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Wong, Wai-chung Wesley. "Unnatural justice : town planning enforcement through the criminal justice system in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18568397.
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Wong, Wai-chung Wesley, and 黃惠沖. "Unnatural justice: town planning enforcement through the criminal justice system in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972743.
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Gunnarsson-Östling, Ulrika. "Just Sustainable Futures : Gender and Environmental Justice Considerations in Planning." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33672.
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This thesis contributes and deepens knowledge on long-term planning for sustainable development through exploring environmental justice and gender discourses in planning and futures studies. It also suggests ways of working with those issues. Environmental justice is explored through discussions with planners in Stockholm, Sweden, and through looking at images of future Stockholm and the environmental justice implications of these. These studies show how environmental justice issues can be manifested in a Swedish urban context and discuss how sustainable development and environmental justice can be increased, operationalised and politicised in planning. One key contribution of the thesis is in identifying the need to address procedural and outcomes values in both planning and futures studies. Gender discourses are explored through analysing papers published in the journal Futures and through an examination of Swedish Regional Growth Programmes. The feminist criticism of futures studies mainly relates to the field being male-dominated and male-biased, which means that the future is seen as already colonised by men, that futures studies generally do not work with feminist issues or issues of particular relevance for women, and that they often lack a critical and reflexive perspective. There is therefore a call for feminist futures as a contrast to hegemonic male and Western technology-orientated futures. The case of the Swedish Regional Growth Programmes shows that gender inequality is often viewed as a problem of unequal rights and possibilities. This liberal view on gender equality has made it rather easy for gender equality advocates to voice demands, e.g. for the inclusion of both women and men in decision-making processes, but the traditional male norm is not challenged. If a different response is required, other ways of describing the problem of gender inequalities must be facilitated. One way to open up different ways of describing the problem and to describe desirable futures could be the use of scenarios. Planning for just, sustainable futures means acknowledging process values, but also content (giving nature a voice!). It also means politicising planning. There are a number of desirable futures, and when this is clarified the political content of planning is revealed. These different images of the future can be evaluated in terms of environmental justice, gender perspective or any specific environmental aspect, e.g. biodiversity, which indicates that different futures are differently good for nature and/or different societal groups.Den här avhandlingen bidrar till och fördjupar kunskapen om långsiktig planering för hållbar utveckling. Den gör det genom att belysa miljörättvise- och genusdiskurser i planering och framtidsstudier. Den föreslår också sätt att arbeta med dessa frågor. Miljörättvisa belyses genom diskussioner med planerare i Stockholm och även genom att undersöka framtidsbilder av Stockholms och deras miljörättvisekonsekvenser. De här studierna visar både hur miljörättvisefrågor kan manifesteras i en svensk urban kontext och diskuterar hur hållbar utveckling och miljörättvisa kan få ökad betydelse, operationaliseras och politiseras i planeringen. Ett viktigt bidrag med den här avhandlingen är att påpeka behovet av att adressera både processuella värden och resultat av planering och framtidsstudier. Genusdiskurser utforskas genom att analysera artiklar som publicerats i tidskriften Futures och genom en undersökning av de svenska regionala tillväxtprogrammen. Den feministiska kritiken av framtidsstudier handlar framförallt om att fältet är mansdominerat och fokuserar traditionellt manliga frågor, framtiden ses därför som redan koloniserad av män. Dessutom påpekas att framtidsstudier i allmänhet inte jobbar med feministiska frågor eller frågor av särskild betydelse för kvinnor, att framtidsstudier ofta saknar ett kritiskt och reflexivt perspektiv och att det finns en efterfrågan av feministiska framtider som en kontrast till hegemoniskt manliga, västerländskt och teknologiskt inriktade framtider. Fallet med de svenska regionala tillväxtprogrammen visar att ojämställdhet ofta ses som ett problem av ojämlika rättigheter och möjligheter. Denna liberala syn på jämställdhet har gjort det ganska lätt för jämställdhetsförespråkare att kräva och ge röst för krav som att både kvinnor och män ska inkluderas i beslutsprocesser, men den traditionella manliga normen ifrågasätts sällan. Om andra lösningar önskas, måste andra sätt att beskriva problemet med bristande jämställdhet underlättas. Ett sätt att öppna upp för olika sätt att beskriva problemet och även sätt att beskriva önskvärda framtider skulle kunna vara användning av scenarier. Planering för en rättvis hållbar framtid innebär ett erkännande processuella värden, men även av själva resultatet (ge naturen en röst!). Det innebär också att politisera planeringen. Genom att tydliggöra att det finns flera olika önskvärda framtider kan planeringens politiska innehåll synliggöras. Dessa olika framtidsbilder kan utvärderas i termer av miljörättvisa, deras jämställdhetsperspektiv eller någon specifik miljöaspekt som biologisk mångfald. Detta skulle tydliggöra att olika framtider är olika bra för naturen och/eller olika samhällsgrupper.
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Tang, Wing-yun Donna. "Environmental risk in Hong Kong and its implications for urban planning /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2228462X.
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Madden, Lauren A. "Rights to the city and spatial justice| The search for social justice in post-1970 Long Beach." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1526927.
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A historical narrative of Long Beach in the rights to the city and spatial justice literature has remained untold within the broader California narrative. This analysis looks at the case of Long Beach and focuses on two critical junctures in its development. The concept of the right to the city centers on social justice for anyone dispossessed by the conditions of urban life which can be achieved by creating more space for democratic participation and inclusivity over the production of the city for all social groups. Related to rights to the city, spatial justice theory posits that the current system of urban restructuring and development reproduce injustices through factors such as uneven development, disinvestment, and marginalization and only by transforming these processes can we achieve social justice. Rights to the city and spatial justice both underscore challenging existing power relations that drive the production of urban space.
While the focus of this research is limited to Long Beach, the implications are much broader; the concepts ofthe rights to the city and spatial justice are about understanding and transforming global processes by starting transformation at the local level. The case study of Long Beach can add to both the literature and the right to the city and spatial justice movements by demonstrating ways Long Beach community members have attempted to achieve the right to the city and transform it to a more spatially just urban area. The findings generated from the analysis of two prominent Long Beach social movement organizations, The Long Beach Area Citizens Involved (LBACI) and The Long Beach Coalition for Good Jobs and a Healthy Community (the Coalition), suggest that community members have successfully challenged the processes underlying the development of Long Beach in the pursuit of social justice.
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Foster, Genea (Genea Chantell). "The role of environmental justice in the fight against gentrification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105069.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-101).
Nationwide environmental justice organizations are involved in campaigns to address gentrification within their communities. This thesis explores the ways in which these organizations connect the issue of gentrification to environmental issues and how they are using community organizing to confront it. This research is based on case studies of six environmental justice organizations with active anti-gentrification campaigns, located in Boston, Oakland, Portland, Austin, San Francisco, and Brooklyn. After years of organizing for brownfield redevelopment, transit justice, food justice, and climate justice they are finding that their community-led initiatives are gaining the attention of profit-seeking developers and gentrifiers. The Principles of Environmental Justice guide these organizations to protect health, preserve culture, and ensure self-determination, however, gentrification erodes each of these goals. They are further called to action because gentrification displaces the constituents whom their initiatives are aimed to support. Environmental justice organizations are using coalition building, partnerships, community engagement, and cooperative economics to challenge the systemic racism and classism within existing land use and environmental policies that promote gentrification. From these organizations, planners can learn to prevent gentrification through measuring the gentrification potential of their projects, creating interagency working groups, and promoting community-based planning.
by Genea Foster.
M.C.P.
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Watkins, Caitlin M. "Cultivating Resistance: Food Justice in the Criminal Justice System." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/32.
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This Senior Thesis in Environmental Analysis seeks to explore the ways in which certain food-oriented programs for incarcerated women and women on parole critically resist the Prison Industrial Complex and the Industrial Food System by securing social and ecological equity through the acquisition of food justice. It focuses on three case studies: the Crossroads’ Meatless Mondays program, Fallen Fruit from Rising Women: A Crossroads Social Enterprise, and Cultivating Dreams Prison Garden Project: An Organic Garden for Women in Prison. Each project utilizes food as a tool to build community, provide valuable skill sets of cooking and gardening, and educate women about the social, environmental and political implications of the Industrial Food System. Overall, the goal of this thesis is to prove the necessity of food justice programs in the criminal justice system in counteracting the disenfranchisement of certain populations that are continuously discriminated against in the industrialized systems of prison and food.
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Corburn, Jason. "Pursuing justice in environmental decision making : deliberative democracy and consensus builiding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10991.
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Kumar, Chitra M. 1977. "GIS methods for screening potential environmental justice areas in New England." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68384.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-85).
Over the past decade scholars, scientists, and community advocates have argued that minority and low-income communities have been exposed to disproportionate amounts of hazardous pollution as a result of systematic biases in policy making and discriminatory market forces. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an important tool used to assist regulatory agencies in identifying these potentially vulnerable or "potential environmental justice" areas so that programmatic decision-making can incorporate EJ concerns. Yet, few studies have documented or evaluated methodologies for EJ-GIS analyses utilized by public agencies. This paper explores various methodologies that approximate where communities at risk of disproportionate burden may be with respect to the unique character and composition of New England. Specific variables explored are race/ethnicity, poverty, and population density. For each variable a scale and threshold/reference value is determined; also, the possibility of establishing a ranking system was contemplated. The importance of investigating spatial clustering and integrating variables into combined criteria was also discussed. This research began with the problem being framed. Then, a survey of the literature and public institutions was done to identify relevant practices and state-of-the-art technology in environmental justice analysis. Next, a process was designed to develop and select an appropriate methodology. This process included meeting systematically with members of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency New England GIS team and Mapping Workgroup of the Environmental Justice Council to discuss and compare various methods of analysis. Based on research results, recommendations were made to the EPA New England regional office on how to improve their demographic mapping system. These recommendations are hoped to be adopted by EPA New England and introduced in a desktop GIS tool by the end of 2002.
by Chitra M. Kumar.
M.C.P.
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Manaugh, Kevin. "Incorporating issues of social justice and equity into transportation planning and policy." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117075.
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For most of the 20th century transportation planning goals were almost entirely mobility-based; transportation systems were primarily seen as a means to efficiently, safely, and quickly connect people and freight to desired destinations. However, as the century progressed, cultural, societal and ecological movements had major impacts on how planners perceive transportation networks and public transit more specifically. Several overlapping concerns have altered the role that planners and policy-makers see for transportation and land use planning. Environmental degradation, air pollution, traffic congestion, an unsure energy future, and global climate change, for example, have drastically redefined priorities for planners and policy-makers. These concerns have led to an increasing interest in public transit and active transportation—walking and cycling—as potential solutions to many environmental problems. Concurrent to these shifts, concerns of social equity and environmental justice have also entered the transportation planning framework. However, while transportation planning goals have shifted in recent decades to encompass social justice and environmental goals, many of these aims do not have clear indicators or accepted ways of measuring progress. In addition, while these diverse values and ideals do often underlie policy, they can have contradictory influence on transportation planning decisions. Transportation benefits include, what might be termed "tangible" or easily measured outcomes, however, many goals that address issues of social equity have "intangible" outcomes. Not only are the former easier to measure and to present to the public, but they often have more political capital than more socially progressive goals. While a rich body of research has explored these issues, most current planning documents do not make explicit that these conflicts of value exist. The concern from an equity planning standpoint is that very real and important environmental concerns will lead away from the other important roles that transportation systems can play in providing equitable outcomes. In light of these concerns, this dissertation sets out to address four research questions: •How do municipalities and transit agencies balance economic, social, and environmental goals and objectives in transportation plans? •How do these decisions affect outcomes, particularly with regards to social equity? •How can current methods of measuring and understanding active transportation and neighbourhood walkability be improved to better capture these wide ranging objectives? •How can these findings be used to improve decision-making in the future?This dissertation highlights the importance of adopting a multi-dimensional and mixed methods approach to examining complex urban issues and processes, and contributes to knowledge in three ways:•Identifies a set of indicators that capture elements of social equity in transportation planning and decision-making;•Develops methodologies to measure outcomes of transportation infrastructure using accessibility measures that focus on the desired destinations of residents; and•Deepens the understanding of how people and households of different socio-economic status “respond” to measures of local and regional accessibility. While most—if not all—studies do "control for" socio-economic factors, my work makes these factors the primary focus.In doing so, this research brings awareness of important transportation-related social equity goals and increases the role that these goals may play in decision-making processes.La planification des transports au 20e siècle a été principalement fondée sur l'objectif de la mobilité : les systèmes de transport ont été vus avant tout comme un moyen sécuritaire, rapide et efficace de mettre en réseau des personnes et de transporter des marchandises. Cependant, au fil du siècle, les mouvements culturels, sociétaux et écologiques ont peu à peu changé la façon dont les planificateurs perçoivent le transport en général et le transport en commun spécifiquement. Plusieurs préoccupations se chevauchant ont profondément modifié le rôle que les urbanistes et les élus attribuent au transport et à l'aménagement du territoire. La dégradation de l'environnement, la pollution atmosphérique, la congestion routière, l'avenir énergétique, et les changements climatiques, ont radicalement redéfini les priorités du transport. Ces préoccupations ont conduit à un intérêt croissant pour le transport en commun et pour le transport actif, la marche et le vélo, apparaissant de plus en plus comme des solutions potentielles aux problèmes environnementaux.Cependant, en dehors de ces préoccupations environnementales, des questions importantes se posent en matière de redistribution et de justice sociale. Les nouvelles infrastructures de transport offrent des avantages évidents tels que l'accès facilité a une destination voulue, la stimulation du développement économique ou la réduction des temps de déplacement. En outre, bien que diverses valeurs et idéaux sous-tendent une politique, ceux-ci peuvent influencer de manière contradictoire les décisions prises en matière de planification des . Cependant, de nombreux objectifs ayant trait aux questions d'équité sociale sont «intangibles» en matière de résultats quantifiables. Cela les rend difficiles à présenter à la population, ce qui conduit à des décisions aux gains potentiels plus grands en terme de capital politique que ne le sont des objectifs de progrès social difficilement mesurables.À la lumière de ces préoccupations, cette thèse vise à répondre à quatre questions de recherche: •Comment les municipalités et les organismes de planification du transport équilibrent le traitement des objectifs économiques, sociaux et environnementaux dans les plans de transport?•Comment ces décisions influencent les résultats, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'équité sociale?•Comment les méthodes de mesure actuelles, la compréhension du transport actif et le potentiel piétonnier d'un quartier peuvent être améliorés afin de mieux en saisir les des objectifs généraux?•Comment ces résultats seront utilisés à l'avenir pour améliorer la prise de décision? Cette thèse met en évidence l'importance d'adopter des méthodes multidimensionnelles et des approches mixtes lors de l'examen des questions complexes et des processus urbains ; elle contribue à l'enrichissement de la connaissance de trois façons:•Par l'identification d'un ensemble d'indicateurs qui rendent compte des facteurs d'équité sociale dans la planification des transports et dans la prise de décision;•Par l'élaboration des méthodes permettant d'évaluer une infrastructure de transport en utilisant des mesures d'accessibilité qui se concentrent sur les destinations souhaitées par les résidents;•Par une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont les gens et les ménages de différentes catégories socio-économiques «répondent» à des paramètres d'accessibilité locale et régionale. Alors que la plupart, sinon toutes les études ne font qu'utiliser les facteurs socio-économiques, mon travail se concentre directement sur ces facteurs, avec pour objectif principal de les mettre au premier plan.Ce faisant, cette recherche participe à une prise de conscience de l'importance des objectifs d'équité sociale reliés au transport et souligne le rôle que ces objectifs peuvent jouer dans les processus décisionnels.
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Chapman, Ginette (Ginette Ariana) 1977. "The intersection of environmental planning and social justice : Denver's Platte River Greenway." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8686.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-104).
Environmental justice activists and researchers in the last several decades have drawn public attention to the disproportionate exposure to environmental risk (primarily toxicity) that low-income communities and communities of color experience. The environmental justice movement has devoted much less attention to the broader array of environmental issues that affect the welfare of low-income and minority communities. These include risk from natural hazards (like flooding), access to open space, recreational opportunities, and livability. Environmental planning affects and can enhance justice by reducing risks and providing benefits (including benefits not traditionally associated with the environment, such as employment opportunities). I consider planning process issues, community building, use of space, economic issues, safety, livability, and cultural issues to understand the full range of justice implications of environmental planning. This thesis examines the planning and development of the Platte River Greenway in Denver to understand how environmental planning practice relates to justice. Initially planned and developed in the mid- to late-1970s, the Platte River Greenway is a 10.5-mile stretch of trails and pocket parks along an urban river that runs near many low-income and minority communities. The Platte River Greenway contributed to social justice in a number of ways. The planning process, however, did not explicitly engage justice as a goal. The one point early in the process when justice received explicit attention illustrates how such consideration can lead to greater parity in environmental benefits for disadvantaged communities. Based on this case, the thesis argues that justice should be a more explicit goal in environmental planning practice. The thesis offers recommendations for how environmental planners can actively frame and manage environmental planning processes to advance social justice.
by Ginette Chapman.
M.C.P.
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Fernández, Andrés Javier. "Can urban agriculture become a planning strategy to address social-ecological justice?" Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217000.
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Last century witnessed an unprecedented growth of cities which has led to the consolidation of an eminently urbanised world population. Meanwhile, agriculture has adopted industrial methods of production in the shape of large-scale, chemical-laden crops in the countryside, which, together with the liberalisation of global trade, have undermined the livelihood of small-scale peasants throughout the world, forcing many of them out of business. The food industry has responded to the high rates of hunger and malnutrition with an extraordinary increase in production that has not solved food security problems, as these have turned out to be more a question of unequal access to food rather than insufficient supply. Furthermore, the activity of large agri-food corporations has resulted in the degradation of natural ecosystems and an increasing pressure over already overburdened critical resources for food production. Consequently, facing the imminent threat of climate change, more and more voices are questioning the sustainability of the current food system and rising against the burgeoning hunger and escalating inequalities resulting from it. Hence, several alternatives to the neoliberal food system are emerging these days with the aim of reducing social inequalities and curbing environmental degradation, being urban agriculture one of them. Precisely, this thesis explores, from a social-ecological justice perspective, whether urban agriculture can address issues of environmental stewardship and disparities in food distribution. Although the many virtues of urban farming might not be enough to subvert the structures of power that are deeply rooted in the foundations of the present food regime, it could still play a significant role in alleviating the gaps in food needs. However, food security comes only after the core reasons of poverty have been addressed and social justice is achieved in the larger society. The pathway towards a greater social and ecological justice seems to require not only to re-examine how to feed the urban population, but also a significant transformation that goes beyond aspects from the whole food supply chain and embraces societal systemic change.
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Taylor, Yadira (Yadira Janet) 1975. "Environmental justice in the planning process : a reflection on practice in the Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta planning studio." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70336.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-62).
Environmental justice is a set of historical claims about the inequities produced as a result of human settlement, industrial facility siting, and industrial development. It is defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. In the United States, it is low-income residents and people of color who bear a disproportionate amount of these environmental and health burdens. These outcomes may be tied to tacit characteristics of planning processes that practitioners have little access to. The environmental justice movement has been focused too much on these outcomes and in reactive organizing against locally unwanted land-uses, and not enough on the processes that produced these outcomes. By observing and reflecting on practice, it is possible to determine how environmental justice problems are influenced by the internal character of planning and decision-making processes. The Hong Kong/Pearl River Delta Planning Studio at the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT is designed to prepare students for professional practice. If we learn about practice in studio, then it makes sense that the experience can also provide access to the tacit characteristics of practice that shape the way planners perceive and act on concerns about environmental justice. Through my reflections as both a participant and observer in the studio, I hope to discover what we as "planners" actually do and what are the ways that environmental justice is pre-configured in the patterns, commitments, and resources of practice. I have organized my observations into the following six categories or "moments in practice": 1) deadlines, episodes, and commitments, 2) organizational demands, 3) individual initiative and common knowledge, 4) client vision, 5) resources, and 6) project boundaries. These categories describe the major "moments" or instances during the studio that I found to be the most critical in that they presented either impediments to or opportunities for environmental justice.
by Yadira Taylor.
M.C.P.
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Sukaryavichute, Elina. "Transit Planning, Access, and Social Justice: Competing Visions of Bus Rapid Transit and the Chicago Street." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1468179645.
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Choi, Minah. "Unity in Difference: an Exploration of Spatial Justice and Environmental Justice in Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/191.
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The environmental justice movement emerged after the civil rights movement and began as an attack on environmental racism, when communities of color and low-income experience disproportionately high levels of exposure to air pollution, water pollution, and toxic facilities. The environmental justice movement is not unitary in practice, nor should it be—environmental racism and injustice are manifested in different ways and scales. However, those exposed to environmental racism are unified under an identity in solidarity, known as the people of color identity in environmental justice.
As the environmental justice movement has grown and taken shape to better address injustices of a racialized landscape, it has connected more closely with movements for spatial justice and immigrant rights to combat a detrimentally narrow focus of activism. This thesis explores the rise of community-based activism in the Los Angeles’ labor social justice organizing after the civil unrest in 1992. By employing a spatial framework to environmental activism in urban settings, Los Angeles is a particularly provoking case study for analyzing the regional environmental justice movement as well as the multi-scalar social justice organizing movement. Contextualizing Los Angeles’ community-based activism in a historic context in the first section and then analyzing components of social justice organizing across movements, this project attempts to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the development of identity in justice-seeking activism.
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Bissett, Scott Sarah J. "'Spacial justice' : towards a values-led framework of regeneration outcomes in UK planning." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2018. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/703786/.
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Do planners and policy-makers perceive philosophical underpinnings of UK regeneration as relevant to practice? The contention of this thesis is that such a basis is lacking for regeneration to deliver more spatially just outcomes over time. Would a framework led by values help improve future results for spatial interventions, in terms of the deep values sought in a liberal democratic society? The main objective of this research is to explore the possibility of developing an evaluative framework for ‘spatial justice’ based on investigating a suite of interventions, to determine what values could be attributable to measured outcomes. The research takes a real-world phenomenological approach applied through a case study methodology. Qualitative data are collected from historical document analysis, interviews and a survey, codified over time and by governance level, and compared with benchmarking data. The main case study is located in North Kensington, part of a west London borough, over a forty-year timespan. A secondary study tests the mediating contribution of geography and time by examining a regional city centre neighbourhood in Peterborough. The research is informed by professional practice at a regional and strategic level and from a local perspective. The study explores an existing gap of how to express spatial outcomes linked to liberal democratic values: it examines how articulated values and a nuanced approach to regionalized governance might aid better regeneration outcomes. Findings point towards the usefulness of connected indicators (proxies for deep values) translating into a terminology of ‘spatial justice’. The Colville-Tavistock case study contributes to theory and practice by crossreferencing Liberalism’s deep values with regeneration vision and outcomes, through the four-decade longitudinal study. The research offers a basis for appraising strategic spatial interventions, with potential for a ‘values-led impact analysis’ in terms other than financial: those of spatial justice values sought in a liberal democracy.
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Anguelovski, Isabelle. "Neighborhood as refuge : environmental justice and community reconstruction in Boston, Barcelona, and Havana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68440.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-270).
Environmental Justice (EJ) scholarship has revealed that communities of color and low-income neighborhoods have been disproportionally affected by 'brown' contaminating facilities and excluded from decision-making on their land, and that residents have used a variety of strategies to address such injustices (Bullard 1990, Agyeman 2003, Susskind and Macey 2004, Corburn, 2005, Pellow and Brulle 2005, Schlosberg 2007). However, traditional EJ literature tends to overlook the fact that residents also fight to achieve long-term equitable revitalization and improve the livability and environmental quality of their neighborhoods through parks, playgrounds, community gardens, fresh markets, and improved waste management. Furthermore, previous studies have not examined the role of historic marginalization, threats of displacement, collective identities, and political systems in framing the demands and strategies of these marginalized neighborhoods, especially in different cities and political systems across the world. My dissertation is motivated by this overarching question: How and why do residents of seemingly powerless marginalized neighborhoods proactively organize to improve environmental quality and livability? To answer this question, I focus on three sub-questions: In what ways do residents and organizations engaged in environmental quality initiatives perceive that their work allowed them to re-build their community from within? To what extent do the environmental struggles of marginalized communities represent a desire to achieve environmental gains as opposed to serving as a means to advance broader political agendas in the city? How do different political systems and contexts of urbanization shape the strategies and tactics that neighborhoods develop and how to they manage to advance their goals? My dissertation is built around an international comparative study of three critical and emblematic case studies of minority and low-income neighborhoods organizing for improved environmental quality and livability in three cities - Casc Antic (Barcelona), Dudley (Boston), Cayo Hueso (Havana), - which have all achieved comparable improved environmental and health conditions around parks and playgrounds, sports courts and centers, community gardens, urban farms, farmers' markets, and waste management. During my eight-month fieldwork in Barcelona, Boston, and Havana, I conducted semi-structured interviews with leaders of local organizations and NGOs working on improving environmental conditions, with a sample of active residents in each neighborhood, and with municipal agencies and policy-makers. Furthermore, I engaged in observation of events, as well as participant observation of projects focused on environmental improvements. Last, I collected secondary data on neighborhood development, land use, and environmental and health projects. This study reveals that activists in Casc Antic, Dudley, and Cayo Hueso use their environmental and health endeavors to holistically re-build and repair a broken and devastated community and build safe havens, associating environmental justice with community development, and improvements in physical health with mental health support. They also frame broader political goals in the city such as addressing stigmas about their place, controlling the land and its boundaries, and building a more transgressive and spontaneous form of democracy. These goals reflect and are reinforced by the attachment and sense of community they feel for their neighborhood. To develop their vision, residents select multi-faceted and multi-tiered strategies, which reveal common patterns across neighborhoods despite differences in political systems: collage and bricolage techniques, broad coalitions and sub-community networks, clever engagement with public officials and funders, and local identity and traditions. This research extends EJ theory by focusing on how residents and their supporters make proactive environmental and health claims and defend their vision for improved neighborhood conditions and safety, gain political power, and address inequalities in planning and land use decisions.
by Isabelle Anguelovski.
Ph.D.
18
Dowiatt, Matthew. "Urban Adaptation Planning in Response to Climate Change Risk." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1598284306542077.
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Machala, Laura Beth. "There's no justice in transit! : transit equity, land use, and air quality in Boston." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39942.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-111).
As a result of air pollution created by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (CA/T), aka "the Big Dig," transit and other air quality mitigation projects were incorporated into the State Implementation Plan (SIP). The SIP is mandated by the Clean Air Act (CAA) for areas that do not attain or need to maintain air quality above federally mandated levels. Originally, the transit commitments that were made to mitigate the effects of the Big Dig were located :in urban and suburban areas. However, while an urban/suburban balance was arguably intended in the SIP, over the years, the urban SIP commitments have been largely neglected. As a result, transit justice in Greater Boston has been negatively effected. If the SIP is truly meant to improve air quality, its focus should be on making cities more viable and healthy places to live and on curtailing sprawling suburban land use. Furthermore, SIP requirements should change to influence a more equitable distribution of transit investment in Boston and other metropolitan areas.
by Laura Beth Machala.
M.C.P.
20
Ntiwane, Bongane Cornelius. "Reshaping spatial planning paradigm in an attempt to achieve environmental justice in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77870.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa, as a country and especially within the context of its geographies, remains
scarred by the past apartheid regime. As a result, the country is still struggling with the
problems of spatial transformation and inequalities. Recent indications suggest that the
country is the leading unequal nation when compared with other states characterised by
prevailing inequalities (World Bank, 2018). This study aims to answer the question of how
spatial planning could be restructured in order to address environmental justice (EJ) to
improve the performance of spatial planning. Planning theories provide procedures for
undertaking planning and substance matters, but without proper guidance on the
achievement of EJ. In addressing the main research question, the study debates EJ within
the context of planning, the extent to which the South African spatial planning responds to
EJ, and the factors perceived to enhance or impede the implementation of spatial planning
towards EJ. These debates are reflective of the six dimensions of EJ that this study
discusses which comprise distributive, recognition, procedural, and substantive justices, the
capability approach, as well as just policy.
The research study is cross-sectional in design and adopts a mixed-research approach so
as to address the three research sub-questions. The sample of the study comprises seventyone
municipalities selected from six provinces of South Africa. These municipalities include
seven metropolitan, twelve district, and fifty-two local municipalities. The data collection
methods include the administration of questionnaires in 71 municipalities, interviews of nine
planning experts, and a corpus review (including literature, reports and legislation). The
analysis of data includes both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods, drawing its
foundation from the philosophies of interpretivism and positivism.
This study reveals that the concept of EJ is unpopular among municipal planners.
Furthermore, it alludes to the fact that the first generation (rational, incremental, and mixedscanning)
and second generation (advocacy, transactive and communicative planning)
planning approaches lack the adequate incorporation of EJ dimensions. In addition, this
study found that there exists weak recognition of EJ in municipal planning practices,
notwithstanding that some South African planning Acts make provision for EJ in planning, at
least to some extent. The results of the study reveal that municipalities in South Africa focus
more on compliance than on being outcome-oriented in the implementation of spatial
planning. The findings furthermore indicate that the lack of spatial planning prioritization,
political pressure, inadequate tools of trade, and exclusion of context are the highest-ranking
factors across four categories (structural, administrative, political, and contextual) perceived to impede spatial planning towards achieving EJ. The study further suggests that the
adoption of spatial planning implementation (SPI) strategies, capacity building for political
leaders on spatial planning, competent and skilful personnel, and public awareness and
education are the highest-ranked factors that planners perceive as having the potential to
enhance spatial planning in the achievement of EJ. The research introduces the thirdgeneration
planning approach, based on EJ, with principles and propositions. The study also
proposes a conceptualization of the SPI strategy to support spatial planning. Lastly, the
study recommends guidelines for the implementation of EJ in spatial planning. The
researcher concludes that the practice of EJ in planning requires extensive capacity building
among planners, communities, sectors, and leaders.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Town and Regional Planning
PhD
Unrestricted
21
Hooper, Thomas W. "Evaluations of Procedural Justice: Evidence of Group-value Issue Influence in a Planning Context." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/273.
Full textAbstract:
Justice research in the field of social psychology has focused primarily on situations involving legal proceedings, dispute resolution, and hierarchal relationships within organizations. This study extends the work of social psychologist Tom Tyler and others to a planning context by demonstrating that participants in a planning process use group-value criteria in addition to control over decisions and decision making processes and the favorability of outcomes to define reactions to their experiences. While certain aspects of the case study from which survey interviews were conducted limited the ability to replicate specific results of the 1989 Tyler study used as a model for this analysis, the major suppositions were confirmed. The results indicate that the group-value issues of standing, trust, and neutrality explain more variance in participant judgments of procedural justice, distributive justice, affect toward officials and fairness of officials than do control or outcome favorability. The results also demonstrate the dominance of standing and trust over all other concerns in participant assessments of procedural and distributive justice and the fairness of officials.
22
Skelton, Mary L. (Mary Lilian). "Small claims mediation and justice : the implicit assumptions of the dominant small claims mediation model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70246.
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Jiang, Wanxing. "New product introduction and cross-functional integrations: does procedural justice matter?" HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/468.
Full textAbstract:
In an increasingly volatile business environment, new product introduction is no longer a strategic option but a necessity for companies to sustain competitive advantage and for countries to achieve national economic prosperity. This is particularly true in such emerging economies as People's Republic of China, where traditional manufacturing enterprises are striving to achieve the move from 'Made in China' to 'Created in China'. Focusing on the issue of new product introduction by strategic alliances, I propose a theoretical model on the relationship between procedural justice, cross-functional integration and new product introduction. Albeit the notion that cross-functional integration can greatly facilitate the successful implementation of projects is widely acknowledged, contemporary research on cross-functional integration and new product introduction has paid insufficient attention to the issue of procedural justice. Research on whether, how and when cross-functional integration and new product development could be facilitated or promoted from a justice perspective is still in its infancy. Based on the findings of my field study in 2015-2016, I consider it necessary to take into account the effect of procedural justice in current streams of research on cross-functional integration and new product introduction. I argue firms that establish strategic alliances should pay greater attention to the issue of procedural justice in new product introduction. Moreover, I posit that the relationship between procedural justice and new product introduction is mediated by cross-functional integration. Finally, to address the discrepancies in previous research regarding the relationship between cross-functional integration and new product development, I test the effect of an insufficiently tested moderator, i.e., actual new product introduction strategy, on that relationship. Analyzing data from multiple sources in China, I obtain evidence in support of these arguments, finding procedural justice to exert a positive effect on new product introduction, and cross-functional integration and new product introduction strategy to exert a partial mediating effect and moderating effect, respectively.
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Van, der Merwe Andri. "The pursuit of urban justice through transit-orientated development: The potential of the Lansdowne-Wetton Corridor." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22729.
Full textAbstract:
South African cities are still facing highly inefficient and inequitable urban forms, established by modernist, and apartheid city models. This has resulted in low density sprawl, fragmented and segregated structures, all contributing to unsustainable and unjust city practices. The City of Cape Town is no exception. Cape Town is a tale of two cities, where the urban and spatial landscapes reflect unequal resource distribution and opportunities. Many of its residents remain trapped in an urban landscape that continues to perpetuate its city structures. More importantly, a rapidly increasing population is contributing to the current urban development patterns that are exacerbating previous social injustices and resource intensive patterns. The city is running out of land, resources, and time to restructure its current form and unsustainable development practices. In the pursuit of urban justice, this dissertation argues that a precondition for changing Cape Town's urban performance, is to limit sprawl, increase densities and restructure towards a more intensive and mixed-use city, that will promote efficient public transportation and decentralise social and economic opportunities. Identifying urban Corridor and transit orientated development is a critical approach to structurally promoting efficient and just city structures; with the focus on the Lansdowne-Wetton Corridor as such, a critical element in the restructuring process. This site can then address the needs of some of the most marginalised communities within Cape Town. The design method and package of plans approach was used to guide this dissertation and implement ideas and proposals in an attempt to demonstrate an example of an alternative to Cape Town's current development patterns, that are continuously perpetuating its inefficient, unjust and unsustainable city structure. The study concluded that past urban planning practices have not changed considerably over the past twenty years and that it is of utmost importance to move towards a new way of thinking and developing. This framework can improve equal access to public transportation, social and economic opportunities and re-introducing place making principles. It is aimed at creating positive performing environments, using performance qualities, sustainability, efficiency, equity, integration, urbanity, choice, safety and a sense of place. By focusing on an integrated public transportation system, the intensification of identified areas, designing walkable areas, the promotion of small scale entrepreneurial activities contributes to increasing the accessibility of economic and social activities for all of Cape Town's residents.
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Ogwu, Friday Adejoh. "Environmental justice, planning and oil and gas pipelines in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1406.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses the impact of oil and gas pipelines on the environment and settlements from the perspective of environmental justice, using a case study of the oilproducing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Within Nigeria, this region is most affected by oil and gas pipeline activities, in terms of both socio-economic and environmental impacts. This state of affairs raises issues of environmental justice among the stakeholders. The research for this thesis took place in three case study areas, and included a total of 6 group discussions, 30 in-depth interviews and 2 workshops. Analysis of this data showed that the oil and gas pipeline network has not improved the environmental and economic conditions of the people in the communities it traverses. The empirical evidence equally suggests that the lack of community involvement and appropriate recognition given to some groups of stakeholders in the management of the oil and gas pipeline project is strongly related to the incidence of pipeline network sabotage. The research advocates a new approach, based on the core principles of environmental justice that promotes inclusion of the necessary stakeholders, including the physical planners, and would incorporate local knowledge and experience into the environmental management of the region. Such a framework will not only protect the environment and people from the impacts of the pipelines, but will also protect the pipelines from vandalism and save Nigeria many billions of dollars, lives and livelihoods over the coming years.
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Lucwaba, Sipumelele. "The potential of tranformation constitutionalism to free people from apartheid spatial planning." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73044.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose, of this mini dissertation is to understand South Africa as a country in a spatial crisis that leads to the entrapment of the black body in a social, political, economic and legally depressed state. The crisis describes and is as a result of the multiple upheavals and ruptures that have shaped the post-colonial, particularly African, landscape, and experiences of its people. Particular to the post-colonial landscape is that these ruptures are largely defined by the history of extraction, exclusion and violence by the white elite against the black poor. The nature of the crisis is that it continues to support and re-enact the same colonial oppressive outcomes, ensuring the black poor continue to exist in a state of marginalisation. The spaces in the crisis also work to physically push out and keep marginalised black people in informal spaces away from economic activity. But additionally, the intangible elements of space mean that black people carry the consequences and definitions of these spaces with them which define how they are interpellated, ensuring that in and out of the physical space they are viewed as sub-human. In this dissertation I am particularly interested in how transformative constitutionalism can proactively facilitate spatial justice for the historically and presently marginalised in ameliorating the effects of the crisis. Spatial justice, in my understanding would mean the removal of the abyssal line and simultaneity between those interpellated as human and sub-human.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Jurisprudence
LLM
Unrestricted
27
Budovitch, Max (Max M. ). "Acting Up : how community organizations work with, around, and against city hall for housing justice in Chicago." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118211.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-137).
This thesis argues that community organizations in Chicago, from the Loop to Pilsen to Kenwood, pursue housing justice by employing three modes of action, each of which embodies a particular relationship to the state. They act with the state by ordinance to pass laws and engage in electoral activity; around the state by convening to leverage relationships in the absence of formal legislation; and against the state by contesting to challenge centralized decision-making. Using community planning theory, this view builds on conceptions of collective efficacy by focusing on the relationship of community organizations to the state's regulatory power rather than on indicators of social capital or civic action. The research is based on over 30 interviews with leaders and activists in neighborhood associations, community development corporations, and independent political organizations working on prominent housing justice campaigns since the 2008 foreclosure crisis. These campaigns include a rent control ballot initiative, the introduction of several anti-eviction ordinances, an affordable housing preservation program, and the establishment of a community zoning board. In each of these cases, the varying isolation, interaction, and blending of the three modes of action complicates dichotomous portrayals of the grassroots -- state relationship, providing an analytic lens through which to understand how and why certain issues become important on both neighborhood and citywide scales and how neighborhood groups position themselves and mobilize via-a-vis the state.
by Max Budovitch.
M.C.P.
28
Bast, Elizabeth S. 1977. "Interpreting global justice : variations in perspectives of U.S. environmental organizations on environment, human rights, and social equity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17684.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95).
Environmental movement organizations in the United States have engaged with the global justice movement differently depending on the extent to which they view human rights and social equity issues as part of their environmental work. These organizations, influenced by their organizational history and their work with international groups and coalitions, appear to view these issues and engage with the movement in distinct ways. Some organizations have concentrated on seeking out the root causes of environmental destruction, which has led them to target corporations and corporate practices. These organizations have become involved with the global justice movement from the anti-corporate point of view. Other environmental movement organizations have explicitly incorporated human rights and social equity concerns in their view of environmental problems. These organizations tend to critique international institutions for their inattention to human, as well as environmental, problems, and approach the global justice movement from a human rights and development perspective. This thesis suggests that there are nuances, even within organizations with roots in the same movement, in how organizations interpret and engage with the global justice movement. Some environmental groups may relate to the anti-corporate nature of the movement, while others are drawn more to the human rights and development components.
by Elizabeth S. Bast.
M.C.P.
29
Tang, Wing-yun Donna, and 鄧詠茵. "Environmental risk in Hong Kong and its implications for urban planning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126038X.
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Şenol, Pervin Arkon Cemal. "A critial evaluation on the concept of justice in planning process-judicial oversight: The Balçova and Narlıdere cases/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/doktora/sehirplanlama/T000422.pdf.
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Kidd, Philip T. "Raze or Repair: the Effects of Neighborhood-Based Community Development on Crime in Youngstown, Ohio." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1535112102147535.
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Pfeiffer, Amy (Amy Laura) 1973. "Participating as amicus curiae in exclusionary zoning litigation : developing the court's understanding of the principles of environmental justice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69416.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-78).
This thesis analyzes several aspects of the difficulties in litigating concerns of environmental injustice in order to purpose an alternative approach that still allows groups to enter the public policy forum of the court system while avoiding the confines of acting as a party in litigation. Discovering the shortcomings in environmental laws and regulations to address the substantive issues of environmental justice, and finding the discriminatory intent requirement of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution difficult to prove, and encouragement in the use of amicus briefs, this thesis describes the potential advantages to participating as amici by environmental justice activists. An analysis of four exclusionary zoning cases and accompanying amicus curiae briefs was considered to illustrate the information that these briefs can contain that differs from the views presented by the formal litigants in these cases. The use of these briefs was found to offer a mechanism to express broad societal issues, various perspectives, and technical information to assist the court in understanding diverse public interests. This study concludes that amicus briefs may by particularly useful in the environmental justice movement because the issues of environmental injustice are often difficult to translate into legal challenges. The writing of amicus briefs by community members can maintain a local commentary, capturing the voices and stories of a community that reflect a specific perspective that is not easily understood by outsiders. Through these briefs, environmental justice activists can explain issues that may either be touched upon or not included in the party briefs, describe the impact of a ruling on an effort to realize the goals of environmental justice, and potentially influence the court's holding in a case. Therefore, the use of amicus briefs by environmental justice activists, coupled with community organizing strategies, may be better suited for educating the judiciary about these concerns, than a narrow legal claim.
by Amy Pfeiffer.
M.C.P.
33
Zhong, Yijia, and 钟毅嘉. "Spatial justice in urban planning: redevelopment of urban villages and housing for migrant workers inGuangzhou, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49885856.
Full textAbstract:
A just city is what urban planning should be fighting for. In Chinese cities, however, spatial justice has been seriously overlooked in many aspects of urban development. Using the theoretical framework devised with spatial justice theories, urban power structure, and the theories and practices of urban renewal and housing for migrants in developed countries, this dissertation has evaluated the impacts of urban planning and urban policies on the housing for migrant workers. A case study of the redevelopment project of Liede Village in Guangzhou has been conducted to illustrate the scenario.
Findings show that the policies and planning have brought together the government, the market, and the village, making them the core of the growth coalition, and marginalizing the migrant workers in the situation of the redevelopment of urban villages in Guangzhou. This alliance, aiming for growth, has helped commoditize the space reproduced during the process. The commoditization of land and housing is driving up the value of the properties. Migrant workers with limited income and rural Hukou status can only move to other villages. While Guangzhou is planning to redevelop nearly all the urban villages within the city core, migrant workers have to migrate to places where is far from the city center to seek for affordable housing, completing a migration pattern from the city center to the edge.
It is concluded that the spatial injustice in the problem of the urban villages in Guangzhou has not been solved with the redevelopment. In contrast, it is exacerbated by urban planning and urban policies. A more inclusive, peopleoriented planning approach as well as other institutional changes is required for promoting spatial justice in Chinese cities.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning
34
Lee, Taehee. "Issues of planning justice within two large scale urban (re)development projects in Seoul, South Korea." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8632/.
Full textAbstract:
The central aim of this research is to evaluate the justness of the Cheong-gye-choen Restoration Project (CRP) and the Dongnam Distribution Complex Project (DDCP) with a primary focus on issues for merchants affected by the projects, and to use this as a lens to explore the possibilities of establishing a more just planning process in Korean society. Two main research question that try to answer throughout this thesis are: How can we evaluate the processes and the outcomes of the CRP and the DDCP from a justice perspective?; In the light of the theoretical review and empirical case study, if planning should pursue the public interest (or the common good) and often unavoidably harm minority interests, how can planning be more just in relation to the interests of the latter? Cheong-gye-cheon (CGC) is a 5.8km length river running through Seoul city centre, which was covered up in the 1960s and 70s. Restoration of this historical river was acknowledged as being a public good for the general population. However, this restoration project would impact on one of the largest conventional markets in Korea and the restoration meant significant losses for many merchants without compensation. Severe conflicts occurred, and as a result of negotiations, it was agreed that a relocated market on a new site would be provided for the merchants with special privileges as de facto compensation. This was why the DDCP began. Yet, despite the ostensibly ‘democratic’ processes of both projects, the outcome of the DDCP turned out to be a failure. A large number of merchants could not or did not move into the new relocated market when it was completed, and most CGC merchants experienced significant losses. The failure of the DDCP also left considerable debts for the tax payers. These two projects are still highly controversial, especially in terms of the justness of their processes and outcomes, and thus requires further investigations. In order to do so, review of theories of justice and justice in planning presented, with the work of Michael Sandel and Heather Campbell being particularly influential. Throughout the review, it is argued that justice is inescapably judgemental and can only be reasoned through a politics of the common good. Yet, due to the dark sides of the concepts of community and common good, this thesis proposes that both concepts are need further conceptualisation and judgements should be guided by universal values. Influenced by Campbell, this thesis argues that justice in planning is about situated ethical judgement through a politics of the common good guided by universal values. Subsequently, the applicability of the concept of justice in planning in planning practices is explored. Based on this conceptual framework of justice in planning, the processes and outcomes of the two consecutive projects are scrutinised, focusing specifically on why affected merchants did not or could not move into the new relocated market in the end. The investigation shows that although the processes of both projects appeared on one level to be seemingly democratic, they were not in reality. As a result, there were misrecognitions about merchants’ economic circumstances and forms of exclusion, misinformation, and poor or non-decision decision makings. It is also shown that even though the agreements made between parties during the projects were perceived as being satisfactory at the time they were made, the fundamental reasons for the failure of the DDCP actually stemmed from these agreements; influenced by the institutional and political contexts of Korea. By examining situations and judgements in the processes of the projects, possibilities for better and more just planning practices are explored.
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Rigby, Allison. "The Reclamation of Public Parks: An Analysis of Environmental Justice in Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/318.
Full textAbstract:
People who live in cities are far more likely to suffer the physical and psychological effects of urban environments--high noise levels, automobile emissions, toxic industrial waste, crowded living conditions, and a general scarcity of open space. Combating these issues, public parks do more than provide recreational space. They are fundamental to any efforts focusing on urban revitalization, social justice, and sustainability. In downtown Los Angeles, public parks are rare, especially in low-income communities. Several new public parks have reclaimed abandoned land, unwelcoming spaces, and the City’s brownfields. After years of intense private use and neglect, spent land has been reinvigorated as green communal space.
This study focuses on Vista Hermosa Natural Park, Grand Park, and Los Angeles State Historic Park. It combines previous research with site visits and interviews that explore the degree of success these recent reclamation movements have experienced and if there are any lessons learned than can be applied elsewhere. My conclusion is that the reclamation movement in Los Angeles is largely successful, especially when parks feature multiple benefits such as ecological restoration, recreational enhancement, and cultural engagement. But the less community involvement and public accessibility any reclaimed park has, the less success a park will have in alleviating spatial injustice.
36
Ford, Charles C. "Environmental Justice in the Public Parks of Butler County, Ohio." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1281723116.
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Homer, Allison Kathleen. "Benefits, Burdens, Perceptions, and Planning: Developing a New Environmental Justice Assessment Toolkit for Long Range Transportation Plans." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82840.
Full textAbstract:
This research presents a new environmental justice assessment toolkit, the Equitable Environmental Justice Assessment Toolkit 2016 (EEJAT 2016). The purpose of this toolkit is to enable urban planners to more effectively measure whether environmental justice populations (low-income, non-white, Limited English proficiency, disabled, or elderly persons) are disproportionately burdened by long-range transportation plans. This toolkit is based on the concept that effective assessment of environmental justice (EJ) in transportation planning requires assessment frameworks that methodologically unify three sometimes divergent interests: those of federal and state bodies enforcing EJ assessment requirements, those of metropolitan planners who face capacity constraints and need guidance on how to conduct these assessments, and, most importantly, those of the protected populations themselves. This thesis involved analysis of current requirements, exploration of existing environmental justice assessment tools, case studies, decision theory, and principles of equity, and stakeholder engagement through surveys, interviews, and public meetings, all towards the development of the toolkit designed for the Roanoke Valley Transportation Planning Organization (RVTPO)'s Constrained Long-range Multimodal Transportation Plan 2040 (CLRMTP 2040) released in 2016. The resulting toolkit is a multi-step framework. The first step is a GIS map-based EJ Index, structured by normalized population distributions for each EJ demographic, and mapped by block group compared to regional (MPO) averages. This z-score based mapping was done in lieu of Roanoke's former linear model in effort to more systematically compare effects, and to more accurately represent the data, and by extension, the people. Second, the Community Profile expands upon the EJ Index to include documentation of community elements and social and economic systematic injustices in the area. Next, a Benefits and Burdens matrix guides planners to an appropriate model or method of assessment for each EJ effect for the project at hand, based on project scale and type, data availability, and skillsets of the assessor. The results of these assessments of each EJ effect are compiled for an overall Project Impact Assessment. Checks on assessor bias based on stakeholder feedback and decision theory are incorporated into this Project Impact Assessment. Cumulatively, the toolkit is designed to incorporate equity as a defining element of both processes and outcomes, to be flexible in order to be applicable to multiple projects, and to be usable by practitioners.Master of Urban and Regional Planning
38
Debats, Jessica (Jessica Erin). "Seeing the city for the trees : public space, climate adaptation, and environmental justice in LA and New York's "Million Trees" campaigns." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105035.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-147).
Urban heat waves are becoming more frequent and severe as climate change magnifies the "urban heat island" effect. While trees significantly reduce ambient temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration, their effect is highly localized. Consequently, more people die from heat waves in neighborhoods with fewer trees. Moreover, low-income minority neighborhoods typically lack tree cover. Expanding the urban forest is therefore a critical climate adaptation measure, as well as an issue of environmental justice. To address these disparities, the City of Los Angeles and New York City each formed a public-private partnership to plant a million trees. Previous research has demonstrated that over-reliance on private capital may bias public-private partnerships towards profitable investment. Social justice goals are therefore harder to achieve where there is a lack of public funds. This research goes a step further by examining whether social justice is also harder to achieve where there is a lack of public space. New York and Los Angeles are often considered extreme examples of public and private space, making these cities ideal case studies. Moreover, in both cities, investment in public space, particularly green space, has historically been concentrated in affluent neighborhoods. This analysis reveals that while MillionTreesNYC planted far more trees, it did not prioritize low-income minority communities to a measurable degree. In contrast, MillionTreesLA planted fewer trees overall, yet concentrated them in low-canopy areas with higher poverty rates and a higher proportion of non-white residents. These outcomes were shaped by differences in program funding, which produced differences in each program's degree of centralized efficiency versus decentralized responsiveness to local contexts within underserved areas. However, the most critical factor in shaping environmental justice outcomes was the distribution of different types of public space across each city and among socioeconomic groups. These spatial inequalities directed the flow of trees differently in New York versus Los Angeles, with the result that the latter was better able to target low-income minority neighborhoods with low tree canopy. Remediating these socio-spatial inequalities will require cities to rethink public administration of public space as a tool for redistributing environmental resources to achieve greater environmental justice and climate justice. Such strategies will be critical to adapting vulnerable neighborhoods to the effects of climate change. These findings can inform on-going efforts to advance environmental justice and climate adaptation via public-private partnerships, particularly in an era when privatization of urban space and the need for urban climate adaptation are both increasing.
by Jessica Debats.
Ph. D.
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Lazarus, Dayna J. "Making a Case for Equity Planning in Transportation Development: Identifying Indicators and Building a Framework for Hillsborough County, FL." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7840.
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The idea that planners should work toward an equitable society has been part of the profession since the 1960s, largely based on the work of planning theorists like Paul Davidoff, Sherry Arnstein and Norman Krumholz. Transportation planning, however, has been slower than other sectors of the profession, such as housing, to embrace equity planning concepts. That has begun to change as concerns about income inequality, environmental justice and climate change have become more salient. This thesis makes the case that in order to improve social equity outcomes, transportation planners must make social equity an explicit goal and add social equity performance measures and targets to their plans. The study focuses on Hillsborough County, Florida as a case study and analyzes the extent that transportation planning agencies in the county consider social equity in their plans and processes. The data on plans and processes will be compared to data on social equity outcomes related to the distribution of transportation benefits and burdens, and next steps to improve social equity outcomes in the County will be identified in the form of policy recommendations.
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Perry, Ernest B. "Integration, status and potential of environmental justice and the social impact assessment process in transportation development in Missouri /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3115576.
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Harmak, Craig W. "Danger Afoot: Sidewalks, Environmental Justice, and Pedestrian Safety in Pinellas County, Florida." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002013.
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Ulaszewski, C. Anna. "Public Participation During Reactive, Crisis-Driven Drought Planning Versus Proactive, Preparedness Planning." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6141.
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Droughts are occurring globally and should be recognized as a global issue and drought planning should use a proactive approach on the part of the world community. However, much drought planning, even in developed and highly developed countries, is reactive and programs are often poorly coordinated sometimes with unforeseen negative consequences for marginalized and disenfranchised populations. Literature pertaining to planning strategy for existing, drought crises is nominal and often contributes to patterns of reactiveness and resulting inequity. To gain a better understanding of crisis-driven planning and the participatory process, this gap was viewed through the lenses of institutional analysis and development and procedural justice and fairness. Specifically, this study was designed to determine how procedural justice and fairness, and the institutional analysis and development framework delineates participatory roles during reactive, crisis-driven planning versus proactive, preparedness planning. A multi-case/within-case analysis was conducted. Six publicly-available documents were selected using provisional and sequence coding lists; emerging themes were also identified at this time. The within-case analysis showed discernable differences between reactive and proactive participatory processes. These findings were used to conduct a cross-case analysis; this analysis indicated that commitment to the participatory process and to change were the keys elements in producing fair and just policies. Drought events can be widely divergent and dynamic, no two being alike; however, the spirit of procedural justice must be part of governance that brings public participation within the reactive planning process into better alignment with proactive planning.
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Brodie, Stefanie R. "Equity considerations for long-range transportation planning and program development." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54344.
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Transportation planning has become increasingly more performance-based over the past several decades. In part due the mandate from the 2012 Federal Surface Transportation Program authorization, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), agencies are adopting performance-based policies and programmatic frameworks to integrate the attainment of national goals into the transportation planning and decision making process. As agencies implement performance-driven decision making as a means to achieve national goals, local goals will become subject to the same framework. Although equity is not a national goal, transportation agencies continue to recognize it within their vision and planning goals. However, it is difficult to determine what constitutes equity, and to quantify and measure it. To plan for equitable outcomes in transportation therefore, it is necessary to develop evaluation methods that support the integration of equity in planning processes. The objectives of this research are to develop recommendations for procedures to formally incorporate equity considerations in transportation planning and program evaluation and to propose methodological revisions to existing analytical processes to enable evaluation of cumulative accessibility outcomes. A literature review -- drawing from the theories of equity, Federal regulations for addressing equity in transportation, performance management, and transportation and sustainability -- and practitioner interviews were used to gather information on the common and effective practices for addressing equity in transportation planning at the regional level. This information was an input in the development of a quantitative research approach to explore methodological limitations and planning gaps related to transportation planning for equitable outcomes. These results informed the development of a comprehensive approach to analyze and characterize cumulative impacts (i.e. accessibility) regionally. The approach is used to develop recommendations for regional transportation planning to influence equitable transportation outcomes for the full range of demographic groups over time. The research contributes to the knowledge base and professional practice of transportation planning by putting forward a construction for approaching equity in transportation planning and decision making based on equity theory, developing analytical methods to evaluate transportation investments for equitable outcomes, and offering a set of recommendations for moving transportation planning practices towards transportation planning for equitable outcomes.
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Hall, Peter Eric. "Salvaging social justice : the significance of the relationship between planners & community services staff for local area planning in metropolitan Adelaide /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PLM/09plmh178.pdf.
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Marcolongo, Tullia. "Playing by the rules, environmental justice and land use planning in Ontario; the Lands for Life case study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57993.pdf.
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Nashilongo, Mweneni. "Application of rules of transportation planning based on principles of transport justice developed by Karel Martens in Windhoek." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32937.
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Transportation planning over the years focused on providing mobility for car users. The focus on mobility has left people who cannot afford automobiles without access to different activities within their societies. The lack of access, in turn, resulted in social exclusion. In the book ‘Transport Justice' Martens showed that the distinct social meaning of the transport good lies in the accessibility. And therefore, accessibility should be the focus of transportation planning to mitigate lack of access and in turn social exclusion. Moreover, Martens developed principles of justice for transportation planning which focuses on identifying groups of people experiencing accessibility shortfalls to help planners focus resources towards those people who are socially excluded due to inadequate transportation systems. This paper aimed to use the principles of justice for transportation planning to identify population groups experiencing insufficient accessibility in the City of Windhoek by assessing potential mobility and accessibility in the city. Additionally, the paper aimed to evaluate how well the rules apply to a small city with a different land use and transport system to the Amsterdam case study from the book ‘Transport Justice'. To assess the transport system, the population of Windhoek was divided into groups based on location, income, and modal split. The accessibility levels and potential mobility levels for each population group per mode were then determined using four accessibility measures and the Potential Mobility Index (PMI-score). The groups were then assigned under 50%, 30%, and 10% accessibility thresholds based on their respective accessibility levels. Under each threshold, groups that contributed the most to the unfairness of the transportation system were identified and ranked based on their respective Accessibility Fairness Index scores (AFI). The results showed that most public transport dependent population groups contributed to the Windhoek transportation system unfairness. These groups are located in Havana, Okuryangava, Wanaheda, and Goreangab at the fringes of the city with low-income residents. Even with limited data, the application of the principles to Windhoek yielded an insightful overview of accessibility in within the city that showed gross inequalities in accessibility to jobs between the car owners and public transport users and between low income and high income earners. The application of the principles of justice for transportation planning produced comprehensible insight on the effects of the transportation system on accessibility to employment in Windhoek. The insight has shown that theory and principles developed by Martens can be useful in the African context where there are significant disparities in accessibility.
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Andreasson, My. "Emergency Water Planning and the Issues with making Drinking Water Accessible for Everyone." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149616.
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In Sweden, the access to drinking water is something that often is taken for granted. But several incidents where regions have found themselves without drinking water shows that we should be more concerned about crisis management concerning drinking water. Regulations state that even in a situation with drinking water disturbance the municipality is responsible for providing all citizens with drinking water of acceptable quality. When drinking water is not delivered in regular pipelines it is called emergency water, which is an alternative way to distribute drinking water within the region. During a crisis it is important that the authorities can act quickly in order to minimize the consequences that will occur if a region is without drinking water. The National Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) have therefore developed a guide for municipalities how to make an emergency water plan. It contains information of how to map and prioritize water users. This is a case study of Nordmaling Municipality that investigates how and why water users should be prioritized during a disturbance in drinking water. The aim has also been to locate emergency water containers for citizens and study the accessibility of these locations and the level of justice within the society connected to citizens (in)accessibility. In order to do this study, the guide from the National Food Agency have been studied along with consultation with the municipal administration. Then a quantitative Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) in GIS has been performed in order to find “optimal” locations for emergency water resources. Recommendations from the National Food Agency have been followed within the frame, ability and visions of Nordmaling Municipality. The study displays the functions that will obtain emergency water, and recommendations and regulations behind the decisions. Along with 12 different locations which have been decided based on results from the MCA. Water users (with extra consideration to vulnerable water users) living outside of the geographical “catchment-area” of a location with emergency water have been studied. This has shown that the locations are not accessible for everyone within the municipality. Constrained accessibility can be seen especially for elderly and those living in the sparsely parts of Nordmaling, which displays an unjust society.
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Pratt, Mercedes B. "Goal-Setting, Planning Abilities, and Resourcefulness as Protective Factors for Court-Involved Youth." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1621880427764422.
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Meenar, Md Mahbubur R. "FOOD JUSTICE IN POST-INDUSTRIAL US CITIES: THE ROLE OF NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/247409.
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GeographyPh.D.
The primary purposes of this dissertation were to (i) assess and identify post-industrial urban neighborhoods with food-insecure and vulnerable populations, and (ii) explore and analyze the role of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in addressing place-based food insecurity. The study used mixed-methods, including qualitative GIS, statistical tests, surveys, interviews, and field observations. A food justice theoretical framework was used to develop a Place-Based Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Index (PFIVI), which factored together 33 variables to measure six indicators. The study applied this index in the City of Philadelphia and then examined three types of interventions that NPOs embark on - providing hunger relief, providing healthy and affordable food through the alternative food movement, and offering food-based programs and events tied with community capacity building efforts. Statistical relationships between PFIVI scores and NPO-driven programs showed spatial mismatch issues between the programs and community needs in some neighborhoods. This research also highlighted other limitations of these programs and the challenges that NPOs face both on- and above-the-ground. While the NPOs are trying hard to promote food justice through their mission statements, advocacy, outreach, and on-the-ground programs, the city may have only partially achieved this goal. A lot more needs to be done by strengthening organizational networks, strengthening social networks with community residents, and offering healthy but affordable food in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and NPOs alone should not bear these responsibilities.
Temple University--Theses
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Iveson, Kieron. "Perceptions of justice and equity in energy infrastructure : stakeholder perspectives on electricity transmission infrastructure planning : where does power lie?" Thesis, Bangor University, 2018. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/perceptions-of-justice-and-equity-in-energy-infrastructure(f0d43186-dbee-4448-a554-1a1825bc9f9f).html.
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In response to the twin challenges of climate change and energy security, the UK government’s energy strategy includes new nuclear power stations. Large scale centralised generation of this type requires transmission infrastructure to carry electricity from where it is generated to where it is needed. This transmission infrastructure, specifically High Voltage Overhead Transmission Lines (HVOTLs), has met with significant community opposition, even where a new nuclear power station appears to be generally accepted. Acceptance of one major development and rejection of another suggests something other than NIMBYism. This research seeks to unpick perceptions of new electricity transmission infrastructure within the context of whole energy system change. The research comprises a case study of Anglesey, the location of the Wylfa Newydd nuclear power station development and associated transmission infrastructure. The research examines stakeholder perceptions of the planning of this new transmission infrastructure and the consultation which forms a part of that process. The research extends common notions of energy justice to include fairness in siting infrastructure and is informed by Lukes’ Radical View of Power and Rawls’ Justice as Fairness. Twenty two in depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with a range of stakeholders including community members, political representatives and electricity industry representatives. From the interviews the following themes were identified: trust; NIMBYism; sense of place; remember Tryweryn; the white elephant in the room; it’s all about the jobs; consultation, representation and democracy; together but separate / separate but together; comparison, conflation and confusion. The fairness of the process by which transmission infrastructure is determined is called into question. Strategic decisions are made upstream of any community engagement. National Grid are viewed as a force from outside imposing their preferred solution. Power for decision making rests firmly outside the community which hosts the infrastructure and stakeholders report that they have little influence on the outcome of the development. While development may be seen as fair or just on a utilitarian basis and on a wider geographical scale, it falls short of more recent formulations of justice. Earlier deliberative engagement with community members may alleviate dissent and contribute to fairer and more just development.