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1
SCHOR, EDWARD L. "The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation." Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 65, no. 1 (January 1990): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199001000-00008.
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Prina, Lee L., and Jane H. White. "Government and Health Funding by the Kaiser Family Foundation." Health Affairs 11, no. 4 (January 1992): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.11.4.226.
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L., J. F. "HOW THE CLINTON HEALTH PROPOSAL WAS CONCEIVED AND PROPAGATED." Pediatrics 94, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.3.384.
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... The working groups contained more than 1000 participants, not 511, as claimed by the Task Force. Nearly half of the members were private citizens. Large numbers worked for managed-care interests, most notably the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Both foundations have supported managed-care reform in several states. In addition, six members the White House passed off as Congressional staffers turned out to be Robert Wood Johnson fellows assigned to the staffs of four Democratic Senators; all were on the foundation's payroll. Dozens of other private interests were represented in the working groups—Aetna, Prudential, Kaiser-Permanente, health czar Ira Magaziner's former consulting company Telesis, to name a few. Conspicuously absent were physicians in private practice. The Task Force spent at least $4 million and possibly as much as $16 million on expenses, salaries, and consulting fees. In the charter it filed with the GSA in March 1993, the Task Force said expenses would total $100 000.
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Tarlov, Alvin R., Barbara H. Kehrer, Donna P. Hall, Sarah E. Samuels, Gwendolyn S. Brown, Michael R. J. Felix, and Jane A. Ross. "Foundation Work: The Health Promotion Program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation." American Journal of Health Promotion 2, no. 2 (September 1987): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-2.2.74.
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&NA;. "Kaiser Family Foundation Issues Primer on Trends in Healthcare Costs." Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 9, no. 6 (November 2007): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.njh.0000299322.39419.04.
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&NA;. "Kaiser Family Foundation Receives Grant From the Scan Foundation to Provide Coverage of Health Issues Facing Nation's Senior Population." Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 11, no. 2 (March 2009): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.njh.0000319201.10940.ef.
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Radany, Margaret Higgins. "American College of Physicians Begins Planning for Physicians Network." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 3, no. 2 (April 1987): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300000593.
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In September 1986, the American College of Physicians initiated the planning phase of its Physicians Network, an effort aimed at tapping the resources of the College's membership to collect information on physician practice patterns and their relationship to the outcomes of care. Funding for the planning has been approved by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, California, and will support the 15 month project.
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&NA;. "Kaiser Family Foundation Issue Briefs Describe Changes in Private Plan Market and Effects on Beneficiaries." Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 8, no. 3 (May 2006): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129191-200605000-00009.
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Lawrence, David M. "Welcoming Presentation to the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Forum on AIDS and Managed Care." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 8, no. 1 (1995): S4???S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199504001-00002.
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DiJulio, Bianca, Mollyann Brodie, Anne Jankiewicz, and David Rousseau. "The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation Survey of Iraq and Afghanistan Active Duty Soldiers and Veterans." JAMA 312, no. 4 (July 23, 2014): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.7346.
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Kinney, Eleanor D. "Tapping And Resolving Consumer Concerns About Health Care." American Journal of Law & Medicine 26, no. 4 (2000): 335–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800011217.
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Consumer concerns about their health care have attracted intense attention as more Americans get care through prepaid managed care plans. A recent poll sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation reported that over half of Americans believe that managed care has decreased the quality of their health care. Journalistic reports and widely publicized court decisions involving coverage denials for gravely ill people have fueled consumer concerns as well. Consumer protection and access to high quality health care is an issue that resonates deeply with the American public, and reforms are in order.
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&NA;. "Kaiser Family Foundation Tracking Poll Finds That Americans Skimped on Medical Care Because of Cost in 2008." Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 11, no. 3 (May 2009): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.njh.0000319207.41434.68.
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Liu, Chenyuan, and Justin Sydnor. "Dominated Options in Health Insurance Plans." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190312.
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Prior research documents that there are sometimes dominated options in health plan menus, but is that common? We analyze Kaiser Family Foundation data on health plans that firms offer to their employees. For firms offering both a high-deductible and lower-deductible health plan, 62 percent of the time the high-deductible option has lower maximum spending risk for the employee. We estimate that the high-deductible plan dominates at roughly half of firms. We discuss potential mechanisms behind these surprising patterns and find support both for two explanations: widespread adverse-selection pricing and some employers also differentially favoring high-deductible plans. (JEL G22, G52, I13)
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Cameron, Paul. "Homosexual Partnerships and Homosexual Longevity: A Replication." Psychological Reports 91, no. 2 (October 2002): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.671.
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Replicating previous findings that homosexuals are underrepresented after middle age, the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse ( N = 12,381) and 2000 Kaiser Family Foundation 15-city survey ( N = 405) reported that homosexual men and women are seldom aged 50+ yr. and that older homosexuals are more apt to have a homosexual partner. Deaths of 228 homosexuals as recorded in the Washington Blade 1999–2001 were examined. Although more apt to have a partner when older, the median age of death of 88 homosexually partnered men was 45 yr., while for 118 unpartnered homosexual men it was 46 yr. This is consistent with the suggestion that homosexual partnering may be an additional hazard to men.
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&NA;. "Kaiser Family Foundation Reports Explore Long-term Care Issues Included in the Deficit Reduction Act; Kaiser.EDU Posts New Resources." Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 8, no. 4 (July 2006): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129191-200607000-00005.
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Naresh, Suparna. "New Media Usage among School Children of Bangalore." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.34.3.
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A study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in the United States during the turn of the millennium showed that children in America spent almost five hours watching television and two hours in front of the computer. As recently as June 2010, the World Summit on Media for Children and Youth held in Karlstad, Sweden held sway on the topic- ‘Towards the new global vision for children, youth and media’. Alberto Pellai, the Summit keynote speaker (representing the department of Public Health at the University Degli Studi Di Milano, Italy) touched upon the need for media education emphasizing on media content that had to educate and help in the growth and development of children rather than mislead the beliefs and value system of children. Statistics reveal new media as being a strong contender for top spot of favoured past time among children. It no longer surprises people that the time spent by children on new media usage has tripled in the last ten years in the US (Kaiser Family Foundation report). Children in urban India from all accounts are no different from their American counterparts. This trend needs to be pondered, debated and questioned. The researcher would like to explore the different issues related to children and new media usage from an urban perspective since new media is more accessible to urban Indians for obvious reasons- finance, socio-cultural readiness towards new, innovative medium of communication (new media) and educational background. Through interactive sessions with school students, parents and teachers the researcher would like to find out- why children use new media, the content used by children, parent perception of new media usage by their children, teacher’s view on new media usage by students. According to Bagman, a popular blogger, there are two kinds of people, “Whenever there is a question of a new medium, there are those who are excited because of it and those who are wary of it.” The researcher too, through this paper, would like to know which way people in urban India are inclined.
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Haynes, Christina S., and Ray Block. "Role-Model-In-Chief: Understanding a Michelle Obama Effect." Politics & Gender 15, no. 03 (February 4, 2019): 365–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x18000533.
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Because of the national conversation about her status as a role model, the former First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) presents an opportunity to analyze an Obama effect—particularly, the idea that Michelle Obama's prominence as a political figure can influence, among other things, citizens’ impressions of black women in America. Using evidence from the 2011 Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Washington Post survey, we demonstrate that Michelle Obama's status as a role model operates as a “moderated mediator”: it transmits the effect of the former FLOTUS’ media activities to respondents’ racial attitudes, and the degree to which role model status functions as a mediating variable differs by race (and, to a lesser degree, by gender). Thus, our research provides both a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the Obama-effect literature.
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Slovenko, Ralph. "The duty of therapists to third parties." Journal of Psychiatry & Law 23, no. 3 (September 1995): 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539502300304.
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This paper discusses the duty that therapists owe to persons other than patients. It discusses leading cases in the law of torts, beginning with the landmark 1928 case on duty in negligence law of Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co.; then the 1980 decision of Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospital, which drew a distinction between “direct” and “indirect” harm; then the 1976 decision of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, which set out a theory of “special relationship” of a therapist to a person harmed by a patient; and finally the 1994 decision of Ramona v. Isabella, Rose & Western Medical Center, which involved “recovered memory” that had an adverse impact on family members of a patient. The Ramona case has raised questions about the responsibility of therapists to third persons for interpretations made to patients in the course of therapy.
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Cheadle, Allen, Bruce M. Psaty, Paula Diehr, Thomas Koepsell, Edward Wagner, Thomas Wickizer, and Susan Curry. "An Empirical Exploration of a Conceptual Model for Community-Based Health-Promotion." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 13, no. 4 (January 1993): 329–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ghny-1jte-w90q-68xu.
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Community-based approaches to health promotion and disease prevention are often based on underlying theoretical models of behavior change, but evaluations of these programs have not attempted to assess empirically the validity of these models. This article uses data from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Community Health Promotion Grants Program (CHPGP) evaluation to examine a conceptual model which guided the program evaluation. The model posits relationships among six theoretical constructs: community activation, program activity, norms, environment, role models, and health behaviors. Correlational analyses using two waves of survey data were used to examine whether the hypothesized relationships were actually present. Positive cross-sectional associations between the constructs at each point in time were found but the associations between changes in the constructs over time were weak. The stability of these cross-sectional patterns suggests that there may be forces leading communities to have an underlying “consistency”
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Socal, Mariana P., and Gerard F. Anderson. "Older Americans’ Preferences Between Lower Drug Prices and Prescription Drug Plan Choice, 2019." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 3 (March 2020): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305483.
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Objectives. To assess older Americans’ willingness to trade off the possibility of choosing or changing their prescription drug plan for lower drug spending. Methods. We used data from the Kaiser Family Foundation Health Tracking Poll on prescription drugs carried out in February 2019. This nationwide telephone survey oversampled participants aged 65 years and older who, when weighted, were representative of the US older adult population. Results. Older adults were strongly in favor of the government negotiating drug prices in Medicare Part D (82% support); 60% of older adults would trade off the possibility of choosing or switching their drug plan in favor of lower drug prices. All groups preferred lower spending over plan choice, but this preference was stronger among individuals who were in poorer health, had lower education and income, and found it very difficult to afford the drugs they needed. Conclusions. The results suggest that Medicare beneficiaries could support policies that limit plan choice, as long as drug prices actually decrease.
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Herring, Bradley, and Lisa Korin Lentz. "What Can We Expect from the “Cadillac Tax” in 2018 and Beyond?" INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 48, no. 4 (November 2011): 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_48.04.06.
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One controversial aspect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is the provision to impose a 40% excise tax on insurance benefits above a certain threshold, commonly referred to as the “Cadillac tax.” We use the Employer Health Benefits Survey, sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust, to examine the number and characteristics of plans that likely will be affected. We estimate that about 16% of plans will incur the tax upon implementation in 2018, while about 75% of plans will incur the tax a decade later due to the indexing of the tax thresholds with the Consumer Price Index. If the Cadillac tax is ultimately implemented as written, we find that it will likely reduce private health care benefits by .7% in 2018 and 3.1% in 2029, and will likely raise about $931 billion in revenue over the ensuing 10-year budget window from 2020 to 2029.
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Sachse, Carola. "What Research, to What End? The Rockefeller Foundation and the Max Planck Gesellschaft in the Early Cold War." Central European History 42, no. 1 (March 2009): 97–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909000041.
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Between 1946 and 1948, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) sent four representatives to Germany for extended visits to investigate how it could become involved in reconstructing the country. They were particularly interested in reorganizing the educational and science systems in a democratic manner and in reintegrating the conquered aggressor into the “family of nations.” They held numerous meetings with leading representatives of the Max Planck Gesellschaft (MPG), the successor to the world-famous Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG), which had received considerable amounts of funding from the RF until the late 1930s, even after the Nazis came to power. As a result of its evaluation, the RF declined to provide the same level of support for the postwar MPG as it had for the prewar KWG. Although an obvious reason for the RF to distance itself from the KWG would be the latter's involvement in the crimes of the Nazi regime, as suggested by Paul Weindling in his analysis of the RF's funding policy for biomedical research in Germany in general, neither the RF interviews nor the evaluation reports mentioned the involvement of KWG scientists in biomedical crimes during the Third Reich. The reports did not even mention the Nuremberg medical trial, which took place between December 1946 and August 1947.
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Goodman, Michelle. "Using Ethnography to Assess Barriers to Services in a Washington DC Community Clinic." Practicing Anthropology 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.27.2.h6h5582678753x20.
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There are over 42 million uninsured people living in the United States today. Even though a small percent of these 42 million are immigrants, they are more likely to be uninsured because of limited access to low-cost insurance. This is particularly true for those who are low-income, unemployed or under-employed (Kaiser Family Foundation, April 2001). Low-income immigrants may face a number of barriers to accessing health care services, which, in turn, can cause disparity in health outcomes compared to individuals who have health insurance. Latinos represent about 12% of the population, but make up 25% of the Nation's uninsured (American College of Physicians 2000). Newly immigrant Latinos are almost three times less likely to have a consistent source of medical care, which is a strong predictor of obtaining preventative health care screening (American College of Physicians 2000). Since each community experiences the health care system in different ways and because political, economic and social conditions influence the availability and accessibility of services, it is important to identify these barriers for each individual community cohort that a community clinic and/or program may be working with.
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Kinanti C.N, Sekar, and Deli Nirmala. "Semantic Expressions of Mental Health During Covid-19 Pandemic: the Environment Impact." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131701029.
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Covid-19 is becoming a pandemic of such magnitude that it has caused a global danger to mental health. This study aims to describe the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health. The study uses a semantic method which is used to uncover the meaning of linguistic expressions. The semantic expressions were reviewed to identify the mental health problem as the result of Covid-19 and the supporting factors for psychological symptoms. The data collection process uses note-taking techniques related to mental health as the effect of Covid-19. The result shows that a number of phrases refer to mental symptoms with people who lose their job leading to depression or social distancing and staying at home, having an influence on people because they become more likely to have mental symptoms. Based on observations from various news and articles from Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) that refer to mental symptoms for students, workers, and women with children as the result of the Covid-19 pandemic, the researchers draw a conclusion that three mental symptoms that often occur i.e. anxiety, depressive disorder, and suicidal thoughts. Semantically, the expressions referring to the symptoms have the same meaning.
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CHONG, DENNIS, and DUKHONG KIM. "The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities." American Political Science Review 100, no. 3 (August 2006): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055406062228.
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We propose and test a theory of opportunities that explains the conditions in which economic status affects support for racial and ethnic group interests among African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans. Using data from a 2001 Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University national survey, our analysis finds that, for all minority groups, the effect of economic status on support for group interests is mediated by the socioeconomic experiences of individuals. Intergroup differences therefore result from varying experiences and perceptions of discrimination among minority groups rather than from group-specific theoretical processes. Compared to Latinos and Asian Americans, African Americans are least responsive to changes in economic circumstances because they are on the whole more pessimistic about their life prospects and more likely to encounter discrimination. But we find in general that, among those minority individuals who perceive equal opportunity and experience less discrimination, higher economic status often leads to a reduced emphasis on race and ethnicity. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of a minority group into American society depends not only on the actions of group members but also on the fair treatment of that group by the majority population.
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Rice, Thomas, Yaniv Hanoch, and Janet Cummings. "What factors influence seniors’ desire for choice among health insurance options? Survey results on the Medicare prescription drug benefit." Health Economics, Policy and Law 5, no. 4 (October 2010): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109990272.
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AbstractQuestions about the design of the new US Medicare prescription drug benefit were raised even before its passage, where one of the most heated issues has been the number of plans offered to beneficiaries. Whether beneficiaries believe that there should be extensive or limited choice is still an open question. To study this issue, we analyzed data from the Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health Survey, which included 718 individuals aged 65 years and above. The survey asked these older adults (i) whether they prefer having dozens of plans or for Medicare to offer a restricted number of plans and (ii) whether they think there are too many, too few or the right amount of plans. Our findings show that the majority of beneficiaries (69%) preferred that Medicare offer a limited number of options while only 29% wanted to see dozens of plans on the market. We also examine the effect of education level, income, political affiliation, race and health status on the desire for more or fewer plans. One surprising finding is that seniors with higher education appear to prefer fewer, not more, plan choices. Overall, our results question the merit of offering so many prescription drugs plan choices to Medicare beneficiaries.
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Haddock, Bryan L., Shannon R. Siegel, and Linda D. Wilkin. "Children’s Choice of Wii Sports Games and Energy Expenditure." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v8i1.2028.
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According to a study from the Kaiser Family Foundation, total media use among all 8- to 18-year-olds was seven hours and thirty-eight minutes on a typical day (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010). The large amount of time spent in media use has been implicated as one of the causes of the increased prevalence of obesity. The purposes of this study were to measure: 1) the total level of energy expenditure (EE) while middle school children played the Wii Sports games when given free access to all of the games, 2) the length of time they played each game, and 3) the differences in EE between games. Thirty-seven children (15 males and 22 females) with an average age of 12.4 ± 1.0 years participated in this study. Each had experience with Wii Sports. Participants were given 20 minutes to play any of the Wii Sports games they desired while their expired gases were captured by a calibrated portable metabolic cart. Heart rate was monitored with a Polar® heart rate monitor. Baseball and bowling were the most popular games. Energy expenditure was greater after playing the Wii for each game except golf. The average EE during the game playing time was 2.8 ± 0.9 kcal/min, compared to 1.4 ± 0.4 kcal/min while at rest prior to testing. Playing Wii Sports can moderately increase the EE of children over rest.
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Alobuia, Wilson M., Nathan P. Dalva-Baird, Joseph D. Forrester, Eran Bendavid, Jay Bhattacharya, and Electron Kebebew. "Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 in the USA." Journal of Public Health 42, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa069.
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Abstract Background Recent reports indicate racial disparities in the rates of infection and mortality from the 2019 novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The aim of this study was to determine whether disparities exist in the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) related to COVID-19. Methods We analyzed data from 1216 adults in the March 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation ‘Coronavirus Poll’, to determine levels of KAPs across different groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of KAPs. Results In contrast to White respondents, Non-White respondents were more likely to have low knowledge (58% versus 30%; P < 0.001) and low attitude scores (52% versus 27%; P < 0.001), but high practice scores (81% versus 59%; P < 0.001). By multivariate regression, White race (odds ratio [OR] 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70–5.50), higher level of education (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.46–2.23) and higher income (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.58–2.70) were associated with high knowledge of COVID-19. Race, sex, education, income, health insurance status and political views were all associated with KAPs. Conclusions Racial and socioeconomic disparity exists in the levels of KAPs related to COVID-19. More work is needed to identify educational tools that tailor to specific racial and socioeconomic groups.
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Abubakari, Gamji M’Rabiu, Martez D. R. Smith, Donte T. Boyd, S. Raquel Ramos, Courtney Johnson, Juan L. Benavides, Megan Threats, Junior L. Allen, and Camille R. Quinn. "Assessing Different Types of HIV Communication and Sociocultural Factors on Perceived HIV Stigma and Testing among a National Sample of Youth and Young Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021003.
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In the United States, racial/ethnic and sexual youth and young adults (YYA) of color are disproportionately affected by HIV. Subsequently, YYA experience HIV stigma and engage in increased risk behaviors and reduced HIV testing. HIV communication has been identified as a potential buffer to HIV stigma, resulting in health-seeking behaviors, such as HIV testing. In this study, we respond to a meaningful gap in the literature by examining different types of HIV communication and their impact on HIV stigma and HIV testing in a diverse sample of YYA. We analyzed secondary data from the Kaiser Family Foundation National Survey of Teens and Young Adults on HIV/AIDS. A 40-question, web-based survey was conducted with 1437 youth (ages 15–24). Recruitment included a dual sampling method from households with: (1) listed phone numbers, (2) unlisted phone numbers, (3) telephones, (4) no telephone, and (5) only cell phone access. The purpose of the survey was to establish participants’ HIV knowledge, communication, experiences, and testing behaviors. Findings suggested an association between intimate-partner HIV communication, increased HIV testing, and reduced HIV stigma. We also identified differentials in HIV testing and stigma based on gender, income, age, and sexual minority status, explained by HIV communication. Further research is needed that examines ways to use intimate-partner HIV communication to reduce stigma and increase HIV testing among YYA of different sociodemographic characteristics and sexual orientations.
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Semprini, Jason, and Olufunmilayo Olopade. "Evaluating the Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Black/White Breast Cancer Mortality Disparities: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 1178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00068.
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PURPOSE Medicaid expansion was designed to increase access to health care. Evidence is mixed, but theory and empirical data suggest that lower cost of care through greater access to insurance increases health care utilization and possibly improves the health of poor and sick populations. However, this major health policy has yet to be thoroughly investigated for its effect on health disparities. The current study is motivated by one of today’s most stark inequalities: the disparity in breast cancer mortality rates between Black and White women. METHODS This analysis used a difference-in-difference fixed effects regression model to evaluate the impact of Medicaid expansion on the disparity between Black and White breast cancer mortality rates. State-level breast cancer mortality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Each state’s Medicaid expansion status was provided by a Kaiser Family Foundation white paper. Two tests were conducted, one compared all expanding states with all nonexpanding states, and the second compared all expanding states with nonexpanding states that voted to expand—but did not by 2014. The difference-in-difference regression models considered the year 2014 a washout period and compared 2012 and 2013 (pretreatment) with 2015 and 2016 (posttreatment). RESULTS Medicaid expansion did not lower the disparity in breast cancer mortality. In contrast to expectations, the Black/White mortality ratio increased in states expanding Medicaid for all Medicaid-eligible age groups, with significant effects in younger age groups ( P = .01 to .15). CONCLUSION These results suggest that states cannot solely rely on access to insurance to alleviate disparities in cancer or other chronic conditions. More exploration of the impacts of low-quality health systems is warranted.
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von Korff, Michael, Thomas Wickizer, Jennifer Maeser, Penny O'Leary, David Pearson, and William Beery. "Community Activation and Health Promotion: Identification of Key Organizations." American Journal of Health Promotion 7, no. 2 (November 1992): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-7.2.110.
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Purpose. The purpose of this study is to identify the kinds of community organizations community leaders consider important for community health promotion efforts. Design. Key informants were identified by reputational sampling of organizations relevant to community health promotion. Key informants were asked to list organizations they considered important for community health promotion. Differences in identified organizations were compared across informants from seven urban, five suburban, seven rural, and three Native American communities, with significance evaluated by chi-square tests. Setting. This survey was conducted in 22 Western U.S. communities comprising the intervention and control communities of the Community Health Promotion Grants Program of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Subjects. Key informants (N = 184) from community organizations, identified using a reputational sampling technique beginning with the health department, were interviewed by telephone. Measures. Key informants listed organizations considered important for community health promotion in five areas: adolescent pregnancy, substance abuse, tobacco use, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Results. Informants frequently identified the health department (mentioned by 78% of informants overall), schools (72%), governmental agencies (55%), hospitals (47%), health clinics (42%), churches (33%), and newspapers (32%) as important. Organizations more prominent in urban and suburban areas than in rural and Native American areas included television stations, health-related private nonprofit organizations, substance abuse treatment centers, and colleges. Private physicians were frequently identified in rural areas (44% of informants). No more than one of the 25 informants in the Native American communities identified business organizations, private physicians, information/resource centers, senior citizen organizations, or community coalitions as important in their areas. Conclusions. Communities differ in the kinds of organizational resources available for community activation. These differences may need to be considered in planning community-based health promotion programs.
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Frith, Simon. "The lives and work of Bob Dylan." Popular Music 41, no. 2 (May 2022): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026114302200040x.
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According to the website Come writers and critics, which keeps a running list of all ‘documents related to Bob Dylan printed on paper’, by the end of 2021 (Dylan's 80th year), there were 829 books about him in English and 723 in 36 other languages (from 175 in German to one each in Bulgarian and Vietnamese).1 The list is indiscriminate in terms of the various books’ quality, originality or readability, but looking at the bibliographies of the various works I'm reviewing here, it seems that there are at least 50 Dylan books that academic Dylanologists take seriously (and many more journal articles).2 From this perspective, my four titles provide a useful cross-section of the most common academic Dylan studies in disciplinary terms: biography, literary criticism, musicology and cultural studies. I should also note that in March 2016 the George Kaiser Family Foundation bought Bob Dylan's personal archive (for $22 million according to Heylin) and gave it a permanent home in Tulsa. This has opened up significant new research possibilities. In its own words: The Bob Dylan Archive® highlights the unique artistry and worldwide cultural significance of Bob Dylan. Housed at the University of Tulsa's Helmerich Center for American Research at Gilcrease Museum, the archive includes decades of never-before-seen handwritten manuscripts, notebooks and correspondence; films, videos, photographs and artwork; memorabilia; personal documents; unrecorded song lyrics and chords. Like the writer and composer archives to be found in many university libraries, the Bob Dylan collection is accessible onsite (and by appointment) to ‘individuals with qualified research projects’, and The World of Bob Dylan is, in effect, a celebration of a new era for Dylan scholarship. Its editor, Sean Latham, is the Director of the related Institute for Bob Dylan Studies.3 However, the first book to draw on the Bob Dylan Archive systematically is Clinton Heylin's The Double Life.
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Frois, Christian, Thomas O’Connell, Jacqueline Pesa, and John Fastenau. "The Impact of Medicaid Preferred Drug Lists on Utilization and Costs of Antipsychotic Medication." Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 1, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36469/9853.
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Background: Few studies have attempted to assess the effectiveness of formulary management in reducing the antipsychotic costs and utilization across U.S. state Medicaid programs, despite concerns about the potential impact of such formulary management on Medicaid patient health outcomes. Objectives: Compare antipsychotic utilization and total costs across Medicaid states with preferred drug list (PDL) programs vs. states without PDLs in place. Methods: The following data from 48 Medicaid fee-for-service (FFS) programs were collected for calendar year 2010: antipsychotic prescription use (IMS Health); formulary management (MediMedia, Medicaid FFS programs’ websites), and patient enrollment (MediMedia). For each program, the total antipsychotic cost per capita was estimated by multiplying antipsychotic utilization by list price (First DataBank), then dividing by program enrollment. To control for differences in the prevalence of antipsychotic use among Medicaid patients across states, cost estimates were adjusted using state-level mental-health illness prevalence data (Kaiser Family Foundation, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], and Thomson Healthcare). Volume-based market share of branded antipsychotics was also calculated to compare branded vs. generic antipsychotic use across states. Significance of difference between the means of PDL and non-PDL states was tested using a two-sided, two sample t-test, assuming unequal variances between samples. Results: Among the 48 states studied, 33 (68.8%) used PDLs as a means to limit access to branded antipsychotic medications, including those states with the largest populations with a mental-health illness (e.g. New York, California, Texas). In our analyses, the average difference in antipsychotic costs per capita between PDL and non-PDL states was less than $0.6M or 1.5% (p=0.95). The average difference in antipsychotic utilization per capita was less than 2.8% (p=0.91) and in branded antipsychotic market share was 0.7% (p=0.59). Conclusions: Although a majority of Medicaid states use PDLs to manage antipsychotic utilization, this analysis found no evidence of significant advantages for these Medicaid programs in terms of lowering percapita antipsychotic costs or increasing generic utilization.
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Truman, Benedict I., Ramal Moonesinghe, Yolanda T. Brown, Man-Huei Chang, Jonathan H. Mermin, and Hazel D. Dean. "Differential Association of HIV Funding With HIV Mortality by Race/Ethnicity, United States, 1999-2017." Public Health Reports 135, no. 1_suppl (July 2020): 149S—157S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920912716.
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Objective Federal funds have been spent to reduce the disproportionate effects of HIV/AIDS on racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We investigated the association between federal domestic HIV funding and age-adjusted HIV death rates by race/ethnicity in the United States during 1999-2017. Methods We analyzed HIV funding data from the Kaiser Family Foundation by federal fiscal year (FFY) and US age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) by race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native [API+AI/AN]) from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER detailed mortality files. We fit joinpoint regression models to estimate the annual percentage change (APC), average APC, and changes in AADRs per billion US dollars in HIV funding, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For 19 data points, the number of joinpoints ranged from 0 to 4 on the basis of rules set by the program or by the user. A Monte Carlo permutation test indicated significant ( P < .05) changes at joinpoints, and 2-sided t tests indicated significant APCs in AADRs. Results Domestic HIV funding increased from $10.7 billion in FFY 1999 to $26.3 billion in FFY 2017, but AADRs decreased at different rates for each racial/ethnic group. The average rate of change in AADR per US billion dollars was −9.4% (95% CI, −10.9% to −7.8%) for Hispanic residents, −7.8% (95% CI, −9.0% to −6.6%) for non-Hispanic black residents, −6.7% (95% CI, −9.3% to −4.0%) for non-Hispanic white residents, and −5.2% (95% CI, −7.8% to −2.5%) for non-Hispanic API+AI/AN residents. Conclusions Increased domestic HIV funding was associated with faster decreases in age-adjusted HIV death rates for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black residents than for residents in other racial/ethnic groups. Increasing US HIV funding could be associated with decreasing future racial/ethnic disparities in the rate of HIV-related deaths.
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Semprini, Jason, and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade. "Evaluating the Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Black/White Breast Cancer Mortality Disparities: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis." Journal of Global Oncology 5, Supplement_1 (October 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.19000.
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PURPOSE This analysis used a difference-in-difference (DID) fixed effects regression model to evaluate the impact of Medicaid Expansion on the disparity between black and white breast cancer mortality rates. Medicaid Expansion was designed to increase access to health care. Evidence is mixed, but theory and empirical data suggest that lower cost of care, through greater access to insurance, increases health care utilization and possibly improves the health of poor and sick populations. The goal of Medicaid Expansion was to improve equity. However, this major health policy has yet to be thoroughly investigated for its effect on health disparities. Many widely accepted methods exist to evaluate variations in health policy, but few studies have used such quasi-experimental designs to explore health disparities. The current study is motivated by one of today’s most stark inequalities: the disparity in breast cancer mortality rates between black and white women. To test the impact Medicaid Expansion had on the black/white breast cancer mortality ratio, a DID analysis calculated the policy’s average treatment effect (ATE). METHODS State-level breast cancer mortality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Each state’s Medicaid Expansion status was provided by a Kaiser Family Foundation white paper. Two tests were conducted: one compared all expanding states with all nonexpanding states, and the other compared all expanding states with nonexpanding states that voted to expand (but did not by 2014). Fixed-effects and random-effects regression models were constructed for each specific age group. A Hausman test was calculated to determine which model was most appropriate. The DID regression models considered the year 2014 a wash-out period and compared 2012 and 2013 (pretreatment) to 2015 and 2016 (post-treatment). A graph was presented to test the necessary parallel trend assumption for expanding and nonexpanding states. DID estimators (average treatment effect) and respective P values were reported for each age group. Non–Medicaid-eligible age groups were included as a pseudo-control. RESULTS Medicaid Expansion did not lower the disparity in breast cancer mortality. Converse to expectations, the black/white mortality ratio increased in states expanding Medicaid for all Medicaid-eligible age groups, with significant effects in younger age groups ( P = .01 to .15). CONCLUSION Investigators should use proven quasi-experimental methods to analyze the effect of policy variation on health disparities. Policy makers must consider institutional factors that may limit minority groups from benefiting from macrochanges in health policy. These results suggest that states cannot solely rely on access to insurance to alleviate disparities in cancer or other chronic conditions. More exploration into the impacts of low-quality health systems remain warranted.
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Wagner, Edward H., Thomas D. Koepsell, Carolyn Anderman, Allen Cheadle, Susan G. Curry, Bruce M. Psaty, Michael Von Korff, et al. "The evaluation of the Henry J. Kaiser family foundation's community health promotion grant program: Design." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44, no. 7 (January 1991): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(91)90029-9.
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Wickizer, Thomas M., Edward Wagner, Allen Cheadle, David Pearson, William Beery, Jennifer Maeser, Bruce Psaty, et al. "Implementation of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation's Community Health Promotion Grant Program: A Process Evaluation." Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 1 (March 1998): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.00081.
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Ndari, Susianty selaras, Chandrawaty Chandrawaty, Imam Mujtaba, and Mafaza Conita Ananto. "Children's Outdoor Activities and Parenting Style in Children's Social Skill." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.132.02.
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Physical activity is very important for early childhood, especially outdoor activities that add a lot of new experiences. This study aims to check the relationship of children's outdoor activities and parenting styles and children's social skills. The participants are 125 parents of early childhood who attend kindergarten. The research method is a descriptive study using the relational screening model. The results showed that there was a relationship between outside play and parenting style on the social skills of children in their childhood. Democratic parenting styles are found to promote children's social skills, while authoritative parenting styles have a negative correlation with interpersonal skills, the ability to express verbally, self-control, listening skills, emotional management and adaptation to change. In the sub-dimensions of anger management and adaptation to changing skills is a significant difference between authoritative parenting styles and not permissive parenting with children's social skills.
Keywords: Early Childhood Social skills, Outdoor Activities, Parenting Styles
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Kaiser, David. "Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 3 (September 2021): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf9-21kaiser.
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QUANTUM LEGACIES: Dispatches from an Uncertain World by David Kaiser (with a Foreword by Alan Lightman). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 360 pages, 47 halftones. Hardcover; $26.00. ISBN: 9780226698052. *The stories of real humans involved in the discovery of secrets of the quantum realm are highlighted by David Kaiser's book Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World. Kaiser is both an accomplished theoretical physicist and a historian of science, holding a dual professorship at MIT. The book is a collection of his essays written for a popular audience knit into a theme of how discovery of quantum ideas has taken place in a changing world by intriguing personalities. *Scientific discovery never takes place in a vacuum, but rather is guided and spurred on by the very pressures experienced by its human discoverers, including personal family tragedies such as the suicide of Paul Dirac's brother and societal upheavals such as the Nazi takeover in Germany leading to World War II. Kaiser describes his own journey and how it was affected by the politics and pressures of the Cold War. Indeed, as a particle physicist who also grew up during the Cold War, I could relate to many of the dynamics described by Kaiser. He notes that funding for the Superconducting Super Collider project in the 1990s was canceled partly because the Cold War ended, and the US funding for "world prestige" projects was cut, in favor of more "world collaborative" projects, such as the International Space Station. Given that my own career trajectory was influenced by this decision, reading this book certainly caused some personal reflections. *The book is divided into four sections: Quanta, Calculating, Matter, and Cosmos. The essays in Quanta include the early years of quantum mechanics, highlighting the lives of Paul Dirac, the Briton who discovered the equation describing electrons; Erwin Schrödinger, the Austrian who used a half-dead, half-alive cat in a box to describe the bizarre idea of quantum mechanical superposition; and Bruno Pontecorvo, the Italian who applied Schrödinger's idea to the ghostly neutrino particle to predict its spontaneously changing identity. The interesting personal lives of these men and the historical context in which their scientific pursuits took place provide a dramatic reading. Indeed, the probabilistic aspects of the quantum mechanics they studied reflected the uncertainty of the world they lived in. The final essay in Quanta describes an experiment that Kaiser personally participated in, proving that entangled photons obey the probabilistic predictions of quantum mechanics, and not deterministic laws proposed by Isaac Newton (1600s) through Albert Einstein (twenieth century). Enriching the story, Kaiser connects quasars from the remote edges of our visible universe to the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the Canary island of La Palma to show that the world of physics involves interesting physical settings. *Calculating is an interesting collection of essays on how national defense priorities from the end of World War II through the Cold War drove university physics enrollments, the development of atomic bombs and computers, and even the personal lives of the contributing physicists. For example, David Bohm, whose textbook Quantum Theory took great pains to explain its conceptual and philosophical foundations, was forced to flee the US to Brazil during the Communist purges. No updated editions of his textbook were published, a rather unusual history for an initially very popular textbook. Nearly all other textbooks on quantum mechanics emphasized its calculational properties, relegating subtle conceptual points to lie outside the domain of physics. Kaiser finds this rather unfortunate, since these very points are where several key questions in quantum theory remain unanswered. And this is what draws students to physics. Kaiser ends this discussion with an essay on Fritjof Capra's The Tao of Physics, a bestselling popular book on physics and Eastern philosophy, showing that the mystical elements of quantum theory are precisely what many people find so fascinating about it. *Matter is a collection of stories on the discovery of elementary particles with a focus on the Higgs particle. The Standard Model of elementary particles grew out of Murray Gell-Mann's idea from symmetry arguments that fundamental particles lie inside the neutrons and protons of the atomic nucleus. He gave them the name quarks. The quark model quickly became very successful at predicting the existence of other quark bound states. However, the theoretical model worked only if the quarks and all other particles in nature were massless. This quandary could be resolved, claimed several physicists including the Scotsman Peter Higgs, if there existed a field permeating all of space which caused particles to become massive. Higgs also predicted that this field would have its own associated particle. Since the Standard Model successfully met every other test, the search for the Higgs particle became the driving force behind new experimental designs, including the Superconducting Super Collider project that was ultimately canceled in 1993. However, the Large Hadron Collider at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), located in Geneva, would be the project that successfully found the Higgs particle in 2012. Kaiser uses this as a bridge to his final set of essays on the cosmos, since the Higgs field itself leads naturally to an idea that explains the weakness of gravity compared to other fundamental forces, and how one might understand the earliest moments of the cosmos. *Cosmos is an appropriate final set of essays for Kaiser's book, since the quantum ideas prove to have profound implications for the entire history of the universe. This is also the most colorful set of essays from Kaiser, since he includes discussions on the search for extraterrestrial life, gravitation and black holes, the big bang theory, and even creation and evolution. The chapter, "The Other Evolution Wars," is particularly interesting in its descriptions of the interactions between science and religious faith. While Kaiser points out that some cosmologists, beginning with the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître, found a satisfying fit between their growing scientific view of an evolving cosmos and their theology, the situation soon and unfortunately changed to an acrimonious one with the advent of the modern creation science movement. Kaiser discusses the resurgent biblical literalism that denies an older cosmos and the big bang theory, and then briefly mentions "intelligent design." Unfortunately, Kaiser seems to lump the critics together rather haphazardly. Concerning his internet perusal of critiques from creationist web sites, he writes: "I found plenty of sites eager to sell the recent anti-big-bang books, along with DVDs such as The Privileged Planet, proffering ‘evidence' of supernatural intelligent design" (pp. 248-49). *This statement implies that Kaiser assumes that the authors of The Privileged Planet are anti-big-bang adherents, which they are not. The issues of purpose, design, and intentionality are certainly at stake. It is noteworthy to me that the book by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee (Rare Earth), and that by Guillermo Gonzales & Jay Richards (The Privileged Planet), are very similar in thrust, emphasizing aspects of planet Earth that appear rather unique in the cosmos, but because they diverge on the question of purpose, design, and intentionality, one is considered mainstream science (Rare Earth) and the other, creationist literature (The Privileged Planet). Although I personally do not promote apparent design in nature as an argument for supernatural design, I am saddened by all the harsh critiques, whether it is leveled against those who hold that science is in support of faith or whether it is leveled against good science in order to protect doctrinal positions. There do not need to be combative relationships between scientists and Christians, but scientists such as Kaiser are very much aware that they exist. *Cosmos includes a chapter on the amazing developments in modern cosmology. Since I did a book review of Roger Penrose's Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe [PSCF 69, no. 3 (2017): 187-89], I was happy to see a discussion of his Conformal Cyclical Cosmology (CCC). Theoretical physicists respect the contributions of Roger Penrose, given his and Stephen Hawking's contributions to our understanding of space-time from general relativity. But the elegant ideas offered by Penrose in his CCC appear to not withstand the exacting toll of precision data in modern cosmology, and we await further ideas that will. *The book wraps up with some recent noteworthy events: the discovery of gravitational waves in 2015 and the death of Stephen Hawking in 2018. While the former heralded a new age in modern multimessenger astronomy, the latter has brought us to the end of an era in which one of the most brilliant minds took on the challenge of understanding the universe, overcoming incredible odds and challenges. Again, the experience of personal struggles of one person did not prevent great accomplishments in scientific thought, and, in fact, may have contributed to it. Quantum Legacies ends with a positive note. Overall, despite the sometimes-awkward collection of essays, the book is an enriching read. *Reviewed by Steven Ball, Professor of Physics, LeTourneau University, Longview, TX 75607
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Jannat-Alipoor, Zahra, Nasrin Navabi, Abbas Ebadi, and Fatemeh Ghaffari. "Questionnaire on Mothers’ Cultural Beliefs About Weaning: Development and Psychometric Evaluation." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2020.08.
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Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the role of cultural beliefs on weaning. Therefore, the obtained results can be used for health policymakers who design strategies to prevent physical and mental damage to mothers and their children. The main objective of this study was to design a questionnaire probing the role of cultural beliefs on weaning. Materials and Methods: The sequential combination exploratory mixed methods design was used to develop the questionnaire format in two sections. The qualitative section was designed to probe the role of cultural beliefs on weaning, which included a literature and related tools review and fieldwork (semi-structured interviews with mothers). Twenty-two studies were examined in the literature review and 14 mothers were selected and interviewed by a purposive sampling technique. The interviews continued up to data saturation as well. In addition, data analyses for both steps were conducted using conventional and textual content analyses. The quantitative section was a methodology study that was accomplished in two parts. Questionnaire items were formed using the data and item pool obtained from the first part. Finally, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were checked using face, content, and construct validity, followed by probing reliability using Cronbach’s alpha reliability in the second part. Results: Qualitative data analysis results were organized according to the foundational issues regarding the need for weaning, attitude toward weaning, awareness about weaning, society’s culture, health literacy, self-action, others’ experiences, professional help, family members’ support, and the outcomes. The item pool was formed using literature reviews and interviews. A 49-item questionnaire was developed after the completion of the psychometric process. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Index of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity showed good results in this regard. Five components from the exploratory content analysis encompassing contexts, solutions, searching for help, maternal outcomes, and child-related outcomes demonstrated a 62.112% variance. Further, the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.88 and the interclass correlation coefficient was 0.89 based on responses to the items over two administrations of the questionnaire (P < 0.001). Thus, these results showed a high level of tool stability. Conclusions: For this study, a questionnaire was developed for understanding the role of cultural beliefs on weaning. It can be used for educational, research, and treatment purposes as a tool with appropriate validity and reliability, as well as short, easy, and grammatically simple items. Eventually, the questionnaire is useful for examining mothers’ false beliefs about weaning and their educational needs since false beliefs could cause destructive and health-threatening behaviors.
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"Kaiser Family Foundation." Choice Reviews Online 50, no. 07 (February 26, 2013): 50–3884. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-3884.
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Barillas, Maria Del Rosario, and Laurie MacGillivray. "For the Family: One Teen’s Self-Selected Digital Literacy Practices." Language and Literacy 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/g2rg6d.
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As technology becomes a basic necessity in the lives of American families, populations who in the past have not had access to technology, will begin to engage with it as part of their daily functions. Consequently, the way that these families, and especially the children take hold of digital literacies, will depend on their cultural ways of knowing and their economic needs (Browning- Aiken, 2004; De La Peña & Orellana, 2007). In contrast to studies that document the limited access to technology in minority populations because of economic pressures (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004; Kupperman & Fishman, 2002), this paper focuses on one Mexicano teen’s active participation with technology outside of school. It shows how economic need in the family served as the driving force for the purchase and use of the computer.
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Mendoza, Roger. "Why do small firms offer health insurance in spite of the employer mandate exception?" Journal of Insurance Regulation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52227/25542.2022.
Full textAbstract:
The largest source of healthcare coverage in the U.S. for the non-elderly population (age < 65) and their dependents is employer-sponsored health insurance. In light of the exemption of small firms (< 50 full-time employees) from the “pay-or-play” mandate of the federal Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the substantial costs of employee health insurance to any employer, we investigate why most small firms still offer coverage and how they manage to do so. We used the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)/Health Research and Education Trust (HRET) public dataset (2015–2019) for this purpose. Findings suggest that coverage objectives, strategic choices, and human resource practices in small firms initially pass through the lens of the employer’s comparative advantages.
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Kattih, Nour, and Franklin G. Mixon. "Employee Choice and the Demand for Health Insurance Coverage: Evidence from Random Coefficients Models." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 20, no. 2 (January 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2019-0153.
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AbstractThis study examines the effects of deductibles, employee premium contributions, and the availability of tax-sheltered health savings accounts on employee selection into health insurance plans after passage of the Affordable Care Act, and particularly after implementation of the individual mandate. In doing so, a utility-based structural demand model is applied to market-level macro data from the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Health Research Educational Trust. Results from random coefficients models indicate that for an average consumer, price sensitivity for employer-sponsored health insurance plans varies by age, wage, health condition and gender. Employees who are older, obese, or female are less sensitive to deductibles and premiums than younger and healthier employees, or male employees. These findings suggest that high deductible health plans that combine a tax-sheltered account with higher deductibles will negatively impact the utility of older employees and females as compared to younger employees and males.
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Cleveland, Kimberly, Tracey Motter, Pamela Rudsill, and Laurie Benson. "The Affordable Care Act: Considerations for Leveraging the Power of Nursing." OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 27, no. 2 (May 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/ojin.vol27no02man01.
Full textAbstract:
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) (Patient Protection Affordable Care Act, 2010) remains law in the United States despite challenges and politically charged debate about its purpose in healthcare. Most agree the top three problematic areas in US healthcare are high cost, access, and equity (Kimberlin, 2022; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine [NASEM], 2021; Ritz, 2016; Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2013). The ACA aims to address these issues in complex and varied ways. Nurses can capitalize on the purpose of the ACA to leverage their power to improve quality, create efficient delivery systems, and pioneer innovations in healthcare while advocating for equity for patients (Cleveland et al., 2019). The purpose of this article is to discuss how nurses are powerfully addressing issues of cost, quality, and equitable care, pioneering the future of patient centered care, and preparing the workforce to meet the challenges brought about by the financial, political, and structural challenges 12 years after the ACA.
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Tharp, Louis, and Zoe Rothblatt. "Do patients benefit from legislation regulating step therapy?" Health Economics, Policy and Law, April 12, 2021, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133121000153.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Step therapy, also termed fail-first policy, describes a practice of insurance and pharmacy benefit management companies denying reimbursement for a specific treatment until after other treatments have first been found ineffective (i.e. failed). Laws to limit step therapy have been passed in 29 states of the United States. Using extrapolated data on fully insured employees, we find that except for New York and New Mexico, enacted State laws don't apply to even one-third of a state's population. Using the more robust Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) data, which do not include fully insured employees, we find that only 2–10% of a state's population is covered. Advocating for these laws has been an expensive and time-consuming process, likely to become more so for the 21 states without such laws. The laws that have been enacted can be near impossible, to enforce, and loopholes exist. As a result, using KFF data, more than 90% of people in the United States with health insurance may still be unable to access the treatment chosen as most appropriate for them with their physician. Based on these data, we conclude federal step-therapy legislation is needed.
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Mose, Jason N. "A multilevel mixed-effects regression analysis of the association between hospital, community and state regulatory factors, and family income eligibility limits for free and discounted care among U.S. not-for-profit, 501(c)(3), hospitals, 2010 to 2017." BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 1 (March 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06219-4.
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Abstract Background Not-for-profit hospitals are facing an uncertain financial future, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, they are legally obligated to provide free and discounted health care services to communities. This study investigates the hospital, community, and state regulatory factors and whether these factors are associated with family income eligibility levels for free and discounted care. Methods Data were sourced from Internal Revenue Service Form 990, several data files from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, demographic and community factors from the Census Bureau, supplemental files from The Hilltop Institute, Community Benefit Insight, and Kaiser Family Foundation. The study employs multilevel mixed-effects linear and ordered logit regressions to estimate the association between the hospital, community, state policies, and the hospital’s family income eligibility limit for free and discounted care. Results A plurality of hospitals (49.96%) offered a medium level of family income eligibility limit (160–200% of the federal poverty level (FPL)) for free care. In comparison, about 53% (52.94%) offered a low level (0–300 of FPL) eligibility limit for discounted care. Holding all else equal, hospitals designated as critical access, safety net, those in rural areas or located in disadvantaged areas were associated with an increased probability of offering low eligibility limits for free and discounted care. Hospitals in a joint venture, located in highly concentrated markets or states with minimum community benefits requirements, were associated with an increased probability of offering high eligibility limits. Conclusion State and community factors appear to be associated with the eligibility level for free and discounted care. Hospitals serving low-income or rural communities seem to offer the least relief. The federal and state policymakers might need to consider relief to these hospitals with a requirement for them to provide a specific set of minimum community benefits.
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Yin, Michelle, Aditi Pathak, Dajun Lin, and Nevin Dizdari. "Identifying Racial Differences in Vocational Rehabilitation Services." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, October 5, 2021, 003435522110482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00343552211048218.
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The literature on racial differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) services has not been updated for over a decade. Using the 2017 individual-level national RSA-911 data, supplemented with the 2017 American Community Survey and publicly available information from Kaiser Family Foundation, we investigate racial differences at each step of the VR process—application, eligibility, service provision, and employment outcomes at closure. At the first step, application, White individuals with disabilities are less likely to apply than their African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic counterparts, and more likely to apply than their Asian counterparts. For the remaining three steps, the results are inverted: the White subgroup has higher eligibility rates, service rates, and employment rates than the African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic subgroups, and lower rates than the Asian subgroup. These findings suggest that racial and ethnic differences continue to exist in the VR process despite several legislative acts and policy efforts. Within each racial and ethnic minority group, we also find large variation in application rates and employment rates across states, which indicates a need for developing performance measures and standardized guidelines for state VR agencies to better serve individuals with disabilities from racial and ethnic minorities.
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Yin, Michelle, Aditi Pathak, Dajun Lin, and Nevin Dizdari. "Identifying Racial Differences in Vocational Rehabilitation Services." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, October 5, 2021, 003435522110482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00343552211048218.
Full textAbstract:
The literature on racial differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) services has not been updated for over a decade. Using the 2017 individual-level national RSA-911 data, supplemented with the 2017 American Community Survey and publicly available information from Kaiser Family Foundation, we investigate racial differences at each step of the VR process—application, eligibility, service provision, and employment outcomes at closure. At the first step, application, White individuals with disabilities are less likely to apply than their African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic counterparts, and more likely to apply than their Asian counterparts. For the remaining three steps, the results are inverted: the White subgroup has higher eligibility rates, service rates, and employment rates than the African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic subgroups, and lower rates than the Asian subgroup. These findings suggest that racial and ethnic differences continue to exist in the VR process despite several legislative acts and policy efforts. Within each racial and ethnic minority group, we also find large variation in application rates and employment rates across states, which indicates a need for developing performance measures and standardized guidelines for state VR agencies to better serve individuals with disabilities from racial and ethnic minorities.
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Sari, Ayu Paramita. "NOVELS AND MOVIES IN EFL CLASSROOM." Borneo Journal of English Language Education 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/bjele.v1i2.1156.
Full textAbstract:
Teaching English is a challenge for EFL teachers. It has become more complex and difficult due to the development of new technology. In order to help the learners’ mastery (increase the proficiency) of language skills, language teachers have to provide quality teaching materials that will be engaging, interesting, up-to-date while simultaneously being a tool that will ensure that the students learn. Moreover, the students sometimes feel bored and confused when the teacher teaches them using monotonous strategies or traditional strategies. Nowadays, one of them is by using Films and Novels to makes the students more interested in learning. Since these two genres of literature can attract students and help them to learn the benefits of English skills easily and eventualy the culture of embedded in the materials. Many schools and courses already use this as a facility and strategy to help teachers in teaching and to help students in comprehension or understanding English literature in learning process. According to statistics from the Kaiser Family Foundation (Rideout, Roberts & Foehr, 2005), youth ages 8-18 spend approximately 6.5 hours each day using media, an activity that far surpasses the time they spend with parents, doing homework or playing sports. This paper aims to highlight the benefits of using novels and movies in (English Foriegn Language) EFL classrooms.