Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Kalaṅka'

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social.
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To construct an algorithm which does well in a board game, one must take into account the time spent on each move and the ability to evaluate the state of the board. There are multiple ways to handle these issues, but only a few are covered in this analysis. AIs using the algorithms minimax, minimax with alpha-beta pruning and minimax with knowledge-based alpha-beta pruning are being compared when playing Kalaha with a 30 second time limit per move. Each algorithm is in addition paired up with two different methods of evaluating the games state. The first one only compares the amount of counters in each players store, while the second, knowledge-based method, extends this with an evaluation of the counters in play. A tournament was held between the AIs where each match-up played twelve games against each other. The regular minimax algorithm is appearing to be inferior to the improved variations. The knowledge-based alpha-beta pruning is unexpectedly unsuccessful in outperforming the regular alpha-beta pruning and a discussion covers possible errors with the implementation and possible improvements. The knowledge-based evaluation method is appearing to be slightly more successful than the simple variant, but a discussion questions the real usefulness of it when paired with more advanced search algorithms than the ones covered in this study.

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The Kalankó community lives in the hinterland of Alagoas, more specifically in the municipality of Água Branca/AL. They have reinforced their indigenous identity publicly since the end of the 1990s, receiving the official classification by the federal government as Indians - in 2003. The field of ethnology classifies this phenomenon as ethnogenesis, among other related terms. These studies focus on the relationship between these populations and the nation state. This thesis aims to understand the Kalankó point of view as to what it means to be a Kalankó person. It is also a study on the symbolic system that is based on native music that acts as the pivot of a complex ritual that connects the mythology with some cultural domains and points out a complex representation of reality. In this sense, this thesis also attempts to understand how this representation is used to establish similarities and differences of strategic importance to the other peoples of the region and Brazil. In addition, I seek to understand what is an indigenous identity from the indigenous perspective. As a consequence, this provides insight into what is human. This thesis is based on a series of eight trips to the region, divided asymmetrically among indigenous groups in the same area, as well as major urban centers of the region, with the main focus on Kalankó villages. In this sense, one of the objectives of this thesis is to carry out studies on the concept of culture and identity, contributing to the field of anthropology. And beyond that, it tries to reposition Kalankó and other indigenous peoples of the northeastern hinterlands among ethnology in Brazil, leaving them symmetrically among other indigenous people, expanding the possibilities of the understanding of human phenomenon
Os Kalankó vivem no alto sertão alagoano, mais especificamente no município de Água Branca/AL. Eles afirmam-se publicamente indígenas, desde o fim da década de 1990, sendo reconhecidos como tais pelo Estado brasileiro em 2003. A etnologia indígena estuda e classifica este fenômeno como etnogênese, além de outros termos afins. Estes estudos focam-se na relação social destas populações com o Estado-nacão e entre elas. Esta tese busca compreender o ponto de vista Kalankó sobre o que é ser uma pessoa Kalankó. Trata-se ainda de um estudo sobre o sistema simbólico nativo que tem como base a música, a qual age como o pivô de um complexo ritual que liga o sistema mitocosmológico a alguns outros domínios culturais, apontando para a existência de um sistema de representações sociais acerca do mundo e do self. Além disso, tenta-se entender como este sistema de representação é usado para se estabelecer aproximações e distanciamentos estratégicos em relação às outras populações da região e do Brasil. Neste sentido, busca-se ainda compreender o que é uma identidade indígena, da perspectiva indígena do processo. E, assim, o que é humano para as populações em questão. Para isso, o desenvolvimento do trabalho apoiou-se em uma série de oito viagens, divididas assimetricamente entre os grupos indígenas do alto sertão alagoano, os principais centros urbanos da região e principalmente a aldeia Kalankó. Neste sentido, os objetivos da tese são os de realizar um aprofundamento nos estudos sobre o conceito de cultura e de identidade, contribuindo ao campo de estudos da antropologia. E, acima disso, reposicionar os Kalankó e os outros povos indígenas do sertão nordestino no campo de estudos da etnologia indígena no Brasil, deixando-os simetricamente ao lado de outras populações ameríndias e expandindo as possibilidades de entendimento destas pessoas

Animals play an important role in the communication of wisdom. In songs, proverbs, aphorisms, riddles and other oral modes of communication, animals sometimes play the roles of human beings. Homeric similes, Hesiodic and Aesopic fables, and numerous oral figures of speech in Greek lyric poetry often incorporate animals in their figurative language. Likewise, Kalanga folktales, proverbs, and other didactic modes attest to the importance of animals within this culture as vehicles to teach moral lessons. This tendency is visible among many cultures across the world. As such, the broad concerns of this thesis are to compare the way Archaic Greek and Kalanga wisdom literatures resort to animal imagery in the dissemination of moral lessons. The study evaluates the way animals are deployed as metaphors to signify and express human actions and human attitudes in oral thought. In a narrow sense, I study the deployment of animals insofar as they shed light upon the human attributes of cleverness and stupidity; the use of animals' characters in political commentary; as well as in the economic and erotic didactics in Archaic Greek and Kalanga oral wisdom literatures. Judging from the frequency of their appearance, it seems that animals are one of the preferred ways through which people offer insights into themselves. Commenting on the human habit of integrating animals into one's religious and moral views, Peter Lum says 'The animal world seems to the mind of primitive man to be only a very short step from the human.' This dissertation seeks to arrive at answers to a number of questions through a comparative study of selections from the two traditions. What are the premises and presuppositions behind the deployment of each animal in such literature? What are the bases for building a human character on an animal? How do we compare and contrast the human and animal natures? And, what makes an animal assume a specific role, and not another, in folklore? What ecological and ethical concerns can be observed in this type of literature? Most importantly, what similarities are there between Greek and Kalanga oral modes of expression? By revealing similarities in animal imagery between two diverse wisdom traditions, this work explores what may be described as a natural, cross-cultural basic component of didactic poetry: a common denominator that gets to the root of archaic wisdom. Furthermore, as a poetic element seemingly rooted in the realities of agrarian society, such symbolism leads us to consider whether the moral authority it represents is purely poetic or whether it actually holds cultural capital. This exercise entails using the dynamics of a living tradition to understand more about one we access through texts and commentaries.

Os Kalankó, Karuazu, Katokinn e Koiupanka. desde 1998 vem reaparecendo no cenário étnico-político como índios resistentes. Como tais, demandam do Órgão indigenista oficial, a FUNAI, reconhecimento, delimitação e demarcação etnicoterritorial. A forma particular como reapareceram marcou os quatro povos: uma aparição pública coletiva chamada "festa do ressurgimento". Apresentando-se de forma similar, mas em espaço físico e temporal distintos, o reaparecimento étnico dos KKKK tem como pano de fundo o processo hist6rico e a trajet6ria (dispersão e reagrupamento) desses grupos como "rama" e "ponta de rama" (dos Pankararu, seus ascendentes) no Alto Sertão alagoano. A pesquisa de campo desenvolve-se, paralelamente, no registro fílmico-fotográfico desses eventos e na reconstrução de seus etnônimos e observa, em seu conjunto, as relações entre a representação indígena e a imagem "como um retorno a si mesmo" como uma forma de entrever o passado desses povos em imagens do presente, nas quais os indivíduos e suas comunidades compõem sua própria forma de "mostrar-se" ao mundo com "novas" especificidades étnicas, numa tentativa de restaurar também sua memória, o que permite, nesta pesquisa, caracterizar o tratamento hist6rico atribuído aos índios, enquanto que, paralelamente, o registro imagético possibilita também formar arquivos dos mesmos no Brasil.
Since 1998 the Kalankó, Karuazu, Katokinn and Koiupanka have been reappearing throughout the ethnic-political scene as resistant Indians. As such, they have demanded from Funai, the official indigenist office, their official recognition, as well as the measurement and official establishment of their ethnic territories. The singular way in which they have reappeared has marked the four peoples: a collective public appearance named the reappearance feast". Showing themselves in a similar way, but in distinct physical and temporal spaces, the ethnic reappearance of the KKKK branch has had as backdrop the historical process and journey (breaking up and regrouping) of these groups as "branch" and "end of branch" (from their ascendants, the Pankararu) in the highlands of Alagoas state. Meanwhile, in the same time frame, fieldwork is developed, overall, using filmic-photographic register of these events observing as well the reconstruction of their ethnic-names, including the relationships between indigenous self-presentation and image "as a return upon oneself'. This is a way to see the past of these peoples and the images of their actuality, in which individuals and their communities compose their own form of "showing themselves off' to the world with "new" ethnic specificities, as an attempt to bring back their memories. All of this allows this research to characterize the historical treatment given to the Indians while, at the same time, the imagetic registration also allows the formation of archives about them in Brazil.

Máquinas rotativas são sempre sujeitas à vibrações mecânicas, em menor ou maior grau, e para garantir um correto funcionamento destas máquinas, evitando falhas de operação, é necessário realizar o controle destas vibrações. Uma das frentes que vem se destacando nesta área é o controle ativo de vibrações. Neste tipo de abordagem as vibrações são controladas ativamente através de um sistema de atuação e de uma técnica de controle a ser empregada de forma satisfatória. Neste contexto, existem inúmeras abordagens da teoria de controle que podem ser aplicadas, e aqui é avaliada a aplicação da metodologia proposta por Udwadia e Kalaba para o controle de trajetória de sistemas não lineares, uma técnica de controle ainda não utilizada no controle ativo de vibrações em sistemas rotativos. Em um primeiro momento a avaliação do desempenho e potencial de aplicação desta metodologia é realizada em sistemas com quatro graus de liberdade através de comparação com controladores do tipo proporcional-integral-derivativo e regulador linear-quadrático. Os resultados obtidos pelo controlador avaliado são similares aos resultados obtidos pelo controlador proporcional-integral-derivativo com melhorias em termos de erro de posicionamento. A metodologia também é avaliada em um sistema rotativo com um maior número de graus de liberdade, no qual é possível compreender o comportamento do controlador em um sistema flexível. Por fim realiza-se um exemplo de aplicação da técnica em um sistema com um eixo rígido e mancal hidrodinâmico ativo de atuação eletromagnética. Os resultados de simulação obtidos mostram que a metodologia possui potencial de aplicação para sistemas que apresentam eixo rígido, no qual uma drástica redução na amplitude de vibração do sistema foi observada por toda faixa de operação avaliada, enquanto que a sua aplicação em sistemas com eixo flexível se tornou restrita aos dois primeiros modos de vibrar do sistema flexível utilizado, modelado através do método dos elementos finitos.
Rotating machinery are always subject to mechanical vibration to a lesser or greater degree, and to ensure proper operation of these machines, avoiding faulty operation, it is necessary to carry out the control of these vibrations. One of the fronts that stood out in this area is the active vibration control. In this type of approach, vibrations are actively managed through an actuation system and a control technique to be used satisfactorily. In this context, there are numerous approaches to control theory that can be applied, and here the application of the methodology proposed by Udwadia and Kalaba for trajectory control of nonlinear systems is evaluated, a control technique not yet used in active vibration control in rotating systems. At first the evaluation of the performance and potential application of this methodology is performed on systems with four degrees of freedom by comparison with controllers of the proportional-integral-derivative and linear-quadratic regulator type. The results of the evaluated controller are similar to results obtained by proportional-integral-derivative controller with improvements in positioning error. The methodology is also evaluated in a rotating system with a larger number of degrees of freedom, wherein we can understand the controllers behavior in a flexible system. Finally, an application example of the technique on a system with a rigid shaft and hydrodynamic bearing with electromagnetic actuators is presented. The obtained simulation results show that the method has application potential to systems having rigid shaft, in which a dramatic reduction in the amplitude of vibration of the system was observed at all the operating range evaluated, whereas their application in systems with flexible shaft became restricted to the first two vibration modes of the flexible system used, modeled by the finite element method.

The primary objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between job insecurity and the work-related outcomes of over-commitment and perceived performance of trainers and trainees (n = 700) at a South African gold mine?s training academy. A cross-sectional survey design was utilised to attain the outcomes of the research. The Qualitative and Quantitative Job insecurity scales of Hellgren, Sverke and Isaksson (1999), the Social support scales of Caplan, Cobb, French, Van Harrison and Pinneau (1975), the Over-commitment scale of Näswall, Baraldi, Richter, Hellgren and Sverke (2006) and a scale measuring Perceived performance (Hall & Hall, 1976) were administered. The results indicated significant relationships between job insecurity, over-commitment and perceived performance. The regression analysis confirmed that job insecurity (qualitative and quantitative), social support and their interaction predict over-commitment. Perceptions of performance were only predicted by social support. This study offers assistance to organisations that are going through adjustments and are striving for a healthy work organisation. In closing, recommendations for future research were made.
Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Orientador: Fernando Cury de Tacca
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Trata, este trabalho, do ressurgimento de povos indígenas que durante décadas vinham sobrevivendo no anonimato; trata do resgate e da construção social e visual - de sua auto-imagem no processo de ressurgência étnica e de suas relações no âmbito do indigenismo oficial e do movimento indígena. São essas questões que, observadas através do vídeo e da fotografia, nos levam a duas vertentes: uma de efeito do conhecimento antropológico a respeito da problemática indígena contemporânea no Brasil e a outra, no sentido de contribuir para desenvolver capacidades de observar ações (antropológicas) no campo da visualidade. O trabalho visa a observar as relações entre a representação (indígena) e a imagem como um retomo a si mesmo, isto é, de entrever o passado desses povos em imagens do presente e, também, de gerar reações e reflexões sobre as condições históricas e atuais das populações indígenas, em cujo espaço temporal (atual), os indivíduos e suas comunidades compõem sua própria forma de "mostrar-se" ao mundo (como índios) com "novas" especificidades étnicas, que, ao reapropriar-se de sua cultura, re-atualizam sua imagem e, através dela, comunicam sua identidade étnica atual numa tentativa de restaurar, também, sua memória: o que permite, nesta pesquisa, caracterizar o tratamento histórico atribuído aos índios, enquanto que, paralelamente, o registro imagético possibilita, também, construir ou formar arquivos dos índios no Brasil
Mestrado
Multimeios
Mestre em Multimeios

This study is concerned with representation. It considers the nature of a culturally located narrative form called talanoa and its creative translation into film. The film Talanoa: Matala ‘o e Fonua that constitutes the designed outcome of this project considers the memories of three Tongan women who left their homeland to settle in New Zealand between 1970’s and 1990’s. It is designed as three related garlands that exist as a related unit. Talanoa: Matala ‘o e Fonua is therefore, a creative synthesis of their talanoa, into a new form of documentary that is designed to capture the cultural and emotional resonance of their stories. The work orchestrates photography, animation, sound design, filmed footage and extensive postproduction research into a unique text that seeks to move the parameters of documentary beyond the visual interview. In doing so, the research draws heavily on Tongan paradigms of narrative and representation.

Kontext. Evalueringsfunktioner är en viktig del inom artificiell intelligens. En evalueringsfunktion utvärderar ett spelläge och är svår och tidskrävande att utveckla. Inför denna uppsats utvecklades en ny teknik som kan användas på en evalueringsfunktion för att skapa en urvalsbaserad evalueringsfunktion. Mål och Objektiv. I denna uppsats utvärderas en ny teknik för att förbättra evalueringsfunktioner för Kalaha. Tekniken bygger på att utvärdera spelläget både som det är och genom att sampla möjliga framtida drag. Teknikens framgångar mäts i antal vinster mot andra evalueringsfunktioner. Metod. Detta arbete bygger på en implementationsmetod där kvantitativ data samlas in för analys. Spelet och de artificiella intelligenserna utvecklades i C++ med hjälp av Microsoft Visual Studio 12. Resultat. Utfallet från matcher mellan evalueringsfunktioner och urvalsbaserade evalueringsfunktioner sammanställdes till tabeller. Slutsats. Den urvalsbaserade tekniken hade framgångar i matcherna och anses därför vara en lyckad förbättring av evalueringsfunktionerna som användes.

Bien des fois, c’est en regardant le passé que l’on découvre que le présent s’en est inspiré et qu’on peut construire l’avenir. Le sens profond de l’hospitalité des Bédouins fait aujourd’hui de ce code d’honneur un acte social et commercial de premier plan. Passant d’un devoir de bienveillance à l’égard de son prochain à une obligation de partenariat, le sponsorship véhicule une valeur morale souvent occultée par les mécanismes juridiques de sa mise en œuvre. Mal connu dans le monde, la kafala ou sponsorship a fait l’objet de très peu d’études doctrinales d’ensemble. Les États du Conseil de coopération du Golfe (CCG) ont relégué une mission d’intérêt général à la société civile. L’institution pénètre le contrat de droit privé. Le législateur a mis en place un droit de l’investissement obligeant les étrangers à disposer d’un sponsor pour mener une activité commerciale locale. Cette impérativité attribue ausponsorship un caractère prohibitif et, pourtant, son efficience économique dépasse largement les objectifs initiaux du législateur. L’ambition de cette étude est de découvrir la vraie nature du sponsorship
Frequently, while looking at the past, we can discern that the present draws inspiration from it, and that we can also use it to shape the future. The long-standing Bedouin tradition of hospitality nowadays gives this code of honour vital importance, both socially and commercially. Whether a duty of benevolence towards one’s neighbour, or a partnership obligation, sponsorship conveys moral values, often obscured by legal machinations in its execution. Little known globally, kafala, or sponsorship, is a theme that has rarely been considered in doctrinal studies. The GCC states have underestimated what is in fact a mission of general interest to civil society. This institution is a part of private-law contract. Legislators have introduced a law obliging foreign investors to have a sponsor in order to conduct a local commercial activity. This imperative nature gives sponsorship the impression of being prohibitive, although its economic efficiency far exceed the initial objectives envisaged by the legislation. The aim of this study is to discover the true nature of sponsorship

This dissertation investigates the role of media in the identity construction of minority language speakers in Botswana, with a focus on the Bakalanga. The study is informed by debates around the degree to which the media can be seen to play a central role in the way the Bakalanga define their own identity. As part of this, it considers how such individuals understand their own sense of identity to be located within processes of nation-building, and in particular in relation to the construction of a national identity. It focuses, more particularly, on the extent to which the absence of particular languages within media can be said to impact on such processes of identity formation. The study responds, at the same time, to the argument that people’s more general lived experiences and their broader social environment have a bearing on how they make sense of the media. As such, it can be seen to critique the assumption that the media necessarily play a central and defining role within processes of socialisation. In order to explore the significance of these debates for a study of the Bakalanga, the dissertation includes a contextual discussion of language policy in Botswana, the impact of colonial history on such policy and the implications that this has had for the linguistic identity of the media. It also reviews theoretical debates that help to make sense of the role that the media plays within the processes through which minority language speakers construct their own identity. Finally, it includes an empirical case study, consisting of qualitative interviews with individuals who identify themselves as Bakalanga. It is argued that, because of the absence of their own language from the media, the respondents do not describe the media as central to their own processes of identity formation. At the same time, the respondents recognise the importance of the media within society, and are preoccupied with their own marginalisation from the media. The study explores the way the respondents make sense of such marginalisation, as demonstrated by their attempts to seek alternative media platforms in which they can find recognition of their own language and social experience. The study thus reaffirms the significance of media in society – even for people who feel that they are not recognised within such media.

In complex clause constructions, the dependent clause can either precede or succeed the main clause. In a study on a selection of Indo-Aryan languages spoken on the Indian subcontinent (Hook 1987), a gradual transition between pre- and postposing languages was found, when moving from the southeast to the northwest in the area. In their relative vicinity in the Hindukush area, a sub-group of Indo-Aryan languages are spoken, commonly known by the tentative term “Dardic”. These languages are said to mainly have the dependent clause preceding the main clause (left-branching), and that this feature is shared by the neighbouring languages. This would mean a breach with the continuum described by Hook. In the present comparative study on the Dardic languages spoken in northern Pakistan, complex clauses of adverbial and complement types were studied in an attempt to confirm this proposition. The languages were found to have two competing branching structures where the indigenous, dominating left-branching structure possibly is being challenged by an imported right branching pattern, especially in complement clauses, possibly due to Persian or Urdu influence. A similar transition between more left-branching languages towards languages with a higher degree of right branching structures were found when moving from east to west in the geographical area studied.
I underordnande satskonstruktioner kan bisatsen antingen föregå eller följa på huvudsatsen. I en studie på ett urval indoariska språk som talas på den indiska subkontinenten (Hook 1987) fann man en gradvis skiftning mellan språk med bisatsen till vänster om huvudsatsen (vänsterställda), via språk som tillät båda placeringar av bisatsen, till språk som enbart hade bisatsen till höger om huvudsatsen (högerställda). Detta när man rörde sig från sydöstra Indien i riktning mot nordväst. I Hindukush-området, inte allt för långt ifrån denna region, talas en undergrupp av indoariska språk som länge gått under den provisoriska termen ”dardiska” språk. Om dessa språk har det hävdats att de har bisatsen till vänster om huvudsatsen, ett drag som också ska delas med närliggande språk i området. Om detta stämmer skulle det innebära en brytning av det kontinuum Hook beskrev. I denna jämförande studie på några indo-ariska språk som talas i norra Pakistan studerades underordnade adverbiala och nominala bisatser i ett försök att utreda om dessa verkligen är vänsterställda. Språken befanns ha två konkurrerande placeringsmönster där en inhemsk och starkt dominerande vänsterställd struktur eventuellt håller på att utmanas av en importerad högerställd struktur, särskilt i nominala objektsatser, som möjligen kommit in i språken via inflytande från persiska eller urdu. Ett kontinuum liknande Hooks mellan språk med primärt vänsterställda bisatser till språk med en allt högre andel högerställda bisatser hittades i en rörelse från öst till väst i området.

L’étude des systèmes d'effondrement en position d’avant chaîne de la région d’Oulad Boughanem - Kalaat Senam - Kalaa Khesba (Centre-Ouest de la Tunisie) est menée, à partir des données de puits pétroliers et des investigations sismiques et gravimétriques. Cette région se caractérise par un agencement de grabens en système de pull-apart dont les jonctions sont jalonnées par des formations triassiques salifères. Les données géophysiques acquises, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse détaillée afin de mieux imager les structures de subsurface et de distinguer les éléments associés à une « tectonique subtile » des structures. Dans une première partie, l’étude porte sur les variations des faciès ainsi que l’organisation des structures profondes sur la base de corrélations lithostratigraphiques. Afin de mieux comprendre la structuration de ces grabens en subsurface, la deuxième partie est dédiée à l’analyse, l’interprétation des données gravimétriques et sismiques disponibles et à la construction d’un modèle 2.5D du graben Kalaat Senam. La combinaison des différents résultats géophysiques issus du traitement et de l'interprétation de l’ensemble de l’information disponible, montre (i) en gravimétrie, après différents types de traitements: calcul de prolongements vers le haut, de dérivée Tilt-derivative, TDX, dérivée horizontale totale (MGH/ SED)), montre l’existence de failles de direction NW-SE, NNW-SSE à NS et NE-SW à EW ; des sources à 4 km de profondeur et des structures "syn-graben cachées", et (ii) en sismique un dédoublement des séries d’âge Eocène-Paléocène (formations El Haria, Chouabine et El Garia), avec un chevauchement remarquable en sub-surface d’âge Mio-Plio-Quaternaire, et un plis-faille au sein du graben Kalaa Khesba. La tectonique syn-graben et la jonction inter-graben ont joué un rôle majeur dans la genèse des plis, des failles, ainsi que la mise en place des corps salifères. A la lumière de l’analyse des données géophysiques et la modélisation du système, des pistes d’améliorations de l’interprétation de la structure géologique du sous sol sont proposées en vue d’orienter les futures explorations
The study of grabens in the forward position of the region of Oulad Boughanem - Kalaat Senam - Kalaa Khesba (Central West of Tunisia) is conducted, based on oil well data and seismic and gravimetric investigations. This region is characterized by a combination of grabens in a pull-apart system whose junctions are marked by saliferous triassic formations. The acquired geophysical data was subjected to a detailed analysis in order to better picture subsurface structures and to distinguish the elements associated with “subtle tectonics” from structures. In the first part, the study focuses on the variations of facies as well as the organisation of deep structures on the basis of lithostratigraphic correlations. In order to better understand the structure of these grabens in subsurface, the second part is dedicated to the analysis, the interpretation of the available gravimetric and seismic data and the construction of a 2.5D model of the Kalaat Senam Graben. The combination of the different geophysical results obtained from the processing and the interpretation of all available information, shows (i) in gravimetry, after different types of treatments: calculation of extensions upwards, Tilt-derivative derivative, TDX, total horizontal derivative (MGH/ SED)), shows the existence of directional faults NW-SE, NNW-SSE to NS and NE-SW to EW; sources at 4 km of depth and "hidden syn-graben" structures, and (ii) In seismic, a split of the Eocene-Paleocene age series (El Haria, Chouabine and El Garia formations), with a remarkable overlap in sub-surface Mio-Plio-Quaternary age, and a thrust and strike-slip in the Graben Kalaa Khesba. Syn-graben tectonics and the inter-graben junction played a major role in the genesis of folds, faults, as well as the placement of saliferous bodies. In the light of the analysis of the geophysical data and the modelling of the system, ways of improving the interpretation of the geological structure of the subsoil are proposed in order to guide future explorations

La kafala, mesure de protection et de prise en charge d’enfants de filiation connue ou inconnue dans les pays musulmans qui interdisent l’adoption en raison d’un impératif religieux, a confronté le droit français à de sérieux défis tant d’un point de vue conceptuel que technique. Essentiellement pratiquée dans les pays du Maghreb, elle a été introduite en France dans le cadre du regroupement familial, d’abord, et dans celui de l’adoption internationale, ensuite. Mais, si le droit international privé français a depuis longtemps appris à gérer l’accueil d’institutions et de lois étrangères dans l’ordre interne, la kafala, a remis en lumière bon nombre de problématiques liées aux méthodes et objectifs poursuivis par la discipline. Précisément, elle a reposé avec acuité les interrogations en rapport avec la place des droits fondamentaux dans le conflit de lois, d’une part, et la politique de tolérance dans la réception d’institutions ou l’application de normes à fort référent religieux, d’autre part. Et c’est ce cadre qui a servi a délimiter les contours du travail mené sur la question. Ainsi, l’approche comparatiste a été privilégiée pour la partie consacrée à la compréhension et à l’étude du dispositif de la kafala dans deux pays témoins : l’Algérie et le Maroc, d’où proviennent la plupart des enfants recueillis. Après des éclairages historico-juridiques destinés à saisir les origines de cette institution et la conception de la famille qui prévaut dans les deux sociétés considérées, la démarche s’est poursuivie par l’inscription de l’objet d’étude dans le contexte qui l’a fait naître et fait évoluer avant de procéder à sa comparaison avec les institutions françaises proches. A cet effet, plusieurs matières ressources et leurs travaux respectifs ont été mobilisés. Le second volet du travail a porté sur la question pratique de la réception de la kafala par les juridictions françaises depuis les années 1990 qui a révélé des incohérences, des lacunes et des positionnements discutables. En particulier, la prise en compte de l’intérêt de l’enfant recueilli, lequel est souvent abandonné et de parents inconnus, prescrite par la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant, a fait l’objet d’une évaluation insuffisante. Et, depuis la loi du 06 février 2001, la kafala ne pouvant valoir adoption, son effectivité actuellement en France demeure non seulement limitée mais aussi porteuse d’insécurité et de difficultés pour les parties concernées, nécessitant, par conséquent, une réforme urgente
Muslim countries provide special protection and assistance towards children deprived of their family environment through what is called kafala because their family law, essentially based on sharia, forbids adoption. French international law, when faced with this unusual institution imported by the important North African population leaving in France, had to deal with many difficulties in terms of understanding the concept and its technical specifics. Kafala had been brought in France by two means: family reunification, firstly, and international adoption, secondly. But, despite having been used to admitting muslim familial institutions and laws in the past, French international law actually proved to be unsuitable when it comes to kafala. Indeed, the methods and the aims of the discipline are discussed, again, due to the question of fundamental human rights ignored in the conflict of laws and the enforcement of religious laws or the effectiveness of muslim institutions allowed (at least when it is in compliance with the “ordre public international”). All these elements have guided the work. Thus, the comparatist view has been favoured concerning the understanding and the study of the kafala in these countries: Algeria and Morocco, where most of the foster children come from. After analyzing historical and legal points aimed at understanding the origins of this institution and the notion of the family which dominates in both societies, we will tackle its birth and its evolution before comparing it to the French institutions for which many studies have been established. In the second point, the question of the acceptance of the kafala by the French jurisdictions since the 1990s is raised. It has highlighted inconsistencies, flaws and questionable decisions especially the care of the foster child (often abandoned and from unknown parents) which has been insufficiently taken into account even if recommended by the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. And since the law of February 6th 2001, the kafala cannot be passed , its effectiveness nowadays in France is still limited but also brings insecurity and difficulties to the foster children which, consequently, requires an urgent reform

Companies have existed for thousands of years all over the world, however, brands are the personality of a company, and as people, a broad range of personalities can be found, just like brands. The choice and use of the appropriate brand language according to the business’s vision, mission and value create the correct perception to its targeted customers. The name, the logo, the colours, the imagery chosen is the face of the brand. This thesis presents how and why to choose appropriate brand language, bringing to it added value, such as understanding why purple is more than mixing red and blue, or why choosing a particular shaped letter is more than a angled line. Just as brands change, times change as well; it is important to take into consideration the era we live in and the eras your brand will live in, this being longer than its founders. With this is mind, it was important to understand what the technological trends of the decade are, and what to expect as the billboards of tomorrow. Augmented reality was a trend which caught my attention and decided to investigate and implement while projecting creation of the brand. Considering the objective of creating a fashion brand in a technological era, it was important to conduct case studies of fashion brands, understand brand language and how augmented reality is implemented in their advertisement. Kalaia, a swimwear brand, I created with the development of this thesis is the ensemble of both theoretical and projection components form this course. Kalaia, selling products made in Portugal, intends to sell more than swimsuits but a lifestyle, for daring, irreverent and adventurous women.
Empresas existem há centenas de anos, no entanto, as marcas são a personalidade de uma empresa e, como pessoas, uma grande variedade de personalidades pode ser encontrada em diferentes marcas. A escolha e o uso da linguagem visual apropriada, de acordo com a visão, missão e valores da empresa criam a perceção correta paro o público-alvo pretendido. O nome, o logotipo, as cores, as imagens escolhidas são a personalidade que encontramos nas marcas. Esta tese apresenta escolher a linguagem apropriada da marca para lhe acrescentar valor, tal como perceber que o roxo é mais do que a mistura de vermelho e azul ou que uma letra é mais que linhas angulares. Assim como as marcas mudam, os tempos também e é importante levar em consideração a época em que vivemos e as épocas em que uma marca ir permanecer. Com isso em mente, era importante entender quais são as tendências tecnológicas da década e o que esperar da publicidade de amanhã. A realidade aumentada foi uma tendência que me chamou à atenção e decidi investigar e implementar para a projeção e criação da marca. Considerando o objetivo de criar uma marca de moda durante uma era tecnológica, era importante realizar estudos de caso de marcas de moda, e compreender a linguagem visual utilizadas assim como a realidade aumentada implementada nas suas publicidades. Kalaia, uma marca de moda de praia que criei com o desenvolvimento desta tese, é o conjunto de componentes teóricos e práticos deste curso. A Kalaia, que vende produtos fabricados em Portugal, pretende vender mais do que fatos de banho, mas um estilo de vida para mulheres ousadas, e irreverentes.

碩士
國立中央大學
哲學研究所
100
This paper mainly focuses on the study of Philosophy and Epistemology based on Buddhist literature. According to the Buddhist classics this paper will investigate and analyze the teaching of ‘the ten points of non-attachment’, its real meaning and clear study of the teaching of ‘dependence on learning’. To avoid falling in deceiving, self satisfactory, false teaching and teaching without foundation finally provide a conclusion. As far as philological part is concerned, first analyze the English and Chinese version of Kalama sutta, and then contemporary research papers. According to the Mahayana Buddhist tradition, Kalama sutta is one of the sutta from Majjhima Agama. Summarizing the meaning of early Buddhist sutta and Mahayana sutta, their perspective etc. and putting them together for comparative study. As far as epistemological part is concerned, this paper use the methodology of Western Philosophy, Logical knowledge, rational knowledge, pragmatic knowledge, etc. After analyzing the Western concepts, penetration into Buddhist concept of Epistemology is taken into account by analyzing Right perception and Right thinking from Eightfold path, and then three learning, listening, thinking and cultivation. Through this practice one do not fall in either extreme and obtains the right knowledge. From the analysis of literature, there are six important ideas are discussed in Kalama sutta. 1. The attitude of Kalama and the teaching of the Buddha. 2. The real meaning of ‘the ten points of non-attachment’. 3. Learning through contradiction. 4. Difference between Good and not-good dhamma. 5. The utility of knowledge of Four immeasurable mind and 6. the achievement of sedate by the disciples. These are the real teaching from Kalama sutta.

The study explores the theme of protest as encoded in selected Kalanga music. In particular, the study focuses on the analysis of songs sung by Kalanga musicians such as Chase Skuza, Ndux Junior and Batshele Brothers, Ndolwane Super Sounds and Tornado Heroes within the period 2000-2013.The selected period is generally considered to be a crisis period in Zimbabwe. Further, the study also relies on views from key respondents obtained through semi structured interviews and questionnaires. The research adopts the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework and the hegemony theory to help identify the discourses as encoded in the theme of protest in Kalanga music. The two frameworks are engaged because they challenge critical thinkers to move away from seeing language as immaterial to acknowledging and believing that words are meaningful in specific political, social and historical contexts. The study establishes that Kalanga music is protest art that speaks on behalf of the people by pointing out the injustices and malpractices that take place in society. The selected music demonstrates the battles that are ongoing that the musicians are protesting against. The study notes that protest music raises the consciousness of the citizens on the wayward behaviour of individuals and institutions. The protest themes identified include; corruption, poor governance and poor leadership, unfulfilled promises, lack of unity, repressive and oppressive laws, a skewed representation of the nation’s history, deployment of Shona teachers in Matabeleland, decrying moral decadence, protest against jealousy and envy and protest against xenophobia. Findings of the study also demonstrate that music goes beyond simply reflecting and describing situations but it also becomes an avenue through which discursive spaces are opened. The study also shows that Kalanga music provides alternative platforms for the articulation of matters generally considered taboo within Zimbabwean spaces, Kalanga music has a potential to contribute to national cohesion and national growth using its constructive criticism of the political, social and economic state of Zimbabwe. The study has clearly enunciated that protest music assists in the interrogation of a society’s moral compass and in turn question some convictions. Kalanga songs are not merely frivolous components of various sects of Zimbabwean culture, or passing sources of insignificant entertainment. Instead, they and their singers are critical contributors to the shaping of those eras, playing irreplaceable roles as they spur collective mindsets of protest across many social aggregates through their appeal to the desires, the morals, the lamentations, the angers and the passions of the Kalanga people.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
Ph. D. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)

碩士
國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
107
In reaction the series of natural disasters occurring around the globe, we human beings should begin changing the way we live. As early as 1987, the Brundtland Commission, in its report “Our Common Future,” already suggested that we would need to come up with a different way of living our life which allowed a sustainable environmental development. Beginning in the 1990s, western nations started to examine the consequences of living an unsustainable life and proposed the idea of Eco-village, where a community would live harmoniously with nature. In 1995, the Gaia Trust created the Global Eco-village Network, a platform where Eco-villages around the world may exchange information or even collaborate, so that people may see how others have lived and their values. Spiritual enrichment plays a paramount role in human beings’ sustainable development. With that in mind, the present author means to figure out if the Kalala Tribal Reserve and Fengnan Village meet the spiritual aspect of an Eco-Village; if so, how may it manifest itself？ The objective of this research project: with GEN to define the spirit aspect of an Eco-Village, the present author intends to examine what elements Kalala and Fengnan contain that bring out the two communities’ spiritual aspect. The primary research methodology used in this project is ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews, along with close observation. The data are collected on-site. The subjects/informants selected are 4 key leading figures in community activities. The results show that, Kalala’s spiritual aspect is reflected through its eco-friendly agricultural activities, self-sufficient life style and the commonly shared belief that offspring should remain in the community. Both Kalala and Fengnan have come to realize the nexus between human beings and other living beings, the connection between body and nature, and the two communities have put into action their ultimate insight in the interconnection and interdependence among all lives.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities of the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
This thesis explores various ways in which Kalanga ethnic identity has been (re)constructed, negotiated, manipulated and transformed by different interest groups such as missionaries, colonists, Kalanga cultural entrepreneurs, chiefs and ordinary Kalanga people in Bulilimamangwe district. Using a collection of both primary and secondary sources, the thesis posits that among other markers of Kalanga identity, Kalanga language has been central in the Kalanga clamour for their official recognition by the state in colonial and post-colonial Zimbabwe. It challenges the conventional interpretations of African identities by arguing that pre-colonial Kalanga society was characterised by fluid and flexible identities which constantly shifted boundaries. The study demonstrates how the colonial government, through the appointment of Ndebele chiefs in Kalanga areas fuelled Kalanga ethnic consciousness which was deployed by Kalanga chiefs and their subordinates during the opposition to the implementation of the Native Land Husbandry Act in Bulilimamangwe district. The study further argues that the Kalanga Cultural Promotion Society (KCPS) played a significant role in contributing to the escalation of Kalanga ethnic consciousness especially in post-independent Zimbabwe where ethnicity became an important feature amongst the marginalised groups. As a result of being alienated from the independent state, there was a resurgence of Kalanga ethnic mobilisation which was led by the KCPS and the Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA), the Associations that lobbied for the recognition of Kalanga language in the education system and in state/public radio broadcasting. The thesis therefore contributes to the scholarship on ethnic identities by elaborating how Kalanga experiences with various factors such as social, political and physical environment contributed to the shifts and fluidity of Kalanga ethnic identity from 1946 to 2005.

Comprehension of eruptive histories is critical in understanding the evolution of magmatic systems at arc volcanoes and may supply evidence to the petrogenesis of intermediate and evolved magmas. Within the 300 ka eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, the Kalama Eruptive Period, 1479- ~1750 CE was bracketed by interludes of quiescence (Hoblitt et al., 1980) and thus likely represents an entire eruptive cycle within a span of 300 years. Study of the magmatic evolution during this short time period provides key information regarding inputs and the plumbing system of Mount St. Helens. This research aims to enhance comprehension of processes leading to the petrogenesis of intermediate magmas by providing whole rock and phase geochemical data of an eruptive cycle, thereby providing constraints on the magmatic evolution of the Kalama Eruptive Period. The eruptive sequence is divided into early, middle and late subperiods. The early Kalama began with two dacitic plinian eruptions and continued with smaller eruptions of dacite domes (64.4-66.5 wt% SiO₂) that included quenched mafic inclusions (53.7-57.7 wt% SiO₂). The middle Kalama signified the onset of basaltic andesite and andesite eruptions ranging between 55.5-58.5 wt % SiO₂. Subsequently, summit domes that began as felsic andesite (61-62.5 wt% SiO₂) and transitioned to dacite (62.5-64.6 wt% SiO₂) dominated the late Kalama. Previous work on Kalama-aged rocks suggests magma mixing is an integral process in their production. Compositions and textures of crystal phases, in addition to the presence of xenocrysts in middle and late Kalama rocks, confirm mechanical mixing of magmas likely produced many of the sampled compositions. New petrographic observations were integrated with new whole rock and phase EMP and LA-ICP-MS data and the known stratigraphy in order to constrain the magmatic and crustal components active during the Kalama Eruptive Period. New findings include: 1. Two populations of quenched mafic inclusions, one olivine-rich and one olivine-poor, are identified from the early Kalama based on mineralogy, textures, and major and trace element chemistry. Major element modeling shows crustal anatexis of plutonic inclusions found in early Kalama dacites could produce the felsic magma source of the olivine-poor population. The olivine-rich population incorporated cumulate material. 2. Four distinct lava populations erupted during the early part of the middle Kalama (X lavas), including two found exclusively in lahar deposits: M-type lahars are the most mafic, B-type lahars are more mixed, the Two Finger Flow was previously grouped with other middle Kalama-age lavas, and the X lava (in situ) has unique geochemical and textural character. X tephras likely correlate with the lavas. 3. There were at least three mafic source contributions at Mount St. Helens during the eruptive period: the parent to the X deposits, the cumulate material in the olivine-rich QMIs, and the calc-alkaline parent to the MKLV and SDO. The magma reservoir at Mount St. Helens has been modeled as a single, elongate chamber (Pallister et al., 1992). Multiple coeval basaltic or basaltic andesite parents fluxing into the magmatic system beneath the volcano could indicate a more complex magma chamber structure.
Graduation date: 2011

碩士
國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
101
Community economy development always plays an important role in Taiwan community policy. In recent years, lot of resources was poured into community organizations in Taiwan as means for economic revitalization. This research use the theory of social capital to analyze how community workers can make use of the resources provided for a community to help a community. In case of Kalala, a small rural aborigine village in Hualien County, two community workers utilize their social capital to make the village reaches new opportunities for development. Kalala community reaches market via linking social capital of an outside community worker Sra. At the time Sra uses his bridging social capital connect resource networks such as university, café and permaculture societies, to improve the quality of skills, technology and products of community. Yet, it will rely on bonding social capital of the local community worker Harosang to convince local farmers when new technology were introduced into the village and be adopted by them. This research come to a conclusion that linking, bridging and bonding social capital are all important and played different roles in different stage of a community economic development process.

Faculty of Science School of Geoscience 0313950n madgerber@yahoo.com
U-Pb ID-TIMS ages are reported for several magmatic and anatectic phases from the Kalak Nappe Complex (KNC), northern Norwegian Scandinavian Caledonides. Euhedral prismatic zircons from a suite of plutons intruding the metaturbidite sequences of the Hellefjord Group, Sørøy-Seiland Nappe (upper KNC) yielded intrusion ages of 440.9 ± 1.5 Ma for a syenogranite, and 435.9 ± 1.6 Ma and 436.7 ±0.8 Ma, respectively, for a granite and gabbro. The period of magmatic activity was followed closely by a phase of deformation associated with upper amphibolite-granulite facies metamorphism at c. 430 Ma. This caused local anatexis in the granite and growth of magmatic zircon (429.5 ± 1.4 Ma), as well as the common growth of metamorphic titanite (431.4 ± 1 Ma and 427.8 ±2.7 Ma). These late Ordovician-early Silurian ages link this tectonometamorphic activity to the Scandian phase of the Scandinavian Caledonian orogeny. Evidence for Scandian tectonometamorphic activity is also recorded at c. 425 Ma in the Klubben Group of the Olderfjord Nappe (lower KNC). This is documented by the intrusion of a granodiorite pegmatite (425.9 ±0.7 Ma) and anatexis of the Klubben Group (425.5 ± 1.3 Ma). In addition, the Klubben Group records a c. 980 Ma Grenvillian age for anatectic veins crosscutting an earlier fabric (980.9 ± 2.6 Ma, syenogranitic leucosome), linking the initial evolution of the Klubben Group to the amalgamation of Rodinia. It is suggested that a previously undetected structural break exists in the Sørøy Succession of the KNC at base of the Hellefjord Group. This is supported by c. 441-436 Ma Scandian ages obtained for bimodal magmatic activity in the Hellefjord, which does not relate to the intrusion of the SIP further down in the Sørøy Succession at c. 570-560 and c. 530-520 Ma. In addition, Scandian magmatic ages have not been detected in the Sørøy Succession underlying the Hellefjord Group. However, these ages are coeval with bimodal plutons in the overlying Magerøy Nappe (c. 440-436 Ma), which is composed largely of metaturbidite sequences. The Hellefjord Group is suggested to represent an extension of the Magerøy Nappe, which evolved in a ridge-trench intersection. A tentative window of c. 430-425 Ma is suggested for the thrusting of the Magerøy Nappe over the Kalak Nappe Complex, in light of the formation of deformational fabrics in the Hellefjord Group at c. 430 Ma and the localised c. 425 Ma anatexis recorded in the Klubben Group.

This study investigates the impact of Family Language Policy (FLP) on the conservation of minority languages in Zimbabwe. Family language policy is a newly emerging sub field of language planning and policy which focuses on the explicit and overt planning in relation to language use within the home among family members. The study is therefore predicated on the view that the conservation of any minority language largely depends on intergenerational transmission of the particular language. Intergenerational transmission is dependent in part, on the language practices in the home and therefore on family language policy. To understand the nature, practice and negotiation of family language policy in the context of minority language conservation, the study focuses on the perspectives of a sample of 34 L1 Kalanga parents and 28 L1 Tonga parents, who form the main target population. In this study, parents are considered to be the ‘authorities’ within the family, who have the capacity to articulate and influence language use and language practices. Also included in this study are the perspectives of language and culture associations representing minority languages regarding their role in the conservation of minority languages at the micro community level. Representatives of Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA), Tonga Language and Culture Committee (TOLACCO) as well Zimbabwe Indigenous Languages Promotion Association (ZILPA) were targeted. This research takes on a qualitative approach. Methodologically, the study deployed the interview as the main data collection tool. Semi structured interviews were conducted with L1 Kalanga and L1 Tonga parents while unstructured interviews were conducted with the representatives of language and culture associations. This study deploys the language management theory and the reversing language shift theory as the analytical lenses that enable the study to understand the mechanics of family language policy and their impact on intergenerational transmission of minority languages in Zimbabwe. Language management theory allows for the extendibility of the tenets of language policy into the family domain and specifically affords the study to explore the dialectics of parental language ideologies and family language practices in the context of minority language conservation in Zimbabwe. The reversing language shift theory also emphasises the importance of the home domain in facilitating intergenerational transmission of minority languages. Findings of the study demonstrate that family language policy is an important aspect in intergenerational transmission of minority languages, itself a nuanced and muddled process. The research demonstrates that there is a correlation between parental language ideologies and parental disposition to articulate and persue a particular kind of family language policy. In particular, the study identified a pro-minority home language and pro- bilingual family language policies as the major parental language ideologies driving family language policies. However, the research reveals that parental language ideologies and parental explicitly articulated family language polices alone do not guarantee intergenerational transmission of minority languages, although they are very pertinent. This, as the study argues, is because family language policy is not immune to external language practices such as the school language policy or the wider language policy at the macro state level. Despite parents being the main articulators of family language policy, the study found out that in some instances, parental ideologies do not usually coincide with children’s practices. The mismatch between parental preferences and their children’s language practices at home are a reproduction, in the home, of extra familial language practices. This impacts family language practices by informing the child resistant agency to parental family language policy, leading to a renegotiation of family language policy. The research also demonstrates that parents, especially those with high impact beliefs are disposed to take active steps, or to employ language management strategies to realise their desired language practices in the home. The study demonstrates that these parental strategies may succeed in part, particularly when complemented by an enabling sociolinguistic environment beyond the home. The articulation of a pro-Tonga only family language policy was reproduced in the children’s language practices, while the preference for a pro- bilingual family language policy by the majority L1 Kalanga parents was snubbed for a predominantly Ndebele-only practice by their children. In most cases, the research found out that language use in formal domains impacted on the success of FLP. Tonga is widely taught in Schools within Binga districts while Kalanga is not as widespread in Bulilima and Mangwe schools. Ndebele is the most widespread language in Bulilima and Mangwe schools. As such; children of L1 Kalanga parents tend to evaluate Kalanga negatively while having positive associations with Ndebele. All these language practices are deemed to impact on family language policy and therefore on intergenerational transmission of minority languages in Zimbabwe. The desire by parents for the upward mobility of children results in them capitulating to the wider socio political reality and therefore to the demands of their children in terms of language use in the home. The study therefore concludes that family language policy is an important frontier in the fight against language shift and language endangerment, given the importance of the home in intergenerational transmission of minority languages. The study therefore implores future research to focus on this very important but largely unresearched sub field of language policy. The study observes that most researches have focused on the activities of larger state institutions and organisations and how they impact on minority language conservation, to the detriment of the uncontestable fact that the survival of any language depends on the active use of the language by the speakers. The research also recommends that future practice of language policy should not attempt to promote minority languages by discouraging the use of other majority languages, but rather, speakers should embrace bilingualism as a benefit and a resource and not as a liability. The interaction between the top down state language policy and the bottom up micro family language policy should be acknowledged and exploited, in such a way that the two can be deployed as complementary approaches in minority language conservation.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)

This study examines the historical and contemporary sociolinguistic status of three minority languages, namely Shangani, Kalanga and Tonga in Chiredzi, Plumtree and Binga respectively within the civil courts of Zimbabwe. This research problematizes the issue of language choice and usage in civil courtroom discourse by native speakers of the languages under study. The background to this research endeavor is the historical dominance of English, Shona and Ndebele in public institutions as media of communication even in areas where minority languages are dominant, a situation that has resulted in minority languages having a restricted functional space in public life. Respondents in this research included native speakers of the languages under study who have attended civil courtroom sessions either as accused persons or complainants, members of rural communities including community leaders, court interpreters stationed at Binga, Chiredzi and Plumtree magistrates‟ courts and members of the Judicial Services Commission (JSC). Data was also collected from minority language advocacy groups including Tonga Language and Cultural Committee (TOLACCO), Shangani Promotion Trust (SPAT) and Kalanga Language and Culture Development (KLCDA) using semi-structured interviews. In addition, participant observation of civil courtroom proceedings involving native speakers of Kalanga, Tonga and Shangani was done. Documentary analysis of colonial and postcolonial language policies in Zimbabwe was also done. Data was analyzed using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Ecology of Language theories. The findings for this research revealed that historically, language policy making in Zimbabwe has impacted negatively on the functional roles of Shangani, Tonga and Kalanga in civil courtroom communication because of the lack of implementation clauses in national constitutions. Furthermore, language attitudes that were analyzed in conjunction with a number of factors including age, demographics, naming of provinces, awareness of constitutional provisions on language and language-in-education policies were found to be key determinant factors influencing the sociolinguistic status of Kalanga, Tonga and Shangani in civil courtroom discourse. Court interpreting and initiatives by language advocacy groups also impacted on the sociolinguistic status of the languages under study in civil courtroom interaction.
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Phil. (Language, Linguistics and Literature)