Journal articles on the topic 'Kafir corn'

Agricultural by-products such as corn silk and kaffir limepeels have not been utilized well. Since every part of a plant contains phenolicscompounds as a result of their secondary metabolism, it is possible that these two wastes can be used as a source of natural antioxidants. Therefore in this study, we investigated the phenolic content in corn silk and citrus peel and assess the ability of the extracts to reduce the conversion of starch to sugar in antidiabetic assessment. Research procedures include raw materialpreparation, extraction, activity assessment and loading the extract into the nanomaterialpores. The results showed that corn silk and kaffir lime peels have different total phenolic contents. Specifically for corn silk, it can be seen clearly that the plant varietycontribute to the amount of total phenolic content. Corn silk from P11 variety has the largest phenolic content up to 1.58 mg GAE/g. Therefore this materialexhibited the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals, but it has a relatively low for antidiabetic activity. For citrus, this study showed that peels of lemon, lime and kaffir lime exhibited different content of phenolicswith kaffir lime peels extract had the highest phenolics, up to 23.36 mg GAE/g, while the extract of lemon and lime peels were 7.94 and 9.71 mg GAE/g, respectively. In addition, extract of kaffir lime peels has the highest phenolics content compared to other parts such as leaves and juice. The use of different solvents provides different antidiabetic activity. The loading of kaffir lime peels extract into nanomaterial pores was successful, promising future application in the field of drug delivery. However, other studies are still required to improve the effectiveness of diabetes therapy using natural products.

Abstrak
 Inti permasalahan dari penelitian ini yaitu “bagaimana modul perencanaan karir berbasis teori karir Holland yang dapat digunakan sebagai media bimbingan dan konseling pada siswa SMA/Sederajat di Kota Gorontalo”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat modul perencanaan karir berbasis teori karir Holland sebagai media bimbingan dan konseling pada siswa SMA/Sederajat di Kota Gorontalo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan pengembangan yang terdiri dari beberapa langkah: pendefinisian potensi dan permasalahan, pengumpulan data, perancangan produk, validasi desain, revisi, dan pengujian produk. Merujuk pada penelitian kualitatif, data yang diperoleh berasal dari angket validasi ahli dan angket uji produk.
 Kajian pengembangan ini pada akhirnya menciptakan sebuah media karir bimbingan dan konseling dengan judul “Pengembangan Modul Perencanaan Karir Berbasis Teori Karir Holland sebagai Media Bimbingan dan Konseling Karir pada Siswa SMA/Sederajat di Kota Gorontalo”. Modul ini dapat digunakan secara memadai oleh guru BK sebagai media perancangan karir. Media ini telah lolos uji validasi ahli dari ahli bimbingan dan konseling, bahasa, dan ahli desain media pembelajaran.
 Abstract
 The core problem of this research lies in "how is the career planning module based on Holland's career theory that can be used as a medium of guidance and counseling for high school students in Gorontalo City". This study aims to create a career planning module based on Holland's career theory as a medium of guidance and counseling for high school/equivalent students in Gorontalo City. This study uses research and development methods consisting of several steps: defining potentials and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, revision, and product testing. Referring to qualitative research, the data obtained came from expert validation questionnaires and product test questionnaires.
 This development study ultimately created a career guidance and counseling media with the title "Development of a Holland Career Theory-Based Career Planning Module as a Career Guidance and Counseling Media for High School/Equivalent Students in Gorontalo City". This module can be used adequately by BK teachers as a career design medium. This media has passed the expert validation test from guidance and counseling experts, language experts, and learning media design experts.

The purpose of this research is to deepen in real terms the main factors of the unmatangan of student career planning. So that it can be an evalution for the development of the Education process in islamic religious education courses oriented to career maturity. This research is a research method library (library research) and a method called double movement which according to Sutrisno (2006) the core of the research method using the principles of the Qur'an which is then applied in modern life. The source of this study is divided into two, namely primary and secondary. The primary source is the Text of alqur'an relating to the theme of research, while the source of the secondary is related to books, journals, websites, previous research and literature that has relevance to the theme of this research. The results showed that the need for the application of surah Al-haysr verse 18 which explains the need for man to always intropeksi himself for what has been done today for a better tomorrow.

Abstract. Kadir S, Ahmad L, Bait Y. 2019. Proximate and calcium analysis of nixtamalized corn grits as a raw material of Gorontalo traditional meal, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 56-62. This study aims to find out the influence of additional lime concentration and the length of boiling time toward the proximate and calcium grits of corn (Zea mays L). The study was conducted using a randomized group factorial design of two factors. The first factor is calcium concentration consisted of three treatments; 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, and the second factor is the length of boiling time, consisting of two treatments; the 60-minute boiling time, and the 30-minute boiling time. The parameters of this study were water content, ash content, fat content, protein content, carbohydrate content, and calcium content. The ANOVA analysis reveals that the treatment of calcium concentration, and the length of boiling time insignificantly influence the water content, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calcium contents of nixtamal corn grits. Grits of nixtamal corn produced in this study has water content of 10.54-11.33%, ash content of 1.34-1.39%, protein content of 9.11-9.40%, fat content of 3.36-3.59%, carbohydrate content of 74.44-75.36%, and calcium content of 10.15-10.92%.

We report here an analysis of the structure of genetic diversity in cultivated sorghums. A core collection of 210 landraces representative of race, latitude of origin, response to day length, and production system was analysed with 74 RFLP probes dispersed throughout the genome. Multivariate analyses showed the specificity of the subrace guinea margaritiferum, as well as the geographical and racial pattern of genetic diversity. Neighbour-joining analysis revealed a clear differentiation between northern and southern equatorial African accessions. The presence of Asian accessions in these 2 major geographical poles for sorghum evolution indicated two introductions of sorghum into Asia. Morphological race also influenced the pattern of sorghum genetic diversity. A single predominant race was identified in 8 of 10 clusters of accessions, i.e., 1 kafir, 1 durra, 4 guinea, and 2 caudatum clusters. Guinea sorghums, with the exception of accessions in the margaritiferum subrace, clustered in 3 geographical groups, i.e., western African, southern African, and Asian guinea clusters; the latter two appeared more closely related. Caudatum were mainly distributed in 2 clusters, the African Great Lakes caudatum cluster and those African caudatum originating from other African regions. This last differentiation appears related to contrasting photoperiod responses. These results aid in the optimization of sampling accessions for introgression in breeding programs.Key words: sorghum, core collection, genetic diversity, RFLP.

In examining the process of modernization in Qajar Iran, modern scholarship has tended to focus either on the effects of Western exposure on Iranian intellectuals and educators, or on bureaucratic and military reforms initiated by the three major reformers of the nineteenth century, ‘Abbas Mirza, Mirza Taqi Khan (Amir Kabir), and Mirza Husayn Khan (Sipahsalar). This paper will address a different and equally important aspect of the modernization process, technological innovation, by discussing the introduction of mechanized coin production in Qajar Iran in the context of the country's prevailing social, political and economic structure.

Abstrak
 Latar belakang penelitian ini bermula pada nilai dalam perusahaan Marriott yang dilaksanakan semua karyawan sebagai pedoman dalam bekerja yakni core value Marriott. Core value Marriott ialah nilai inti perusahaan Marriott dalam menjalankan bisnisnya. Namun core value Marriott ini belum sepenuhnya dilaksanakan oleh karyawan, bahkan karyawan ada yang belum hafal dengan core value Marriott. Tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui implementasi dan persepsi karyawan terhadap core value di Sheraton Bali Kuta Resort. Jenis data penelitian ini ialah data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Sumber data ialah data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yakni observasi, wawancara, kuesioner, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yaitu deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik penentuan sampel yakni propotional stratified random sampling disertai dengan simple random sampling. Hasil implementasi core value ialah implementasi put people first terkait program take care, job opportunity, sarana dan prasarana kesejahteraan, dan asuransi bagi associate. Implementasi persue excellence terkait program pelatihan pengembangan karir dan skill, cross training, dan associate award. Implementasi embrance change terkait pelatihan dan sosialisasi perubahan jaman serta perkembangan teknologi. Implementasi act with integrity terkait see something, say something. Implementasi serve our world terkait kontribusi terhadap alam dan lingkungan masyarakat sekitar. Persepsi karyawan terhadap core value di Sheraton Bali Kuta Resort ialah core value put people first yaitu 3,42 berkategori setuju, core value persue excellence yakni 4,2 berkategori setuju, core value embrance change ialah 4,29 berkategori sangat setuju, core value act with integrity ialah 4,14 berkategori setuju, dan core value serve our world yaitu 4,03 berkategori setuju. Perolehan persepsi associate atau karyawan terkait core value keseluruhan yaitu 4,016 berkategori setuju. Saran pada penelitian ialah manajemen Sheraton Bali Kuta Resort senantiasa rutin sosialisasi terkait core value Marriott.
 Kata kunci : Nilai, Implementasi, Persepsi dan Core Value.

Takfir means to name a person Kafir because of his beliefs in the light of Islamic terminology. Nowadays, there are some militant Jihadist organizations in all over the world who have misinterpreted the Fatwas of Ibn-e-Taymiyyah (1263-1328) and have started to wreck the people and their properties violently. They carry out their armed activities in the name of Islamic Jihad against Muslim public and authorities, imposing the fatwa of disbelief (Kufr) on them, declaring them obligatory to kill. According to these movements the prevailing democratic system and governments in Muslim countries are representative of disbelief instead of Islamic system, therefore it is necessary to eliminate all those people who support this system and also this system through Jihad. In order to achieve these goals, they carry out armed operations against Muslims based on few Fatwas of Ibn-e-Taymiyyah, especially Mardin Fatwa, calling Muslims infidels and the political system a tyrant and do not even refrain from suicide attacks. So it’s need of the hour to understand the real soul of Ibn-e-Taymiyyah’s religion interpretations study to the core of his Fatwas regarding Takfir.

Citrus hystrix D.C. (kaffir lime) peel contains several flavonoids including rutin, naringenin, hesperidin. C. hystrix peel ethanolic extract (ChEE) has shown its potency as cardioprotector agent in chemotherapy. However, there are limitations to the utilization of ChEE due to its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Accordingly, self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) formulations were developed to improve the oral absorption of flavonoids. Tween 80, Corn oil, and propylene glicol (5:1:1ml) were combined to form ChEE-SMEDDS. The present study is to evaluated ChEE-SMEDDS for their physicochemical properties and in vivo using combination with doxorubicin to see blood serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), nitrit oxide (NO) activity and also cardio-hepato-histopathology of female Sprague Dawley rats. The results showed that ChEE-SMEDDS repaired cardio-hepato-histopathology profile of doxorubicin -induced rats, but did not reduce serum activity of NO, ALT and AST. These results indicated that ChEE-SMEDDS has potency to be developed and improved as cardio-hepato-protector agent in chemotherapy.Keywords: Citrus hystrix D.C., SMEDDS, Cardio-hepatoprotector, Histopathology, Chemoterapy

<p><em>The working women isn’t a new phenomenon in the modern society. Through their carrier, they try to find meaning, identity and achievement that bring confidence to their life. However, there is still a problem regarding the bias gender related to the quality and capabilities of women in the work field. Femina as one of women magazine realize that women also need information that can help them to attributes and give the self identity in the role of society. This research aim at how Femina talks about girl power in several articles by Gamson and Modigliane framwork in two core structures and condensing symbol frames.</em><em></em></p>

This paper seeks to uncover the urgency of the Islamization of science according to the thoughts of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas, as someone who wants to transmit Western product science with an Islamic element. From these arguments, the authors apply the science of hermeneutics of the Koran as the process of Islamization of hermeneutics, which so far has been considered an un-Islamic science and is even called infidels, which gets some consideration but through several steps offered by Naquib namely: alienating the elements including key concepts that shape the culture and civilization, fill them with key elements and concepts of Islam, inclusion or transfer with Islamic science and principles and finally, formulate and integrate elements The main Islam and key concepts so as to produce a content that embraces core science and then placed in Islamic education from elementary to high level. Abstrak: Tulisan ini berusaha mengungkap urgensi Islamisasi ilmu menurut pemikiran Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas, sebagai sosok yang ingin mentransmisi ilmu produk Barat dengan unsur keislaman.. Usaha yang dilakukannya ternyata mendapat sambutan baik sehingga berdampak baik kepada perbaikan lembaga pendidikan dan kemaslahatan umat. Dari argumentasi tersebut kemudian penulis aplikasikan ilmu hermeneutik al-Qur’an sebagai proses Islamisasi ilmu hermeneutik, yang selama ini dari beberapa kalangan dianggap sebagai ilmu yang tidak islami bahkan disebut kafir, yang mana hal tersebut mendapat konsiderans namun melalui beberapa langkah yang ditawarkan oleh Naquib yakni: mengasingkan unsur-unsur itu termasuk konsep-konsep kunci yang membentuk kebudayaan dan peradaban itu, mengisinya dengan unsur-unsur dan konsep-konsep kunci Islam, pencantuman atau pemindahan dengan sains dan prinsip-prinsip Islam dan yang terakhir, merumuskan dan memadukan unsur-unsur Islam yang utama serta konsep-konsep kunci sehingga menghasilkan suatu kandungan yang merangkumi ilmu teras untuk kemudian ditempatkan dalam pendidikan Islam dari tingkat dasar hingga tingkat tinggi.

Discussion on penology generally revolves around the philosophy behind the ‘punishment’ and its ‘implementation’ in order to maintain a crime-free, harmonious society. To understand the philosophy of the major school of thoughts for punishment, this paper discusses the theory of retributivism as a punishment mechanism and relates it to Qisas - the theory of punishment that hinges on Islamic criminal law jurisprudence. The objective of this paper is to compare the retributive concept of punishment with the Islamic theory of Qisas and to unravel how Islam attempts to establish justice through punishment while implementing forgiveness. It is significant to note that we can find a nexus between the retributive and Qisas school of theory that perpetrators should be punished as a consequence of the crime or an act that is against norms of the community. Nonetheless, this paper concludes that Qisas is quite distinct from the concept of retributivism in the case of punishment. Whereas the core of the retributive justice system is to put the moral blame on the offender for the offence and to provide justice through similar punishment; the law of Qisas is more concerned with the fairness and forgivingness.Keywords: Forgiveness, Islamic criminal law, punishment, retributive justice, QisasCite as: Karim, R., Newaz, S., & Kabir, A.I. (2017). A comparative analysis of retributive justice and the law of qisas. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 169-177.

AbstractJameson’s concept of modern third-world literature as national allegory is also pertinent for the 19th-century peripheries of the first-world literature. Aware of their dependence on imperial powers, the protagonists of (semi)peripheral national movements longed for the recognition of their nascent collective identity by the lawgiving Other – the symbolic order of ‘universal’ tradition. The figures of “national poets” (Nemoianu) were invented to represent their respective nations to the gaze of the Other, symbolized by the emerging world literature and empowered through the inter-state system dominated by the core countries. In a secular parallel to the canonization of saints in the Catholic Church, “worlding” (Kadir) a national poet was crucial in the (unfulfilled) longing for his/her universal acknowledgment as belonging to the hyper-canon. While several national poets involved in national movements showed a “vernacular” tendency (Terian), Schiller and Goethe represented the more “cosmopolitan” model of a national classic. Such ‘affiliation’ to the universal aesthetic canon is also characteristic of the politics of Slovenian romantic movement and its poet, France Prešeren. Although Prešeren’s poetry, which was exposed to Austrian censorship, only sparsely employs an explicit political discourse, his imaginary worlding and intertextual transfer of universal aesthetic repertoires from the established literatures into a Habsburg periphery fashioned a cosmopolitan strategy of cultural nationalism. Prešeren has been venerated in Slovenia since the late 19th-century as the singular national classic whose oeuvre compensates for the apparent lack of classical and modern traditions in Slovenian and deserves to be recognized worldwide.

Just after I turned fifty, I broke my neck in a cycling accident. In the rehab hospital and for months afterwards, as my body tried to recover from the shock to my central nervous system, I suffered terrible neurological pain that lingers to this day. Drawing on theories of melancholia, on literary readings, disability studies, and understandings of loss, in this article I make an argument for exploring feelings of chronic pain and the temporal dislocations of grief as a way forward, remembering what has irretrievably happened in the hopes of making a transformative future. I consider the ways in which disability studies has understandably been hesitant to consider pain, especially the psychic pain of grief, in relation to disabled bodyminds, and turn to the work of Eli Clare and Alison Kafer, both of whom are now “grappling” (Clare’s verb) with phenomenological experiences of pain. To theorize these events and remain true to suffering and grief, I consider psychoanalytic understandings of melancholy, then turn to Walter Benjamin. In his theses on the philosophy of history, he writes against the forgetting that is required by a belief in history-as-progress, and warns that “not even the dead will be safe from the enemy, if he is victorious.” Analyzing sixteenth-century German “mourning plays,” he studies the allegorical poetics of the form to explore how a human world that seems inescapably mournful, is, in the end, transformed through a narrative and poetics of redemption. Benjamin considers this redemptive turn a “betrayal,” and I agree. I consider how that betrayal matters to my own account of living on after a major spinal cord injury and significant paralysis transformed my life.

Background: Saqmunia, a resin obtained from the root of Convolvulus scammonia L. is widely used in Unani system of medicine for the treatment of several body ailments. This important medicinal plant is belonging to Convolvulaceae family, and is commonly grown in Mediterranean regions.
 Purpose of the review: The core objective of this appraisal is to emphasize the different characteristics of Saqmunia (Convolvulus scammonia L.) viz. botanical description, pharmacological and therapeutic properties, folklore uses, temperament, dose, scientific studies, etc, as mentioned in Unani and botanical literature that will be helpful in the rationale use of this botanical drug.
 Materials and methods: This review was done after going through ample of literature survey of Unani and botanical texts, and published articles related to Saqmunia (Convolvulus scammonia L.). The botanical names of drugs mentioned in this review have been validated through ‘World Flora’ (http://www.worldfloraonline.org).
 Results: The Unani physicians prescribe Saqmunia for the treatment of skin diseases, chronic headache, bilious fever, conjunctivitis, jaundice, etc. This drug is also added in many compound Unani formulations such as Habb-i-Kotwali, Safoof-i-Suranjan, Habb-i-Banafsha, Ayarij-i-Kabir, Tiryaq-i-Zahab, Habb-i-Saqmunia, Majun-i-Anjeer, etc which are used for various therapeutic purposes. The phytochemical analysis of the root of Convolvulus scammonia L. has been reported that it contains 8% resin along with beta-methyl-esculetin, dihydroxy cinnamic acid, ipuranol, sucrose, reducing sugar, starch, etc. The resin yields glycosides mainly scamonin which is pharmacologically active. Some scientific reports showed that this important medicinal plant possesses certain potential pharmacological activities. The significant anticancer property of aqueous and alkaline extracts of Convolvulus scammonia L. has been identified in mice.
 Conclusion: Although, the resin of Convolvulus scammonia L. is extensively used in Unani medicine. But, sufficient studies regarding its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology are still lacking. Hence, it is suggested that extensive studies by using modern scientific parameters may be carried out to explore the every aspect of this important botanical drug.
 Keywords: Saqmunia; Convolvulus scammonia L.; Unani medicine; Resin

The International Islamic University, Malaysia’s (IIUM) Department of Usulal-Din and Comparative Religion, along with the Kulliyyah of Islamic RevealedKnowledge and Human Science (IRKHS), organized an internationalconference to analyze the work of Ismail Raji al-Faruqi, a leading twentiethcenturythinker who had had a significant impact on Islamic thought and comparativereligion. Held at IIUM’s Senate Hall on October 22-23, 2013, incollaboration with Kolej Universiti Islam Sultan Azlan Shah (KUISAS), participantsdiscussed the legacy of this influential scholar, who is best known forhis pioneering work in the Islamization of Knowledge movement. One of hisbooks, Al Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life (Herndon, VA: IIIT,1992) has attracted the attention of scholars and been introduced into variousuniversity courses worldwide as an important resource book.The main theme was “Infusing the Creativity and Excellence of al-Faruqi’sScholarship into Contemporary Islamic Thought.” The seventy-five acceptedpapers were divided into five sub-themes: tawḥīd, the Islamization of Knowledge,Islamic civilization, Islamic thought, and comparative religion. The organizersinvited scholars to (1) study and examine the relevance of al-Faruqi’sthought, (2) examine his vision and mission in various areas of Islamic thought,(3) regenerate the tradition of Islamic scholarship in academic disciplines, (4)enhance the intellectual understanding of Islam’s tawhidic worldview, and (5)develop a comparative approach to the study of Islamic thought in relation tomodernity. This unique event enabled scholars, intellectuals, and academiciansto meet and deliberate on al-Faruqi’s intellectual and scholarly output.This event began with three inaugural speeches. Zambry Bin Abdul Kadir(chief minister, State of Perak) pointed out that only intellectual and moral developmentcan cause human civilization to reach its zenith. In the case of Islamiccivilization, this development was achieved by grounding the civilizationon the core values of research, criticism, and creativity. He stated that al-Faruqidedicated his life to calling upon Muslims to revive that sprit. Ibrahim M. Zein(dean, IRKHS) highlighted the conference’s importance and expressed his hopethat it would be a resounding success. Mohamed Ridza Wahiddin (deputy rector,Research and Innovation, IIUM) called for excellence and innovation incontemporary Muslim scholarship and emphasized that tawḥīd and thetawhidicworldview must be the base of Islamic discourse. He further remarked ...

Every day and every moment, nurses have to deal with a wide variety of patient’s issues and problems, with multiple difficulties and conflicts. Nurse’s judgment considers the core component of healthcare activities. This judgment directs her/his achievement and choices, not for her/him only, but for other healthcare professionals. Thus, nurses have to be competent observers and decision makers with reasoning and sound regarding their intervention and practice. Clinical judgment skills are essential aptitudes in nursing practice, predominantly, in nursing internship intermediary period, in which, a graduate nurse faced several predicaments and obstacles in such transitory experience from academic work to real labor. The present study aimed to develop a clinical judgment model to guide nursing interns in their nursing practice and assess its effectiveness on nursing interns’ clinical judgment knowledge and skills. The study passed through Quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design. A stratified random sampling approach was used to recruit 50 nursing interns as an experimental group out of 305. The collection of data was carried out in the following hospitals of nurses’ intern’s training: Damanhur Medical National Institute, El Raee El Saleh, El Farok and Kafer El Dawar Hospitals, in Damanhur, Egypt. The Clinical Judgment Evaluation Sheet (CJES) was employed to collect necessary data. It included two parts: the Clinical Judgment Knowledge Test that was developed by Fathi & Aly in 2018, beside the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR) that was developed by Kathie Lasater et al., in 2009. Results before using the developed model demonstrated that there were observed lacking in knowledge and skills about clinical judgment in nursing practice among experimental group. Then improvements were noticed after using the developed clinical judgment model. These results confirm that the use of an educational and self-learning reference such as the developed clinical judgment model is a successful tool for Egyptian nursing interns in nursing practice. Conclusion and recommendations: There is an understandable deficiency of nursing interns’ clinical judgment knowledge and skills in nursing practice. But, after using the developed clinical judgment model with them as a self-learning reference, it was confirmed that it is a helpful approach to develop and improve clinical judgment knowledge and skills of nursing interns. Creativity in using instructional aides and self-learning approaches is an essential ability that is important among nurse educators and preceptors who direct nursing intern’s performance. For further sturdies, replicate the study using the developed model with different subjects in nursing practice or develop new instructive models about creative, reflective, discovery, and decision-making models among nursing interns.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed.
 
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The experiment was conducted in the Agronomy Field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207 during the period of November 17, 2016 to March 29, 2017 on growth and yield performance of selected wheat genotypes at variable irrigation. In this experiment, the treatment consisted of three varieties viz. V1 = BARI Gom 26, V2 = BARI Gom 28, V3 = BARI Gom 30, and four different irrigations viz. I0 = No Irrigation throughout the growing season, I1 = One irrigation (Irrigate at CRI stage), I2= Two irrigation (Irrigate at CRI and grain filling), I3= Three irrigation (irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The experiment was laid out in two factors split plot with three replications. The collected data were statistically analyzed for evaluation of the treatment effect. Results showed that a significant variation among the treatments in respect majority of the observed parameters. Results showed significant variation in almost every parameter of treatments. The highest Plant height, number of effective tillers hill-1, spike length, number of grain spike-1 was obtained from BARI Gom-30. The highest grain weight hectare-1 (3.44 ton) was found from wheat variety BARI Gom-30. All parameters of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to variation of irrigation. The maximum value of growth, yield contributing characters, seed yield was observed with three irrigation (irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The interaction between different levels of variety and irrigation was significantly influenced on almost all growth and yield contributing characters, seed yield. The highest yield (3.99 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Gom-30 with three irrigation (irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The optimum growth and higher yield of wheat cv. BARI Gom-30 could be obtained by applying three irrigations at CRI, booting and grain filling stages.
 Introduction
 Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops cultivated all over the world. Wheat production was increased from 585,691 thousand tons in 2000 to 713,183 thousand tons in 2013 which was ranked below rice and maize in case of production (FAO, 2015). In the developing world, need for wheat will be increased 60 % by 2050 (Rosegrant and Agcaoili, 2010). The International Food Policy Research Institute projections revealed that world demand for wheat will increase from 552 million tons in 1993 to 775 million tons by 2020 (Rosegrantet al.,1997). Wheat grain is the main staple food for about two third of the total population of the world. (Hanson et al., 1982).
 It supplies more nutrients compared with other food crops. Wheat grain is rich in food value containing 12% protein, 1.72% fat, 69.60% carbohydrate and 27.20% minerals (BARI, 2006). It is the second most important cereal crop after rice in Bangladesh. So, it is imperative to increase the production of wheat to meet the food requirement of vast population of Bangladesh that will secure food security. During 2013-14 the cultivated area of wheat was 429607 ha having a total production of 1302998 metric tons with an average yield of 3.033 metric tons ha-1whereas during 2012-13 the cultivated area of wheat was 416522 ha having a total production of 1254778 metric tons with an average yield of 3.013 tons ha-1 (BBS, 2014).
 Current demand of wheat in the country is 3.0-3.5 million tons. Increasing rate of consumption of wheat is 3% per year (BBS, 2013). Wheat production is about 1.0 milllion from 0.40 million hectares of land. Bangladesh has to import about 2.0-2.5-million-ton wheat every year. Wheat is grown all over Bangladesh but wheat grows more in Dhaka, Faridpur, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Comilla districts. Wheat has the umpteen potentialities in yield among other crops grown in Bangladesh. However, yield per hectare of wheat in Bangladesh is lower than other wheat growing countries in the world due to various problems. 
 Increasing food production of the country in the next 20 years to much population growth is a big challenge in Bangladesh. It is more difficult because, land area devoted to agriculture will decline and better-quality land and water resources will be divided to the other sector of national economy. In order to grow more food from marginal and good quality lands, the quality of natural resources like seed, water, varieties and fuel must be improved and sustained. Variety plays an important role in producing high yield of wheat because different varieties responded differently for their genotypic characters, input requirement, growth process and the prevailing environment during growing season.
 In Bangladesh the wheat growing season (November-March) is in the driest period of the year. Wheat yield was declined by 50% owing to soil moisture stress. Irrigation water should be applied in different critical stages of wheat for successful wheat production. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage while water stress was imposed at booting stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers (Gupta et al., 2001). Determination of accurate amount of water reduces irrigation cost as well as checks ground water waste. Water requirements vary depending on the stages of development. The pick requirement is at crown root initiation stage (CRI). In wheat, irrigation has been recommended at CRI, flowering and grain filling stages. However, the amount of irrigation water is shrinking day by day in Bangladesh which may be attributed to filling of pond river bottom. Moreover, global climate change scenarios are also responsible for their scarcity of irrigation water. So, it is essential to estimate water saving technique to have an economic estimate of irrigation water.
 Information on the amount of irrigation water as well as the precise sowing time of wheat with change in climate to expedite wheat production within the farmer’s limited resources is inadequate in Bangladesh. The need of water requirement also varies with sowing times as the soil moisture depletes with the days after sowing in Bangladesh as there is scanty rainfall after sowing season of wheat in general in the month of November.
 With above considerations, the present research work was conducted with the following objectives:
 
 To evaluate yield performance of selected wheat genotypes(s) at variable irrigation management.
 To identify the suitable genotype (s) of wheat giving higher yield under moisture stress condition.
 
 Materials and Methods
 Description of the experimental site 
 The experiment was conducted in the Research Field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207 during the period of November, 2016 to March, 2017 to observe the growth and yield performance of selected wheat genotypes at variable irrigation management. The experimental field is located at 23041´ N latitude and 90º 22´ E longitude at a height of 8.6 m above the sea level belonging to the Agro-ecological Zone “AEZ-28” of Madhupur Tract (BBS, 2013).
 Soil characteristics
 The soil of the research field is slightly acidic in reaction with low organic matter content. The selected plot was above flood level and sufficient sunshine was available having available irrigation and drainage system during the experimental period. Soil samples from 0-15 cm depths were collected from experimental field. The experimental plot was also high land, having pH 5.56.
 Climate condition
 The experimental field was situated under sub-tropical climate; usually the rainfall is heavy during Kharifseason, (April to September) and scanty in Rabi season (October to March). In Rabi season temperature is generally low and there is plenty of sunshine. The temperature tends to increase from February as the season proceeds towards kharif. Rainfall was almost nil during the period from November 2016 to March 2017 and scanty from February to September.
 Planting material
 The test crop was wheat (Triticumaestivum). Three wheat varieties BARI Gom-26, BARI Gom-28 and BARI Gom-30 were used as test crop and were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur.
 Treatments
 The experiment consisted of two factors and those were the wheat genotypes and irrigation. Three wheat genotypes and four irrigations were used under the present study. Factor A: three wheat varieties- V1 = BARI Gom-26, V2 = BARI Gom-28 and V3= BARI Gom-30. Factor B: four irrigations- I0 = No Irrigation throughout the growing season, I1 = One irrigation (Irrigate at CRI stage), I2= Two irrigation (Irrigate at CRI and grain filling) and I3= Three irrigation (Irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications having irrigation application in the main plots, verities in the sub plots. There were 12 treatments combinations. The total numbers of unit plots were 36. The size of unit plot was 2 m x 2 m = 4.00 m2. The distances between sub-plot to sub-plot, main plot to main plot and replication to replication were, 0.75, 0.75 and 1.5 m, respectively.
 Statistical analysis 
 The collected data on each plot were statistically analyzed to obtain the level of significance using the computer-based software MSTAT-C developed by Gomez and Gomez, 1984. Mean difference among the treatments were tested with the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of significance.
 Results and Discussion
 Plant height 
 Plant height varied significantly among the tested three varieties (Table 1). At, 75 DAS, BARI Gom 30 showed the tallest plant height (34.72 cm) and BARI Gom 26 recorded the shortest plant height (32.32 cm). At, 90 DAS, BARI Gom 30 recorded the highest plant height (76.13 cm) was observed from BARI Gom 26. However, BARI Gom 26 recorded the shortest plant height (75.01 cm) which was also statistically similar with BARI Gom 28. Islam and Jahiruddin (2008) also concluded that plant height varied significantly due to various wheat varieties. Plant height of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to amount of irrigation at 75, 90 DAS under the present trial (Table 2). At 75 DAS, the tallest plant (34.78 cm) was recorded from I3 (Three irrigation) while the shortest plant (32.02 cm) was observed from I0 (No Irrigation throughout the growing season) treatment. At 60 DAS, the tallest plant (77.51 cm) was found from I3, which was statistically similar with I2 (Two irrigation) and I1 (One irrigation). The shortest plant (71.29 cm) was observed from I0. Plant height was likely increased due to applying higher amount of irrigation compared to less amount of irrigation. Sultana (2013) stated that increasing water stress declined the plant height. Interaction effect of variety and different amount of irrigation showed significant differences on plant height of wheat at 75 and 90 DAS (Table 3). The highest plant height at 30 was 38.00 cm obtained from V3I3 treatment combination. The shortest plant height at 30 was 30.67 cm obtained from V1I0 treatment combination. At 60 DAS, plant height was 78.50 cm obtained from V3I3 and lowest was 69.83 cm obtained from V1I0 treatment combination, which was statistically similar with V2I0 and 3I0 treatment combination. 
 Table 1. Effect of variety on plant height of wheat at different days after sowing
 Table 2. Effect of irrigation on plant height of wheat at different days after sowing
 Table 3. Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on plant height of wheat
 Number of effective tiller hill-1
 Number of effective tillers hill-1of wheat was not varied significantly due to varieties (Table 4). BARI Gom 30 produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (9.33) and the lowest number of effective tillers hill-1(8.58) was observed in BARI Gom 26. Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of number of effective tillers hill-1 of wheat at harvest under the present trial (Table 5). The highest number of effective tillers hill-1 9.89 was recorded from I3 treatment, while the corresponding lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 were 7.89 observed in I0 treatment. Sultana (2013) stated that increasing water stress reduced the number of tillers per hill. Variety and irrigation showed significant differences on number of effective tillers hill-1 of wheat due to interaction effect (Table 6). The highest number of effective tillers hill-1 10.33 were observed from V3I3 treatment combination, while the corresponding lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 as 7.33 were recorded from V1I0 treatment combination. 
 Number of non-effective tiller hill-1
 Number of non-effective tillers hill-1of wheat was not varied significantly due to varieties (Table 4). BARI Gom 26 produced the highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (1.33) and the lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1(1.00) was observed in BARI Gom 30. Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of number of non-effective tillers hill-1 of wheat at harvest under the present trial (Table 5). The highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (2.00) was recorded from I0, while the corresponding lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (0.67) was observed in I3. Variety and irrigation showed significant differences on number of non-effective tillers hill-1 of wheat due to interaction effect (Table 6). The highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (2.33) were observed from V1I0 treatment combination, while the corresponding lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (0.33) were recorded from V3I2 treatment combination.
 Table 4. Effect of variety on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat
 Table 5. Effect of irrigation on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat
 Table 6. Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat
 Spike length (cm) 
 Insignificant variation was observed on spike length (cm) at applied three types of modern wheat variety as BARI Gom-26 (V1), BARI Gom-28 (V2), and BARI Gom-30 (V3). From the experiment with that three types of varieties BARI Gom-30 (V3) (8.46 cm) given the largest spike length and BARI Gom-26 (V1) (8.08 cm) was given the lowest spike length (Table 4). Similar result was found using with different type varieties by Hefniet al. (2000). Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on spike length as irrigated condition (I3) was given the maximum result (9.17 cm) and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest spike length (7.17 cm) (Table 5). Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on spike length. Results showed that the highest spike length was obtained from V3I3 (10.33 cm). On the other hand, the lowest spike length was observed at V1I0 (6.50cm) treatment combination (Table 6).
 Grain spike-1
 Significant variation was observed on grain spike-1 at these applied three types of modern wheat variety. The BARI Gom-30 (V3) (37.75) given the maximum number of grain spike-1 and BARI Gom-26 (V1) (36.92) was given the lowest number of grain spike-1, which was statistically similar with V2 treatment (Table 4). Different wheat genotypes have significant effect on grain spike-1 observed also by Rahman et al. (2009). Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on grain spike-1 as the irrigation condition (I3) was given the maximum result (39.33), which was statistically similar with I2 and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest grain spike-1 (34.56) (Table 5). Sarkar et al. (2010) also observed that irrigation have a significant effect on grain spike-1. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on grain spike-1. Results showed that the highest grain spike-1 was obtained from V3I3 (41.0). On the other hand, the lowest grain spike-1 was observed at V1Io (34.00) which were also statistically similar with V3Io (34.67) (Table 6).
 3Thousand Seed weight 
 There was significant variation was observed on thousand seed weight due to different types of modern wheat variety. The wheat variety of BARI Gom-30 (V3) (50.40 g) given the maximum thousand seed weight and statistically different from BARI Gom-28 (V2) (46.74 g). BARI Gom-26 (V1) (46.22 g) was given the lowest thousand seed weight (Table 7). Rahman et al. (2009), Islam et al. (2015) also conducted experiment with different variety and observed have effect of varieties on yield. Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on thousand seed weight. The I3 was given the maximum thousand seed weight (48.91) and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest yield (46.13 g) (Table 8). Sarkar et al. (2010), Baser et al. (2004) reported that grain yield under non-irrigated conditions was reduced by approximately 40%. Bazzaet al. (1999) reported that one water application during the tillering stage allowed the yield to be lower only than that of the treatment with three irrigations but Meenaet al. (1998) reported that wheat grain yield was the highest with 2 irrigations (2.57 ton/ha in 1993 and 2.64 ton/ha) at flowering and/or crown root initiation stages. Wheat is sown in November to ensure optimal crop growth and avoid high temperature and after that if wheat is sown in the field it faces high range of temperature for its growth and development as well as yield potential. Islam et al. (2015) reported that late planted wheat plants faced a period of high temperature stress during reproductive stages causing reduced kernel number spike-1 as well as the reduction of grain yield. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on thousand seed weight (Table 9). Results showed that the highest thousand seed weight (52.33 g) was obtained from V3I3 which was statistically similar with V3I2 (52.06 g). On the other hand, the lowest yield (45.36 g) was observed at V1I1.
 Table 7. Effect of variety on yield and yield of wheat
 Table 8. Effect of irrigation on yield and yield of wheat
 Table 9. Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on yield and yield of wheat
 Grain yield (t ha-1) 
 Different wheat varieties showed significant difference for grain weight hectare-1 (Table 7). The highest grain yield hectare-1 (3.44 ton) was found from wheat variety BARI Gom-30 (V3), which was statistically similar with V2, whereas the lowest (3.21 ton) was observed from wheat variety BARI gom 26. Rahman et al. (2009), Islam et al. (2015) also conducted experiment with different variety and observed have effect of varieties on yield. Significant difference was observed for yield for different irrigation application. The three irrigation (I3) was given the maximum yield (3.74 t ha-1), which was statistically similar with I2 treatment and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest yield (2.97 t ha-1) (Table 8). Sarkar et al. (2010), Baser et al. (2004) reported that grain yield under non-irrigated conditions was reduced by approximately 40%. Bazzaet al. (1999) reported that one water application during the tillering stage allowed the yield to be lower only than that of the treatment with three irrigations but Meenaet al. (1998) reported that wheat grain yield was the highest with 2 irrigations (2.57 ton/ha in 1993 and 2.64 ton/ha) at flowering and/or crown root initiation stages. Wheat is sown in November to ensure optimal crop growth and avoid high temperature and after that if wheat is sown in the field it faces high range of temperature for its growth and development as well as yield potential. Islam et al. (2015) reported that late planted wheat plants faced a period of high temperature stress during reproductive stages causing reduced kernel number spike-1 as well as the reduction of grain yield. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on yield (t ha-1). Results showed that the highest yield (3.99 t ha-1) was obtained from V3I3, which was statistically similar with V2I3 and V3I2. On the other hand, the lowest yield (2.93 t ha-1) was observed at V1I0 (Table 7).
 Straw yield (t ha-1)
 Applied three types of wheat variety have a statistically significant variation on straw yield (t ha-1). The maximum straw yield (1.95 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Gom-30 and BARI Gom-26 (V1) was given the lowest straw yield (1.87 t ha-1), which was statistically similar with V2 treatment. Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on straw yield (t ha-1) of wheat. The I3 treatment for straw yield (2.01 t ha-1) was given the maximum result and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest (1.80 t ha-1). Similar results were found by Ali and Amin (2004) through his experiment. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on straw yield (t ha-1). The highest straw yield (2.08 t ha-1) was obtained from V3I3 which was statistically similar with V3I2 (2.07 t ha-1) treatment combination. On the other hand, the lowest straw yield (1.78 t ha-1) was observed at V1Io, which was statistically similar with V2I0 (2.07 t ha-1) treatment combination.
 Biological yield
 Significant variation was attained for biological yield for different wheat varieties. The variety BARI Gom-30 given the maximum biological yield (5.39 t ha-1) and BARI Gom-26 (V1) was given the lowest biological yield (5.078 t ha-1). Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation biological yield (t ha-1) of wheat. The I3 treatment for biological yield (5.76 t ha-1) was given the maximum result and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest (4.77 t ha-1). Similar results were found by Ali and Amin (2004) through his experiment. At the time of biological yield (t ha-1) consideration with variety and irrigation statistically significance variation was observed as maximum biological yield (t ha-1) at V3I3 (6.07 t ha-1). On the other hand, the lowest result was given at V1Io (4.72 tha-1).
 Summary And Conclusion
 It may be concluded within the scope and limitation of the present study that the optimum growth and higher yield of wheat cv. BARI Gom-30 could be obtained by applying three irrigations at irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages. However, further studies are necessary to arrive at a definite conclusion.
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Introduction: Kaffir lime leaves are plants that have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans bacteria are bacteria located in the oral cavity and can cause dental caries disease. Objective: This research will develop edible film preparation of the extract of kaffir lime leaves ethanol using cassava starch and corn starch as gelling material. Methods: Edible film of kaffir lime leaf extracts is then evaluated for physical properties that include fragility, shrinkage drying, pH and thickness. The data obtained were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Result: Kaffir lime leaf extract with 25% extract concentration showed that its physical properties qualified physical properties in accordance with comparative products, but for pH test only formula with the use of cassava starch as a hydrocolloid binder that meets the pH of mouth. Conclusion: Panelists prefer an edible film with cassava starch composition as a hydrocolloid former.

Laboratory and field experliments were conducted at the college of Agriculture, university of Baghdad during the spring season , 2012 to estimate the population density, seasonal abundance and the nature of damage of the corn leafhopper on 4 cultivars of corn . The results was showed that the infestation with the leafhopper Empoasca decedans ( paoli) begining after seedling emergence. Symptoms characterized by the presence of yellow lines on leaves which turn into brown and kill of seedlings in severe infestation . Two peaks of the leafhopper were observed during the growing season ,the first high peak of 16/leafhapper /trap occure during the last week of April will the second peak of 9.6 leafhopper /trap occurred during the 3rd week of May. The American cultivar( pop- corn) was distingushed by its highest numbers of leafhopper of 16.66 leafhopper /sweep net , which significantly different from numbers of insect recorded to cultivar buhooth 106 ,IPA 5018 and kafer which amounted for 9.04 , 9.9 4 and 9.87 leafhopper /sweep net respectively. The highest percentage of leaf damage on the 1st , 2nd,3ed ,4th , 5th , and 6th leaves of 35% on pop corn , which significantly different from percentages of damage on other cultivars which amounting for 7.9, 14.5 and 21.4% for kafer , Buhooth 106 and IPA 5018 respectively . It seems that the leafhopper prefer to feed on old leaves in base of the seedling and then it moves gradually to upper leaves toward the top of plant . It is clear from these results that the American pop corn were the highest infestation to the Leafhopper E. decedans and the least was kafer .

The hydration behavior of a GCL with polymerized bentonite (PB-GCL) was investigated by laboratory column tests in terms of hydration gravimetric water content (w); apparent degree of saturation (Sr*); and air permeability (kair), and compared with those of a GCL with natural bentonite as the core (NB-GCL). In cases of deionized water (DI water) and 0.1 M NaCl solution as pore water of the subsoil, the PB-GCL had higher final w values than the NB-GCL, but the values of Sr* is similar. The values of kair of the PB-GCL are approximately four orders lower than that of the NB-GCL. In addition, kair of the PB-GCL at Sr*= 40% is comparable with that of the NB-GCL at Sr*= 70%. In the case of the subsoil with 0.6 M NaCl solution, the final value of kair of the PB-GCL is about half of the NB-GCL. These results indicate that cation concentrations in a subsoil has a considerable influence on the hydration behavior of a GCL. It is suggested that the PB-GCL has a better hydration performance than the NB-GCL.

ABSTRACTCareer selection is one of the most important decisions that an individual makes in his life and is a core task of the late stages of adolescent development in the process of developing self-identity. This study aimed to describe the career choices of nursing students and analyze the differences between freshmen and interns. This cross-sectional study involved 110 and 66 freshmen and interns respectively in two private nursing colleges with “B” accreditation predicate (n=176). Questionnaire of Survey on Career Choice was used in data collection. Descriptive statistic test was used in data analysis. Results showed that most freshmen chose two career choice alternatives (38.18%), but most interns were determined to choose only one alternative (42.42%). There were two most popular career choices among nursing students, such as: nurse practitioner (45.45% totally) and continuing education to be a Master/Specialist of Nursing (33.52% totally). The career intention to be a nurse practitioner in most respondents was referred to civil servant, both in clinical or community work places (59.66% totally). The most popular nursing fields were pediatric nursing in freshmen and psychiatric nursing in interns (34.55% and 25.76% respectively). Strengthening the attitude of love for nursing profession needs to be fostered early in the beginning of college life, so that career choice as a nurse practitioner after finishing the internship program can be maintained. ABSTRAKPemilihan karir adalah salah satu keputusan terpenting yang dibuat individu dalam hidupnya dan merupakan tugas inti dari tahap perkembangan remaja akhir dalam proses pembangunan identitas diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pilihan karir mahasiswa keperawatan dan menganalisis perbedaannya di antara mahasiswa baru dan program Profesi Ners. Penelitian cross-sectional ini melibatkan 110 maba dan 66 mahasiswa profesi yang berasal dari dua institusi keperawatan terakreditasi B (n=176). Kuesioner Survey on Career Choice digunakan dalam pengumpulan data. Uji statistika deskriptif digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil menunjukkan mayoritas maba memilih dua alternatif pilihan karir (38.18%), sedangkan mahasiswa profesi Ners mantap memilih satu pilihan saja (42.42%). Terdapat dua jenis pilihan karir yang populer pada mahasiswa keperawatan, yaitu sebagai perawat praktisi (total 45.45%) dan studi lanjut untuk menjadi Magister/Spesialis Keperawatan (total 33.52%). Intensi karir sebagai perawat praktisi pada mayoritas responden mengarah pada menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS), baik di tatanan klinik maupun komunitas (total 59.66%). Bidang Keperawatan Anak paling populer di kalangan maba (34.55%), sedangkan bidang Keperawatan Jiwa paling populer di kalangan mahasiswa Profesi Ners (25.76%). Penguatan sikap kecintaan terhadap profesi perawat perlu dipupuk sejak dini di awal masa kuliah agar pilihan karir sebagai perawat praktisi pasca lulus dari program Profesi Ners dapat dipertahankan.

Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in settled house dust and road dust samples collected from a core urban area of Hanoi. Levels of PAHs ranged from 830 to 3500 (median 2000) ng/g in house dust, and from 1400 to 4700 (median 1700) ng/g in road dust. Concentrations of PAHs in dust samples of this study were within the moderate range as compared with those from other countries in the world. Toxic equivalents to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP-EQs) in our samples ranged from 81 to 850 (median 330) ng BaP-EQ/g with principal contributors as BaP and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which accounted for 69% to 93% of BaP-EQs. In almost all the samples, proportions of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs with 4–6 rings) were higher than those of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs with 2–3 rings), suggesting emission sources from combustion processes rather than direct contamination by petrogenic sources. Traffic activities were estimated as important sources of PAHs in the studied areas, for example, vehicular exhaust and tire debris.
 Keywords: PAHs, house dust, road dust, traffic emission, urbanization.
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Ubiquitous in airports, border checkpoints, and other securitised spaces throughout the world, full-body imaging scanners claim to read bodies in order to identify if they pose security threats. Millimetre-wave body imaging machines—the most common type of body scanner—display to the operating security agent a screen with a generic body outline. If an anomaly is found or if an individual does not align with the machine’s understanding of an “average” body, a small box is highlighted and placed around the “problem” area, prompting further inspection in the form of pat-downs or questioning. In this complex security regime governed by such biometric, body-based technologies, it could be argued that nonalignment with bodily normativity as well as an attendant failure to reveal oneself—to become “transparent” (Hall 295)—marks a body as dangerous. As these algorithmic technologies become more pervasive, so too does the imperative to critically examine their purported neutrality and operative logic of revelation and readability.Biometric technologies are marketed as excavators of truth, with their optic potency claiming to demask masquerading bodies. Failure and bias are, however, an inescapable aspect of such technologies that work with narrow parameters of human morphology. Indeed, surveillance technologies have been taken to task for their inherent racial and gender biases (Browne; Pugliese). Facial recognition has, for example, been critiqued for its inability to read darker skin tones (Buolamwini and Gebru), while body scanners have been shown to target transgender bodies (Keyes; Magnet and Rodgers; Quinan). Critical security studies scholar Shoshana Magnet argues that error is endemic to the technological functioning of biometrics, particularly since they operate according to the faulty notion that bodies are “stable” and unchanging repositories of information that can be reified into code (Magnet 2).Although body scanners are presented as being able to reliably expose concealed weapons, they are riddled with incompetencies that misidentify and over-select certain demographics as suspect. Full-body scanners have, for example, caused considerable difficulties for transgender travellers, breast cancer patients, and people who use prosthetics, such as artificial limbs, colonoscopy bags, binders, or prosthetic genitalia (Clarkson; Quinan; Spalding). While it is not in the scope of this article to detail the workings of body imaging technologies and their inconsistencies, a growing body of scholarship has substantiated the claim that these machines unfairly impact those identifying as transgender and non-binary (see, e.g., Beauchamp; Currah and Mulqueen; Magnet and Rogers; Sjoberg). Moreover, they are constructed according to a logic of binary gender: before each person enters the scanner, transportation security officers must make a quick assessment of their gender/sex by pressing either a blue (corresponding to “male”) or pink (corresponding to “female”) button. In this sense, biometric, computerised security systems control and monitor the boundaries between male and female.The ability to “reveal” oneself is henceforth predicated on having a body free of “abnormalities” and fitting neatly into one of the two sex categorisations that the machine demands. Transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals, particularly those who do not have a binary gender presentation or whose presentation does not correspond to the sex marker in their documentation, also face difficulties if the machine flags anomalies (Quinan and Bresser). Drawing on a Foucauldian analysis of power as productive, Toby Beauchamp similarly illustrates how surveillance technologies not only identify but also create and reshape the figure of the dangerous subject in relation to normative configurations of gender, race, and able-bodiedness. By mobilizing narratives of concealment and disguise, heightened security measures frame gender nonconformity as dangerous (Beauchamp, Going Stealth). Although national and supranational authorities market biometric scanning technologies as scientifically neutral and exact methods of identification and verification and as an infallible solution to security risks, such tools of surveillance are clearly shaped by preconceptions and prejudgements about race, gender, and bodily normativity. Not only are they encoded with “prototypical whiteness” (Browne) but they are also built on “grossly stereotypical” configurations of gender (Clarkson).Amongst this increasingly securitised landscape, creative forms of artistic resistance can offer up a means of subverting discriminatory policing and surveillance practices by posing alternate visualisations that reveal and challenge their supposed objectivity. In his 2018 audio-video artwork installation entitled SANCTUM, UK-based American artist Zach Blas delves into how biometric technologies, like those described above, both reveal and (re)shape ontology by utilising the affectual resonance of sexual submission. Evoking the contradictory notions of oppression and pleasure, Blas describes SANCTUM as “a mystical environment that perverts sex dungeons with the apparatuses and procedures of airport body scans, biometric analysis, and predictive policing” (see full description at https://zachblas.info/works/sanctum/).Depicting generic mannequins that stand in for the digitalised rendering of the human forms that pass through body scanners, the installation transports the scanners out of the airport and into a queer environment that collapses sex, security, and weaponry; an environment that is “at once a prison-house of algorithmic capture, a sex dungeon with no genitals, a weapons factory, and a temple to security.” This artistic reframing gestures towards full-body scanning technology’s germination in the military, prisons, and other disciplinary systems, highlighting how its development and use has originated from punitive—rather than protective—contexts.In what follows, we adopt a methodological approach that applies visual analysis and close reading to scrutinise a selection of scenes from SANCTUM that underscore the sadomasochistic power inherent in surveillance technologies. Analysing visual and aural elements of the artistic intervention allows us to complicate the relationship between transparency and recognition and to problematise the dynamic of mandatory complicity and revelation that body scanners warrant. In contrast to a discourse of visibility that characterises algorithmically driven surveillance technology, Blas suggests opacity as a resistance strategy to biometrics' standardisation of identity. Taking an approach informed by critical security studies and queer theory, we also argue that SANCTUM highlights the violence inherent to the practice of reducing the body to a flat, inert surface that purports to align with some sort of “core” identity, a notion that contradicts feminist and queer approaches to identity and corporeality as fluid and changing. In close reading this artistic installation alongside emerging scholarship on the discriminatory effects of biometric technology, this article aims to highlight the potential of art to queer the supposed objectivity and neutrality of biometric surveillance and to critically challenge normative logics of revelation and readability.Corporeal Fetishism and Body HorrorThroughout both his artistic practice and scholarly work, Blas has been critical of the above narrative of biometrics as objective extractors of information. Rather than looking to dominant forms of representation as a means for recognition and social change, Blas’s work asks that we strive for creative techniques that precisely queer biometric and legal systems in order to make oneself unaccounted for. For him, “transparency, visibility, and representation to the state should be used tactically, they are never the end goal for a transformative politics but are, ultimately, a trap” (Blas and Gaboury 158). While we would simultaneously argue that invisibility is itself a privilege that is unevenly distributed, his creative work attempts to refuse a politics of visibility and to embrace an “informatic opacity” that is attuned to differences in bodies and identities (Blas).In particular, Blas’s artistic interventions titled Facial Weaponization Suite (2011-14) and Face Cages (2013-16) protest against biometric recognition and the inequalities that these technologies propagate by making masks and wearable metal objects that cannot be detected as human faces. This artistic-activist project contests biometric facial recognition and their attendant inequalities by, as detailed on the artist’s website,making ‘collective masks’ in workshops that are modelled from the aggregated facial data of participants, resulting in amorphous masks that cannot be detected as human faces by biometric facial recognition technologies. The masks are used for public interventions and performances.One mask explores blackness and the racist implications that undergird biometric technologies’ inability to detect dark skin. Meanwhile another mask, which he calls the “Fag Face Mask”, points to the heteronormative underpinnings of facial recognition. Created from the aggregated facial data of queer men, this amorphous pink mask implicitly references—and contests—scientific studies that have attempted to link the identification of sexual orientation through rapid facial recognition techniques.Building on this body of creative work that has advocated for opacity as a tool of social and political transformation, SANCTUM resists the revelatory impulses of biometric technology by turning to the use and abuse of full-body imaging. The installation opens with a shot of a large, dark industrial space. At the far end of a red, spotlighted corridor, a black mask flickers on a screen. A shimmering, oscillating sound reverberates—the opening bars of a techno track—that breaks down in rhythm while the mask evaporates into a cloud of smoke. The camera swivels, and a white figure—the generic mannequin of the body scanner screen—is pummelled by invisible forces as if in a wind tunnel. These ghostly silhouettes appear and reappear in different positions, with some being whipped and others stretched and penetrated by a steel anal hook. Rather than conjuring a traditional horror trope of the body’s terrifying, bloody interior, SANCTUM evokes a new kind of feared and fetishized trope that is endemic to the current era of surveillance capitalism: the abstracted body, standardised and datafied, created through the supposedly objective and efficient gaze of AI-driven machinery.Resting on the floor in front of the ominous animated mask are neon fragments arranged in an occultist formation—hands or half a face. By breaking the body down into component parts— “from retina to fingerprints”—biometric technologies “purport to make individual bodies endlessly replicable, segmentable and transmissible in the transnational spaces of global capital” (Magnet 8). The notion that bodies can be seamlessly turned into blueprints extracted from biological and cultural contexts has been described by Donna Haraway as “corporeal fetishism” (Haraway, Modest). In the context of SANCTUM, Blas illustrates the dangers of mistaking a model for a “concrete entity” (Haraway, “Situated” 147). Indeed, the digital cartography of the generic mannequin becomes no longer a mode of representation but instead a technoscientific truth.Several scenes in SANCTUM also illustrate a process whereby substances are extracted from the mannequins and used as tools to enact violence. In one such instance, a silver webbing is generated over a kneeling figure. Upon closer inspection, this geometric structure, which is reminiscent of Blas’s earlier Face Cages project, is a replication of the triangulated patterns produced by facial recognition software in its mapping of distance between eyes, nose, and mouth. In the next scene, this “map” breaks apart into singular shapes that float and transform into a metallic whip, before eventually reconstituting themselves as a penetrative douche hose that causes the mannequin to spasm and vomit a pixelated liquid. Its secretions levitate and become the webbing, and then the sequence begins anew.In another scene, a mannequin is held upside-down and force-fed a bubbling liquid that is being pumped through tubes from its arms, legs, and stomach. These depictions visualise Magnet’s argument that biometric renderings of bodies are understood not to be “tropic” or “historically specific” but are instead presented as “plumbing individual depths in order to extract core identity” (5). In this sense, this visual representation calls to mind biometrics’ reification of body and identity, obfuscating what Haraway would describe as the “situatedness of knowledge”. Blas’s work, however, forces a critique of these very systems, as the materials extracted from the bodies of the mannequins in SANCTUM allude to how biometric cartographies drawn from travellers are utilised to justify detainment. These security technologies employ what Magnet has referred to as “surveillant scopophilia,” that is, new ways and forms of looking at the human body “disassembled into component parts while simultaneously working to assuage individual anxieties about safety and security through the promise of surveillance” (17). The transparent body—the body that can submit and reveal itself—is ironically represented by the distinctly genderless translucent mannequins. Although the generic mannequins are seemingly blank slates, the installation simultaneously forces a conversation about the ways in which biometrics draw upon and perpetuate assumptions about gender, race, and sexuality.Biometric SubjugationOn her 2016 critically acclaimed album HOPELESSNESS, openly transgender singer, composer, and visual artist Anohni performs a deviant subjectivity that highlights the above dynamics that mark the contemporary surveillance discourse. To an imagined “daddy” technocrat, she sings:Watch me… I know you love me'Cause you're always watching me'Case I'm involved in evil'Case I'm involved in terrorism'Case I'm involved in child molestersEvoking a queer sexual frisson, Anohni describes how, as a trans woman, she is hyper-visible to state institutions. She narrates a voyeuristic relation where trans bodies are policed as threats to public safety rather than protected from systemic discrimination. Through the seemingly benevolent “daddy” character and the play on ‘cause (i.e., because) and ‘case (i.e., in case), she highlights how gender-nonconforming individuals are predictively surveilled and assumed to already be guilty. Reflecting on daddy-boy sexual paradigms, Jack Halberstam reads the “sideways” relations of queer practices as an enactment of “rupture as substitution” to create a new project that “holds on to vestiges of the old but distorts” (226). Upending power and control, queer art has the capacity to both reveal and undermine hegemonic structures while simultaneously allowing for the distortion of the old to create something new.Employing the sublimatory relations of bondage, discipline, sadism, and masochism (BDSM), Blas’s queer installation similarly creates a sideways representation that re-orientates the logic of the biometric scanners, thereby unveiling the always already sexualised relations of scrutiny and interrogation as well as the submissive complicity they demand. Replacing the airport environment with a dark and foreboding mise-en-scène allows Blas to focus on capture rather than mobility, highlighting the ways in which border checkpoints (including those instantiated by the airport) encourage free travel for some while foreclosing movement for others. Building on Sara Ahmed’s “phenomenology of being stopped”, Magnet considers what happens when we turn our gaze to those “who fail to pass the checkpoint” (107). In SANCTUM, the same actions are played out again and again on spectral beings who are trapped in various states: they shudder in cages, are chained to the floor, or are projected against the parameters of mounted screens. One ghostly figure, for instance, lies pinned down by metallic grappling hooks, arms raised above the head in a recognisable stance of surrender, conjuring up the now-familiar image of a traveller standing in the cylindrical scanner machine, waiting to be screened. In portraying this extended moment of immobility, Blas lays bare the deep contradictions in the rhetoric of “freedom of movement” that underlies such spaces.On a global level, media reporting, scientific studies, and policy documents proclaim that biometrics are essential to ensuring personal safety and national security. Within the public imagination, these technologies become seductive because of their marked ability to identify terrorist attackers—to reveal threatening bodies—thereby appealing to the anxious citizen’s fear of the disguised suicide bomber. Yet for marginalised identities prefigured as criminal or deceptive—including transgender and black and brown bodies—the inability to perform such acts of revelation via submission to screening can result in humiliation and further discrimination, public shaming, and even tortuous inquiry – acts that are played out in SANCTUM.Masked GenitalsFeminist surveillance studies scholar Rachel Hall has referred to the impetus for revelation in the post-9/11 era as a desire for a universal “aesthetics of transparency” in which the world and the body is turned inside-out so that there are no longer “secrets or interiors … in which terrorists or terrorist threats might find refuge” (127). Hall takes up the case study of Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab (infamously known as “the Underwear Bomber”) who attempted to detonate plastic explosives hidden in his underwear while onboard a flight from Amsterdam to Detroit on 25 December 2009. Hall argues that this event signified a coalescence of fears surrounding bodies of colour, genitalia, and terrorism. News reports following the incident stated that Abdulmutallab tucked his penis to make room for the explosive, thereby “queer[ing] the aspiring terrorist by indirectly referencing his willingness … to make room for a substitute phallus” (Hall 289). Overtly manifested in the Underwear Bomber incident is also a desire to voyeuristically expose a hidden, threatening interiority, which is inherently implicated with anxieties surrounding gender deviance. Beauchamp elaborates on how gender deviance and transgression have coalesced with terrorism, which was exemplified in the wake of the 9/11 attacks when the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a memo that male terrorists “may dress as females in order to discourage scrutiny” (“Artful” 359). Although this advisory did not explicitly reference transgender populations, it linked “deviant” gender presentation—to which we could also add Abdulmutallab’s tucking of his penis—with threats to national security (Beauchamp, Going Stealth). This also calls to mind a broader discussion of the ways in which genitalia feature in the screening process. Prior to the introduction of millimetre-wave body scanning technology, the most common form of scanner used was the backscatter imaging machine, which displayed “naked” body images of each passenger to the security agent. Due to privacy concerns, these machines were replaced by the scanners currently in place which use a generic outline of a passenger (exemplified in SANCTUM) to detect possible threats.It is here worth returning to Blas’s installation, as it also implicitly critiques the security protocols that attempt to reveal genitalia as both threatening and as evidence of an inner truth about a body. At one moment in the installation a bayonet-like object pierces the blank crotch of the mannequin, shattering it into holographic fragments. The apparent genderlessness of the mannequins is contrasted with these graphic sexual acts. The penetrating metallic instrument that breaks into the loin of the mannequin, combined with the camera shot that slowly zooms in on this action, draws attention to a surveillant fascination with genitalia and revelation. As Nicholas L. Clarkson documents in his analysis of airport security protocols governing prostheses, including limbs and packies (silicone penis prostheses), genitals are a central component of the screening process. While it is stipulated that physical searches should not require travellers to remove items of clothing, such as underwear, or to expose their genitals to staff for inspection, prosthetics are routinely screened and examined. This practice can create tensions for trans or disabled passengers with prosthetics in so-called “sensitive” areas, particularly as guidelines for security measures are often implemented by airport staff who are not properly trained in transgender-sensitive protocols.ConclusionAccording to media technologies scholar Jeremy Packer, “rather than being treated as one to be protected from an exterior force and one’s self, the citizen is now treated as an always potential threat, a becoming bomb” (382). Although this technological policing impacts all who are subjected to security regimes (which is to say, everyone), this amalgamation of body and bomb has exacerbated the ways in which bodies socially coded as threatening or deceptive are targeted by security and surveillance regimes. Nonetheless, others have argued that the use of invasive forms of surveillance can be justified by the state as an exchange: that citizens should willingly give up their right to privacy in exchange for safety (Monahan 1). Rather than subscribing to this paradigm, Blas’ SANCTUM critiques the violence of mandatory complicity in this “trade-off” narrative. Because their operationalisation rests on normative notions of embodiment that are governed by preconceptions around gender, race, sexuality and ability, surveillance systems demand that bodies become transparent. This disproportionally affects those whose bodies do not match norms, with trans and queer bodies often becoming unreadable (Kafer and Grinberg). The shadowy realm of SANCTUM illustrates this tension between biometric revelation and resistance, but also suggests that opacity may be a tool of transformation in the face of such discriminatory violations that are built into surveillance.ReferencesAhmed, Sara. “A Phenomenology of Whiteness.” Feminist Theory 8.2 (2007): 149–68.Beauchamp, Toby. “Artful Concealment and Strategic Visibility: Transgender Bodies and U.S. State Surveillance after 9/11.” Surveillance & Society 6.4 (2009): 356–66.———. Going Stealth: Transgender Politics and U.S. Surveillance Practices. 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