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Loepelt, Julia, Rachael C. Shaw, and Kevin C. Burns. "Can you teach an old parrot new tricks? Cognitive development in wild kaka ( Nestor meridionalis )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1832 (June 15, 2016): 20153056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.3056.
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Despite recent efforts to characterize innovative individuals within a species, we still know very little about the ontogeny of innovation ability. A number of studies have found that innovation rates are correlated with personality traits, such as neophilia and exploration. Juvenile birds are frequently more neophilic and explorative, yet few studies have found evidence of age-related differences in innovative problem-solving success. Here, we show consistently higher innovation efficiency in juveniles of a wild, omnivorous parrot species across a variety of tasks and contexts. We tested 104 kaka ( Nestor meridionalis ), ranging in age from four months to 13 years. Twenty-four individuals participated in all three of our problem-solving tasks, two of which involved a familiar feeder and one an entirely novel apparatus. Juveniles were the most efficient problem-solvers in all three tasks. By contrast, the adults’ success was context dependent and limited to the novel apparatus, which did not require modification of a pre-learned behavioural response. This suggests greater behavioural flexibility in the juvenile birds, who also showed higher persistence and exploratory diversity than adults. These traits may enable young kaka to discover efficient foraging techniques, which are then maintained throughout adulthood.
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Lillard, Angeline S., and Alev Erisir. "Old dogs learning new tricks: Neuroplasticity beyond the juvenile period." Developmental Review 31, no. 4 (December 2011): 207–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.008.
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Juliao Vargas, Carlos Germán. "Culturas juveniles y tribus urbanas: ¿homogeneización o diferenciación?" Praxis Pedagógica 12, no. 13 (January 30, 2012): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26620/uniminuto.praxis.12.13.2012.144-164.
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La juventud contemporánea es bastante diversa y diversificada; hablamos de “culturas juveniles” para referirnos a aquellas agregaciones de jóvenes en torno a referentes simbólicos que suelen presentarse como componentes de modos de pensar y organizarse, de valores, prácticas y discursos, todos ellos colectivos; y caracterizados por posiciones alternativas y, en ocasiones a contra corriente, de aquello socialmente aceptado y reconocido. Acercarnos, desde la perspectiva de lo educativo, a los grupos juveniles urbanos revela la tensión que comienza a generarse entre un espacio local juvenil apropiable y un espacio juvenil global masivo que diluye la construcción de identidades territoriales sólidas. Resta saber cómo movilizar esa “fuerza latente” a la que Mannheim se refería cuando hablaba de los jóvenes.
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Soderquist, TR, and M. Serena. "Predicted susceptability of Dasyurus geoffroii to canid baiting programmes: variation due to sex, season and bait type." Wildlife Research 20, no. 3 (1993): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930287.
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A laboratory assessment of the susceptibility of Dasyurus geoffroii to baits used to control foxes and dingoes was conducted using five types of non-poisoned baits: polony, fresh meat, meat dried by 50% and 70% of the original weight, and compressed beef crackle. Trials were designed to simulate the initial encounter of a bait by hungry wild juveniles and adults of both sexes, including lactating females. In overnight trials, juveniles and lactating females ate significantly more fresh meat per body weight (mean consumption: 23.7% for juvenile males, 21.5% for juvenile females, 23.1% for lactating females) than non-lactating adult females and adult males (combined mean, 18.3%). Maximum overnight bait consumption was 43% of body weight. These values greatly exceed those previously reported for other species of Dasyurus. Moist baits were eaten more rapidly and in larger amounts than drier baits. Seasonal factors lead to the prediction that the period when canid baiting can be conducted with the least danger to Dasyurus geoffroii is January-March.
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Wheelwright, Nathaniel T., and Jennifer J. Templeton. "Development of Foraging Skills and the Transition to Independence in Juvenile Savannah Sparrows." Condor 105, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.2.279.
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Abstract We investigated the timing and pattern of the development of foraging skills in juvenile Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Juveniles of known age, parentage, and in some cases sex were mist netted and tested in an aviary on Kent Island, an isolated island in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Captive birds were exposed to three standardized and ecologically relevant foraging tasks: locating spittle bugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in spittle masses on goldenrod (Solidago rugosa) plants, small caterpillars under spruce (Picea glauca) bud scales, and beetle larvae under leaves. The feeding trials involved 33 juveniles aged 17–42 days, four independent juveniles whose precise ages were not known, and five adults for comparison. The performance of juvenile sparrows on all three tasks showed rapid improvement between 22 and 24 days of age. Thereafter, foraging proficiency (number of foraging attempts, number of prey obtained, foraging efficiency) did not improve significantly with age among juveniles; in fact, older juveniles performed as well as adults. Juvenile males obtained more prey items than juvenile females in aviary trials. Foraging proficiency in captivity was not a good predictor of survival to the following year, and it appeared not to be influenced by brood membership or parental age. The age at which foraging performance improved in captivity coincided with the age at which parents cease attending their fledglings in the field, suggesting that the duration of postfledging parental care may be determined by the speed at which juveniles can develop foraging skills. Desarrollo de Destreza para Forrajear y Transición a la Independencia en Juveniles de Passerculus sandwichensis Resumen. Investigamos el tiempo y el patrón de desarrollo de destreza para forrajear en juveniles de Passerculus sandwichensis. Se capturaron y se evaluaron juveniles de edad, origen, y (en algunos casos) sexo conocidos en una pajarera en Kent Island, Bahía de Fundy, Canadá. Las aves capturadas se expusieron a tres tareas de forrajeo estandarizadas y ecológicamente relevantes: localizar insectos (Homoptera: Cercopidae) en su espuma en hierbas (Solidago), orugas pequeñas en las ramitas de Picea glauca, y larvas de escarabajo debajo de hojas. Utilizamos 33 juveniles de 17–42 días de edad, 4 juveniles independientes de edades desconocidas y 5 adultos para comparar. El desempeño de los juveniles en las tres tareas mostró una mejoría rápida entre 22 y 24 días de edad. A partir de entonces, la competencia al forrajear (número de intentos de forrajeo, número de presas obtenidas, eficiencia de forrajeo) no mejoró significativamente con la edad entre los juveniles; de hecho, los juveniles mayores se desempeñaron tan bien como los adultos. Los machos juveniles consiguieron más presas que las hembras en las pruebas. La competencia al forrajear en cautiverio predijo la sobrevivencia hasta el siguiente año adecuadamente, y pareció no ser influenciada por la nidada a que se pertenecía o por la edad de los padres. La edad en que la competencia al forrajear mejoró en cautiverio coincidió estrechamente con la edad en que los padres dejan de cuidar a los volantones en el campo, lo cual sugiere que la duración del cuidado de los padres después de que los polluelos salen del nido puede ser determinada por la rapidez con que los juveniles puedan desarrollar destreza para forrajear.
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Robertson, Angela A., Zhou Fang, Doris Weiland, George Joe, Sheena Gardner, Richard Dembo, Larkin Mcreynolds, et al. "Recidivism Among Justice-Involved Youth: Findings From JJ-TRIALS." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 9 (May 25, 2020): 1059–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820922891.
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Recidivism, and the factors related to it, remains a highly significant concern among juvenile justice researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. Recent studies highlight the need to examine multiple measures of recidivism as well as conduct multilevel analyses of this phenomenon. Using data collected in a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded Juvenile Justice-Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ-TRIALS) cooperative agreement, we examined individual- and site-level factors related to 1-year recidivism among probation youth in 20 sites in five states to answer research questions related to how recidivism rates differ across sites and the relationships between individual-level variables and a county-level concentrated disadvantage measure and recidivism. Our findings of large site differences in recidivism rates, and complex relationships between individual and county-level predictors of recidivism, highlight the need for more nuanced, contextually informed, multilevel approaches in studying recidivism among juveniles.
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Yee, Caitlin S., Emily R. Hawken, Ross J. Baldessarini, and Gustavo H. Vázquez. "Maintenance Pharmacological Treatment of Juvenile Bipolar Disorder: Review and Meta-Analyses." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 22, no. 8 (June 17, 2019): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz034.
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Abstract Background Guidelines for maintenance treatment of juvenile bipolar disorder rely heavily on evidence from adult studies and relatively brief trials in juveniles, leaving uncertainties about optimal long-term treatment. We aimed to systematically review long-term treatment trials for juvenile bipolar disorder. Methods We analyzed data recovered by a systematic literature search using the PRISMA guidelines statement, through 2018, for peer-reviewed reports on pharmacological treatments for juvenile bipolar disorder lasting ≥24 weeks. Results Of 13 reports with 16 trials of 9 treatments (18.8% were randomized and controlled), with 1773 subjects (94.4% BD-I; ages 6.9–15.1 years), lasting 11.7 (6–22) months. Pooled clinical response rates were 66.8% (CI: 64.4–69.1) with drugs vs 60.6% (53.0–66.7) in 3 placebo-control arms. Random-effects meta-analysis of 4 controlled trials yielded pooled odds ratio (OR) = 2.88 ([0.87–9.60], P = .08) for clinical response, and OR = 7.14 ([1.12–45.6], P = .04) for nonrecurrence. Apparent efficacy ranked: combined agents >anticonvulsants ≥lithium ≥antipsychotics. Factors favoring response ranked: more attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, polytherapy, randomized controlled trial design, nonrecurrence vs response. Adverse events (incidence, 5.50%–28.5%) notably included cognitive dulling, weight-gain, and gastrointestinal symptoms; early dropout rates averaged 49.8%. Conclusions Pharmacological treatments, including anticonvulsants, lithium, and second-generation antipsychotics, may reduce long-term morbidity in juvenile bipolar disorder. However, study number, quality, and effect magnitude were limited, leaving the status of scientific support for maintenance treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder inconclusive.
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Lehmann, Peter S., Ted Chiricos, and William D. Bales. "Juveniles on Trial: Mode of Conviction and the Adult Court Sentencing of Transferred Juveniles." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 5 (June 14, 2017): 563–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717714203.
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Several studies have compared the criminal court sentences given to transferred juveniles with those given to adults, but this research has reported inconsistent findings. In addition, some research has found that mode of conviction can interact with offenders’ characteristics, resulting in stronger or weaker effects of these factors among defendants convicted at trials. The current study explores the direct effects of juvenile status on sentence severity and whether these effects are conditioned by mode of conviction. Examination of data from Florida circuit courts ( N = 1,107,233) shows that transferred juveniles are less likely to be incarcerated than adults but are given longer incarceration sentences. Interaction analyses reveal that these disparities are weaker among trial cases than among plea cases.
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Peterson, Joseph E., Z. Jack Tseng, and Shannon Brink. "Bite force estimates in juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex based on simulated puncture marks." PeerJ 9 (June 2, 2021): e11450. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11450.
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Background Bite marks attributed to adult Tyrannosaurus rex have been subject to numerous studies. However, few bite marks attributed to T. rex have been traced to juveniles, leaving considerable gaps in understanding ontogenetic changes in bite mechanics and force, and the paleoecological role of juvenile tyrannosaurs in the late Cretaceous. Methods Here we present bite force estimates for a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex based on mechanical tests designed to replicate bite marks previously attributed to a T. rex of approximately 13 years old. A maxillary tooth of the juvenile Tyrannosaurus specimen BMR P2002.4.1 was digitized, replicated in dental grade cobalt chromium alloy, and mounted to an electromechanical testing system. The tooth was then pressed into bovine long bones in various locations with differing cortical bone thicknesses at varying speeds for a total of 17 trials. Forces required to replicate punctures were recorded and puncture dimensions were measured. Results Our experimentally derived linear models suggest bite forces up to 5,641.19 N from cortical bone thickness estimated from puncture marks on an Edmontosaurus and a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. These findings are slightly higher than previously estimated bite forces for a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex of approximately the same size as BMR P2002.4.1 but fall within the expected range when compared to estimates of adult T. rex. Discussion The results of this study offer further insight into the role of juvenile tyrannosaurs in late Cretaceous ecosystems. Furthermore, we discuss the implications for feeding mechanisms, feeding behaviors, and ontogenetic niche partitioning.
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Weber, Paula, Carina Vogel, Carla Lang, and Bernardo Baldisserotto. "Antipredator and alarm reaction responses of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles exposed to waterborne ammonia." Neotropical Ichthyology 10, no. 2 (May 24, 2012): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252012005000006.
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Ammonia has relatively toxic effects on fish and other aquatic organisms. This study examined whether juvenile silver catfish exposed to alarm substances released by conspecifics and predators in water with different ammonia levels modify their behaviour in response to the perceived risk of predation. We used juvenile catfish that were naive to predators. The fish were raised from the larval stage in the laboratory and kept in 40-L aquaria at waterborne NH3 concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg L-1 for 10 days. The alarm substances used were predator odour and skin extract from conspecifics. The juveniles were transferred to 2-L aquaria for the antipredator and alarm reaction behavioural tests, which were performed on days 1, 5 and 10 after initial exposure to ammonia. The test aquaria contained a shelter at one end of the tank. The trials consisted of a 10-min prestimulus and a 10-min poststimulus observation period. The results of the study suggest that naive juvenile catfish are able to identify predators and skin extract from conspecifics by odour. In addition, waterborne NH3 levels modify the antipredator response of this species.
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Rea, L. D., D. A. S. Rosen, and A. W. Trites. "Utilization of stored energy reserves during fasting varies by age and season in Steller sea lions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, no. 2 (February 2007): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-204.
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Nine captive Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776), 1.75–6 years of age) were fasted for 7–14 d to test the effect of short-term fasting on changes in body mass and body condition. Trials were repeated during both the summer breeding season and the nonbreeding season in seven animals to elucidate whether there was a seasonal component to the ability of Steller sea lions to adapt to limited food resources. Mean percent mass loss per day was higher during the breeding season in juveniles (1.8% ± 0.2%·d–1) than in subadults (1.2% ± 0.1%·d–1), but there were no significant age-related differences during the nonbreeding season (juveniles, 1.5% ± 0.3%·d–1; subadults, 1.7% ± 0.3%·d–1). A decrease in the rate of mass loss occurred after the first 3 d of fasting only in subadults during the breeding season. Percent total body lipid ranged from 11% to 28% of total body mass at the initiation of fasting trials. Animals with lower initial percent total body lipid exhibited higher subsequent rates of mass loss and a lower percentage of tissue catabolism derived from lipid reserves. There was no evidence of metabolic adaptation to fasting in juveniles, which suggests that juvenile sea lions would be more negatively impacted by food limitation during the breeding season than would subadults.
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Tetzlaff, Sasha J., Alondra Estrada, Brett A. DeGregorio, and Jinelle H. Sperry. "Identification of Factors Affecting Predation Risk for Juvenile Turtles Using 3D Printed Models." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020275.
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Although it is widely accepted that juvenile turtles experience high levels of predation, such events are rarely observed, providing limited evidence regarding predator identities and how juvenile habitat selection and availability of sensory cues to predators affects predation risk. We placed three-dimensional printed models resembling juvenile box turtles (Terrapene carolina) across habitats commonly utilized by the species at three sites within their geographical range and monitored models with motion-triggered cameras. To explore how the presence or absence of visual and olfactory cues affected predator interactions with models, we employed a factorial design where models were either exposed or concealed and either did or did not have juvenile box turtle scent applied on them. Predators interacted with 18% of models during field trials. Nearly all interactions were by mesopredators (57%) and rodents (37%). Mesopredators were more likely to attack models than rodents; most (76%) attacks occurred by raccoons (Procyon lotor). Interactions by mesopredators were more likely to occur in wetlands than edges, and greater in edges than grasslands. Mesopredators were less likely to interact with models as surrounding vegetation height increased. Rodents were more likely to interact with models that were closer to woody structure and interacted with exposed models more than concealed ones, but model exposure had no effect on interactions by mesopredators. Scent treatment appeared to have no influence on interactions by either predator group. Our results suggest raccoons can pose high predation risk for juvenile turtles (although rodents could also be important predators) and habitat features at multiple spatial scales affect predator-specific predation risk. Factors affecting predation risk for juveniles are important to consider in management actions such as habitat alteration, translocation, or predator control.
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Hearn, William E., and Boyd E. Kynard. "Habitat Utilization and Behavioral Interaction of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow Trout (S. gairdneri) in Tributaries of the White River of Vermont." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 1988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-244.
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Competition for space between stocked juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and wild juvenile rainbow trout, S. gairdneri, was examined in stream channel experiments, a field experiment, and in field habitat surveys. In stream channels providing riffle and pool habitats, species differed in their distribution both as underyearlings (0+) and as yearlings (1+). Yearling salmon occurred more often in stream channel riffles during trials with 1+ rainbow trout than during trials testing only salmon; trout distributions in the channels were unaffected by salmon. In a field experiment conducted to determine if the stocking of 0+ Atlantic salmon causes the displacement of resident 0+ rainbow trout, salmon fry were stocked at a density of 85 per 100 m2. Emigration from the stocked zone and an unstocked control zone were then monitored daily with four weirs. The 0+ salmon had no apparent effect on the rate of movement of resident rainbow trout fry. During summer and fall field surveys, 0+ salmon occupied deeper and swifter water than 0+ rainbow trout; as yearlings these species occupied similar habitats. In late fall, segregation by habitat occurred: Atlantic salmon were primarily in riffles; rainbow trout were primarily in pools. We found no evidence of competition between cohorts of underyearlings; however, the niche shift by 1+ salmon in the stream channels suggested that, at times, juveniles of these species will compete for space.
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Gao, Yongwen, Joseph Gilbertson, and Hongyan Zhang. "The isotopic differences and implications for Pacific razor clams along the Washington coast." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199812005.
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The Pacific razor clam fishery in Washington State has been co-managed by the coastal Indian Tribes and the state, but little is known about the growth and population structure of the clams due to difficulties of tagging and monitoring. Here we report the results of a pilot study using stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of razor clam shells collected in two groups (juvenile vs. adult) and from two sites (Kalaloch Beach and Roosevelt Beach) where distinct biological differences in clam growth and survival rates were observed. The δ13C values of razor clam shells ranged from -2.9 to -0.3‰, whereas δ18O values of the same samples ranged from -2.2 to +1.4‰. Between the two sites there were significant differences in δ13C values especially for juvenile clams. The δ18O profiles from two representative shells demonstrated similar patterns of rapid growth as juveniles and seasonal patterns throughout the life span. Profiles of δ13C were sinusoidal but did not show seasonality and signatures of ocean acidification. We concluded that stable isotope analysis of razor clam shells is a potential new tool in shellfish research and management.
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Geissinger, Emilie A., Robert S. Gregory, Benjamin J. Laurel, and Paul V. R. Snelgrove. "Food and initial size influence overwinter survival and condition of a juvenile marine fish (age-0 Atlantic cod)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 4 (April 2021): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0142.
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In subarctic Newfoundland, age-0 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) settle into coastal habitats in several summer–autumn pulses, resulting in broad length-frequency distributions before winter. Low winter temperatures and potential decreases in food availability pose challenges for young-of-year fish. To examine how size variation affects overwintering success under contrasting food scenarios, we conducted 114-day laboratory feeding trials at ambient overwinter sea temperatures, using demersal age-0 cod collected from Newman Sound, Newfoundland. We reared two size classes of juvenile cod under four daily ration levels (starvation, low, medium, high). We used Fulton’s K condition factor to interpret effects of food availability and fish size on survival over winter. We showed that small amounts of consumed food (<1% BW·day−1) maximized winter growth and condition potential of juvenile cod in Newfoundland waters. With no food, survival of small cod dropped below 80% on Day 47, whereas survival of large juveniles remained >80% until Day 74. Therefore, we expect higher survival of earlier settlers and increased size-selective mortality in age-0 cod during either unproductive or protracted winters, when food abundance is often low.
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Kelly, David J., and Max L. Bothwell. "Avoidance of solar ultraviolet radiation by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-023.
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Shade-seeking behavior and avoidance of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by newly emerged coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins and two-month-old coho juveniles was documented in experimental trials in the Little Qualicum River, British Columbia, using outdoor chambers that provided the fish with a binary choice of photo environments. Under high solar intensities (i.e., midsummer, cloudless skies) coho of both age classes strongly preferred 50% neutral density shaded conditions to unattenuated full-spectrum (280700 nm) sunlight (t test, p < 0.025). In addition, coho alevins and juveniles showed a high selective avoidance of UVR (280400 nm) (t test, p < 0.05). Within the UVR spectrum, coho responded significantly to UVA (320400 nm) (t test, p = 0.028). Evidence of UVB (280320 nm) avoidance was confounded by higher visible and UVA irradiance levels under screens exposing coho to UVB. Under lower solar intensities (i.e., cloudy skies) coho showed no spectral preference and did not seek neutral density shade. Behavioral avoidance of high intensity UVR, particularly UVA, suggests that shade-seeking behavior of juvenile coho may be linked to avoiding potentially harmful UVR exposure.
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Brown, Larry R., and Anne M. Brasher. "Effect of predation by Sacramento squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis) on habitat choice of California roach (Lavinia symmetricus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in artificial streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-758.
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We studied the effects of predatory Sacramento squawfish (Ptychocheilus grandis) on habitat choice of juvenile California roach (Lavinia symmetricus), adult roach, and juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in artificial streams. In single-prey trials, the proportion of fish found in pool habitat declined in the presence of squawfish for juvenile roach (from 0.55 to 0.00), adult roach (from 0.88 to 0.13), and juvenile rainbow trout (0.70 to 0.15). The presence of squawfish did not affect the use of riffle and edge habitats. Of the fish found in shallow water, the proportion found in edge habitat declined from juvenile roach (0.95) to adult roach (0.80) to juvenile rainbow trout (0.23). We also conducted experiments designed to simulate invasion of an area by squawfish, in which adult roach and juvenile rainbow trout were tested together in the presence and absence of squawfish. The proportion of prey in pool habitat in the presence of squawfish was greater in the two-prey trials than in the single-prey trials for both adult roach (0.31 and 0.13, respectively) and juvenile rainbow trout (0.33 and 0.15, respectively). These results support field evidence that squawfish are an important force in determining the spatial structure of native stream fish assemblages.
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Bradford, Aaron, Miranda Hernandez, Elaine Kearney, Luke Theriault, Yow-Pin Lim, Barbara S. Stonestreet, and Steven W. Threlkeld. "Effects of Juvenile or Adolescent Working Memory Experience and Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Protein Treatment after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120999.
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Hypoxic-Ischemic (HI) brain injury in the neonate contributes to life-long cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions are critical but limited. We previously reported in a rat model of HI two interventional approaches that improve cognitive and sensory function: administration of Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) and early experience in an eight-arm radial water maze (RWM) task. Here, we expanded these studies to examine the combined effects of IAIPs and multiple weeks of RWM assessment beginning with juvenile or adolescent rats to evaluate optimal age windows for behavioral interventions. Subjects were divided into treatment groups; HI with vehicle, sham surgery with vehicle, and HI with IAIPs, and received either juvenile (P31 initiation) or adolescent (P52 initiation) RWM testing, followed by adult retesting. Error rates on the RWM decreased across weeks for all conditions. Whereas, HI injury impaired global performance as compared to shams. IAIP-treated HI subjects tested as juveniles made fewer errors as compared to their untreated HI counterparts. The juvenile group made significantly fewer errors on moderate demand trials and showed improved retention as compared to the adolescent group during the first week of adult retesting. Together, results support and extend our previous findings that combining behavioral and anti-inflammatory interventions in the presence of HI improves subsequent learning performance. Results further indicate sensitive periods for behavioral interventions to improve cognitive outcomes. Specifically, early life cognitive experience can improve long-term learning performance even in the presence of HI injury. Results from this study provide insight into typical brain development and the impact of developmentally targeted therapeutics and task-specific experience on subsequent cognitive processing.
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Sonesson, Johan, Gunnar Jansson, and Gösta Eriksson. "Retrospective genetic testing of Picea abies under controlled temperature and moisture regimes." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-175.
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A retrospective early test of Picea abies (L.) Karst. was conducted under two temperature ("high" and "low") and two irrigation ("well-watered" and "drought") regimes. Height, dry mass, and phenological traits were assessed for seedlings from 36 open-pollinated families grown in a growth chamber for two growth periods. The attributes measured were compared with the growth traits of three 24-year-old field progeny trials propagated from the same parents. Heritabilities for biomass and height were mainly moderate to strong (0.10.8) in the well-watered treatments, while they were weaker in the drought treatments (0.00.5). Juvenile-mature (JM) genetic correlations for growth traits were generally weak. There were, on average, stronger JM correlations in the drought treatments than in the well-watered treatments. Similarly, there were stronger JM correlations in the high- than in the low-temperature treatment. The results suggest that genotype × environment (G×E) interaction between the juvenile and mature environment is one of the reasons for low JM correlations. This supports the hypothesis that higher JM correlations can be obtained by mimicking natural growth-limiting factors in the juveniles' growth chambers. We conclude that further development of more efficient early selection methods for P. abies should include periodic drought and the development of optimal temperature regimes.
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Leech, Dina M., and Sönke Johnsen. "Ultraviolet vision and foraging in juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-107.
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Ultraviolet (UV) photoreceptors have been reported in a wide variety of freshwater and marine organisms, suggesting that UV vision is prominent in aquatic ecosystems. However, its adaptive significance remains speculative. The present study tested whether the foraging of juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) is enhanced in the presence of UV radiation (UVR). Laboratory feeding trials were conducted in a laminar flow tank in which L. macrochirus juveniles between 2.3 and 3.5 cm standard length were fed the cladoceran Daphnia magna. Sighting and striking distances, as well as capture success, were measured in the presence and absence of UVR. Mean sighting and striking distances and capture success did not differ significantly between the two light treatments. There were also no significant differences in the frequency distributions of sighting and striking distance. These results suggest that UV vision may not be used to enhance foraging in L. macrochirus on Daphnia within the size class tested.
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Bunter, K. L., S. Hermesch, B. G. Luxford, H.-U. Graser, and R. E. Crump. "Insulin-like growth factor-I measured in juvenile pigs is genetically correlated with economically important performance traits." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 8 (2005): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05048.
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Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a naturally occurring polypeptide produced in the liver, muscle and fat tissues. It is known to be associated with growth and development during the postnatal growth period. Evidence for strong genetic correlations between juvenile IGF-I and performance traits would suggest this physiological measure would be useful as an early selection criterion. This paper reports estimates of genetic parameters from 9 trials where IGF-I was measured in juvenile pigs. All trials involved populations undergoing active selection for improved performance (e.g. efficient lean meat growth). Juvenile IGF-I was moderately heritable (average h2: 0.31) and influenced by common litter effects (average c2: 0.15). Genetic correlations (rg) between juvenile IGF-I and backfat (BF), feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) traits were generally large and positive: rg averaged 0.57, 0.41 and 0.65, respectively. Phenotypic correlations (rp) between juvenile IGF-I and BF, FI or FCR were much lower (rp averaged 0.21, 0.09, and 0.15, respectively) as residual correlations between IGF-I and these performance traits were low, consistent with being measured at very different times. Correlations (genetic or phenotypic) between juvenile IGF-I and growth traits (e.g. lifetime daily gain or test daily gain) were relatively low, with average values within ± 0.09 of zero. Results from the trials reported here, and several physiological studies, indicate that information on juvenile IGF-I concentration can be used as an early physiological indicator of performance traits traditionally measured later in life. There is a clear role for juvenile IGF-I to facilitate pre-selection and more accurate selection of livestock for hard to measure traits, such as FCR, in pig breeding programs.
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최종식. "Juvenile Criminal Cases and Civic Participation Trials." Journal of Criminal Law 20, no. 4 (December 2008): 377–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21795/kcla.2008.20.4.377.
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Baxter, Jennifer, and Paul Thill. "Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 12, no. 4 (August 1999): 308–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009901200405.
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Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a common disorder of childhood that can be potentially devastating physically and psychologically. Over the last several decades, therapy for JRA has changed little. Therapy for advanced JRA is based on trial and error due to the lack of significant clinical trials for both old and new pharmaceutical agents. The following article is a brief overview of the disease and a review of the different treatment options available today with a look at some of the future developments in JRA research.
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Sanborn, Joseph B. "Remnants of Parens Patriae in the Adjudicatory Hearing: Is a Fair Trial Possible in Juvenile Court?" Crime & Delinquency 40, no. 4 (October 1994): 599–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128794040004008.
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Traditionally, adjudicatory hearings in juvenile court operated under the direction of the parens patriae doctrine, the state's obligation and license to care for children. Adjudications were achieved in informal, clinic-like sessions. The Supreme Court purportedly transformed juvenile court hearings into criminal-like trials via the Gault and Winship decisions. This research examines the extent to which juvenile court personnel currently perceive remnants of parens patriae in the adjudicatory hearing. One hundred workers (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and probation officers) from three different juvenile courts (urban, suburban, and rural) were interviewed concerning sources of unfairness in the contemporary adjudicatory hearing. The results indicate that court workers see numerous obstacles to fairness in the juvenile court adjudicatory hearing.
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Lehman, Thomas J. A. "Clinical trials for the treatment of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-juvenile idiopathic arthritis." Current Rheumatology Reports 2, no. 4 (August 2000): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11926-000-0068-9.
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Varnier, Giulia C., and Coziana Ciurtin. "Paediatric and adolescent rheumatic diseases: measures of disease activity." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 80, no. 6 (June 2, 2019): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2019.80.6.338.
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile dermatomyositis are rare, chronic, multi-systemic rheumatic disorders that can be associated with significant morbidity, not only during childhood, but lifelong. Dedicated disease activity and damage assessment tools are essential to guide clinical management and perform multicentre clinical trials to ensure the best possible care and outcome for children with rheumatic diseases using an evidence-based, treat-to-target approach. This article summarizes the outcome measures most commonly used in paediatric rheumatology.
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Lovell, Daniel J., Nicola Ruperto, Edward H. Giannini, and Alberto Martini. "Advances from clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis." Nature Reviews Rheumatology 9, no. 9 (July 9, 2013): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2013.105.
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Feixa Pàmpols, Carles. "Pijos, progres y punks. Hacia una antropología de la juventud urbana." Perifèria. Revista d'investigació i formació en Antropologia 26, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/periferia.834.
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El artículo, originalmente publicado en 1989, es un esbozo de antropología de la juventud urbana, campo que el autor ha venido desarrollando desde entonces. Parte de una revisión bibliográfica de las principales aportaciones al estudio de las bandas y subculturas juveniles desde la antropología. Se centra en presentar los resultados de un trabajo de campo realizado en Lleida en 1984-85, focalizado en el análisis de los espacios de ocio nocturno y su vinculación con la emergencia de las llamadas “tribus urbanas”, representadas por las tres etiquetas que aparecen en el título: pijos, progres y punks. La observación participante en las rutas de ocio se combina con entrevistas en profundidad e historias de vida a jóvenes pertenecientes a estas subculturas. En la conclusión se retoma el debate sobre el ocio juvenil, a caballo entre la comercialización y la contestación, un debate que en plena era del coronavirus y del botellón sigue vigente.
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Longmire, KS, RD Seitz, A. Smith, and RN Lipcius. "Saved by the shell: Oyster reefs can shield juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus." Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (August 19, 2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13781.
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Juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus use seagrass and other structured habitats as refuges from predation. Oyster reef habitats provide structural complexity that may offer refuge, but the value of these habitats for juvenile blue crabs has not been examined. We quantified survival of juvenile C. sapidus in structured oyster reef habitat versus unstructured soft-bottom habitat. In a field tethering experiment in the York River, lower Chesapeake Bay (USA), juvenile C. sapidus (10-50 mm carapace width [CW]) were tethered in sand (n = 40) or oyster reef (n = 39) habitats at subtidal sites 1-2 m deep. An underwater camera system was used to record predation activity during 24 h trials. Juvenile crab survival was significantly higher on the oyster reef habitat (53.8%) than on bare sand (15.0%), and tended to increase with crab CW in both habitats. The main successful predators on juvenile blue crabs were northern pufferfish Sphoeroides maculatus in the oyster reef habitat and adult blue crabs in the sand habitat. The high survival rate of juvenile C. sapidus in oyster reef habitats suggests that oyster reefs include physical habitat complexity that may offer refuge from predators. Restored and natural oyster reefs could provide an alternative nursery habitat for juvenile blue crabs, expanding the ecosystem services provided by restored oyster reefs.
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Chen, Judy L., Parinaz Abiri, and Edmund Tsui. "Recent advances in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 13 (January 2021): 251584142098457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515841420984572.
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis has an estimated prevalence of 10–20% in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, making it the most common cause of chronic anterior uveitis in children. Prompt treatment is important to prevent development of ocular complications and permanent vision loss. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunosuppression in treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis. This will include the use of conventional immunosuppressants, such as methotrexate, biologic anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, such as adalimumab, as well as other anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, including infliximab and golimumab. In addition, we will discuss medications currently in clinical trials or under consideration for juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis, including interleukin-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab) and Janus kinase inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib).
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Bouma, A., G. Kuchling, SY Zhai, and N. Mitchell. "Assisted colonisation trials for the western swamp turtle show that juveniles can grow in cooler and wetter climates." Endangered Species Research 43 (September 17, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01053.
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Species with restricted ranges and long generation times are vulnerable to climate change due to limited opportunity to disperse or adapt. Australia’s rarest reptile, the western swamp turtle Pseudemydura umbrina, persists naturally in only one seasonal swamp that holds water in the Austral winter and spring. A marked reduction in winter rainfall in recent decades has shortened the swamp hydroperiod, restricting when turtles are able to feed, grow and reproduce. To mitigate possible future loss of reproductive capacity in the native habitat, assisted colonisation was trialled in 2016 using 35 captive-bred juveniles. Here, we report the outcomes of this 6 mo trial, which compared the growth of turtles released approximately 300 km south of the species’ indigenous range with growth of turtles released at an existing northern translocation site. We showed that growth rates comparable to those at warmer northern translocation sites can be achieved in the south, even in an atypically cool spring as occurred in 2016. Microclimates available to P. umbrina at 2 southern sites were suitable for foraging and growth in late spring and early summer, but juvenile growth at one southern site was significantly better than at the other, likely due to higher prey biomass when water temperatures were suitable for foraging. These early results suggest that introduction of P. umbrina to seasonal wetlands near the south coast of Western Australia could be considered in the immediate future, but further trials are recommended to assess growth and survivorship over longer periods.
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Bell, Edward A. "Pharmacotherapy of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 22, no. 1 (September 16, 2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190008322245.
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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common rheumatic disorder of childhood, and is defined as arthritis beginning prior to the age of 16 years, lasting more than 6 weeks, with an unknown cause. Seven subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis have recently been categorized and named. These subtypes differ broadly in the number of affected joints and the presence of systemic illness. Although many children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis may achieve remission prior to entering adulthood, many others will continue to have debilitating disease into adulthood. Pharmacotherapy plays a major role in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids can be beneficial for many children and are used as initial therapy. Methotrexate may offer benefits to children unresponsive to these initial agents. Studies evaluating the use of several biologic agents and immunosuppressants have recently been published, and the role of these drugs for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis is being assessed. Major clinical trials and pediatric implications are reviewed.
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Soderquist, TR. "An expanding break-away radio-collar for small mammals." Wildlife Research 20, no. 3 (1993): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930383.
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A radio-transmitter collar of surgical rubber tubing was designed for use on growing juvenile mammals which require an expanding collar that eventually is shed. In trials on three marsupial species, including social possums, collars were not chewed by conspecifics. Radio-collars placed on wild juvenile Phascogale tapoatafa expanded with the animal's growth and broke as a result of abrasion, typically after 7 weeks or more.
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Reid, Scott M., Michael G. Fox, and Thomas H. Whillans. "Influence of turbidity on piscivory in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-056.
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In situ and laboratory feeding trials coupled with stomach content analysis of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were performed to examine how turbidity influences the size selectivity and capture rates of prey. No significant differences in the capture success of adult largemouth bass preying on northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos) were observed during in situ feeding trials in two Lake Ontario coastal wetlands differing in turbidity level (2.3 and 20 nephlometric turbity units (NTU)). During 1-h laboratory feeding trials, the overall number of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) captured was not significantly different among 1-, 18-, and 37-NTU treatments. However, at 70 NTU, the number of fathead minnows captured was significantly lower than that at the lowest turbidity treatment. Selection by juvenile largemouth bass of the smallest size-class of fathead minnow decreased as turbidity increased. No significant differences in piscivory were apparent between juvenile largemouth bass collected from turbid and clear habitats. Stomach content comparisons of juvenile largemouth bass seined from six clear and turbid habitats suggest that piscivory is primarily regulated by the availability of vulnerable size-classes of prey fish, as opposed to water clarity.
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Nagasawa, Miho, Satomi Kuramochi, Azumi Hamamoto, Toshitaka Yamakawa, and Takefumi Kikusui. "A Pilot Study of the Effects of Human Intervention on Canine Group Movement Behavior." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0572.
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Dogs are the oldest domesticated animals. The process of domestication of dogs is still unclear; however, they have established themselves as human partners and are sometimes more cooperative with humans than their conspecifics. In this study, to determine the effect of affiliative human presence on group behavior in dogs, we conducted short-time trials analyzing dog group movements. There was a hierarchical relationship in which juvenile dogs were aware of adult dogs, and adult dogs were aware of human movements. We also found that the age of the juvenile dog and the characteristics of their mothers may affect the movement behavior of juvenile dogs.
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Abrahamyan, L., S. R. Johnson, J. Beyene, P. S. Shah, and B. M. Feldman. "Quality of randomized clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis." Rheumatology 47, no. 5 (February 2, 2008): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kem366.
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Olver, T. Dylan, Zachary I. Grunewald, Thomas J. Jurrissen, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Teagan R. Schnurbusch, Alana M. Czajkowski, et al. "Microvascular insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and brain occurs early in the development of juvenile obesity in pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): R252—R264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00213.2017.
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Impaired microvascular insulin signaling may develop before overt indices of microvascular endothelial dysfunction and represent an early pathological feature of adolescent obesity. Using a translational porcine model of juvenile obesity, we tested the hypotheses that in the early stages of obesity development, impaired insulin signaling manifests in skeletal muscle (triceps), brain (prefrontal cortex), and corresponding vasculatures, and that depressed insulin-induced vasodilation is reversible with acute inhibition of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ). Juvenile Ossabaw miniature swine (3.5 mo of age) were divided into two groups: lean control ( n = 6) and obese ( n = 6). Obesity was induced by feeding the animals a high-fat/high-fructose corn syrup/high-cholesterol diet for 10 wk. Juvenile obesity was characterized by excess body mass, hyperglycemia, physical inactivity (accelerometer), and marked lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle, with no evidence of overt atherosclerotic lesions in athero-prone regions, such as the abdominal aorta. Endothelium-dependent (bradykinin) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasomotor responses in the brachial and carotid arteries (wire myography), as well as in the skeletal muscle resistance and 2A pial arterioles (pressure myography) were unaltered, but insulin-induced microvascular vasodilation was impaired in the obese group. Blunted insulin-stimulated vasodilation, which was reversed with acute PKCβ inhibition (LY333-531), occurred alongside decreased tissue perfusion, as well as reduced insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in the prefrontal cortex, but not the triceps. In the early stages of juvenile obesity development, the microvasculature and prefrontal cortex exhibit impaired insulin signaling. Such adaptations may underscore vascular and neurological derangements associated with juvenile obesity.
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Carnegie, A. J., and P. K. Ades. "Variation in Eucalyptus globulus LABILL. and E. nitens DEAN and MAIDEN in Susceptibility of Adult Foliage to Disease Caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (COOKE) HANSF." Silvae Genetica 54, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2005): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2005-0026.
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Summary Severity of disease caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (COOK) HANSF. was assessed on the adult foliage of Eucalyptus globulus LABILL. in two provenance trials (encompassing all four subspecies) and a progeny trial of E. globulus ssp. globulus LABILL. located in Victoria, Australia. Disease was relatively low in all trials (most trees with less than 15% crown severity), except for two provenances at one trial, Judbury (E. globulus ssp. globulus) and Mansfield (E. globulus ssp. bicostata), that had mean crown severities of approximately 25% and 40%, respectively. Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata (MAIDEN et al.) KIRKPATR. was significantly (P < 0.01) more susceptible than E. globulus ssp. globulus, E. globulus ssp. pseudoglobulus (NAUDIN ex MAIDEN) KIRKPATR. and E. globulus ssp. maidenii (F. MUELL.) KIRKPATR., with subspecies maidenii significantly less diseased than all other subspecies. There was significant variation between provenances within subspecies globulus (P < 0.01) but not within subspecies pseudoglobulus, maidenii or bicostata. Subspecies globulus also showed significant (P < 0.01) variation between families. There was a moderate to high genetic correlation between disease of the adult foliage and disease of the juvenile foliage (caused by both M. cryptica and M. nubilosa (COOKE) HANSF.) assessed several years earlier, both at the provenance (rG = 0.67) and family (rG = 0.33) levels. Narrow sense heritability of disease of the adult foliage (M. cryptica) was low (h2 = 0.17), compared to that of the juvenile foliage (h2 = 0.35) and juvenile defoliation (h2 = 0.45) assessed previously. Selection for overall disease resistance (both adult- and juvenile-phase foliage) can be carried out more quickly and accurately at the juvenile stage when trees are 2-3 years old, potentially reducing the time required for resistant trees to be selected and deployed in the field. Mycosphaerella leaf disease on adult E. nitens (DEAN and MAIDEN) MAIDEN was also assessed in two provenance trials; however, there was very little disease observed and no significant differences were found between provenances.
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Tsapakis, Evangelia M., Federico Soldani, Leonardo Tondo, and Ross J. Baldessarini. "Efficacy of antidepressants in juvenile depression: meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 1 (July 2008): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.031088.
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BackgroundThe safety of antidepressants in children and adolescents is being questioned and the efficacy of these drugs in juvenile depression remains uncertainAimsTo assess antidepressant efficacy in juvenile depressionMethodSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing responses to antidepressants, overall and by type, v. placebo in young people with depressionResultsThirty drug-placebo contrasts in RCTs lasting 8 weeks (median) involved 3069 participants (512 person-years) of average age 13.5 years. Meta-analysis yielded a modest pooled drug/placebo response rate ratio (RR=1.22, 95% CI 1.15–1.31), with little separation between antidepressant types. Findings were similar for response rate differences and corresponding number needed to treat (NNT): overall NNT=9; tricyclic antidepressants NNT=14 > serotonin reuptake inhibitors NNT=9 > other antidepressants NNT=8. Numbers needed to treat decreased with increasing age: children (NNT=21) > mixed ages (NNT=10) > adolescents (NNT=8)ConclusionsAntidepressants of all types showed limited efficacy in juvenile depression, but fluoxetine might be more effective, especially in adolescents. Studies in children and in severely depressed, hospitalised or suicidal juvenile patients are needed, and effective, safe and readily accessible treatments for juvenile depression are urgently required
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Peterknecht, E., M. P. Keasey, and M. W. Beresford. "The effectiveness and safety of biological therapeutics in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE): a systematic review." Lupus 27, no. 13 (October 18, 2018): 2135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203318804879.
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Objective To systematically review and summarize the available literature regarding the effectiveness and safety of biologics in the treatment of juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods PubMed was systematically searched for relevant literature (2012–2017 inclusive) using the following criteria: (1) patients diagnosed with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (≤18 years at diagnosis); (2) treatment with any biological agent; and (3) outcome measures assessing effectiveness and safety. Systematic literature reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies, cross sectional surveys and case-series with ≥3 patients were included. Independent extraction of articles by two authors using predefined criteria was performed. The quality of each study was assessed using CASP tools and Oxford CEBM Levels of Evidence. Results Nine articles met inclusion criteria: six cohort studies, two case series and one pilot study, totalling 230 patients. All but one article reported the effects of rituximab, the other those of belimumab. Overall, patients had active disease refractory to standard of care regimens using corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Available evidence for rituximab demonstrated improvements in disease activity, complement levels and anti-dsDNA titres accompanying a steroid-sparing effect. Conclusion Rituximab can be considered an effective treatment in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients with severe disease manifestations and/or refractory disease. Based on current evidence, use of belimumab in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients cannot be recommended. The long-term safety of these biological agents remains uncertain. Further prospective studies, ideally robust randomized controlled trials, are urgently needed to obtain more accurate data on the effectiveness and long-term safety of rituximab, belimumab and other biologics in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Ruperto, Nicolino, Hermine I. Brunner, Pierre Quartier, Tamás Constantin, Nico Wulffraat, Gerd Horneff, Riva Brik, et al. "Two Randomized Trials of Canakinumab in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis." New England Journal of Medicine 367, no. 25 (December 20, 2012): 2396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1205099.
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Abou-Khalil, Bassel W. "Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: More Trials Are Needed to Guide Therapy." Epilepsy Currents 9, no. 1 (January 2009): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2008.01274.x.
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Berard, Roberta A., and Ronald M. Laxer. "Learning the hard way: clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211108.
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Cooper, Jr., William E., and Valentín Pérez-Mellado. "Omnivorous lacertid lizards (Gallotia) from El Hierro, Canary Islands, can identify prey and plant food using only chemical cues." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-046.
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We studied lingual and biting responses to food chemicals by two species of omnivorous lacertid lizards, the Canary Island endemics Gallotia simonyi (the giant lizard of El Hierro) and Gallotia caesaris (Boettger's lizard), to ascertain their ability to discriminate between prey and plant food chemicals on the one hand and control stimuli on the other. We recorded frequencies of tongue-flicking and latency to bite in 60-s trials in which chemical stimuli on cotton-tipped applicators were presented to the lizards. Both species exhibited prey-chemical discrimination, as indicated by elevated tongue-flick rates and higher proportions of individuals biting in response to surface chemicals from crickets. Both species exhibited plant-chemical discrimination, as indicated by significantly greater tongue-flick rates and biting frequency in response to chemicals from tomato fruit than to the control stimuli. Juvenile G. simonyi responded much more strongly to chemical stimuli from tomato fruit than from leaves of Psoralea bituminosa, which is not a preferred food for juveniles. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chemosensory discrimination evolves in omnivorous lizards to permit evaluation of food quality, resulting in correspondence between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination, both being absent in insectivores. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that prey-chemical discrimination is retained and plant-chemical discrimination evolves in the omnivorous lizards derived from actively foraging insectivores.
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Araújo, Fernando Godinho de, Juliana de Oliveira Silva, Kássia Aparecida Garcia Barbosa, Janaina Alves de Almeida Moreira, and Mara Rúbia da Rocha. "Inoculum Density on Heterodera glycines Development in Resistant and Susceptible Soybean Cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n2p499.
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A series of factors can affect populations of H. glycines and even its life cycle, including inoculum density and genetic resistance of soybean cultivars. This study evaluated whether resistance reaction to H. glycines is effective in reducing nematode development under high inoculum concentration, as well as if such resistance reaction and inoculum density affect juvenil penetration and survival rate of H. glycines. Two trials were done using three soybean cultivars: one susceptible (BRS Valiosa RR) and two resistant (BRSGO Chapadões and BRSGO 8860RR) to H. glycines. The cultivars were subjected to four inoculum density (1,000, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 eggs and J2 per pot). The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme, with twelve replications. Two evaluations were done at 10 and 30 days after inoculation (DAI). Juvenile penetration in the roots was evaluated at 10 DAI and the number of females in the roots was estimated at 30 DAI. The survival rate was determined using both evaluations. Increasing initial density of H. glycines inoculum resulted in the increase of nematode final population in the susceptible cultivar, and the resistance reaction of soybean cultivars was not affected by the inoculum concentration. Penetration of J2 in the roots increased as inoculum density increased regardless of cultivar resistance or susceptibility. Nematode survival rate was greater in the susceptible cultivar.
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Matsuyama, Tomomasa, Satoshi Miwa, Tohru Mekata, Yuta Matsuura, Tomokazu Takano, and Chihaya Nakayasu. "Mass mortality of pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata (Gould)) in Japan in 2019 and 2020 is caused by an unidentified infectious agent." PeerJ 9 (September 21, 2021): e12180. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12180.
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Mass mortality of 0-year-old pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata (Gould), and anomalies in adults were observed in Japan’s major pearl farming areas in the summer of 2019 and 2020. Although adult oyster mortality was low, both adult and juvenile oysters underwent atrophy of the soft body, detachment of the mantle from nacre (the shiny inner surface of the valves), deposition of brownish material on the nacre, and loss of nacre luster. Infection trials were conducted to verify the involvement of pathogens in this phenomenon. Healthy adult pearl oysters were obtained from areas where this disease had not occurred to use as the recipients. The sources of infection were either affected adult oysters with atrophied soft bodies or batches of juveniles in which mortality had reached conspicuous levels. Transmission of the disease to the healthy oysters were tested either by cohabitation with affected oysters or by injections of the hemolymph of affected animals. The injection infection test examined the effects of filtration and chloroform exposure on the pathogen. Occurrence of the disease was confirmed by the appearance of brown deposits on the nacre and loss of nacre luster. The abnormalities of nacre were clearly reproduced in recipient shells in three out of four cohabitation trials with affected oysters. The disease was also reproduced in six out of six injection trails either with hemolymph filtered through 100 nm filter or with hemolymph treated with chloroform. In a serial passage with hemolymph injections, the disease was successfully transmitted through eight passages. These results suggest that the etiology of the disease is a non-enveloped virus with a diameter ≤100 nm.
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Abeshi, Andi, Alice Bruson, Tommaso Beccari, Munis Dundar, Fabiana D’Esposito, and Matteo Bertelli. "Genetic testing for X-linked juvenile retinoschisis." EuroBiotech Journal 1, s1 (October 27, 2017): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/s1.35.
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Abstract We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XJR). The disease has X-linked inheritance, a prevalence that varies from one in 5000 to one in 25000 males, and is caused by mutations in the RS1 gene. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, electroretinography and optical coherence tomography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
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Zaczek, James J., Kim C. Steiner, Charles W. Heuser, Jr., and Walter M. Tzilkowski. "Effects of serial grafting, ontogeny, and genotype on rooting of Quercus rubra cuttings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-223.
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Bud grafts, up to three series over 3 years, were made on seedling and tree rootstocks using scions from juvenile and mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Serial grafts on juvenile rootstock used buds collected from shoots developed from grafted scions of prior years. Rooting trials were performed in years 2 and 3 with shoot cuttings developed in situ on seedlings and trees and developed from successful grafts. Without grafting, cuttings from seedlings rooted more frequently and had more roots than cuttings from trees. Significant variation within maturation groups due to genotype and ontogeny obscured absolute between-group differences. Grafting scions of juvenile origins onto seedling rootstock had little effect on percent rooting and the number of roots for cuttings. Grafting onto seedling rootstock tended to increase rooting and the number of roots for cuttings from mature origins, but the effect was not progressive with increasing grafting series. Grafting onto mature rootstock did not affect rooting of cuttings from juvenile or mature origins collected in the first growing season after grafting, but cuttings from juvenile scions collected in the second growing season exhibited reduced percent rooting compared with cuttings from seedling controls. Results suggest that northern red oak buds are predetermined in their developmental fate relative to rooting parameters and are only minimally influenced by grafting. The true effect of grafting on the subsequent rooting of cuttings may be mediated through processes other than rejuvenation.
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Hayatgheibi, Haleh, Nils Erik Gustaf Forsberg, Sven-Olof Lundqvist, Tommy Mörling, Ewa J. Mellerowicz, Bo Karlsson, Harry X. Wu, and M. Rosario García-Gil. "Genetic control of transition from juvenile to mature wood with respect to microfibril angle in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 1358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0140.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic control of microfibril angle (MFA) transition from juvenile wood to mature wood was evaluated in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). Increment cores were collected at breast height (1.3 m) from 5664 trees in two 21-year-old Norway spruce progeny trials in southern Sweden and from 823 trees in two lodgepole pine progeny trials, aged 34–35 years, in northern Sweden. Radial variations in MFA from pith to bark were measured for each core using SilviScan. To estimate MFA transition from juvenile wood to mature wood, a threshold level of MFA 20° was considered, and six different regression functions were fitted to the MFA profile of each tree after exclusion of outliers, following three steps. The narrow-sense heritability estimates (h2) obtained for MFA transition were highest based on the slope function, ranging from 0.21 to 0.23 for Norway spruce and from 0.34 to 0.53 for lodgepole pine, while h2 were mostly non-significant based on the logistic function, under all exclusion methods. Results of this study indicate that it is possible to select for an earlier MFA transition from juvenile wood to mature wood in Norway spruce and lodgepole pine selective breeding programs, as the genetic gains (ΔG) obtained in direct selection of this trait were very high in both species.
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Mohler, Jerre W., Kofi Fynn-Aikins, and Rick Barrows. "Communications: Feeding Trials with Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeons Propagated from Wild Broodstock." Progressive Fish-Culturist 58, no. 3 (July 1996): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058<0173:cftwja>2.3.co;2.
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