Relevant bibliographies by topics / Kalahari Desert

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Academic literature on the topic 'Kalahari Desert'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Kalahari Desert"

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Georgiev, Milen I., Nina Ivanovska, Kalina Alipieva, Petya Dimitrova, and Robert Verpoorte. "Harpagoside: from Kalahari Desert to pharmacy shelf." Phytochemistry 92 (August 2013): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.009.

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Thomas, D. S. G. "Dune pattern statistics applied to the Kalahari Dune Desert, Southern Africa." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 30, no. 2 (July 9, 1986): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/30/1986/231.

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Landau, Paul. "The Illumination of Christ in the Kalahari Desert." Representations 45, no. 1 (January 1994): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.1994.45.1.99p02067.

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Landau, Paul. "The Illumination of Christ in the Kalahari Desert." Representations 45 (January 1, 1994): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2928601.

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Taylor, F. W., D. M. Thamage, N. Baker, N. Roth-Bejerano, and V. Kagan-Zur. "Notes on the Kalahari desert truffle, Terfezia pfeilii." Mycological Research 99, no. 7 (July 1995): 874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80744-2.

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Jury, Mark R. "Flood-producing cloud bands over the Kalahari Desert." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 102, no. 3-4 (March 5, 2010): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0259-x.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "Mapping Climate Parameters over the Territory of Botswana Using GMT and Gridded Surface Data from TerraClimate." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11090473.

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This articles presents a new series of maps showing the climate and environmental variability of Botswana. Situated in southern Africa, Botswana has an arid to semi-arid climate, which significantly varies in its different regions: Kalahari Desert, Makgadikgadi Pan and Okavango Delta. While desert regions are prone to droughts and periods of extreme heat during the summer months, other regions experience heavy downpours, as well as episodic and unpredictable rains that affect agricultural activities. Such climatic variations affect social and economic aspects of life in Botswana. This study aimed to visualise the non-linear correlations between the topography and climate setting at the country’s scale. Variables included T °C min, T °C max, precipitation, soil moisture, evapotranspiration (PET and AET), downward surface shortwave radiation, vapour pressure and vapour pressure deficit (VPD), wind speed and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The dataset was taken from the TerraClimate source and GEBCO for topographic mapping. The mapping approach included the use of Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), a console-based scripting toolset, which enables the use of a scripting method of automated mapping. Several GMT modules were used to derive a set of climate parameters for Botswana. The data were supplemented with the adjusted cartographic elements and inspected by the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL). The PDSI in Botswana in 2018 shows stepwise variation with seven areas of drought: (1) −3.7 to −2.2. (extreme); (2) −2.2 to −0.8 (strong, southern Kalahari); (3) −0.8 to 0.7 (significant, central Kalahari; (4) 0.7 to 2.1 (moderate); (5) 2.1 to 3.5 (lesser); (6) 3.5 to 4.9 (low); (7) 4.9 to 6.4 (least). The VPD has a general trend towards the south-western region (Kalahari Desert, up to 3.3), while it is lower in the north-eastern region of Botswana (up to 1.4). Other values vary respectively, as demonstrated in the presented 12 maps of climate and environmental inventory in Botswana.
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Lewis-Williams, J. David, and David G. Pearce. "San rock art: evidence and argument." Antiquity 89, no. 345 (June 2015): 732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.51.

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Whether or not a ‘trance-dance’ akin to that of today's Kalahari San (Bushmen) was performed by southern /Xam San in the nineteenth century has long been the subject of intense debate. Here the authors point to parallels between nineteenth-century records of San life and beliefs and twentieth-century San ethnography from the Kalahari Desert in order to argue that this cultural practice was shared by these two geographically and chronologically distant groups. More significantly, it is suggested that these ethnographic parallels allow a clearer understanding of the religious and ritual practices depicted in the southern San rock art images.
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Eriksson, P. G., N. Nixon, C. P. Snyman, and J. duP. Bothma. "Ellipsoidal parabolic dune patches in the southern Kalahari Desert." Journal of Arid Environments 16, no. 2 (March 1989): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31019-x.

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Stone, A. "Dryland dunes and other dryland environmental archives as proxies for Late Quaternary stratigraphy and environmental and climate change in southern Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 927–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0055.

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Abstract The Namib Desert and the Kalahari constitute the drylands of southern Africa, with the current relatively humid portions of the latter having experienced periodically drier conditions during the Late Quaternary. This study explores the range of dryland archives and proxies available for the past ~190 ka. These include classic dryland geomorphological proxies, such as sand dunes, as well as water-lain sediments within former lakes and ephemeral fluvial systems, lake shorelines, sand ramps, water-lain calcrete and tufa sediments at the interface of surface hydrological and hydrogeological, speleothems and groundwater hydrogeological records, and hyrax middens. Palaeoenvironmental evidence can also be contained within geoarchaeological archives in caves, overhangs and rockshelters. This integration of records is undertaken with the aim of identifying a (or a number of) terrestrial regional chronostratigraphic framework(s) for this time period within southern Africa, because this is missing from the Quaternary stratigraphy lexicon. Owing to a lack of long, near-continuous terrestrial sequences in these drylands, the correspondence between nearby terrestrial records are explored as a basis for parasequences to build this chronostratigraphy. Recognising the modern climatological diversity across the subcontinent, four broad spatial subdivisions are used to explore potential sub-regional parasequences, which capture current climatic gradients, including the hyper-arid west coast and the decrease in aridity from the southwest Kalahari toward the north and east. These are the Namib Desert, the northern Kalahari, the southern Kalahari and the eastern fringes of the southern Kalahari. Terrestrial chronostratigraphies must start from premise that climate-driven environmental shifts may have occurred independently to those in other terrestrial locations and may be diachronous compared to the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy (MIS), which serves as a global-scale master climatostratigraphy relating to global ice volume. The fragmented nature of preserved evidence means that we are still some way from producing unambiguous parasequences. There is however, a rich record to consider, compile and compare, within which seven broad wetter intervals are identified, with breaks between these inferred to be relatively drier, and some also have proxy evidence for drying. The onset and cessation of these wetter intervals does not align with MIS: they occur with greater frequency, but not with regular periodicity. Precession-paced insolation forcing is often invoked as a key control on southern African climate, but this does not explain the pacing of all of the identified events. Overall, the pattern is complex with some corresponding wetter intervals across space and others with opposing west-east trends. The evidence for drying over the past 10 ka is pronounced in the west (Namib Desert), with ephemerally wet conditions in the south (southern Kalahari). The patterns identified here provide a framework to be scrutinised and to inspire refinements to proposed terrestrial chronostratigraphies for southern Africa. Considering changes across this large geographic area also highlights the complexity in environmental responses across space as we continue to test a range of hypotheses about the nature of climatic forcing in this region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kalahari Desert"

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Ntshakaza, Pamella. "Host relations of Kalaharituber pfeilii (Henn.) Trappe & Kagan-Zur." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020888.

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Kalaharituber pfeilii (Henn.) Trappe & Kagan-Zur commonly known as the “Kalahari truffle” is a desert truffle species identified from the Kalahari region of southern Africa. Two other species, Eremiomyces echinulatus (Trappe & Marasas) Trappe & Kagan-Zur and Mattirolomyces austroafricanus (Trappe & Marasas) Trappe & Kovacs are also known to occur in other parts of southern Africa. Truffles are hypogeous fruiting bodies of Ascomycetes, important to humans for their nutritional value and medicinal characteristics. These truffles are known as desert truffles as they prefer to occur under arid or semi-arid conditions characteristic of deserts. Truffle development depends on the presence of a mycorrhizal host, associated microorganisms as well as soil and climatic characteristics. It has been suggested that K. pfeilii has a suspected broad plant host range which includes herbaceous to woody trees and shrubs. However, these relationships have not been verified. Indigenous people of the Kalahari believe that truffles are found under grasses. In the Kalahari, truffle fruiting bodies are often found entangled in Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter var. capensis (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter roots. S. ciliata, also known as the tall bushman-grass, is the most common grass found in the Kalahari. The objective of this study was to provide conclusive evidence that S. ciliata var. capensis is a host of the Kalahari truffle. Truffle fruiting bodies and grass roots from where the truffles were found were collected from Upington, South Africa. The fruiting bodies were identified by observing their morphological characteristics using the ‘Keys of Truffle genera’. All observed physical properties were similar to those of K. pfeilii and further identification was done using molecular techniques. DNA was extracted from the fruiting bodies, mycelial cultures, rhizosheaths and from the S. ciliata var. capensis grass roots, which were then amplified using the specific K. pfeilii specific primers TPF3 and TPR1 and sequenced. The obtained sequence results confirmed that the collected fruiting bodies were those of the K. pfeilii and the molecular techniques also confirmed that K. pfeilii DNA was present in the S. ciliata var. capensis rhizosheath and root cells. Microscopy showed an ectendomycorrhizal association between K. pfeilii and S. ciliata var. capensis. Mycorrhizal resynthesis experiments were conducted to establish this mycorrhizal association in-vitro. They were unsuccessful because of the structure of the grass and the availability of contaminants. And more...
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Williams, Clint. "A review of the Kalahari group: an aid to Kimberlite exploration in this medium." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003216.

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The Kalahari Group sediments cover vast portions of the Archean Kaapvaal and Congo cratons that are considered highly prospective for economic kimberlites. In southern Africa, the term Kalahari refers to a structural basin, a group of Cretaceous to recent terrestrial continental sediments and an ill-defined desert, all of which have been grouped together as the Mega Kalahari by Thomas and Shaw (1993). The Mega Kalahari grouping includes sediments stretching from South Africa in the south to the Democratic Republic of Congo in the north, and from eastern Namibia to western Zimbabwe. This sand sea, at 2.5 million km², is the largest on earth and presents significant obstacles and challenges to the kimberlite explorationist attempting to locate bedrock-hosted diamondiferous kimberlite bodies. The Mega Kalahari sediments represent an ancient depositional environment with a complex history in which the stratigraphy and age of the deposits are not particularly well constrained or understood. Low fossil content, limited exposure, poor differentiation of the dominant surficial Kalahari Sand and a limited comprehension of an extensive duricrust suite has delayed the understanding of the sedimentological and environmental history of the basin. This sequence of sediments has accumulated and evolved through fluvio-deltaic, aeolian and groundwater processes, with characteristics due to primary deposition and subsequent modification being difficult to distinguish. Deposition in the Kalahari Basin has been subject to tectonic influences, changes in drainage directions and source areas of sediments, river capture and numerous large and small climatic fluctuations both in the basin and surrounding areas. It bears the imprint of recurring cycles during which the same sediments were reworked, sometimes by different agencies, all of which exacerbate attempts to correlate sedimentary units across the sequence. The Mega Kalahari is a series of contiguous Phanerozoic sedimentary basins situated within the African Superswell. The Superswell has dominated the gross geomorphology of southern Africa and contributed significantly to the present character of the Mega Kalahari and the evolution of the drainage systems. Overall, the tectonic framework established in southern Africa by the division of Gondwanaland led to the creation of a dual drainage system, with the hingeline acting as a watershed between a coastally-orientated exoreic system and an endoreic system draining into the interior. Deposition of sediments started in the late Cretaceous. Neo-tectonic activity expressed in the rifting in central Botswana, further influenced sedimentation rates and exerted a strong control over paleo-drainage directions. This revIew presents the complexities of the Kalahari cover sequence. The most Important geomorphological and sedimentary factors to be considered when designing and implementing kimberlite exploration programs within the Mega Kalahari environment are outlined and discussed. New data from exploration drilling programs are presented on the thickness of the Kalahari within portions of northern Namibia, western Zambia and Botswana.
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Flower, Thomas Patrick. "Food theft by deceptive alarm calls in the fork-tailed drongo." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265529.

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Why do animals make false alarms; are false alarms truly deceptive; and if, just as in Aesop's fable 'The boy who cried wolf' , animals can learn to ignore false alarms, why doesn't deception break down? I investigated these questions in a population of habituated and individually recognisable fork-tailed drongos (Dicrurus adsimdis), in the South African Kalahari Desert. Drongos either self-foraged, when they hawked and gleaned small insects, or followed other species stealing large terrestrial prey that hosts excavated. Stealing food from other species enabled drongos to capture prey otherwise unavailable to them and accounted for over 20% of their biomass intake. This was of greatest benefit during the morning and on colder days when payoffs from stealing remained stable while those from self-foraging declined (Chapter 3). Drongos stole food using two strategies, either by physical attack or by producing false alarm calls in response to which hosts fled to cover, enabling drongos to fly down and collect abandoned food. False alarms increased overall success, and were produced when stealing small food items unprofitable to gain by physical attack, or when stealing from larger species more likely to defend food (Chapter 4). Drongos produced both their own alarm calls and mimicked alarm calls of other species in their false alarm repertoire. Playback experiments on two host species, pied babblers (Turdoides bicolor) and meerkats (Suricata suricatta), confirmed that these false alarm calls were deceptive because they were as effective at alerting hosts as true alarms given to approaching predators (Chapter 5). Further playbacks showed that hosts were more likely to be deceived by mimicked false alarm calls, including mimicry of the host species alarms, than by a drongo' s own alarms. In addition, host species habituated to repeated playback of the same alarm but resumed their response when a new alarm call was played, and drongos naturally changed their alarm calls when hosts failed to respond to a previous false alarm. Therefore, by employing vocal mimicry to vary their alarm calls drongos were both more likely to deceive hosts, and to maintain deception. Consequently drongos evaded the frequency dependent constraints which typically limit payoffs from deception when species produce only one signal (Chapter 6). The drongos sophisticated communication strategy raises questions for future research regarding the mechanisms leading to the production of complex behaviour.
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Pietersen, Darren William. "Behavioural ecology and conservation biology of ground pangolins Smutsia temminckii in the Kalahari Desert." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/36779.

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Ground pangolins Smutsia temminckii are inconspicuous, mainly nocturnal mammals that occur at low population densities. As a result, there is scant information available on the ecology and physiology of this species. To date the handful of studies focussing on this species were centred in the mesic eastern regions of its range, with no attention being given to ecological and biological traits in arid environments. To address these data shortfalls, a study was undertaken in the Kalahari Desert in northwestern South Africa. Very High Frequency (VHF) transmitters or Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers were fitted to 16 ground pangolins and their ecology and physiology studied over a period of three years. Throughout its range the ground pangolin is increasingly endangered, predominantly due to anthropogenic threats. Previous studies have identified threats facing this species, but very few of these studies included quantitative data as to the extent of these threats. The present study suggests that the main threats to ground pangolins in southern Africa are electrocution on electrified fences, the traditional medicine trade, habitat loss, road mortalities and capture in gin traps. Although accidental poisoning has previously been viewed as a threat, a review of the available literature suggests that this is not the case and that these views stemmed from two isolated incidents of captive animals. Electrocutions probably pose the greatest threat to ground pangolins, with mortality rates of one pangolin per 11 km of electrified fence per year recorded during this study. Home range sizes of this arid-zone population are comparable to the home range sizes recorded in mesic populations. Study animals in the Kalahari had Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) home range values of 10.0 ± 8.9 km² SD for adults and 7.1 ± 1.1 km² SD for juveniles, in comparison to the 0.17 – 23.38 km² MCP in Zimbabwe and 1.3 – 7.9 km2 MCP in mesic north-eastern South Africa. These results are surprising as arid-zone animals usually have larger home ranges than do their mesic counterparts. It is hypothesised that this discrepancy is due to the fact that ground pangolins in the Kalahari are on average 25 – 30 % smaller than their mesic counterparts. This smaller body size means that individuals require a smaller home range to meet their dietary requirements, which could be counteracting the trend of arid-zone individuals requiring larger home ranges. This research also found ground pangolins to be more active during the day in winter and nearly entirely nocturnal during summer. These changes in photoperiodicity are likely driven by adaptations to the extreme climatic conditions present at the study site rather than predation pressure or changes in food resources, although the latter may be playing a role as well. By being diurnal in winter, individuals avoid the extremely cold night-time temperatures, thus saving energy that would otherwise be spent on maintaining their body temperature. By contrast, becoming nocturnal in summer allows them to avoid the extreme daytime temperatures, thus conserving water. The results of this study reiterate previous findings that ground pangolins are entirely myrmecophagous and highly selective of the species that they eat. Study animals were recorded feeding on only four ant and two termite species, representing 7.5 % and 50 % of the total species richness of each of these families. This is similar to previous research in mesic savannahs where five ant one termite species constituted 97 % of the ground pangolin’s diet. No seasonal differences in prey selection were observed, although the species consumed did depend on the habitats that were available to individual ground pangolins. This study is the first to investigate the core body temperature (Tb) of a free-ranging pangolin. These data indicated that Tb fluctuated cyclically between 32 – 35 °C and reflected the activity periods of the animal, peaking when the animal was active. When the individual was inactive, Tb steadily decreased, suggesting that it used daily heterothermy to cope with the low food availability in this unpredictable environment. In summary, ecological parameters between arid and mesic ground pangolin populations are similar in some respects, but divergent in others. Arid-zone populations are smaller overall and show a higher degree of diurnal activity. Despite this smaller body size, home range values appear to be similar between arid and mesic populations. Although the prey species eaten by ground pangolins in the Kalahari differ from prey species in eastern South Africa and Zimbabwe, they belonged to the same genera and were of similar morphology and ecology. The core body temperature results confirm findings from previous captive studies that pangolin body temperatures are lower than those of other eutherian mammals of a similar size. Furthermore, these data indicate that core body temperature is a lot more variable than previously believed, and thus warrants further study. Overall ground pangolin densities in the Kalahari appear to be double those in eastern South Africa and Zimbabwe, although it is unclear whether this is genuine or whether it is an artefact of individuals being easier to locate in the Kalahari. This study also confirmed that electrocutions are probably the greatest threat to this species, and new threats such as accidental capture in gin traps and road mortalities have also come to light.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Zoology and Entomology
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Shaw, Alexander Iain. "The characterisation of calcrete based on its environmental settings within selected regions of the Kalahari, Southern Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3474d9e4-fa10-4bd4-af7e-dcbe9ebad640.

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Chemical sediments in a variety of geomorphic environments (pedogenic, fluvial, palustrine, lacustrine and pan) were investigated from seven regions (SW Kalahari, Kgalagadi, Kalkweissrand, Etosha, Linyanti, Okavango and Ngami) in the Kalahari of southern Africa. These primary and multi-phase sediments were characterised by a range of pure and intergrade silcrete, calcrete and dolocrete fabrics which contained an array of structures indicative of the crystalline and biogenic processes responsible for their precipitation, epigenesis and paragenesis. Petrography, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry provided significant insight regarding the environmental and geochemical conditions at the time of precipitation. Petrography indicated that the majority of chemical sediments were undergoing epigenetic modification as a consequence of the desiccation induced transition from phreatic to vadose diagenetic and geochemical conditions. The role of rapidly infiltrating meteoric water, associated with unstable wetting fronts, is believed to be instrumental in vadose diagenesis and the precipitation of crystalline/alpha fabric carbonate. Salinisation within the capillary fringe and deeper vadose zone is believed to be responsible for the sequence dolomitisation of crystalline calcite within mature sequences. Highly saline pan conditions instigate the precipitation of authigenic dolomite, calcite and K-feldspar within the surface sediments and authigenic silica at depth. Phreatic water beneath the islands, floodplains and fluvial systems of the Okavango, which undergoes evapotranspirational and transmission salinisation and ultimately terminal desiccation, are similarly precipitating silcrete. Pedogenic processes principally associated with C4 vegetation are responsible for the gratification of carbonate mud within desiccating lacustrine, palustrine and pan sediments. Within the thin sandy Kalahari soils, pedogenesis is limited, but biogenic/beta fabric precipitation linked to mycorrihizae and tree/shrub savanna vegetation is instrumental in the formation of hardpans and the modification of upper calcrete horizons. The dominance of a distinct assemblage (smectite/kaolinite or sepiolite/palygorskite) of authigenic clay minerals present within all the environments provides evidence of semi-arid precipitation within Mg and Ca enriched saline/rapidly evaporating water or brackish/reduced permeability environments.
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Du, Plessis Katherine. "Heat tolerance of Southern Pied Babblers in the Kalahari Desert : how will they respond to climate change?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10421.

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An increasing incidence of mass mortalities of birds in hot deserts suggests that birds may be appropriate candidates for assessing how natural selection, under the influence of climate change, drives adaptation. ... The effects of ambient temperature on daily weight gain, foraging effort and efficiency and the presence of heat-dissipation behaviours were assessed to determine the mechanisms by which increased temperature affect babbler body condition.
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Smit, Ben. "Taking the heat : integrating behavioural and physiological variables to predict avian responses to climate change in the Kalahari Desert." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79186.

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Leason, Helen C. "Spatial and temporal variability of vegetation cover and zones of potential aeolian activity in the southwest Kalahari Desert, determined using satellite data." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265579.

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Adeleke, Rasheed Adegbola. "Isolation, propagation and rapid molecular detection of the Kalahari truffle, a mycorrhizal fungus occurring in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002951.

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Terfezia pfeilii is an edible mycorrhizal fungus that thrives in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. It is best known by desert dwellers for its flavour and as a source of nutrition. Although the genus Terfezia is generally regarded as being an ectomycorrhizal mycobiont, the exact mycorrhizal type formed by T. pfeilli and its' associated host plants remains uncertain. Discovery of the host plants for T. pfeilii would first be required in order to further investigate the life cycle and cultivation of this truffle. This study focussed on the isolation of mycelia from the ascocarp, optimising the growth conditions of the mycelial cultures, rapid molecular identification of T. pfeilii, investigation of potential helper bacteria and mycorrhizal synthesis experiments. T. pfeilii ascocarps were harvested from the Spitskop Nature Reserve in Upington, South Africa. Ascocarps were successfully identified using both morphological and molecular methods. Despite the delayed growth mostly caused by contaminating microorganisms, the isolation of T. pfeilii mycelia culture was successful. Molecular techniques were used to confirm the identity of the pure culture. Further studies were conducted on ways to improve the growth conditions of the mycelial culture on Fontana medium. An optimum temperature of 32°C, the addition of Bovine Serum Albumin as a nitrogen source and a pH of 7.5 significantly improved the growth of T. pfeilii in vitro. A rapid PeR-based molecular method was developed to speed up the identification of T. pfeilii. Specific primers that can exclusively amplify the ITS region of T. pfeilii were designed and used to identify both the ascocarps and the mycelial culture. The specificity of these primers was confirmed by their inability to amplify DNA from the isolates of contamining fungi obtained during the isolation process. Molecular comparison was made to confirm the reclassification of South African samples of T. pfeilii as Kalaharituber pfeilii as proposed by Ferdman et al.,(2005). However, in this study, the name T. pfeilii has been retained. A total of 17 bacterial isolates were obtained from the fruiting bodies of T. pfeaii and these were tested for stimulation of mycelial growth in vitro, indole production and phosphate solubilising capabilities. Bacterial isolates that showed potential to be Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria (MHB) were identified as Paenibacillus sp., Bacillus sp. and Rhizobium tropici. Selected plant seedlings were inoculated with T. pfeilii cultures or ascocarp slurry in order to re-establish the mycorrhizal association. After 8 months, light microscopy observations revealed an endomycorrhizal type association between Cynodon dactylon and T. pfeilii. This was confirmed with molecular analysis using specific T. pfeilii ITS primers. After 15 months, molecular methods confirmed Acacia erioloba as another host plant. These results have provided essential information paving the way for further investigation into the life cycle and biology of the Kalahari truffle.
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Preston, Paula Cristina Canastra Ramos. "Physical and chemical characterization of the manganese ore bed at the Mamatwan mine, Kalahari manganese field." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1967.

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M.Sc.
The Mamatwan mine is situated at the most southern end of the world’s largest landbased resource of manganese, the Kalahari manganese field. The mine is operated by South African Manganese Corporation Limited (SAMANCOR) and is the largest open pit manganese mine in the world. The sedimentary manganese ore bed is interbedded with iron-formation of the Hotazel Formation of the Early Paleoproterozoic Voëlwater Subgroup of the Transvaal Supergroup. The open pit Mamatwan mine has a proven economic ore reserve of between 300 and 400Mt and produces 1.2Mt of manganese ore annually, of which 0.5Mt of ore is beneficiated and shipped through the harbour at Port Elizabeth. The remaining ore is railed to ferro-alloy plants at Meyerton and Newcastle. Carbonate-rich manganese lutite mined at the Mamatwan Mine is widely known as Mamatwan-type ore. It has a manganese content ranging from 30 – 38%. Only a small portion (15m of a total thickness of 49m) of the ore bed, containing an average of 38% Mn, is being mined and processed at present. The larger portion of the ore bed is not utilized. This study focuses on the physical and chemical characteristics of the ore bed in more detail in order to make suggestions on how to a) reduce waste by upgrading the upper parts of the lower manganese ore bed, or b) to improve the current recovery from the present economic zone. A second part of this study pays special attention to the lithostratigraphy of the lower manganese ore bed. The focus is on the paragenetic sequence and the diagenetic evolution of the braunite lutite that constitutes the manganese ore. The Mamatwan-type ore can be described as diagenetic to very low-grade metamorphic carbonate-bearing braunite manganolutite. Based on geochemical and mineralogical data, the lower manganese ore body was previously subdivided into eleven lithogically distinct zones. Based on detailed diamond drill core logging and with the aid of geochemical and physical data of two selected drill cores, an additional thirteen subzones were identified in this study. These new subzones were found to be consistent across the entire study area, located to the west and north of the present Mamatwan open pit. The paragenetic sequence recognised in the ore of the lower manganese ore bed can be subdivided into four stages, namely: (a) sedimentation, which is represented by fine lamination and the presence of fine-grained “dusty hematite”. (b) early diagenesis as represented by micritic carbonate matrix and possibly braunite, (c) late diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism are represented by coarse grained hausmannite, specularitic hematite, partridgeite and Mn-calcite, and supergene alteration that occurs immdediately below the contact of the ore bed to the unconformably overlying Tertiary Kalahari Formation. This supergene altered zone is marked by the presence of Mn4+ oxides such as cryptomelane, manjiroite, romanechite and pyrolusite, in addition to barite. The results obtained in this study permit definition of two sedimentary cycles within the manganese ore bed at the Mamatwan mine. Both cycles are defined by a carbonate-rich finely laminated zone at the base, overlain by a central manganese-rich economic zone, capped by manganese lutite that is enriched in carbonate ovoids. The two manganeserich zones are known as the M (lower) and X (upper) zone, and are characterized by the replacement of carbonate ovoids by hausmannite. The two Mn-rich zones are chemically and physically almost identical, with the M zone 7.5m thick and the X zone 5.5m thick. However, in the present mining configuration only the M zone is being mined. The most important result arising from the present study is the recommendation to restructure the future mining operation in order to mine not only the M zone, but also the X zone.
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Books on the topic "Kalahari Desert"

1

Aloian, Molly. The Kalahari Desert. St. Catharines, Ontario: Crabtree Pub., 2012.

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A, Shaw Paul, ed. The Kalahari environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Walt, Pieter Van der. The Kalahari and its plants. Pretoria: Info Naturae, 1999.

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Greeff, Pieter. Kryt en Kordaat. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2010.

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Belinda, Kruiper, ed. Kalahari rainsong. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2004.

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Nussey, Wilf. The crowded desert: The Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Rivonia: W. Waterman Publications, 1993.

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1949-, Owens Delia, ed. Cry of the Kalahari. London: Fontana, 1986.

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Kelleher, Victor. Em's story: A novel. St Lucia, Qld., Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1988.

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The healing land: The bushmen and the Kalahari desert. New York: Grove Press, 2001.

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Steve, Moseley, ed. Getaway guide to Karoo, Namaqualand & Kalahari. Roggebaai [South Africa]: Sunbird, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Kalahari Desert"

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Trappe, James M., Andrew W. Claridge, and Varda Kagan-Zur. "Ecology and Distribution of Desert Truffles in the Kalahari of Southern Africa." In Soil Biology, 193–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40096-4_13.

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Nash, David J. "Of Dunes, Depressions and Dry Valleys: The Arid Landscapes of the Kalahari Desert." In World Geomorphological Landscapes, 129–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03560-4_15.

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Mupambwa, Hupenyu A., Martha K. Hausiku, Andreas S. Namwoonde, Gadaffi M. Liswaniso, Mayday Haulofu, and Samuel K. Mafwila. "Climate Change Implications and Mitigation in a Hyperarid Country: A Case of Namibia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2247–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_225.

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AbstractNamibia is the most arid country in sub-Saharan Africa characterized by the existence of two deserts, the Namib and the Kalahari. However, though being arid, agriculture still plays a critical role in Namibia’s economy, which includes both crop and animal production. Furthermore, the country is endowed with vast marine resources, with its marine waters being equivalent to two-thirds of Namibia’s terrestrial environment. In the face of climate change and a growing population, there is a need for Namibia to continue with its climate smart efforts which is critical in shifting the country from its current dependency on imports thus increasing the country’s food self-sufficiency. This chapter highlights the threats posed by climate change, both on land and the marine environment of the country, which has potential negative impacts on the economy. Current research being undertaken in Namibia on ocean acidification, sea water harvesting, climate smart agriculture, and atmospheric science, is also highlighted in this chapter. The information presented in this chapter will be critical in guiding climate change mitigation policies in hyperarid African countries, thus reducing the burden caused by the global change in climate. Aspects on the direction of future research on climate adaptation with a holistic and multidisciplinary approach are also proposed.
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Alward, Ron, Teedzani Woto, and Roger Yates. "SOLAR DISTILLATION IN THE KALAHARI DESERT." In Advances In Solar Energy Technology, 2799–803. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034315-0.50518-8.

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"THE BUSHMEN: HUNTERS IN THE KALAHARI DESERT." In Habitat, Economy and Society, 44–51. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315017440-8.

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"San (Southern Africa, Kalahari Desert, Namibia, Botswana)." In Encyclopedia of Public Health, 1278. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_3093.

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Reeves, Colin V. "13. The Kalahari Desert, Central Southern Africa: A Case History of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Exploration." In The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, 144–53. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.0931830346.ch13.

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"A sedimentary record of environmental change at Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana." In African Palaeoenvironments and Geomorphic Landscape Evolution, 79–104. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10542-9.

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Thomas, D. S. G., R. W. O’Connor, and S. Stokes. "Late Quaternary aridity in the southwestern Kalahari Desert: New contributions from Optically Simulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of aeolian deposits, northern Cape Province, South Africa." In Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change, 213–24. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003077862-23.

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Öhrström, Lars. "Mr Khama is Coming to Dinner." In The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.003.0004.

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The temperature is approaching +38°C, and the highway between Botswana’s capital Gaborone and Francistown stretches out ahead in a straight line, heading north-east. It is the peak of the hot season, and here on the verge of the Kalahari Desert a dusty yellowish hue should colour the landscape, but instead rains have made everything a vibrant green. We stop and see hundreds of identical butterflies assembled in a small mud pool, and back on the well-paved and smooth road we are constantly vigilant to avoid the occasional cow, goat, or donkey feasting on the green grass beside the highway. At the big coal mine and power station in Palapye we turn left from the main road, and after another hour we pass a big modern shopping centre and then, without really noticing, we have entered Serowe, considered by some to be the largest traditional village in Africa—a settlement with a population of 90,000 or so spread out in mostly one- or two-storey houses in a very distinctive un-city-like manner. We see signs directing us to the museum, that we don’t find, and the kgotla, that we do. This large, very tidy, open space, surrounded by majestic trees and a wall at hip-height, is still the meeting place of the Bamangwato tribal councils (the word kgotla means ‘court’ in Setswana), but today it is completely deserted. But let’s now move back to 23 June 1949, when the situation was very different. Serowe, then the largest urban centre in the British Bechuanaland Protectorate, had just seen a massive invasion of South African and British journalists, in addition to the hundreds of tribesmen gathered in the kgotla. It was not as hot, as it was winter, but at that time this really was a remote place. There was not a metre of paved road in the Protectorate, the country was poor and austere, and the British preferred to conduct their fairly relaxed administration from the more comfortable Mafeking in the Union of South Africa.
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Conference papers on the topic "Kalahari Desert"

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I. Koosimile, D., and P. A. Gledhill. "Time domain EM in the Kalahari Desert." In 56th EAEG Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201410070.

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Winschiers-Theophilus, Heike, Veera Virmasalo, Marly M. Samuel, Brit Stichel, and Helena E. Afrikaner. "FACILITATING DESIGN FOR THE UNKNOWN: AN INCLUSIVE INNOVATION DESIGN JOURNEY WITH A SAN COMMUNITY IN THE KALAHARI DESERT." In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Design Creativity. The Design Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35199/icdc.2020.33.

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Matmon, Ari. "GSA QUATERNARY GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY DIVISION FAROUK EL-BAZ AWARD FOR DESERT RESEARCH 2020: A NEW LOOK AT THE KALAHARI GROUP SEDIMENTS." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369001.

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Rodil, Kasper, Donovan Maasz, and Heike Winschiers-Theophilus. "Moving Virtual Reality out of its Comfort Zone and Into the African Kalahari Desert Field: Experiences From Technological Co-Exploration With an Indigenous San Community in Namibia." In VRST '20: 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418955.

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