appeals in England and Wales." BJPsych Advances 25, no. 4 (2019): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.11.

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SUMMARYMiscarriages of justice occur as a result of unsafe convictions and findings and inappropriate sentences. In cases involving expert psychiatric evidence it is possible that the way evidence is presented by experts or interpreted by the courts has a direct bearing on the case. Using illustrative cases from the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal, advice is offered to expert psychiatric witnesses on ways to reduce the likelihood of contributing to such miscarriages of justice and on how they may assist in rectifying such miscarriages, should they occur.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter readin
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Iannacci, Federico. "Digitising criminal justice in England and Wales: revisiting information‐growth dynamics." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 3, no. 1 (2009): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506160910940731.

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Freer, Elaine. "Experts and pretenders: Examining possible responses to misconduct by experts in criminal trials in England and Wales." International Journal of Evidence & Proof 24, no. 2 (2020): 180–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365712720913336.

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Much academic literature explores the reliability of expert evidence in criminal proceedings in England and Wales. However, almost no attention has been paid to misconduct by experts giving evidence in criminal cases. Whilst rare, its serious impact on the administration of justice and public trust in it means that this area requires analysis. This article explores possible responses to expert witness misconduct occurring in the context of criminal proceedings in England and Wales, noting particularly the differences in responses available, depending firstly upon whether the expert is a regist
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SORABJI, John, and Steven VAUGHAN. "“This Is Not A Rule”: COVID-19 in England & Wales and Criminal Justice Governance via Guidance." European Journal of Risk Regulation 12, no. 1 (2021): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.118.

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While soft law is an integral part of the efficient and effective functioning of public administration in England & Wales, the extent to which it was deployed in response to COVID-19 is striking, with over 400 pieces of “guidance and regulations” created. In this article, we consider the general place of soft law in administrative law in England & Wales and the broad regulatory framework, including soft law, that governs the COVID-19 pandemic. This allows us to take a deep dive into COVID-19 and the criminal justice system, showing how the senior judiciary relied predominately on soft
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Hare, Ivan. "Access to Governmental Information and the Judicial Process: United Kingdom Law and the Influence of Europe." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815932.

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In the course of attempts by the Thatcher administration to restrain the publication of Spycatcher, the memoirs of a former member of the security and intelligence services, the United Kingdom’s most senior civil servant, the Cabinet Secretary, was subjected to several days of intense cross-examination before Justice Powell in New South Wales and in the High Court in London. Sir Robert Armstrong’s testimony ranged across the recent history of government reactions to the proposed publication of sensitive information by former members of the security services and has since become a significant p
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Justice, Administration of – Wales"

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Quinn, Peter. "Unenlightened efficiency the administration of the juvenile correction system in New South Wales, 1905-1988 /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/623.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004.<br>Title from title screen (viewed 7 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Williams, Kadifa. "Black people and criminal justice in England and Wales : a study on bail." [n.p.], 1999. http://dart.open.ac.uk/abstracts/page.php?thesisid=181.

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Bolitho, Jane Johnman Social Science &amp Policy UNSW. "Creating space for young people, dialogue and decision making : youth justice conferencing in New South Wales Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Social Science and Policy, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20780.

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Juvenile justiceAdministration ofNew South Wales.Juvenile delinquentsRehabilitationThis study examines the process of Youth Justice Conferencing in New South Wales within the context of the theory and aims of the restorative justice movement. Analysis of relevant literature and theory suggests that restorative justice is a broad and encompassing movement that entails a decision making process where victims, communities and offenders come together in a joint response to an offence. Although this breadth has allowed and encouraged a proliferation of programs that respond to particular needs an
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Barry, Lillian M. "A journey through the prison garden : weeds in the warehouse." Thesis, View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/36967.

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Through the implementation of a garden project in two women-centred correctional facilities in New South Wales, this thesis explores tensions between punitive and rehabilitative goals. The impacts of these tensions on the garden project and the every-day lived experience for female inmates form the basis of the research. Initially, the research looked at the rehabilitative potential of a horticultural therapy program for female inmates. This focus correlated with the holistic rehabilitative rhetoric within women’s prisons in New South Wales. Based on this, a small garden project of five months
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Donoghue, Jane Catriona. "The use of antisocial behaviour orders (ASBOs) in Britain : unpacking the primacy of legal procedure(s) and judicial discretion." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/364.

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The primary thesis that the chapters which follow are concerned to elaborate and to substantiate is to what extent legal procedure(s) and judicial discretion influence the administration, management and outcomes of Antisocial Behaviour Order (ASBO) use in Britain. A great deal of the existing academic literature on the use of ASBOs in Britain locates the strategic importance of the ‘relevant authorities’ (local authorities, housing associations, registered social landlords (RSLs), the police) involved in ASBO applications. While acknowledging the importance of existing scholarship which highli
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Simpson, Matthew. "Open justice and the English criminal process." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10545/.

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This thesis examines the concept of 'open justice' as it applies to the English criminal process. The conventional understanding of open justice requires merely that trial proceedings are open to the public and that those who attend are free to report to others what they have witnessed. This thesis seeks to demonstrate that the notion of open justice need not be so confined. The oversight of the criminal process provided by the courts, independent administrative bodies and the public, and the open manner in which such oversight is conducted, may be viewed as a more expansive conception of open
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Cruz, da Fonseca Rosenblatt Fernanda. "The role of community in youth offender panels in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:06021e55-832b-4384-bd22-1e9e1b022f4d.

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The primary aim of this thesis is to reach a better empirical and theoretical understanding of what ‘community involvement’ means and what work it does in restorative justice. A case study approach was adopted to examine the involvement of the community in one selected practice of restorative justice, namely youth offender panels in England and Wales. Data collection comprised 127 interviews with key stakeholders involved in youth offender panels, as well as observation of 39 panel meetings, and analysis of related documents (e.g. panel reports and contracts). The role of ‘community’ in youth
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Nellis, Robert Michael. "Intermediate treatment and juvenile justice in England and Wales, 1960-1985." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272339.

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Tinley, Yvette Marie. "Identification parades : upholding the integrity of the criminal justice process?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5355/.

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Evidence from eyewitnesses is often the starting point for police investigations and it is estimated that it plays an important role in one quarter of all contested Crown Court cases. However, the memory is a fragile and malleable instrument which can produce unreliable yet convincing evidence. Because mistaken witnesses can be both honest and compelling, the risk of wrongful conviction in eyewitness identification cases is high, as is illustrated in a number of famous miscarriages of justice. This thesis assesses the sufficiency of the protections offered to defendants in cases involving eyew
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Bateman, Timothy. "The systemic determinants of levels of child incarceration in England and Wales." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/134949.

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For a brief moment in the 1980s, a number of local authorities across England and Wales declared themselves ‘custody free zones’ (Rutherford, 2002), symbolising an intent that children should not be incarcerated for their offending behaviour within the local authority boundary. While this lofty aspiration was not always fulfilled, on occasion it was. More importantly, such declarations can be seen as manifestations of a widespread commitment, extending well beyond those ‘zones’, to the idea that the use of custody for children should be avoided wherever possible. During the course of the decad
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Books on the topic "Justice, Administration of – Wales"

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Barclay, Gordon C. Criminal justice system in England and Wales. 2nd ed. Home Office, 1993.

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Malcolm, Davies. Criminal justice: An introduction to the criminal justice system in England and Wales. 2nd ed. Longman, 1998.

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Hostettler, John. A history of criminal justice in England and Wales. Waterside Press, 2009.

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Council, National Consumer. Ordinary justice: Legal services and the courts in England and Wales : a consumer view. H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Malleson, Kate. The legal system. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Langan, Patrick A. Crime and justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.

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Langan, Patrick A. Crime and justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.

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Langan, Patrick A. Crime and justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.

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Langan, Patrick A. Crime and justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.

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Langan, Patrick A. Crime and justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Justice, Administration of – Wales"

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Kahn, Hilda R. "The Administration of Justice." In Salaries in the Public Services in England and Wales. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003501015-6.

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Heal, Felicity, and Clive Holmes. "Administration." In The Gentry in England and Wales, 1500–1700. Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23640-4_6.

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Thomas, Susan. "Youth justice in Wales." In The Routledge Companion to Rehabilitative Work in Criminal Justice. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315102832-65.

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Bateman, Tim. "England and Wales." In International Handbook of Juvenile Justice. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45090-2_14.

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McAllister, Ian, Malcolm Mackerras, and Carolyn Brown Boldiston. "Administration of justice." In Australian Political facts. Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15196-7_9.

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Butler, David, and Gareth Butler. "Administration of Justice." In British Political Facts 1900–1985. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18083-7_8.

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O’Halloran, Kerry. "England & Wales." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9777-1_6.

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O’Halloran, Kerry. "England and Wales." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97648-4_4.

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O’Halloran, Kerry. "England and Wales." In Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65588-4_6.

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Kratcoski, Peter C. "Administrative Principles and Tasks of Juvenile Justice Administrators." In Juvenile Justice Administration. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19515-0_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Justice, Administration of – Wales"

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Raj, Pallavi, Poonam Rawat, Jitendra Singh, Shweta Pandey, Srinivas Aluvala, and Vikrant Pachouri. "Law Enforcement and Dispensation of Judicial Equipoise: Convergence of Artificial Intelligence in Administration of Justice." In 2024 Parul International Conference on Engineering and Technology (PICET). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/picet60765.2024.10716181.

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Elena, Matic Andreea. "TRUTH, ERROR AND FALSEHOOD IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY AND THE JUSTICE SYSTEM." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s02/21.

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In the present paper we aim to analyze the way the philosophical theories on the concept of truth find their applicability in the contemporary society and their influences on moral decisions and the making of justice. First, we will refer to the main philosophical theories in this matter: the correspondence theory of truth, the coherence of truth and the pragmatic theory regarding the truth and, also, to some relevant contemporary theories regarding the truth. Then, we will analyze how these theories fit into the lives of contemporary people, the link between truth and justice and how differen
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Dozier, Reagen. "California Community College Faculty Perspectives on Criminal Justice/Administration of Justice Programs." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1715006.

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Begel'dieva, D. N. "Legality and fairness in the administration of justice." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. L-Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-02-2021-61.

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Garzón Osuna, Diego. "Adaptación cristiana de las defensas de la Alcazaba de Almería durante el siglo XVI." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11434.

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Christian adaptation of the defences of the Alcazaba of Almeria during the sixteenth centuryAfter the capitulation of the nasrid city of Almería (1489), the new Castilian administration was able to verify the state of ruin of its defences due to the earthquake of 1487, ordering the rapid construction of a castle on the highest point of the battered hispano-muslim Alcazaba. Between 1490 and 1502 the castle was built, incorporating in its design the most effective systems of the time to repel an attack with gunpowder. The typological references of this military installation correspond to the Sch
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Ballesteros, María Concepción Rayón. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: ANALISIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ARROUND THE WORLD." In Congresso Internacional de Direitos Humanos de Coimbra. Even3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.29327/1336231.8-572.

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Riega-Viru, Yasmina, Mario Ninaquispe Soto, Juan Luis Salas-Riega, and Joselyn Arellano Arizola Bach. "Expert systems and administration of justice in Peru and Brazil." In 2022 IEEE Engineering International Research Conference (EIRCON). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eircon56026.2022.9934806.

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Riley, Sarah. "Overriding (in)justice: pretrial risk assessment administration on the frontlines." In FAccT '24: The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3630106.3658920.

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Barnes, J. H., and T. J. Chatterton. "An environmental justice analysis of exposure to traffic-related pollutants in England and Wales." In SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 2016. WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp160361.

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Rocha, Cinara Maria Carneiro, Ana Lucia Aguiar, and Joao Alvaro Carvalho. "National Brazilian judicial database (DataJud): transparency and better administration of justice." In ICEGOV 2023: 16th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3614321.3614381.

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Reports on the topic "Justice, Administration of – Wales"

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Dominguez, Magdalena, and Ben Zaranko. Justice spending in England and Wales. The IFS, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2025.0005.

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NAVAL JUSTICE SCHOOL NEWPORT RI. Legal Office Administration. Revision (Naval Justice School). Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306548.

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Irwin, Douglas. Adam Smith's "Tolerable Administration of Justice" and the Wealth of Nations. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20636.

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Forrester, Donald, Sophie Wood, Charlotte Waits, Rebecca Jones, Dan Bristow, and Emma Taylor-Collins. Children's social services and care rates in Wales: A survey of the sector. Wales Centre for Public Policy - Cardiff University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54454/20220311.

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Wales has seen a rise in both the number and rate of children looked after. The rate is now higher than any time since the 1980s. In addition, Wales has consistently had more children looked after per 10,000 of the population than the rest of the UK. This trend is a cause for concern; particularly the impact on the outcomes of children who are taken into care in terms of educational attainment, health, unemployment, homelessness, and criminal justice. Moreover, the Covid-19 pandemic is expected to have worsened the situation. To understand better the factors influencing care rates, the Welsh G
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Martinez, Monica, and Michelle Oliva. In Pursuit of Racial Equity: A Pathway for Action and Transformation in Education. EduDream, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.62137/babg2923.

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This report highlights the current state of educational inequities and national efforts to address them through policy, resources, tools, and technical assistance. Based on our review of over sixty equity-centered resources, we find that few toolkits are explicitly designed for K-12 schools and districts. We make a case for practical tools and resources, such as the EET™, to support education leaders in their equity work. Finally, based on our analysis of federal efforts to advance equity and a new administration that is prioritizing racial justice, we outline immediate action steps the Biden-
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Mann, Robert, and Rowena Bermingham. Non-custodial sentences. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn613.

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Non-custodial sentences are those that do not include imprisonment, such as discharges, fines and community orders. When sentencing an individual, criminal courts judge whether an offence is serious enough to impose a custodial sentence (either immediate imprisonment or a suspended sentence) or a non-custodial sentence. Criminal justice is devolved, so this POSTnote focuses on non-custodial sentences in England and Wales. In the year ending June 2019, 90% of sentences in England and Wales were non-custodial. This POSTnote presents sentencing trends and describes the non-custodial sentences cur
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Mutebi, Natasha. Problem-solving courts. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, UK Parliament, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn700.

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Problem-solving courts (PSC) are a problem-solving approach targeting the complex needs of individuals within the criminal or family justice systems. Over the last 20 years, PSC have been introduced into the UK to address the personal, social and structural factors underlying behavioural issues that often contribute to re-offending. In June 2023, the Ministry of Justice launched three courts with problem-solving components referred to as Intensive Supervision Courts (ISC). Focusing on rehabilitative outcomes, PSC combine intervention programmes with judicial oversight through regular reviews.
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Jones, Cat, and Clare Lally. Prison population growth: drivers, implications and policy considerations. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pb58.

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England and Wales have the highest per capita prison population in Western Europe. In October 2023, over 88,000 people were imprisoned, in an estate with a maximum capacity of 88,890. This was the highest number recorded. 94% of people in prison are adult men and the adult male prison estate is almost full. The prison estate is operating at 99% of its usable operational capacity and over 60% of prisons are overcrowded. Drivers of the current prison population growth include changes in sentencing policy (including increased sentence lengths). Other factors include remand, recall, reoffending an
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Joshi, Anuradha, Jalia Kangave, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Engendering Taxation: a Research and Policy Agenda. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.017.

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Increased attention has been paid to the gender dimensions of taxation in recent years, though there has been limited research on the subject – particularly in lower-income contexts. Understanding how tax policies might affect women in lower-income countries is important at the current time, when governments are looking for new ways to increase domestic revenue – particularly through expanding the tax base. Given that women have historically represented only a small part of the formal workforce in these contexts, a shift towards indirect taxes and taxing the informal economy are likely to have
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Perdigão, Rui A. P. Beyond Quantum Security with Emerging Pathways in Information Physics and Complexity. Synergistic Manifolds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/220602.

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Information security and associated vulnerabilities have long been a pressing challenge, from the fundamental scientific backstage to the frontline across the most diverse sectors of society. At the tip of the iceberg of this problem, the citizens immediately feel that the reservation of privacy and the degradation of the quality and security of the information and communication on which they depend for the day-to-day activities, already of crucial relevance, are at stake. Naturally though, the challenges do not end there. There is a whole infrastructure for storing information, processing and
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