Academic literature on the topic 'Kabarga (Russia)'

of the East Circassians ancestors of the Kabardinians to the territory of the former Western Alanya can be dated to the time after the invasion of Timur 1395-1396. The design of Kabarda as a principality can be dated to the first half of the 15th century. The division of Kabarda into Idarey, Kaitukoi, Tlachtostan, Dzhelyakhstan can be dated to the first half of the XVI century. Kabarda in this era becomes one of the leading forces in the North Caucasus. Kabardinians competed with the Great Nogai Horde for control of the Astrakhan Khanate. Temryuk Idarov in 1563 attracted Nogais and Russians in his confrontation with the Ingush. Kabardians of Idarey to confront the Crimean Tatars and Kumyks in the XVI century. They were allies of Russians. The Idaroviches use the Russians in the confrontation with the Kumyks and Crimean Tatars, and they themselves take part in the Livonian War and the Russian campaigns against various Caucasian rulers. Ties of Kabardians and with Nogais are made. Kabardinians of Kaitukoi are guided by the Crimean Khanate and the Small Nogai Horde. Circassian expansion to the east leads to the fact that the Karachais, Balkars, part of the Ossetians and Chechens are under the control of the Kabardinians. In the struggle for hegemony in the North Caucasus, the Kabardinians in the 16th –17th centuries face with the kumyks. None of the parties managed to win a convincing victory and they mutually exhausted each other. Kabardinians were the guides of Russian influence in the 17th century in the North Caucasus and their helped Russians in the Russian-Qizilbash conflict in 1651–1653. Kabardinians actively support the Russians against the Crimean Tatars in the 17th century. The significance of the Battle of Kanzhal is greatly exaggerated in Kabardinian historiography. We can talk about the participation of 20 thousands of Crimean Tatars in the battle and the death of a fourth of them in the battle. The defeat of 1708 only temporarily weakened the Crimean Tatars. Crimean Tatars make revenge hikes to Kabarda and devastate the region in the 10-ies and 20-ies of XVIII century. The Kabardinians victories under Baksan (1729) and Chеrеshty (1731) helped to stop the Crimean Tatar advance. Kabarda there were the Baksan and Kashkatau parties oriented to the Russians and Crimeans in the 18th century. They sought to win over external forces in order to secure subjectivity in foreign policy relations. The anti-Russian position of the Kabardinians set up the construction by Russians of the Mozdok fortress. Key words: Kabarda, Lesser Kabarda, Great Kabarda, Idarey, Kaitukoi, Crimean Khanate, Russian state, Great Nogai Horde, Lesser Nogai Horde, Ottoman Empire

The Küçük Kaynardzha Peace Treaty of 1774, which sanctioned joining of Kabardia and Ossetia to Russia and formal independence of the Kuban Nogais, once again confirmed that the solution of the question of the international legal status of the North Caucasus was the prerogative right of great powers and did not belong to the sphere of Russian-Caucasian relations. Since the 1770s, military lines in the form of fortification chains and some Cossack settlements were built in the region. Access to the Black Sea at the end of the 18th century and joining of the Crimea to Russia became important events in international life and politics. They raised the authority of Russia in Europe and at the same time heightened tensions with the Turkish Empire. The people’s liberation movement under Sheikh Mansur’s command caused a massive public outcry in the North Caucasus due to common goals of the local peoples in the liberation struggle. The Treaty of Jassy of 1791 only confirmed the terms of the peace treaty of 1774 without any new territorial changes in the region. During the period under consideration, the Russian authorities hardly took any actions in regards to the local peoples. The actions of the Russian administration in the region did not go beyond external control and encouragement of trade and economic ties between the local population and immigrants from the central provinces of Russia. The control was carried out by the military authorities actively introduced into the geographical area of the region (construction of fortresses, creation of new garrisons and places of deployment of Russian troops). The creation of the civil administration of the region (vicarious authority, government, police force) was also started.

The present paper is dedicated to the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria – one of the subject of Russian Federation, in which two ethnic groups have a status of “titular nation”. The point of entry to the further considerations is an analysis of the phenomenon of “bi-titularism” in the context of the specifics of the political system of Union of Soviet Socialist Republic and Russian Federation. The further part of the study is dedicated to two ethnic groups, which are completely different in both cultural and linguistic aspect – Kabardians (who belong to Abkhaz-Adyghe superethnos) and Turkic Balkars. The influence of bi-titular model on the character of the political regime, inter-ethnic relations and stability of the regional situation.

In this article, which was compiled with financial support from a Russian Federation presidential grant for supporting young scientists (grant MK-2488.2019.6), examines the regional specifics of developing civil society values in one of Russia’s subjects – the Kabardha-Balkar Republic. The issues and specifics of developing a civil society is one of the most relevant topics for social sciences in modern-day Russia. There are still arguments to this day between those who support European integration and joining the Western world and advocates of Russia being its own civilization. Our country’s socio-cultural characteristics imply significant regional diversity in the development of a civil society. Expert reports prepared by various research centers note that civil society values tend to be more prominent in the country’s more economically developed regions. Citizens create and actively partake in the activities of public organizations, they propagate charity work, and actively protect their own rights. Meanwhile in the less advanced regions, civil society is not as well developed. In this article, the author examines the issues in question based on the example of one of Russia’s regions which possesses its own substantial cultural specificity. The methodological underpinnings for the study are based on a systemic and interdisciplinary approach. The study was conducted by means of questionnaire survey method. The sample size amounted to 550 people. In terms of geography, all municipalities of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were covered, including remote and hard to reach highland areas (Chereksky, Zolsky, Elbrussky districts). During the study, it was revealed that residents of Kabardino-Balkaria would more often resort to assistance from their relatives or to corrupt dealings in order to solve their problems. At the same time help from public organizations, law enforcement and the judicial system are sought after by a much smaller proportion of citizens, which might speak to the population bearing a relatively low level of legal awareness. Despite the fact that the republic’s youth came of age in post-Soviet Russia, which was being modeled after democratic nations, this socio-demographical population group demonstrates a higher level of social apathy and disapproval for civil society values than the region’s population does on average.

Straipsnyje atliktas vieno iš naujausių religinių judėjimų Rusijoje, pavadinimu „Senosios Rusijos pravoslavų sentikių-inglingų bažnyčia“ (Древнерусская церковь православных староверов-инглингов), tyrimas. Tai neopagoniškasis judėjimas, kurio įkūrėjas Aleksandras Jurjevičius Chinevičius, naudodamas įvairias lingvistines manipuliacijas, savo paties nežinia iš kur paimtas ir vis plačiau tiek popieriniu, tiek elektroniniu pavidalu platinamas „Slavų Vedas“, bando pagrįsti savo pretenzingą doktriną apie slavų (turimi omenyje rusai)-arijų kilmę iš protėvių-dievų (Peruno) prieš daugelį šimtų tūkstančių, jei ne milijonų metų, kitose planetose, iš kurių atkeliavę į Žemę čia užėmė šiaurės pusrutulį. Slavų-arijų kultūra pagal jo (ir kitų šio rato neopagonių autoritetų, visų pirma Trechlebovo) doktriną, buvo visų didžiųjų civilizacijų pradininkė, bet krikščionybės diegimo laikais Europos tautos iš jų pavogė jų istoriją ir pasisavino jų nuopelnus, bandė sunaikinti jų kultūrinę atmintį, primesdami jiems žeminantį įvaizdį, esą iki X amžiaus jų tiesiog nebuvo, o jeigu kas ir buvo, tai tamsi neišmani liaudis... Tyrime buvo atlikta Chinevičiaus „lingvistinio metodo“ analizė, kurios metu paaiškėjo, kad jis naudojasi kai kuriais judėjų Kabalos interpretaciniais metodais, kurie visiškai natūraliai tinka semitų kalboms dėl jų specifikos, bet netinka indoeuropiečių kalboms. Dėl to Chinevičius priverstas iškraipyti ir perdaryti rusų kalbą pagal semitų kalbų struktūrą, nepamiršdamas aiškinti, kad šie metodai – taip pat senoviniai rusų metodai, kuriuos kažkas iš jų pasisavino. Kaip pirmavaizdis tiriant šiuos kabalistinius metodus buvo pateikti keli pavyzdžiai su komentarais iš Zoharo.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: inglingai, Kabala, lingvistika, neopagonys, rasizmas.Linguistical Transformations of IdentityAušra Kristina PažėraitėSummary In this paper I presented an analysis of a recent religious movement in Russia, called “The Old Russian Pravoslavian Old Believers – inglingian Church“ (Древнерусская церковь православных староверов-инглингов). This neo-pagan movement, whose founder, Alexander Yuryevich Hinevich, using a variety of linguistic manipulation and “Slavonic Vedas” of unknown origins, increasingly spreading up in paper and electronic format, – is trying ambitiously justify his doctrine of the genetic origins of ancestors of Slavic (having in mind Russian) – Aryan peoples going down to gods (namely Perun) for many hundreds of thousands, if not millions, years ago, who descended here, on the planet Earth from other planets, and occupied the northern hemisphere. Slavic-Aryan culture, in accordance with his doctrine (and of the rest of close to his church neo-pagan authorities, in particularly that of Trehlebov’), has been a real originator of all great civilizations in the World, but during the time of introduction of Christianity in Russia other nations “have robbed their history and their cultural advancements” trying to destroy their national memory by imposing them degraded self-images... In this study is presented analysis of “linguistic approach” of Hinevich, which revealed, that he uses a series of interpretative methods of Jewish Kabbalah, which fit naturally to semitic languages, but not so well to Indo-European ones. What results in distortion made by Hinevich of Russian language rules to fit those interpretative methods, not neglecting to explain that these techniques are also old Russian techniques, which were from them took off. As a possible prototype of these Kabbalistic methods was presented some examples from the Zohar with commentaries.Keywords: ingliizm, Kabbalah, hermeneutics, racism, neopagans.

Discussed is the problem of complex (historical-demographical, ecological-geographical and economical) administrative-territorial division (ATD) of one of national republics of the North Caucasus, i.e. Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (KBR), based on a comprehensive approach. Data on population censuses of different years, scientific works on discussed topic and the authors own materials on geo-ecology and demography of KBR were used. The archaic character of ATD of the region according to ethnopolitical principle is shown, and it is argued, that such a division of the republic’s territory is a legacy of Russia's colonial policy in the North Caucasus in the 19th century, and the command and administrative system of the Soviet period in the 20th century. Based on historical information, sources of dismemberment of the predecessor of the KBR, i.e. Kabarda (the name up to 1922) on ethno-political principle as one of the tools for solving the militarystrategic task of weakening and “appeasing” are highlighted. Rejection and occupation by Russian colonists of the plain part of Kabarda and redistribution by colonial administration of remaining territory between two indigenous ethnic groups (Kabardins and Balkars) with infringement of one side and encouragement of other created a “three-story” contradictory structure: one on the plain, others on the foothills, others on the foothills in the mountains. Such a division was finally established as a result of administrative-territorial reform of the 1920s and continues to form the formal basis of ATD of KBR. This fact, as well as consolidation of artificial division of Kabarda in the double name of the republic (Kabardino-Balkaria) periodically becomes occasion for demonstration of ostentatious separatist sentiments. Results of this study indicate, that by the end of the 20th century, due to redistribution of population and integration processes, the ethnic map of KBR came into conflict with the ATD on ethno-political basis. With this in mind, a new version of ATD of KBR, based on basin principle is proposed and justified, removing interethnic contradictions, generated by previous division and guaranteeing sustainable development of the republic. Relevance of the study is in the imperfection of ATD of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as the cause of interethnic contradictions has not yet become the subject of a special study. Thus, adoption of the basin principle as the basis of the ATD with establishment of 5th districts instead of the current 10th would remove problems, created by ethno-political division and contribute to sustainable development and preservation of unique nature of one of mountain resorts of the country.