Journal articles on the topic 'Juvenile textbook'

The four-striped mouse has a grey to brown coloured coat with four characteristic dark stripes interspersed with three lighter stripes running along its back. The histological differences in the skin of the juvenile and adult mouse were investigated by Haematoxylin and Eosin and Masson Trichrome staining, while melanocytes in the skin were studied through melanin-specific Ferro-ferricyanide staining. The ultrastructure of the juvenile skin, hair follicles, and melanocytes was also explored. In both the juvenile and adult four-striped mouse, pigment-containing cells were observed in the dermis and were homogeneously dispersed throughout this layer. Apart from these cells, the histology of the skin of the adult four-striped mouse was similar to normal mammalian skin. In the juvenile four-striped mouse, abundant hair follicles of varying sizes were observed in the dermis and hypodermis, while hair follicles of similar size were only present in the dermis of adult four-striped mouse. Ultrastructural analysis of juvenile hair follicles revealed that the arrangement and differentiation of cellular layers were typical of a mammal. This study therefore provides unique transition pattern in the four-striped mouse skin morphology different from the textbook description of the normal mammalian skin.

The article focuses on the 19th-century American history schoolbooks as primary sour­ces in historiography and cultural studies. The re­levance of the topic is determined by the fact that historically several regions with different econo­mic, cultu­ral and ideological characteristics existed and deve­loped in the USA. Therefore, broad political powers of the state governments that traditionally made laws in the field of education may give us the reason to assume that the narration of the American history in books produced and used in different parts of the country might have reflected values and beliefs of those particular states.The study was based on the principle of historicism, which let us closely analyze such questions as the authorship, places of schoolbook publishing and areas of their distribution with re­ference to the changing sociocultural realia of the 19th-century America.The following conclusions were drawn. The advent and development of public education as well as the blossom of the printing industry in New England contributed to the fact that in the 1820s there emerged a big group of authors who wrote the most popular American histories. Simultaneously with the growth of the number and influence of publi­shing firms in New York and Philadelphia, the center of the textbook production moved to the Mid-Atlantic Region in the latter half of the century.The United States territorial acquisitions of the 19th century predetermined the mass migration of the American citizens who amongst other possessions carried their children’s textbooks to new places. Due to the fact that the system of public edu­cation was still in its juvenile years and did not enjoy authority among the citizens, school administrations and teachers were not able to make parents buy new schoolbooks from the lists approved by schools, counties, or states, which led to the problem of textbook diversity and to the distribution of the northern books throughout the whole country. Concurrently, high profits in textbook business attracted many people who tried to write and sell as many histories as possible. This resulted in the problem of oversupply of schoolbooks.

SUMMARYIt is generally believed that the patterns of in-host migration of the infective stages of most invasive macroparasites of man and domestic animals are matters of established fact. In reality, the textbook treatment of this topic, and much of the experimental approach to it, are a legacy of an uncritical past. With few exceptions the true picture concerning particular host/parasite systems is confused by the acceptance of inadequate criteria of proof. In important instances these bogus ‘proofs’ have been generalized within a suspect inductive framework which employs the basic assumption that all migratory parasites that enter the same portal and travel to the same destination do so by the same route. The discussion of such issues serves as a background to the presentation in detail of a more rigorous conceptual and experimental framework.

In medical school, we learned how to classify diabetes according to different clinical characteristics. However, at the dawn of the precision medicine era, it is clear that today’s clinical reality does not always align well with textbook teachings. The terms juvenile versus elderly-onset diabetes, as well as insulin-dependent versus non-insulin-dependent diabetes, have become obsolete. Contrary to what is often taught severe ketoacidosis may occur in type 2 diabetes. Patients may also suffer from two or more forms of diabetes simultaneously or consecutively. Five authentic cases of diabetes with uncommon characteristics that pose diagnostic challenges are presented here.

Individuals of the scale-eating cichlid fish, Perissodus microlepis , from Lake Tanganyika tend to have remarkably asymmetric heads that are either left-bending or right-bending. The ‘left’ morph opens its mouth markedly towards the left and preferentially feeds on the scales from the right-hand side of its victim fish, and the ‘right’ morph bites scales from the victims’ left-hand side. This striking dimorphism made these fish a textbook example of their astonishing degree of ecological specialization and as one of the few known incidences of negative frequency-dependent selection acting on an asymmetric morphological trait, where left and right forms are equally frequent within a species. We investigated the degree and the shape of the frequency distribution of head asymmetry in P. microlepis to test whether the variation conforms to a discrete dimorphism, as generally assumed. In both adult and juvenile fish, mouth asymmetry appeared to be continuously and unimodally distributed with no clear evidence for a discrete dimorphism. Mixture analyses did not reveal evidence of a discrete or even strong dimorphism. These results raise doubts about previous claims, as reported in textbooks, that head variation in P. microlepis represents a discrete dimorphism of left- and right-bending forms. Based on extensive field sampling that excluded ambiguous (i.e. symmetric or weakly asymmetric) individual adults, we found that left and right morphs occur in equal abundance in five populations. Moreover, mate pairing for 51 wild-caught pairs was random with regard to head laterality, calling into question reports that this laterality is maintained through disassortative mating.

Incarcerated juveniles have the greatest need for education and potential for improvement, yet they are one of the most underserved populations in terms of public education. Juveniles in detention centers receive a lower quality education when compared to public education systems–courses exclusively based on worksheets, single-room style teaching methods, a shortage of textbooks, and underqualified teachers. They also struggle to earn and transfer credits. In addition, solitary confinement often denies access to education, adding further disadvantages. Currently, juveniles have a low reenrollment rate in the public education system after their release. This paper presents a solution for the future of juvenile education, using the national response to COVID-19 of moving education online as a blueprint, combined with social science research, to provide small amendments to promote an effective learning environment.

We remark daily the great importance that the teenager’s magazines have between ours pupils (girls but also boys). These magazines, inside the audiovisual mass media, produce an authentic parallel curriculum, true textbook, really different (and opposed) to the official curriculum ingenuously developed by professors, like the occult curriculum subliminally unrolled at the school. This one must acknowledge the legitimacy of popular culture if doesn’t want to stay marginal respect the stream of powerful socialization’s mediums. Las revistas juveniles tienen una notable incidencia entre las chicas y chicos. La cultura audiovisual de masas constituye un auténtico currículum paralelo, distinto e incluso a veces contradictorio a la enseñanza oficial, e incluso al currículum que transcurre oculto y que subliminalmente está presente en la educación. El autor propone reconocer la legitimidad de esta cultura popular de las publicaciones juveniles, para no ignorar la realidad de la calle y darle un verdadero tratamiento educativo.

This research aims to analyse the legal protection for the child offenders in criminal offence of abuse with a fatal outcome, the judge's considerations in imposing imprisonment for the offence and the obstacles in the crime. Data obtained through empirical legal research. This research uses primary data obtained from empirical legal research in the form of interviews with respondents and informants and combines legal materials such as textbooks, theories, laws and regulations which are considered as secondary data. The results of the research showed that the legal protection provided to the child convicts is in the form of identity confidentiality, is treated well during the investigation process, is placed in a special place, the Judges in making considerations always refer to the mitigating factors such as the juvenile's age, the juvenile's mental state, the juvenile's background, the juvenile's family attitude and aggravating things such as a bad juvenile's life history and parents who are unable to educate them.. The things that indirectly hinder the process of settling this case are the parents negligence, lack of cooperation from both parties, and also the influence of gadgets. It is recommended to the law enforcement officers and Juvenile’s Special Development Institute should continue to cooperate in carrying out legal protection for child perpetrators according to applicable rules, the judge before imposing a prison sentence should prioritize the best interests of the child and to parents should contributing better in control the children's behavior.

The article deals with the main social and psychological factors affecting the formation of the personality of a minor offender, as well as delinquent behavior. The interrelation between different types of character accentuations and formation of delinquent behavior of minors is described. The basic prerequisites of delinquent behavior, such as neglect, impunity, shortcomings in the educational process and the social environment are also considered. The article is based on the data of three focus groups, which discussed the causes and methods of preventing juvenile delinquency. The first focus group was held with the participation of the heads of the DSS Of different regions of Russia. The second was attended by the leaders of PD of different regions of Russia. Respondents of these groups concluded that impunity, lack of fear and responsibility for their actions is the main factor contributing to the formation of delinquent behavior of minors. Also of great importance is the organization of leisure activities of minors and their involvement in socially useful activities. Lack of control, a large amount of free time in minors, the lack of realization of their potential are dangerous factors that create the preconditions for the Commission of illegal acts. According to the respondents of both focus groups, it is necessary to pay special attention to the organization of leisure activities of minors, to ensure their employment in various sports, socially useful and creative activities that should be controlled by adults. The media, especially the Internet, also have a detrimental impact. A detailed description of how and when crimes are committed, how "easy money "is a kind of" textbook of criminal activity» for minors. In addition, as a prevention of illegal activities of minors, respondents indicated increased penalties. The second focus group was held with minors aged 15-16 years. The respondents of this focus group came to the conclusion that the main factor influencing the formation of delinquent behavior of minors is the social environment. They also expressed the opinion on the need for more preventive work and clarification of the law. Thus, the article considers the main factors and reasons for the formation of delinquent behavior of minors, studied different points of view on this issue and identifies ways to combat this problem.

Children are the future of the country. Juvenile delinquency is the hurdle to the development of the juvenile and its effects are bad on the development of the country. Sexual offenses are social evil that badly affects to the juvenile as well as the victim woman. Juvenile criminality has been increased year by year in India particularly in juvenile sexual offenses. Even though to emphasis the literacy, there is Constitutional provision under Directive Principle of the State Policy as well as Fundamental Rights as provided under Part III & IV of the Constitution of India but there is an implemental gap. In furtherance, to give effect to rise up the literacy, the Union Government and States Government are trying to implement several policies. There are several reasons behind juvenile delinquency like- social, economic, political, psychological, and biological reasons but literacy is directly impacting on juvenile delinquency. If we want to build a strong India then we have to make mentally strong children. The objective of the present study is to analyse the effect of literacy of the States and UTs on its juvenile delinquency. The effect of policies as initiated by the Union and State Government with respect to juvenile delinquency has also been elaborated categorically in manner. The present study is based on doctrinal and empirical methods. For doctrinal, data has been collected from the textbooks, research papers, journals, articles, and websites, and for imperial study, data has been adopted from official sites. For conclusive analysis, the statistical formulae have been applied.

This study sought to determine rehabilitation centre administrators’ preparedness for adequate teaching and learning for effective management of formal education in juvenile centres—the case of Kabete and Dagoretti in Nairobi and Kiambu counties, Kenya. The study used a case study research design. The target population was 144 juvenile delinquents, 13 welfare officers, 18 class teachers and 4 school administrators. The data collection instruments were questionnaires, interview schedules and personal observations piloted at the Shikusa rehabilitation centre in Kakamega. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings showed that the majority of the administrators had no training in leadership and management, the majority of the teachers had not undergone training on curriculum implementation and workshops on improvisation of teaching and learning resources, there were inadequate classrooms and libraries, and none of the centres had all textbooks for all subjects. It is hoped that the findings of the study might be useful to the staff working in the juvenile rehabilitation centres, parents of juvenile delinquents, curriculum developers and the Ministry of Education, science and technology as it reveals the specific factors related to effective management of formal education in the juvenile centres in Kenya.

Two years ago, we reported the beginnings of a collaboration between Education librarians at two locations within Pennsylvania State University Libraries (PSUL): the Education Library at University Park and the Penn State Harrisburg Library. We described our methods of cooperative purchasing of PreK–12 textbooks and instructional materials, which represented substantial costs and challenges to both locations.2 Since then, we have explored additional ways of sharing collection development tasks, while retaining much of the autonomy that librarians within PSUL prize. This article focuses on our efforts with our juvenile literature collections.

The aim of this article is, firstly, an analysis of numerous deficiencies and the consequences of the educational process generated congestion programs, books, calendar and lesson plans, as well as the immense amount of homework; Secondly, modeling of normalized learning process, which is entirely possible to achieve high quality education based on successful implementation of the principle of availability of learning and teaching of all other principles. In this regard, the most obvious abnormal congestion is stated for the seniors immense amount of homework that is incompatible with the principle of accessibility of education and school hygiene requirements. It is noted also that studies of many local authors found negative effects of abnormally overloaded amount of homework. However, numerous studies have concluded less obvious, but the most dangerous overloading of school curricula and textbooks. Appeal to the measurement of educational overloads done by V. P. Bespalko shows that students are forced to use mathematics textbooks, whose congestion contains between 5-fold to 20- fold. Effectiveness in study for many students with these textbooks V. P. Bespalko describes the term "zero success." It is ascertained spread of zero (ie, disastrous) the level of success of the quality of education in mathematics, physics and chemistry. It is shown that abnormal overload programs and textbooks causes long chain of other anomalous phenomena in the educational process such as the loss of the opportunity to implement the principle of availability, training and all other didactic principles; distribution of zero-level retention on the quality of education in mathematics, physics and chemistry; the loss of students’ desire to learn, that paralyzes the assimilation education content; mechanical memorization of educational material; the forced nature of the training activity of the students and the teacher's position occasioned by the authoritarian it; school boredom, indiscipline, but teaching students, which in turn becomes the cause of the juvenile; application of teachers antipedagogical means of maintaining discipline; catastrophically high incidence of students. This circuit anomalies learning process does not end there. Its sequel is the subjects of individual research.The standardization of the educational process is considered as the maximum possible elimination of educational and all other overloads generated by their anomalies. It is shown that strong guidance for implementing learning is normalized in the pedagogical heritage of J. A. Comenius, A. Distervega, practical experience in solving the problem of eliminating congestion educational (Frohlich school, modern educational reforms in Singapore). In this regard, it also emphasizes the relevance of the concept of structuralism, sponsored by the famous Polish dydakt K. Sosnitskii.

The article deals with the formation of sacred music by Christians in the early Middle Ages. Basing on the historical sources and scientific literature, the authors show a connection between the musical traditions of Rome, the Western Goths of Spain and the empire of Charlemagne. The teaching of professional church singers, the birth of Mass, the complexity of the musical pattern of Christian singing, the educational ideas of Isidore of Seville and Alcuin of York, the metriz school timely opened by Christian mentors – all of it contributed to the formation of the early medieval educational process. Alcuin is the author of many (about 380) Latin instructive, panegyric, hagiographic, and liturgical poems (among the most famous are The Cuckoo (lat. De cuculo) and The Primate and Saints of the York Church (lat. De pontificibus et sanctis Ecclesiae Eboracensis )). Alcuin also wrote puzzles in poetry and prose. Alkuin conducted the extensive correspondence (with Charles the Great, Anguilbert, Pope Leo III and many others, a total of 232 letters to various people); Alcuin's letters are an important source on the history of the Carolingian society. At the Palace Academy, Alquin taught trivium and quadrivia elements; in his work On True Philosophy, he restored the scheme of the seven liberal arts, following Kassiodor’s parallel between the seven arts and the seven pillars of the temple of Wisdom of Solomon. He compiled textbooks on various subjects (some in a dialogical form). The Art of Grammar (lat. Ars grammatica) and the Slovene of the Most Noble Young Man Pipin with Albin Scholastic (Lat. Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico) became very famous. Alcuin’s textbooks on dialectics, dogmatics, rhetoric, and liturgy are also known.

This review describes the over half-centennial history of research on insect juvenile hormone (JH) as well as its natural and synthetic bioanalogues (JHA or juvenoids).The leading theories of insect hormone action in growth and metamorphosis were created more than 50 years ago by the pioneers of insect endocrinology, V. B. Wigglesworth, C. M. Williams, V. J. A. Novák, H. Piepho, H. A. Schneiderman and L. I. Gilbert. There are two principal categories of hormones released from the central neuroendocrine system (neurosecretory cells of the brain, corpora cardiaca, corpora allata) that regulate insect growth and metamorphosis. The first is a complex set of neurohormones (neuropeptides) originating in the neurosecretory cells of the insect brain, which are released from the neurohaemal organs, the corpora cardiaca. These neuropeptides are responsible for stimulation of various developmental events, such as the release of the activation hormone, AH. The second category of centrally produced hormones in insects is the morphogenesis inhibiting hormone, or juvenile hormone (JH), produced by the associated endocrine glands, the corpora allata. JH is responsible for induction of the somatic larval growth in young instar larvae and stimulation of reproduction in the feeding adult stages.Wigglesworth (1935) first described JH as an inhibitory hormone; Williams (1957) discovered its active extracts. Sláma (1961) discovered the hormonomimetic or pseudojuvenile effects of various lipid extracts and free fatty acids. In addition to lipid extracts with JH activity, a phenomenon found in various human organs, microorganisms and plants, JH-mimetic materials were found in American paper products in 1964. The source of the so-called “paper factor” was the wood of the Canadian balsam fir. The potential use of these and other analogues of JH as nontoxic, selectively acting “third generation pesticides” stimulated an enormous boom of activity among industrial and academic institutions all over the world, in the pursuit of synthetic JH analogues for replacement of toxic insecticides.For practical reasons, in this review the chemical structures of the synthetic juvenoids have been divided into three categories: a) natural and synthetic, predominantly terpenoid juvenoids known before 1970; b) terpenoid and nonterpenoid juvenoids synthesized and tested before 1980, and; c) predominantly nonterpenoid, polycyclic juvenoids with relatively high JH activity, found and selected for practical use after 1980. Chemical structures of several juvenoids of theoretical or practical importance, together with the essential structure-activity relationships, are outlined in several figures and tables. The total number of all juvenoids reported active in one or more insects species has been estimated to be more than 4000 compounds. A juvenoid molecule has, more or less, a similar molecular size, roughly equivalent to a chain of 15 to 17 carbon atoms, with the presence of some slightly polar functional groups and a more or less lipophilic physico-chemical properties. Beyond these similarities, there are many variations in the structural types of juvenoids, including, derivatives of acyclic terpenoids, arylterpenoids, peptides, heterocyclic and polycyclic juvenoids, phenoxyphenyl juvenoids, juvenoid carbamates, and pyridyl-derivatives.In addition to the generally known and intensively studied effects of juvenoids, such as inhibition of metamorphosis, inhibition of embryogenesis, and stimulation of ovarian growth, there are certain less remarkable and largely unexplored biological effects of juvenoids. Some of those phenomena, which are briefly described in this review, are: a) the effects of juvenoids on embryonic development (ovicidal effects); b) delayed effects of JH on metamorphosis from egg stage; c) sexually transmitted female sterility caused by juvenoid treatments of the males; d) the nonvolatile, biochemically activated juvenogen complexes, generating hormonally active juvenoids by enzymatic hydrolysis of the complex, and; e) antihormones with antijuvenile activity.There are two basic hormonal theories on the regulation of insect metamorphosis by JH that have been proposed during the past 50 years. The first is the theory of Gilbert-Riddiford, which has been widely disseminated at universities worldwide, through textbooks on insect physiology, biochemistry and endocrinology. The second, less renowned, hormonal theory of insect development is that of Novák-Sláma. Briefly, the Gilbert-Riddiford theory is based on several fundamental principles. These are: a) the brain hormone-prothoracic gland (PG) concept created more than 50 years ago and later disproved by Williams; b) the conclusions of Piepho, who suggested that a large concentration of JH would cause a single epidermal cell to develop larval patterns, pupal patterns at medium concentrations, and adult epidermal patterns at zero concentration; c) small amounts of JH are necessary in the last larval instars of endopterygote insects for preventing precocious proliferation of imaginal discs; d) metamorphosis is stimulated by PG through a small endogenous peak of ecdysteroid preceding the large prepupal one; e) ecdysteroids are released from the PG in response to superimposed prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the brain; f) the true juvenile hormone of the corpora allata is a sesquiterpenoid compound known as epoxy homofarnesoate (JH-I), isolated from the adult male abdomens of the Cecropia silkmoths, and; g) physiological functions of JH and other hormones are regulated at the peripheral level by enzymes (esterase) or genes (methoprene tolerant,Metor a Broad complex gene).The Novák-Sláma theory is based on completely different building blocks. Briefly, these are: a) the PG represent a peripheral organ which is not involved in the regulation of the moulting cycles, instead; b) the PG are a subordinated target of JH (not PTTH), they are inactive during the last larval instar and their removal does not abolish the cycles of moults; c) the PG are used to generate metabolic water during the growth of young larval instars by secreting of an adipokinetic superhormone, which stimulates total combustion of the dietary lipids; d) small, medium, or large concentrations of JH are unimportant, the hormone only needs to be present in the minimum, physiologically effective concentrations; e) an imperative condition for metamorphosis to occur is a virtual absence of JH starting from the second half of the penultimate larval instar; f) JH acts according to an “all-or-none” rule at the single cell level, and the temporal sensitivity to JH is strictly limited to a narrow period at the beginning of the moulting cycle, before the cells begin to divide; g) the corpus allatum never produces JH in a nonfeeding stage, and the sesquiterpenoid juvenoid JH-I cannot be the true JH of insects (it has very low JH activity, 100,000-fold smaller in comparison to human made peptidic juvenoids); h) the developmental cycles are stimulated exclusively by neuropeptides produced by the brain’s neurosecretory cells (AH); i) developmental stimulation by AH has nothing in common with the PTTH or PG; j) when environmental interventions in the hormonal system become obsolete, the regulation of moulting cycles becomes autonomic (hormone independent), supported by the stereotypic instructions coded on the genome; k) during the millions of years of insect evolution, the central neuroendocrine system acquired the superimposed, epigenetic ability to adapt gene functions and synchronize them with essential changes in the environment. A model based on the regulation of insect metamorphosis by simple combination of two hormones (AH, JH) of the central neuroendocrine system is outlined. A possibility that the 4000 known juvenoid molecules act as the feedback or homeostatic factors affecting permeability of the epidermal cell membranes has been suggested. Speculations about possible peptidic or proteinic nature of the corpus allatum hormone have been emphasized.

The paper presents the biography and systematizes the research of a well-known Russian scholar Prof. M.N. Gernet. The authors single out different spheres of his work: 1) the theory and history of criminal law, including the theory of crime as a social phenomenon, the qualification of criminals and crimes, the concept of criminal law, types of punishment used in different countries as well as social security measures in the form of the penitentiary system, organization of inmates’ labor, their re-socialization; 2) criminal law sociology, including the research of the dependence of the number of crimes on the economic conditions, such as the average salary, housing utility payments, size of dwelling, price of bread and other basic necessities; 3) criminal law statistics whose methods M.N. Gernet actively used, such as survey, questionnaires, observation, experiment, ranging (structuring); thanks to the crime and criminal personality research offices that he organized in different cities of the Soviet Union it was possible to collect data and to systematize it by the causes of crime, types of crimes, personal characteristics of some criminals (gender, age, education, marital status); 4) problems of juvenile delinquency analyzed by scholars using data on age groups of delinquents, which allowed to show the positive effect of the reduction of punishment depending on age, the hearing of cases by the Commission on Minors’ Affairs and a wide use of medical and pedagogical measures; 5) the history of using capital punishment, including a historical overview of using this type of punishment, which gave the scholar an opportunity to show that this measure does not affect the total number of crimes and has a negative impact on the psychological atmosphere in the society manifested through an increased number of civil disobediences and violent crimes; 6) crimes of Hitler’s army against humanity, which M.N. Gernet studied by collecting data on the number of war crimes against civilians, prisoners of war, hostages, analysis of mass shootings and the destruction of cities, villages, cultural monuments and other valuable objects; 7) biographies of legal scholars, including the information that M.N. Gernet collected on the work and contributions to the legal science of such famous lawyers as A.F. Konin, N.S. Tagantsev, V.K. Sluchevsky, I.Ya. Foinitsky, P.I. Lyublinsky, paying special attention to the monographs and textbooks that they wrote.

This study describes clinical, paraclinical characteristics and treatment response in children with nephritis class II-IV caused by systemic lupus erythematosus and validates SLEDAI for the evaluation of disease activity and the appropriate treatment strategy. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 40 children, 37 girls (92%) and 3 boys (8%), with an average age of 11.7 years with lupus nephritis class III- IV in Vietnam National Children’s Hospital in 2019. The study results show that the average score of SLEDAI in the children with pericardial and pleural effusions was 20.94 ± 4.09; high blood pressure, 20.89 ± 4.23; and gross hematuria, 20.29 ± 5.03, which were higher than those in children without these manifestations with p< 0.05. The most common kidney manifestations were nephrotic-range nephritis with renal failure (40%) and Glomerulonephritis (35%), corresponding to an average SLEDAI score of 24.25 ± 5.52 and 24.33 ± 3.2, respectively (p = 0.001). SLEDAI had an inverse correlation with the C3 complement value (r -0.315, p <0.05). The average SLEDAI score decreased gradually from 18.75 ± 4.22 to 3.38 ± 3.95 points (p <0.001) after 12 months of treatment. The study concludes that SLEDAI score was higher in patients with pleural and/or pericardial effusions, hypertension and gross hematuria, nephrotic-range nephritis with kidney failure or glomerulonephritis. SLEDAI score corresponded with the C3 complement value and the average SLEDAI score decreased gradually with treatment. Keywords: Lupus Nephritis class III- IV, SLEDAI. References [1] George Bertsias, Ricard Cervera và Dimitrios T Boumpas, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features<sample chapter 20_mod 17_Systemic Lupus nephritis 2012.pdf> (2012), EULAR Textbook on Rheumatic Diseases, EULAR, 476-505.[2] D.M. Levy and S. Kamphuis, Systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am59(2) (2012)345-64.[3] Thai Thien Nam, 2018, Lupus in National Children,s Hospital, [4] C.Bombardier, M.B. Hurwitz et al, Derivation of the SLEDAI: A disease activity index for lupus patients. The committee on prognosis studies in SLE, Arthritis Rheum 35(6) (1992) 630-640.[5] R. Shamim, S. Farman, S. Batool et al, Association of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index score with clinical and laboratory parameters in pediatric onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Pak J Med Sci. 36(3) (2020) 467-472.[6] Le Thuy Hang, Assesment of SLEDAI score and panthology in children with lupus nephritis, 2016, Pediatrician thesis, Hanoi Medical University.[7] S.K.S.M. Nazri, K.K. Wong and W.Z.W.A. Hamid, Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Retrospective analysis of clinico-laboratory parameters and their association with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score, Saudi Med J. 39(6) (2018) 627-631. [8] Nguyen Thuy Duong, clinical, paraclinical and pathology characteristics in children with nephritis caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, 2011, Master thesis, Hanoi Medical University.[9] S.N. Wong, W.K. Chan, J.Hui et al, Membranous lupus nephritis in Chinese children--a case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Nephrol, 24(10)(2009) 1989-1996.[10] N.T.N. Dung, H.T. Loan, S. Nielsen et al, Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus onset patterns in Vietnamese children: a descriptive study of 45 children. Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal, 10 (2010) 38-48.[11] T. Pusongchai, J. Jungthirapanich, S. Khositseth, Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Thammasat University Hospital, J Med Assoc Thai. 93(12) (2010) 283-290.

Context: Thyroid hormones can affect the development and function of the central nervous system and various other organs. As such, the pathologic excess of these hormones, known as thyrotoxicosis, can be the source of significant damage during childhood and adolescence. The objective of this study was to review the management of Graves’ disease (GD) in the pediatric age group, especially concerning long-term antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment. Evidence Acquisition: A thorough search of literature published from 1980 to 2019 was performed in PubMed only for English language literature. The following key terms were used: “Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis in children, thyrotoxicosis remission, thyrotoxicosis relapse, definite therapy, radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy, anti-thyroid drugs, propylthiouracil, methimazole, and carbimazole”. We also did a thorough search in review articles, observational studies, open-label/controlled randomized/non-randomized trials, and meta-analyses, as well as the articles cited by textbooks, chapters, and review articles, which led us to locate older sources of information on the topic. Results: More than 90% of thyrotoxicosis in the pediatric age group is attributable to GD. A host of strategies, including ATDs, radioiodine therapy, and surgery, are employed to treat this entity. However, there is still significant controversy regarding the most optimal strategy. Current evidence suggests that ATDs are the best initial treatment in pediatric patients with GD. Although ATDs are widely used, the duration of their administration is controversial and varies significantly between protocols. A major problem is the high relapse rate (up to 70%), but extending the duration of such treatment could potentially bring the remission rate up to 88%. Indications for using radioactive iodine treatment include the lack of remission following years of receiving ATDs, poor compliance, and the emergence of a major side effect. In pediatric patients aged five-years-old or younger who suffer from very large goiter, severe ophthalmopathy, and persistent hyperthyroidism, as well as those with the lack of response to or showing adverse effects of ATDs, it is advisable to consider total or near-total thyroidectomy. Conclusions: Antithyroid drugs are the mainstay of treatment of juvenile GD, and long-term methimazole therapy increases the remission rate in pediatric GD.

Abstract Background Planaxis sulcatus has been touted as a textbook example of poecilogony, with members of this wide-ranging Indo-Pacific marine gastropod said to produce free-swimming veligers as well as brooded juveniles. A recent paper by Wiggering et al. (BMC Evol Biol 20:76, 2020) assessed a mitochondrial gene phylogeny based on partial COI and 16S rRNA sequences for 31 individuals supplemented by observations from the brood pouch of 64 mostly unsequenced individuals. ABGD and bGYMC supported three reciprocally monophyletic clades, with two distributed in the Indo-Pacific, and one restricted to the northern Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Given an apparent lack of correlation between clade membership and morphological differentiation or mode of development, the reported 3.08% maximum K2P model-corrected genetic divergence in COI among all specimens was concluded to represent population structuring. Hence, the hypothesis that phylogenetic structure is evidence of cryptic species was rejected and P. sulcatus was concluded to represent a case of geographic poecilogony. Results Our goal was to reassess the case for poecilogony in Planaxis sulcatus with a larger molecular dataset and expanded geographic coverage. We sequenced an additional 55 individuals and included published and unpublished sequence data from other sources, including from Wiggering et al. Our dataset comprised 108 individuals (88 COI, 81 16S rRNA) and included nine countries unrepresented in the previous study. The expanded molecular dataset yielded a maximum K2P model-corrected genetic divergence among all sequenced specimens of 12.09%. The value of 3.08% erroneously reported by Wiggering et al. is the prior maximal distance value that yields a single-species partition in ABGD, and not the maximum K2P intraspecific divergence that can be calculated for the dataset. The bGMYC analysis recognized between two and six subdivisions, while the best-scoring ASAP partitions recognized two, four, or five subdivisions, not all of which were robustly supported in Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated and single gene datasets. These hypotheses yielded maximum intra-clade genetic distances in COI of 2.56–6.19%, which are more consistent with hypothesized species-level thresholds for marine caenogastropods. Conclusions Based on our analyses of a more comprehensive dataset, we conclude that the evidence marshalled by Wiggering et al. in support of Planaxis sulcatus comprising a single widespread, highly variable species with geographic poecilogony is unconvincing and requires further investigation in an integrative taxonomic framework.