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1

Suwa, Akio, Hiroshi Fukagawa, Kiwamu Suzuki, et al. "X-Ray K-Edge Subtraction Television System." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 27, Part 1, No. 10 (1988): 1989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.27.1989.

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2

Fukagawa, Hiroshi, Chosaku Noda, Yoichi Suzuki, et al. "Real time K‐edge subtraction x‐ray imaging." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 7 (1989): 2268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140790.

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3

Akisada, M. "K-edge subtraction using synchrotron radiation for coronary angiography." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 37, no. 1 (1986): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(86)90230-3.

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4

Mayo, Sheridan C., Sam Y. S. Yang, Marina Pervukhina, et al. "Characterization of Darai Limestone Composition and Porosity Using Data-Constrained Modeling and Comparison with Xenon K-Edge Subtraction Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 4 (2015): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000653.

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AbstractData-constrained modeling is a method that enables three-dimensional distribution of mineral phases and porosity in a sample to be modeled based on micro-computed tomography scans acquired at different X-ray energies. Here we describe an alternative method for measuring porosity, synchrotron K-edge subtraction using xenon gas as a contrast agent. Results from both methods applied to the same Darai limestone sample are compared. Reasonable agreement between the two methods and with other porosity measurements is obtained. The possibility of a combination of data-constrained modeling and
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5

Zhang, H., Y. Zhu, B. Bewer, et al. "Comparison of iodine K-edge subtraction and fluorescence subtraction imaging in an animal system." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 594, no. 2 (2008): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.06.030.

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6

Clements, N., D. Richtsmeier, A. Hart, and M. Bazalova-Carter. "Multi-contrast CT imaging using a high energy resolution CdTe detector and a CZT photon-counting detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (2022): P01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/p01004.

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Abstract Computed tomography (CT) imaging with high energy resolution detectors shows great promise in material decomposition and multi-contrast imaging. Multi-contrast imaging was studied by imaging a phantom with iodine (I), gadolinium (Gd), and gold (Au) solutions, and mixtures of the three using a cadmium telluride (CdTe) spectrometer with an energy resolution of 1% as well as with a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector with an energy resolution of 13%. The phantom was imaged at 120 kVp and 1.1 mA with 7 mm of aluminum filtration. For the CdTe data collection, the phantom was imaged using
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7

Gillam, John E., Daniel Kitcher, Toby E. Beveridge, Stewart Midgley, Chris Hall, and Rob A. Lewis. "K-edge subtraction using an energy-resolving position-sensitive detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 604, no. 1-2 (2009): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.133.

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8

Ueda, Ken, Keiji Umetani, Tohoru Takeda, et al. "A cine K‐edge subtraction angiographic system for animal studies." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 7 (1989): 2272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140791.

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9

Bewer, Brian, Honglin Zhang, Ying Zhu, et al. "Development of a combined K-edge subtraction and fluorescence subtraction imaging system for small animals." Review of Scientific Instruments 79, no. 8 (2008): 085102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2964120.

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10

Anno, I., M. Akisada, T. Takeda, et al. "Animal experiments by K‐edge subtraction angiography by using SR (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 7 (1989): 2330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140756.

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11

Thomlinson, W., H. Elleaume, L. Porra, and P. Suortti. "K-edge subtraction synchrotron X-ray imaging in bio-medical research." Physica Medica 49 (May 2018): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.04.389.

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12

Zhang Qiang and Hiroyuki Toda. "Synchrotron K-edge subtraction imaging and its application to metallic foams." Acta Physica Sinica 60, no. 11 (2011): 114103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.60.114103.

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13

Kobayashi, S. "Advantage of appropriate K-edge filters for one-shot dual-energy subtraction sialography." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 27, no. 3 (1998): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600337.

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OBJECTIVES To determine the optimal added filtration for use for one-shot dual energy subtraction sialography. METHODS Test phantoms composed of bone and soft tissue materials were imaged with computed radiography using one-shot dual energy subtraction radiography. Eight different additional filter materials were compared with gadolinium contrast. Two numerical measures (absorption ratio and separation index) were used to compare the subtracted images obtained with the various filter/contrast combinations. The K-edge spectra were measured for each filter/contrast combination. A preliminary com
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14

Bach, David, Reinhard Schneider, and Dagmar Gerthsen. "EELS of Niobium and Stoichiometric Niobium-Oxide Phases—Part II: Quantification." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 6 (2009): 524–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609991061.

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AbstractA comprehensive electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) study of niobium (Nb) and stable Nb-oxide phases (NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5) was carried out. Part II of this work is devoted to quantitative EELS by means of experimental k-factors derived from the intensity ratio of the O-K edge and the Nb-M4,5 or Nb-M2,3 edges for all three stable Nb-oxides. The precision and accuracy of the quantification are investigated with respect to the influence of intensity-measurement energy windows, background subtraction, and sample thickness. Integration-window widths allowing optimum accuracy are determine
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15

Takeda, T., M. Akisada, T. Nakajima, et al. "SR high‐speed K‐edge subtraction angiography in the small animal (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 7 (1989): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140755.

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16

Bassey, B., N. Samadi, A. Panahifar, D. M. L. Cooper, and D. Chapman. "Crossover artifact in X-ray focusing imaging systems: K-edge subtraction imaging." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 910 (December 2018): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.08.072.

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17

Schültke, E., S. Fiedler, M. Kelly, et al. "The potential for neurovascular intravenous angiography using K-edge digital subtraction angiography." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 548, no. 1-2 (2005): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.03.071.

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18

OGURI, Y., J. HASEGAWA, M. OGAWA, J. KANEKO, and K. SASA. "A PHANTOM TEST OF PROTON-INDUCED DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ANGIOGRAPHY USING IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIA." International Journal of PIXE 17, no. 01n02 (2007): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083507001058.

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Characteristic-line radiation from heavy metal targets bombarded by MeV proton beams has been tested as an X-ray source for dual-energy K-edge subtraction imaging for human angiography (blood vessel imaging) based on iodinated contrast media. To utilize the strong absorption by iodine (Z = 53) at its K-absorption edge (33.2 keV), we used K α-line of La (lanthanum, Z = 57) at 33.4 keV. As a reference, also K α X emission of Sn (tin, Z = 50) at 25.2 keV was employed. Metallic plates of La and Sn were irradiated by 7-MeV protons to produce these characteristic X-rays. Energy-subtraction method wa
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19

Kelcz, F., W. W. Peppler, C. A. Mistretta, A. DeSmet, and A. A. McBeath. "K-edge digital subtraction arthrography of the painful hip prosthesis: a feasibility study." American Journal of Roentgenology 155, no. 5 (1990): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.155.5.2120935.

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20

Paternò, G., P. Cardarelli, M. Gambaccini, et al. "Inverse Compton radiation: a novel x-ray source for K-edge subtraction angiography?" Physics in Medicine & Biology 64, no. 18 (2019): 185002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab325c.

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21

Hayakawa, Y., K. Hayakawa, T. Kaneda, et al. "Simultaneous K-edge subtraction tomography for tracing strontium using parametric X-ray radiation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 402 (July 2017): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2017.03.014.

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22

Panahifar, Arash, Nazanin Samadi, Treena M. Swanston, L. Dean Chapman, and David M. L. Cooper. "Spectral K-edge subtraction imaging of experimental non-radioactive barium uptake in bone." Physica Medica 32, no. 12 (2016): 1765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.07.619.

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23

Kobayashi, S. "Advantage of appropriate K-edge filters for one-shot dual-energy subtraction sialography." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 27, no. 3 (1998): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600337.

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24

Kulpe, Stephanie, Martin Dierolf, Eva Braig, et al. "K-edge subtraction imaging for coronary angiography with a compact synchrotron X-ray source." PLOS ONE 13, no. 12 (2018): e0208446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208446.

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25

Sarnelli, A., A. Taibi, A. Tuffanelli, et al. "K-edge digital subtraction imaging based on a dichromatic and compact x-ray source." Physics in Medicine and Biology 49, no. 14 (2004): 3291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/49/14/019.

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26

Sarnelli, A., H. Elleaume, A. Taibi, M. Gambaccini, and A. Bravin. "K-edge digital subtraction imaging with dichromatic x-ray sources: SNR and dose studies." Physics in Medicine and Biology 51, no. 17 (2006): 4311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/51/17/012.

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27

Takeda, T., Y. Itai, H. Yoshioka, K. Umetani, K. Ueda, and M. Akisada. "Synchrotron radiation cine K-edge energy subtraction coronary arteriography using an iodine filter method." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 32, no. 4 (1994): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02524704.

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28

Cooper, D. M. L., L. D. Chapman, Y. Carter, et al. "Three dimensional mapping of strontium in bone by dual energy K-edge subtraction imaging." Physics in Medicine and Biology 57, no. 18 (2012): 5777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/18/5777.

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29

Sarnelli, A., A. Taibi, P. Baldelli, M. Gambaccini, and A. Bravin. "Quantitative analysis of the effect of energy separation in k-edge digital subtraction imaging." Physics in Medicine and Biology 52, no. 11 (2007): 3015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/52/11/006.

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30

Liu, D. R., S. S. Shinozaki, J. U. Hangas, and K. Maeda. "Electron-energy-loss spectra of silicon carbide of 4H and 6H structures." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100087999.

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The properties of silicon carbide can be tailored with addition of various sintering aides. It is desirable to understand the microstructure of these materials as related to their properties. For example, there is a debate whether there is some Be at all in the 4H structure of SiC doped with BeO. It is very difficult to use the conventional EELS quantification procedure to investigate the Be presence of minute amount in SiC. In any spectrum collected from SiC doped with BeO, the huge Si-L23 edge at 100 eV would extend well above 200 eV and make it impossible to identify a small Be-K edge at 11
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31

Toda, Hiroyuki, Tomomi Ohgaki, Yasutaka Takami, et al. "3D Elemental Mapping by K Edge Subtraction Imaging in an Al-Zn-Ca-Ti Alloy." Materia Japan 46, no. 12 (2007): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.46.818.

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32

Guo Rongyi, 郭荣怡, 马红娟 Ma Hongjuan, 薛艳玲 Xue Yanling, et al. "K-Edge Digital Subtraction X-Ray Imaging for Observation of Cu2+Adsorption in Polymer Particles." Acta Optica Sinica 30, no. 10 (2010): 2898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20103010.2898.

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33

Cardarelli, Paolo, Giovanni Di Domenico, Michele Marziani, et al. "Energy distribution measurement of narrow-band ultrashort x-ray beams via K-edge filters subtraction." Journal of Applied Physics 112, no. 7 (2012): 074908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757027.

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34

Hedayat, Assem, George Belev, Ning Zhu, Toby Bond, and David Cooper. "Investigating the Presence of Mercury under a Dental Restoration Using Synchrotron K-Edge Subtraction Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 24, S2 (2018): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618014101.

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35

Zhu, Ying, Honglin Zhang, Brian Bewer, Bogdan Florin Gh. Popescu, Helen Nichol, and Dean Chapman. "Field flatteners fabricated with a rapid prototyper for K-edge subtraction imaging of small animals." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 588, no. 3 (2008): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.035.

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36

Panahifar, Arash, Treena M. Swanston, M. Jake Pushie, et al. "Three-dimensional labeling of newly formed bone using synchrotron radiation barium K-edge subtraction imaging." Physics in Medicine & Biology 61, no. 13 (2016): 5077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/61/13/5077.

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37

Kobayashi, Masakazu, Hiroyuki Toda, Akihide Takijiri, Akihisa Takeuchi, Yoshio Suzuki, and Kentaro Uesugi. "W-Concentration 3D Mapping in SKH51 Steel by Dual-Energy K-Absorption Edge Subtraction Imaging." ISIJ International 54, no. 1 (2014): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.141.

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38

Deman, P., S. Tan, G. Belev, et al. "Respiratory-gated KES imaging of a rat model of acute lung injury at the Canadian Light Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 3 (2017): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751700193x.

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In this study, contrast-enhanced X-ray tomographic imaging for monitoring and quantifying respiratory disease in preclinical rodent models is proposed. A K-edge imaging method has been developed at the Canadian Light Source to very accurately obtain measurements of the concentration of iodinated contrast agent in the pulmonary vasculature and inhaled xenon in the airspaces of rats. To compare the iodine and xenon concentration maps, a scout projection image was acquired to define the region of interest within the thorax for imaging and to ensure the same locations were imaged in each K-edge su
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39

Peterzol, A., A. Bravin, P. Coan, and H. Elleaume. "Performance of the K-edge digital subtraction angiography imaging system at the European synchrotron radiation facility." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 117, no. 1-3 (2005): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nci710.

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40

Kulpe, Stephanie, Martin Dierolf, Eva-Maria Braig, et al. "K-edge subtraction imaging for iodine and calcium separation at a compact synchrotron x-ray source." Journal of Medical Imaging 7, no. 02 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmi.7.2.023504.

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41

Schültke, Elisabeth, Stefan Fiedler, Christian Nemoz, et al. "Synchrotron-based intra-venous K-edge digital subtraction angiography in a pig model: A feasibility study." European Journal of Radiology 73, no. 3 (2010): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.019.

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42

Zhang, Qiang, Hiroyuki Toda, Masakazu Kobayashi, Yoshio Suzuki, and Kentaro Uesugi. "Three Dimensional Microstructure Characterization of an Al-Zn-Mg Alloy Foam Using Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2358.

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Synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SPring-8, Japan) has been used for the microstructure characterization in a closed cell Al-Zn-Mg alloy foam. Some sophisticated microstructure features, such as micropores and intermetallic particles inside the cell wall, were visualized and quantified three dimensionally(3D) by the high-resolution phase contrast imaging technique. By microtomographies tuned to energies above and below the Zn K-absorption edge, the 3D quantitation of Zn distribution was obtained using subtraction imaging technique. It has been clarified that the Zn distribution was inhomogene
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43

Toda, Hiroyuki, Kazuyuki Shimizu, Kentaro Uesugi, Yoshio Suzuki, and Masakazu Kobayashi. "Application of Dual-Energy K-Edge Subtraction Imaging to Assessment of Heat Treatments in Al-Cu Alloys." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 51, no. 11 (2010): 2045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.l-m2010819.

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44

Zhang, Qiang, Hiroyuki Toda, Yasutaka Takami, Yoshio Suzuki, Kentaro Uesugi, and Masakazu Kobayashi. "Assessment of 3D inhomogeneous microstructure of highly alloyed aluminium foam via dual energy K-edge subtraction imaging." Philosophical Magazine 90, no. 14 (2010): 1853–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786430903571438.

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45

Umetani, K., K. Ueda, T. Takeda, M. Akisada, T. Nakajima, and I. Anno. "Iodine K-edge dual-energy imaging for subtraction angiography using synchrotron radiation and a 2-dimensional detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 301, no. 3 (1991): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90026-m.

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46

Chi, Zhijun, Yingchao Du, Wenhui Huang, and Chuanxiang Tang. "Linearly polarized X-ray fluorescence computed tomography based on a Thomson scattering light source: a Monte Carlo study." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 3 (2020): 737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520003574.

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A Thomson scattering X-ray source can provide quasi-monochromatic, continuously energy-tunable, polarization-controllable and high-brightness X-rays, which makes it an excellent tool for X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT). In this paper, we examined the suppression of Compton scattering background in XFCT using the linearly polarized X-rays and the implementation feasibility of linearly polarized XFCT based on this type of light source, concerning the influence of phantom attenuation and the sampling strategy, its advantage over K-edge subtraction computed tomography (CT), the imagi
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47

Scott, C. P., A. J. Craven, C. J. Gilmore, and A. W. Bowen. "Background Fitting in the Low-Loss Region of Electron Energy Loss Spectra." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 2 (1990): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100133874.

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The normal method of background subtraction in quantitative EELS analysis involves fitting an expression of the form I=AE-r to an energy window preceding the edge of interest; E is energy loss, A and r are fitting parameters. The calculated fit is then extrapolated under the edge, allowing the required signal to be extracted. In the case where the characteristic energy loss is small (E < 100eV), the background does not approximate to this simple form. One cause of this is multiple scattering. Even if the effects of multiple scattering are removed by deconvolution, it is not clear that the b
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48

González-Valenzuela, C., F. Espinosa-Magaña, F. Paraguay D., and A. Duarte-Moller. "Structural Characterization of Vanadium Carbide Using Core Ionization Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (Cieels) in Transmission Mode." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027367.

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Vanadium carbide was purchased as powder at Aldrich with a 99.9% pure. Sample was prepared in the standard method for powder observation in a TEM .EELS experiments were carried out in a Phillips CM 200 STEM equipped with a Gatan 766 PEELS spectrometer. Experimental conditions for acquiring were the follows: a spot size of 500 nm, a chamber length of 400 mm and a detector aperture of 3 mm using a energy dispersion of 0.3 eV/channel with a beam energy of 200 KeV. Acquisition time was around 10 mn. taking an average of 100 spectra.All the EELS spectra were corrected for background subtraction and
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49

Qi, Peng, Nazanin Samadi, and Dean Chapman. "X-ray Spectral Imaging Program: XSIP." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 6 (2020): 1734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520010838.

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Spectral K-edge subtraction imaging and wide-field energy-dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy imaging are novel, related, synchrotron imaging techniques for element absorption contrast imaging and element speciation imaging, respectively. These two techniques serve different goals but share the same X-ray optics principles with a bent Laue type monochromator and the same data processing algorithms. As there is a growing interest to implement these novel techniques in synchrotron facilities, Python-based software has been developed to automate the data processing procedures for both techni
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50

Strengell, S., J. Keyriläinen, P. Suortti, S. Bayat, A. R. A. Sovijärvi, and L. Porra. "Radiation dose and image quality inK-edge subtraction computed tomography of lungin vivo." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 6 (2014): 1305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751401697x.

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K-edge subtraction computed tomography (KES-CT) allows simultaneous imaging of both structural features and regional distribution of contrast elements inside an organ. Using this technique, regional lung ventilation and blood volume distributions can be measured experimentallyin vivo. In order for this imaging technology to be applicable in humans, it is crucial to minimize exposure to ionizing radiation with little compromise in image quality. The goal of this study was to assess the changes in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of KES-CT lung images as a function of radiation dose. The experiments
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