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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Justification (Theory of knowledge)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Justification (Theory of knowledge)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Justification (Theory of knowledge)"

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Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins. "Justification is potential knowledge." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 44, no. 2 (April 2014): 184–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2014.923240.

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This paper will articulate and defend a novel theory of epistemic justification; I characterize my view as the thesis that justification is potential knowledge (JPK). My project is an instance of the ‘knowledge-first’ programme, championed especially by Timothy Williamson. So I begin with a brief recapitulation of that programme.

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Bender, John W. "Knowledge, justification and Lehrer's theory of coherence." Philosophical Studies 54, no. 3 (November 1988): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00646275.

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Ghari, Meghdad. "Distributed Knowledge Justification Logics." Theory of Computing Systems 55, no. 1 (August 4, 2013): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00224-013-9492-x.

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Silva, Paul. "KNOWING HOW TO PUT KNOWLEDGE FIRST IN THE THEORY OF JUSTIFICATION." Episteme 14, no. 4 (May 19, 2016): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2016.10.

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AbstractIn what follows I offer a novel knowledge-first account of justification that avoids the pitfalls of existing accounts while preserving the underlying insight of knowledge-first epistemologies: that knowledge comes first. The view is, roughly, this: justification is grounded in our practical knowledge (know-how) concerning the acquisition of propositional knowledge (knowledge-that). The upshot is a virtue-theoretic, knowledge-first view of justification that is internalist-friendly and able to explain more facts about justification than any other available view.

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Taylor, James E., and William P. Alston. "Epistemic Justification: Essays in the Theory of Knowledge." Philosophical Quarterly 41, no. 163 (April 1991): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2219601.

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Steup, Matthias, and William Alston. "Epistemic Justification. Essays in the Theory of Knowledge." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52, no. 1 (March 1992): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2107759.

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ARTEMOV, SERGEI. "THE LOGIC OF JUSTIFICATION." Review of Symbolic Logic 1, no. 4 (December 2008): 477–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020308090060.

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We describe a general logical framework, Justification Logic, for reasoning about epistemic justification. Justification Logic is based on classical propositional logic augmented by justification assertions t: F that read t is a justification for F. Justification Logic absorbs basic principles originating from both mainstream epistemology and the mathematical theory of proofs. It contributes to the studies of the well-known Justified True Belief vs. Knowledge problem. We state a general Correspondence Theorem showing that behind each epistemic modal logic, there is a robust system of justifications. This renders a new, evidence-based foundation for epistemic logic. As a case study, we offer a resolution of the Goldman–Kripke ‘Red Barn’ paradox and analyze Russell’s ‘prime minister example’ in Justification Logic. Furthermore, we formalize the well-known Gettier example and reveal hidden assumptions and redundancies in Gettier’s reasoning.

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GÓES, HELNA ALMEIDA DE ARAUJO, GERMANO GLUFKE REIS, and GUSTAVO ABIB. "WHEN STAKEHOLDER THEORY MEETS JUSTIFICATION THEORY: AN INTERSECTION PROPOSAL." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 19, no. 4 (December 2021): 901–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120200179.

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Abstract We discuss an interplay between two theories by addressing the question: In what ways can the Justification theory (JT) complement the Stakeholder theory (ST)? While ST provides an insight on the importance of creating value for stakeholders without resorting to tradeoffs, it does not address how several stakeholders employ justifications to achieve their goals, nor does it explore the analytical thinking on how organizations and their stakeholders account for and negotiate behaviors during disputes. The JT provides a framework that interprets social interactions and tensions by considering that actors’ decisions and actions are contextualized within organizational reality. Several studies that apply the JT framework in the context of organizations do so by directly or indirectly analyzing stakeholders. Hence, this essay sheds light on how such an intersection may help to comprehend the phenomena related to disputes. The study offers tools and contributes to understanding managerial practices for stakeholders identification and engagement since, to the best of our knowledge, there is a research gap regarding the intersection between JT and ST.

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Faria, Domingos. "A Knowledge-First Account of Group Knowledge." Logos & Episteme 13, no. 1 (2022): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20221312.

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The aim of this paper is to relate two trending topics in contemporary epistemology: the discussion of group knowledge and the discussion of knowledge-first approach. In social epistemology no one has seriously applied and developed Williamson’s theory of knowledge-first approach to the case of group knowledge yet. For example, scholars of group knowledge typically assume that knowledge is analyzed in terms of more basic concepts, such as group belief or acceptance, group justification, and so on. However, if Williamson’s theory of knowledge is correct, these are not good analyzes for understanding group knowledge. For, in such framework, knowledge is not analyzed in terms of belief and justification, and the same should apply to group knowledge. Thus, we propose to analyze which consequences Williamson’s theory has for social epistemology, namely for an understanding of group knowledge. The questions that will guide this article are the following: What is a knowledge-first approach to group knowledge? And what does a knowledge-first approach teach us with regard to one of the most pressing issues of social epistemology, namely the dispute between summativists and non-summativists accounts of groups? We claim that a knowledge-first account of group knowledge can be offered and that it favors non-summativism.

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Booth, Anthony Robert. "The Theory of Epistemic Justification and the Theory of Knowledge: A Divorce." Erkenntnis 75, no. 1 (December 17, 2010): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-010-9264-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Justification (Theory of knowledge)"

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Fogdall, Stephen Andrew. "Inferential justification /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5700.

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TAYLOR, JAMES EDWARD. "EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REALISM." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184167.

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The central thesis of this dissertation is that it is not possible to determine the nature of epistemic justification apart from psychological investigation. Two sub-theses provide the primary support for this claim. The first sub-thesis is that no account of epistemic justification is correct which requires for the possession of justified beliefs a psychological capacity which humans do not have. A different way of stating this view is that the correct account of epistemic justification must be psychologically realistic. The second sub-thesis is that it is not possible to determine whether an account of epistemic justification is psychologically realistic apart from psychological investigation. In sum, there is a meta-theoretical constraint of psychological realism on accounts of epistemic justification which requires appeal to psychological investigation in its employment. After defending these proposals, I illustrate how the constraint of psychological realism has been and can be used both to test candidate accounts of epistemic justification and to guide the construction of such an account which is intuitive and psychologically realistic. These two kinds of applications of the constraint can involve either scientific or non-scientific psychological investigation. I give examples from current epistemological literature of critical employments of the constraint which appeal to both of these kinds of psychological investigation. Finally, in illustrating the role of the constraint of psychological realism in guiding the construction of an account of epistemic justification, I consider both reliabilist views and a variety of positions which feature the notion of cognitive design. I suggest that this latter approach holds out promise for yielding an account of epistemic justification which is both psychologically realistic and intuitive.

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Senor, Thomas David. "Ongoing justification: An essay on the epistemology of memory." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184765.

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Many accounts of epistemic justification are initially plausible as accounts of justifiably coming to believe a proposition, but fail as accounts of continuing to believe a proposition. In this essay, I examine candidate theories of ongoing justification, arguing that those along both coherentist and foundationalist lines are inadequate. First, I argue that coherentism doesn't work by dividing such accounts into negative and positive theories. Negative coherentism fails because of its dependence on the principle of epistemic conservatism, against which there are decisive objections. Positive coherentism is also rejected because one can be justified in continuing to believe a proposition even if one's doxastic corpus fails to entail or make probable or in any way evidentially support the belief. Foundationalism is then considered. According to one sort of foundationalist, an agent is justified in continuing to believe a proposition only if she remembers the original justificatory basis of her belief. This sort of foundationalism suffers a fate similar to that of positive coherentism; it entails that many beliefs, which clearly are justified, are unjustified. Another kind of foundationalism, one that treats memory as a justification conferring process, is considered. This version is inadequate as it fails to account for the historical nature of justification and fails to account for the justification of unactivated mnemonic beliefs. In the essay's final chapter, I argue that the failure of both foundationalism and coherentism indicates that internalistic accounts are hopeless. Finally, a theory of ongoing justification along reliabilist lines is suggested, elaborated, and defended.

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Arıcı, Murat. "A study on the connection between justification and truth /." Ankara : METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1214535/index.pdf.

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Brokes, Audre Jean. "Lessons unlearned : theories of direct acquaintance at the beginning and the end of twentieth century epistemology /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5692.

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Franco, John. "A critical analysis of Alvin Plantinga's position on classical foundationalism." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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Balderson, Shannon School of Arts UNSW. "Knowledge???s value: internalism and externalism." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Arts, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31472.

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This thesis engages with epistemology???s value problem. That is, is knowledge epistemically preferable to true belief? If so, how is that the case? The issue under discussion is whether epistemic justification can account for a value discrepancy between true belief and knowledge. First of all, the contours of the justificatory landscape are presented???in particular, the division between externalist and internalist styles. The thesis then considers whether solely truth-directed justification (which includes externalism) can possibly account for a value unique to knowledge. The preliminary conclusion is that solely truth-directed justification cannot solve the value problem. A discussion of internalism then ensues. The discussion does not focus explicitly on which benefits internalism may offer in terms of value; instead, the focus is on whether internalism qua internalism can solve the value problem. It is concluded that, if internalism is the sole provider of the value of knowledge (above that of true belief), then epistemology must forgo the belief that knowledge is preferable to a Gettiered belief. I do not accept such a concession; therefore, I reject the thesis that internalism exclusively solves the value problem. Throughout the thesis, the importance of externalism to epistemology becomes apparent. This feature invites a reconsideration of the value of externalism (in particular, of reliabilism). The thesis closes by reconsidering the value of reliabilism and concludes that the value problem can be solved, but only by an appeal to externalist justification.

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Roche, William A. "The structure and grounding of epistemic justification." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141674153.

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Engel, Mylan Jr. "Personal and doxastic variants of epistemic justification and their roles in the theory of knowledge." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184507.

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Most epistemologists agree that epistemic justification is required for knowledge. This requirement is usually formulated in one of two ways: (JR1) S knows that p only if S is justified in believing that p. (JR2) S knows that p only if S's belief that p is justified. Surprisingly (JR1) and (JR2) are generally regarded as synonymous formulations of the justification condition. In Chapter 1, I argue that such a synonymy thesis is mistaken and that, in fact, (JR1) and (JR2) specify substantively different requirements. (JR1) requires that the person be justified, whereas (JR2) requires that the belief in question be justified, and intuitively, these constitute different requirements. Thus, it is concluded that (JR1) and (JR2) employ inherently different kinds of epistemic justification in their respective analysantia. I dub them "personal justification" and "doxastic justification", respectively. The remainder of the dissertation is devoted to demonstrating both the legitimacy and the importance of the personal/doxastic justification distinction. For example, the distinction helps account for the divergent intuitions that regularly arise regarding justificatory evaluations in demon-world contexts. In Chapters 2 and 3 I provide analyses for doxastic and personal justification. Chapter 2 spells out an externalist reliabilist account of doxastic justification which safely avoids demon-world counterexamples. Chapter 3 advances an internalist coherence account of personal justification. In defending this coherence theory, I argue that all foundation theories are false and that the regress argument on which they are predicated is unsound. In Chapter 4, I propose an analysis of ordinary knowledge which only requires doxastic justification. Nevertheless personal justification plays a negative, undermining role in the analysis. I then demonstrate that this analysis of knowledge is immune to typical Gettier examples. It also remains unscathed by Harman's beefed-up Gettier cases. Finally, I consider a stronger analysis of knowledge requiring both doxastic and personal justification. Though the latter analysis proves too strong for ordinary knowledge, it remains interesting as an analysis of a more intellectualistic kind of knowledge. The final chapter examines the internalist/externalist controversy and demonstrates that this controversy is yet another manifestation of the personal/doxastic justification conflation.

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Kamozut, Mehmet Cem. "A Coherentist Approach To The Justification Of Scientific Theories." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609409/index.pdf.

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Philosophers of science have long realized that it is not possible to decide which scientific theory is true just by relying on their empirical adequacy. That theories should possess other virtues in order to be accepted by the scientific community is well understood. Nevertheless, empirical adequacy remained as having a privileged value among these virtues. In this thesis I argue that scientific theories are accepted or rejected on the bases of an evaluation of their degree of coherence. In such a coherentist understanding, empirical adequacy still plays some role. However, this is an egalitarian approach where observational reports have no special status. By means of case studies form history of science I provided reasons to think that this coherentist approach is better suited to understanding scientific change as a rational process.

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Books on the topic "Justification (Theory of knowledge)"

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Ernest, Sosa, ed. Knowledge and justification. Aldershot, England: Dartmouth, 1994.

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Audi, Robert. The structure of justification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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Belief, justification, and knowledge: An introduction to epistemology. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1988.

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1906-, Pennock J. Roland, and Chapman John William 1923-, eds. Justification. New York: New York University Press, 1986.

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Extended rationality: A hinge epistemology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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Fuller, M. B. Truth, value, and justification. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1991.

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Goldberg, Sanford. Anti-individualism: Mind and language, knowledge and justification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Lycan, William G. Judgement and justification. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Fogelin, Robert J. Pyrrhonian reflections on knowledge andjustification. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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Yi, Pyŏng-dŏk. Hyŏndae insingnon: Chŏngdanghwa ŭi sahoe silch'ŏn e ŭihan chŏpkŭn = Contemporary epistemology. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Sŏnggyun'gwan Taehakkyo Ch'ulp'anbu, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Justification (Theory of knowledge)"

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Deonna, Julien, and Fabrice Teroni. "Can Emotions Provide Knowledge, Justification, or Understanding?" In Emotion Theory: The Routledge Comprehensive Guide, 672–90. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003469018-42.

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Bender, John W. "Coherence, Justification, and Knowledge: The Current Debate." In The Current State of the Coherence Theory, 1–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2360-7_1.

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Crabu, Stefano, Federico Neresini, Maria Carmela Agodi, and Simone Tosoni. "Introduction: Manufacturing Knowledge at the Border of Science." In Manufacturing Refused Knowledge in the Age of Epistemic Pluralism, 1–19. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7188-6_1.

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AbstractThis chapter describes the research context and justification for the book. It discusses the relevance of contemporary practices contesting scientific knowledge, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. It introduces the theoretical and methodological background adopted to understand how and under which conditions groups of people assign credibility and trust to knowledge claims located outside the established boundaries of science. In doing so, the chapter proposes an integrated perspective by intersecting the Social Worlds Framework with the major analytical standpoints developed by Actor-Network Theory in the field of science and technology studies. It then describes the content of the various chapters of the book and concludes with their relevance to understanding the ways individuals or groups of people question the legitimacy of science’s claim to define what nature and society are and how societies should be governed.

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Binney, Nicholas. "Is There an Epistemic Role for History in Medicine? Thinking About Thyroid Cancer." In Philosophy and Medicine, 83–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62241-0_7.

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AbstractStarting in the late twentieth century there was considerable overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer, especially papillary thyroid carcinoma. Intriguingly, thyroid cancer researchers have suggested that knowledge of the history of thyroid cancer would have helped prevent this problem. Their intuition is that history has an epistemic role to play in justifying contemporary medical knowledge. This conflicts with an opposing intuition that history is irrelevant to the justification of contemporary knowledge. This chapter provides a Fleckian analysis of the history of thyroid cancer. It describes the development of a fluctuating network of active and passive elements of knowledge, out of which knowledge of cancer, malignancy, and papillary carcinoma emerge. What these objects are is shown to depend on this history. Whether physicians see the various forms of thyroid cancer as homogeneous kinds or as composite objects is shown to depend on this history. Therefore, the observations made of these objects also depend on this history. Justification of knowledge claims is a function of observations made of these objects, and the observations made of these objects is a function of their history. Therefore, justification of knowledge is a function of this history, which gives history an epistemic role to play in medical practice.

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McGlynn, Aidan. "Justification." In Knowledge First?, 39–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137026460_3.

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McCain, Kevin. "Justification." In The Nature of Scientific Knowledge, 57–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33405-9_5.

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Dalyot, Keren, Yael Rozenblum, and Ayelet Baram-Tsabari. "Justification of Decision-Making in Response to COVID-19 Socio-Scientific Dilemmas." In The Pandemic of Argumentation, 247–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_13.

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AbstractArgumentation skills are important for informed decision-making, especially in everyday life when engaging with science. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic is an ideal opportunity to study laypeople’s use of argumentation skills when engaging with a scientific issue daily, while making relevant decisions that affect their families and society. This study frames the pandemic as a Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI)—a scientific issue with links to several social science disciplines (economics, politics, and sociology). The current study explores decision making and argumentation in the context of COVID-19 among the Israeli public as well as the connection between demographic characteristics, scientific knowledge and education and the quality of their argumentations. An online survey to examine responses to 2 specifically designed social dilemmas was conducted in April 2020 (n = 439). Our findings suggest that laypeople tend to use justifications that were classified as ‘scientific argumentation’ but we could not demonstrate a connection between demographic characteristics, scientific knowledge and decision making. We did find a positive connection between peoples’ perception of control over the situation and their compliance with the official guidelines. As a relevant Socio-Scientific Issue (SSI), COVID-19 stretched to the limit the need for public argumentation with changing scientific and medical information.

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Sosa, Ernest. "Knowledge and Justification." In Contemporary Epistemology, 220–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119420828.ch15.

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Russell, Bruce. "Justification and Knowledge." In Knowledge, Teaching and Wisdom, 137–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2022-9_10.

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"Knowledge and Justification." In The Theory of Knowledge, 51–82. The Lutterworth Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1cgdwkz.5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Justification (Theory of knowledge)"

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Biran, Or, and Kathleen McKeown. "Human-Centric Justification of Machine Learning Predictions." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/202.

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Human decision makers in many domains can make use of predictions made by machine learning models in their decision making process, but the usability of these predictions is limited if the human is unable to justify his or her trust in the prediction. We propose a novel approach to producing justifications that is geared towards users without machine learning expertise, focusing on domain knowledge and on human reasoning, and utilizing natural language generation. Through a task-based experiment, we show that our approach significantly helps humans to correctly decide whether or not predictions are accurate, and significantly increases their satisfaction with the justification.

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Wang, Eric, and Yong Se Kim. "Object Ontology With Justification Graphs for Form-Function Reasoning." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50016.

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We present an ontology of objects, relations among objects, and generic shape representation that supports form-function reasoning. By reasoning from the generic functions of objects to their geometric shape requirements, we deduce the generic shape representation of everyday objects. This is a complex kind of reasoning that combines diverse knowledge sources and principles. We model the results of this reasoning process as a justification graph of individual reasoning steps, which explicitly links the attributes of objects and their relations to the corresponding geometric shape elements. This object ontology uses OWL Full metamodeling techniques to achieve the necessary level of expressiveness while maintaining a generic representation. We give an example for the Table class, showing its decomposition into functions, features, and relations, and its form-function reasoning process.

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Olson, Taylor, and Kenneth D. Forbus. "Normative Testimony and Belief Functions: A Formal Theory of Norm Learning." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/53.

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The ability to learn another’s moral beliefs is necessary for all social agents. It allows us to predict their behavior and is a prerequisite to correcting their beliefs if they are incorrect. To make AI systems more socially competent, a formal theory for learning internal normative beliefs is thus needed. However, to the best of our knowledge, a philosophically justified formal theory for this process does not yet exist. This paper begins the development of such a theory, focusing on learning from testimony. We make four main contributions. First, we provide a set of axioms that any such theory must satisfy. Second, we provide justification for belief functions, as opposed to traditional probability theory, for modeling norm learning. Third, we construct a novel learning function that satisfies these axioms. Fourth, we provide a complexity analysis of this formalism and proof that deontic rules are sound under its semantics. This paper thus serves as a theoretical contribution towards modeling learning norms from testimony, paving the road towards more social AI systems.

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Marinov, Krasimir. "SENIOR MANAGEMENT SUPPORT FOR NEW PRODUCTS: ЕMPIRICAL FINDINGS FROM BULGARIA." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.193.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the findings from an empirical study on the impact of company senior management support on the performance of the new products of Bulgarian companies. The paper considers the major studies on company senior management support and suggests a typology of these studies based on two criteria. A methodological framework for the research on company senior management support has also been substantiated. The empirical study results show that there is a relation between the degree of company senior management support and the degree of new product success as well as between the degree of company senior management support and the indicators measuring new products’ performance. The theoretical and practical contribution of the paper is related to the justification of the methodological framework for the research on company senior management support as well as to the results concerning the relation between senior management support and the success of new products.

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Alizon, Fabrice, Steve Shooter, and Timothy Simpson. "Introduction of the REUSE Method: Retrieving Knowledge From Existing Product Designs." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80929.

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In today’s marketplace, most products must better satisfy customers’ needs in the shortest time and be competitively priced. In this context, the reuse of knowledge about the targeted product is critical for developing potential product platforms. One can facilitate the reuse of existing knowledge to achieve a desired design by establishing a method that considers the layout of modules (or components) with identified flow interfaces, volume and the fundamental functional description. The problem grows with the number of candidate modules and with information-rich descriptions. The proposed REUSE (Reuse Existing Unit for Shape and Efficiency) Method greatly facilitates this search by filtering candidates based on their similarity to desired characteristics and their performance efficiency. By reusing existing information from components and modules, this approach allows the detailed specification of cost (e.g., investment and production cost for a module) along with other desired characteristics. This method applies to the complete product realization enterprise from conception through product launch. It also enables traceability of design decisions to help capture rationale and justification. A case study involving a family of cameras illustrates the proposed method.

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Garmendia, Onintza, JM Montserrat, Cristina Embid, Vera M. Lugo, Marta Torres, Jair Villanueva, Concepcion Ruiz, Ramon Farre, and Monique C. Suarez. "Telemedicine in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients with limited internet knowledge to control their CPAP: CLIC-CPAP. Justification, design and methodology." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa2279.

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Richard-Bollans, Adam, Lucía Gómez Álvarez, and Anthony G. Cohn. "Modelling the Polysemy of Spatial Prepositions in Referring Expressions." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/72.

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In previous work exploring how to automatically generate typicality measures for spatial prepositions in grounded settings, we considered a semantic model based on Prototype Theory and introduced a method for learning its parameters from data. However, though there is much to suggest that spatial prepositions exhibit polysemy, each term was treated as exhibiting a single sense. The ability for terms to represent distinct but related meanings is unexplored in the work on grounded semantics and referring expressions, where even homonymy is rarely considered. In this paper we address this problem by analysing the issue of reference using spatial language and examining how the polysemy exhibited by spatial prepositions can be incorporated into semantic models for situated dialogue. We support our approach on theoretical developments of Prototype Theory, which suggest that polysemy may be analysed in terms of radial categories, characterised by having several prototypicality centres. After providing a brief overview of polysemy in spatial language and a review of the related work, we define the Baseline Model and discuss how polysemy may be incorporated to improve it. We introduce a method of identifying polysemes based on `ideal meanings' and a modification of the `principled polysemy' framework. In order to compare polysemes and aid typicality judgements we then introduce a notion of `polyseme hierarchy'. Subsequently, we test the performance of the extended Polysemy Model by comparing it to the Baseline Model as well as a data-driven model of polysemy which we derive with a clustering algorithm. We conclude that our method for incorporating polysemy into the Baseline Model provides significant improvement. Finally, we analyse the properties and behaviour of the generated Polysemy Model, providing some insight into the improvement in performance, as well as justification for the given methods.

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Press, Bill, Adam Dukes, Dave Poole, Jack Adams, Luke Burling, and John Sulley. "Safety Justification Strategy for the Implementation of Additive Manufacture Small-Bore Globe Valves for Nuclear Plant." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-62614.

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Abstract The Additive Manufacture (AM) of nuclear plant components, such as small-bore globe valves, offers opportunities to reduce costs and improve production lead-times. Cost reductions can be achieved by reducing raw material quantities, removing machining operations, and eliminating the welding of sub-assemblies. Furthermore, there is the opportunity to reduce production lead-times by simplifying the supply chain, e.g. reducing the number of parts to be sourced and eliminating special operations. Such opportunities are important against a backdrop of industry striving to reduce the cost of nuclear power generation in order to ensure viability with other forms of power generation. However, AM is a relatively new and innovative manufacturing technology, and although now seeing greater use in industry, there are still very few examples of where the technology has been applied to components used in safety critical applications. Furthermore, it is not covered by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Section III, nuclear design code. For nuclear plant applications, it is imperative a robust safety justification is provided. This paper presents Rolls-Royce’s approach to provision of a high integrity safety justification to enable the implementation of AM small-bore globe valves, up to a nominal bore size of 2” to nuclear plant. The material of construction is AM Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) 316LN stainless steel, with a Hot Isostatic Press (HIP) bonded LPBF Tristelle 5183 low cobalt hard facing seat. The paper describes the structure of the safety justification, which follows a multi-legged approach. It provides an overview of the innovative manufacturing process, which is, to the best of Rolls-Royce’s knowledge, the first of a kind application on nuclear pressure boundary components. The paper provides a summary of the suite of materials testing and metallurgical examinations conducted, and majors on prototype functional and performance testing where comparisons are made with the previous forged form. Pressure testing is covered which includes ultimate pressure testing to 2,000 bar, as well as: functional cyclic testing, hard facing bond strength tests, dynamic loading (shock), and cyclic thermal tests. In all cases the additive manufactured small-bore globe valves performed as well, and in some cases better than the forged material equivalent.

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Tombolato, Monica. "RENEWING THE CURRICULUM TO PROMOTE EPISTEMIC COGNITION IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY: SOME PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end087.

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"In our Knowledge Society, the division of cognitive labor, the specialization of knowledge and the brisk growth of new information and communication technologies provide a complex challenge for those tasked with selecting what is worth teaching and how to do it. The ease of access to information due to advanced and user-friendly technologies often gives us the illusion to know more than we actually do. This “epistemic disease” is a danger to both democracy and public health. The educational system must therefore encourage good epistemic habits consistent with responsible citizenship. From a didactic perspective, this requires updating the curriculum in the light of the educational challenge of the 21st century: making students aware of what knowledge is and what knowing means by fostering their epistemic cognition. Since epistemic cognition is concerned with the acquisition of a habitus, that is, a durable disposition to act in a certain way under certain circumstances (second-level curriculum objective), curriculum updating should not be reduced to a mere quantitative increase in the knowledge to be taught. On the contrary, this revision should address, on a qualitative level, how the selected disciplinary content is didactically transpose. In this contribution, we intend to propose some procedural principles – conceived as pragmatic patterns of behavior – that can help teachers design instructional activities consistent with the goal of promoting students’ epistemic cognition. These procedural principles will be formulated based on a conception of discipline as a correlated system of epistemic products and expert practices of knowledge construction, validation, evaluation and justification."

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Prokopchina, Svetlana, and Veronika Zaslavskaia. "Methodology of Measurement Intellectualization based on Regularized Bayesian Approach in Uncertain Conditions." In 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.131805.

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Modern measurement tasks are confronted with inherent uncertainty. This significant uncertainty arises due to incomplete and imprecise knowledge about the models of measurement objects, influencing factors, measurement conditions, and the diverse nature of experimental data. This article provides a concise overview of the historical development of methodologies aimed at intellectualizing measurement processes in the context of uncertainty. It also discusses the classification of measurements and measurement systems. Furthermore, the fundamental requirements for intelligent measurement systems and technologies are outlined. The article delves into the conceptual aspects of intelligent measurements, which are rooted in the integration of metrologically certified data and knowledge. It defines intelligent measurements and establishes their key properties. Additionally, the article explores the main characteristics of soft measurements and highlights their distinctions from traditional deterministic measurements of physical quantities. The emergence of cognitive, systemic, and global measurements as new measurement types is discussed. In this paper, we offer a comprehensive examination of the methodology and technologies underpinning Bayesian intelligent measurements, with a foundation in the regularizing Bayesian approach. This approach introduces a novel concept of measurement, where the measurement problem is framed as an inverse problem of pattern recognition, aligning with Bayesian principles. Within this framework, innovative models and coupled scales with dynamic constraints are proposed. These dynamic scales facilitate the development of measurement technologies for enhancing the cognition and interpretation of measurement results by measurement systems. This novel type of scale enables the integration of numerical data (for quantifiable information) and linguistic information (for knowledge-based information) to enhance the quality of measurement solutions. A new set of metrological characteristics for intelligent measurements is introduced, encompassing accuracy, reliability (including error levels of the 1st and 2nd kind), dependability, risk assessment, and entropy characteristics. The paper provides explicit formulas for implementing the measurement process, complete with a metrological justification of the solutions. The article concludes by outlining the advantages and prospects of employing intelligent measurements. These benefits extend to solving practical problems, as well as advancing and integrating artificial intelligence and measurement theory technologies.

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Reports on the topic "Justification (Theory of knowledge)"

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Stucchi, Rodolfo, Alessandro Maffioli, Sofía Rojo, and Victoria Castillo. Knowledge Spillovers of Innovation Policy through Labor Mobility: An Impact Evaluation of the FONTAR Program in Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011534.

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Although knowledge spillovers are at the core of the innovation policy's justification, they have never been properly measured by any impact evaluation. This paper fills this gap by estimating the spillover effects of the FONTAR program in Argentina. We use an employer-employee matched panel dataset with the entire population of firms and workers in Argentina for the period 2002-2010. This dataset allows us to track the mobility of qualified workers from FONTAR beneficiary firms to other firms and, therefore, to identify firms that indirectly benefit from the program through knowledge diffusion. We use a combination of fixed effect and matching to estimate the causal effect-direct and indirect-of the program on various measures of performance. Our findings are robust to a placebo test based on anticipatory effects and show that the program increased employment, wages, and the exporting probability of both direct and indirect beneficiaries. The analysis of the dynamic of these effects confirms that performance does not improve immediately after the treatment for neither direct nor indirect beneficiaries.

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Borgwardt, Stefan. Concise Justifications Versus Detailed Proofs for Description Logic Entailments. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2023.225.

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We discuss explanations in Description Logics (DLs), a family of logics used for knowledge representation. Initial work on explaining consequences for DLs had focused on justifications, which are minimal subsets of axioms that entail the consequence. More recently, it was proposed that proofs can provide more detailed information about why a consequence follows. Moreover, several measures have been proposed to estimate the comprehensibility of justifications and proofs, for example, their size or the complexity of logical expressions. In this paper, we analyze the connection between these measures, e.g. whether small justifications necessarily give rise to small proofs. We use a dataset of DL proofs that was constructed last year based on the ontologies of the OWL Reasoner Evaluation 2015. We find that, in general, less complex justifications indeed correspond to less complex proofs, and discuss some exceptions to this rule.

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Lind, Nelson, and Natalia Ramondo. Global Knowledge and Trade Flows: Theory and Measurement. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30590.

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Whitaker, Randall, and Gina Thomas-Meyers. Knowledge Glyphs: Visualization Theory Development to Support C2 Practice. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada457752.

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Horan, Victoria, and Michael Gudaitis. Investigation of Zero Knowledge Proof Approaches Based on Graph Theory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540835.

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Kosulin, G. S., and I. P. Saltyk. Justification of the conceptual provisions of the theory of long-term storage of sugar beets. Ljournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/issn1997-0749.2019-05-02.

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Wilkins, David C. Knowledge Base Refinement as Improving an Incorrect and Incomplete Domain Theory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada224441.

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James, Carolyn. Development of Middle School Teachers' Knowledge and Pedagogy of Justification: Three Studies Linking Teacher Conceptions, Teacher Practice, and Student Learning. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2951.

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Güner, Serdar. Game Theory and International Politics. Instats Inc., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/t65wxs3sl7qn1805.

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This one-day workshop offers a comprehensive understanding of the application of game theory in the complex world of international politics. Ideal for PhD students, academics, and professional researchers, the seminar provides invaluable insights, knowledge, and skills to enhance their analytical capabilities and understanding of game theory in their research.

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Garicano, Luis, and Thomas Hubbard. Hierarchies, Specialization, and the Utilization of Knowledge: Theory and Evidence from the Legal Services Industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10432.

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