Academic literature on the topic 'Kalimantan Selatan (Indonesia) Politics and government'

AbstrakParindra merupakan organisasi pergerakan berpusat di Jawa yang mempunyai cabang organisasi di Kalimantan Selatan. Peranannya di Kalimantan Selatan belum banyak dipublikasikan. Atas dasar alasan itulah, maka kajian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui persebaran organisasi Parindra di Kalimantan Selatan; (2) mengetahui perjuangan Parindra di Kalimantan Selatan; (3) mengetahui tindakan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda terhadap Parindra di Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah (historical research) dengan menggunakan sebagian besar data primer yakni memoar para pelaku sejarah dari anggota perintis kemerdekaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa asal mula Parindra di Kalimantan Selatan adalah organisasi Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia (PBI) yang dibentuk pada tahun 1930. Karena berfusinya PBI dengan Budi Utomo dan organisasi lainnya di pulau Jawa menjadi Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra) di tahun 1935 maka dengan sendirinya PBI di Kalimantan Selatan menjadi Parindra. Perjuangan Parindra di Kalimantan Selatan di antaranya: duduk dalam keanggotaan dewan legislatif (Raad), mendirikan Rukun Tani, Koperasi, Rukun Pelayaran Indonesia (Roepelin), dan Lumbung Padi, Mendirikan organisasi Keputrian, Kepanduan Surya Wirawan, dan Sekolah Parindra, menulis artikel politik dan mengeluarkan mosi menentang peraturan kerja paksa (erakan, rodi). Pemerintah Hindia Belanda menghadapi perjuangan Parindra dengan cara melakukan tindakan pengawasan, pelarangan, dan pembubaran rapat serta penangkapan dan pemenjaraan aktivis Parindra di Kalimantan Selatan. AbstractParindra is a Java-based movement organizations that have branch organization in South Kalimantan. Its role in South Kalimantan has not been widely publicized. Based on that reasons, the study aims are to: (1) determine the distribution of Parindra organization in South Kalimantan; (2) determine Parindra struggle in South Kalimantan; (3) determine the action of Dutch East Indies government against Parindra in South Kalimantan. This research is the historical research by using most of the primary data that the perpetrators of historical memoirs of pioneering independence members. The results show that the origin of Parindra in South Kalimantan is the organization Persatuan Bangsa Indonesia (PBI) was formed in 1930. Since the fusion of PBI with Budi Utomo and other organizations on the island of Java, Indonesia Raya became a Party (Parindra) in 1935 then by itself PBI in South Kalimantan into Parindra. Parindra struggle in South Kalimantan include: sitting in the membership of the legislative council (Raad), established the Pillars of Farmers, cooperatives, Pillars Shipping Indonesia (Roepelin), and Lumbung Padi, Establishing keputrian organization, Scouting Surya Wirawan, and School Parindra, write political articles and issued a motion against the labor regulations (erakan, forced labor). Dutch East Indies government facing Parindra movement with perform acts of supervision, prohibition and dissolution of the meeting as well as the arrest and imprisonment of activists Parindra in South Kalimantan.

AbstractThe national movements in South Kalimantan is the impact of Europe’s political andcultural penetration of the East Indies Government. The powerful impact of penetrationwas education that bring in the modern educated elite. Therefore, the issues that is raisedin this paper, i.e.: (1) How Ethical policy of East Indies government?; (2) How aregovernment policies for education and the emersion of modern elite?; (3) How is the roleof modern elite to emergence of the nationalist movement in South Kalimantan, Indonesia?This study uses historical (Historical Research) by using heuristic step, criticism,interpretation and historiography. The method of this article is historical research thatuses heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography. The results show that the ethicalpolitics was motivated by the criticism that the Netherland-Indies government woulddo “returning the favor” towards the Indonesian people with the slogan, “Irrigation,Education and Emigration”. Through a policy in education, schools was built to createlow-level workers with western paradigm. Those who attended these school were theones, upon their returning home, became the pioneers and driving the movements orspreading the seeds of nationality in South Kalimantan. AbstractTumbuhnya pergerakan kebangsaan di Kalimantan Selatan merupakan dampakdari penetrasi politik dan kebudayaan Eropa pada masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda.Penetrasi yang sangat kuat pengaruhnya adalah bidang pendidikan yang melahirkanelit modern yang terpelajar. Oleh karena itu permasalahan yang diangkat dalam tulisanini adalah: (1) Bagaimana kebijakan Politik Etis di Hindia Belanda?; (2) Bagaimanakebijakan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda di bidang pendidikan dan munculnya elite modern?;(3) Bagaimana peranan elite modern terhadap munculnya pergerakan kebangsaanIndonesia di Kalimantan Selatan? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah (HistoricalResearch) dengan menggunakan langkah heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa politik etis didorong oleh kiritik bahwa pemerintahHindia Belanda harus melakukan “balas budi” pada rakyat Indonesia dengan slogan“Irigasi, Edukasi dan Emigrasi”. Melalui kebijakan di bidang pendidikan, sekolahdimaksudkan untuk mencetak pegawai rendahan dengan pendidikan Barat. Merekayang telah mengenyam pendidikan adalah kalangan terpelajar atau kaum cendekiawanyang kembali ke kampung halaman dan turut menjadi pelopor atau penggerak organisasipergerakan kebangsaan dan menanamkan benih kebangsaan di Kalimantan Selatan.Â

Indonesian language is the main control instrument for communication among speakers within one bond that are Indonesian people. This paper aims to describe the use of Indonesian language in outdoor media in South Kalimantan. It uses descriptive method. This method attempts to describe data relating to the use of Indonesian language in outdoor media in South Kalimantan. The outdoor media discussed in this research are the name of shopping center, housing, business center, hotel, the name of government and private institution, sign board, banner, and billboard. Techniques of data collecting are direct observations in the field. The results show that there are language errors in the use of Indonesian language in the outdoor media. 1) Misspelling of letters and words. 2) Language errors relating to punctuation, 3) Error writing in formal words. AbstrakBahasa Indonesia merupakan alat kontrol utama manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan sesama penutur yang mempunyai satu ikatan, yaitu bangsa Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia di media luar ruang di Kalimantan Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Metode ini berusaha untuk mendeskripsikan data yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia di media luar ruang di Kalimantan Selatan. Berupa papan nama (tempat perbelanjaan, perumahan, tempat usaha, perhotelan, nama instansi pemerintah, dan swasta) papan petunjuk, kain rentang, serta iklan luar ruang. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi atau pengamatan langsung di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan bahasa Indonesia di media luar ruang masih terdapat kesalahan, yaitu 1) Kesalahan Pemakaian Huruf dan Penulisan Kata pada Media Luar Ruang di Kalimantan Selatan, 2) Kesalahan Penulisan Tanda Baca pada Media Luar Ruang di Kalimantan Selatan, Dan3) Kesalahan Penulisan Kata Baku Pada Media Luar Ruang di Kalimantan Selatan.Kata Kunci: bahasa Indonesia, media luar ruang, kesalahan

The purpose of this study was to screen toddlers who were experiencing severe malnutrition according to province. Sources of research data used were obtained from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The variables used are toddlers who experience malnutrition according to the Province. In this study using Data Mining Techniques using the K-means algorithm. It is expected that the results of this study can provide input to the central government to pay more attention to nutritional intake in infants, so as to increase the growth and development of toddlers in Indonesia. . And the data obtained by high clusters are 15 Provinsi yaitu (Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kalimantan Barat, kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Tenggara, Gorontalo, Sulawesi Barat, Papua Barat, Papua), dan cluster rendah ada 19 yaitu (Sumatera Barat, Riau, Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Bengkulu, Lampung, Kep. Bangka Belitung, Kep. Riau, Dki Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Banten, Bali, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Utara, Sulawesi utara, Maluku Utara).

Politics cannot be separated from religion. The combination between them have uttered the political religious thoughts in order to create a harmonious and peaceful life in the nation. Religious beliefs can impact laws in common, such as the thought of sodomy and incest is a sin, so it become illegal in national laws. While religion gives legitimacy to the government to act. Religion is deeply embedded in the lives of people in industrial societies and non-industrial, so its presence may not be felt in the political sphere. But it is considered or not, religion has a role to form a political power. In Islam, Medina Charter contained aspects of life either it comes to diversity as well as a matter of policy set to pluralistic society, cannot be regarded as a statement of the establishment of the Islamic State. Yet, in this contemporary era, the teachings of Islam were able implied in issues of national state and life of the community.

Angka kemiskinan di Kalimantan Selatan berada pada posisi ketiga paling rendah di Indonesia pada tahun 2020 dan terendah di Wilayah Kalimantan. Namun, secara umum, tren penurunan harga beberapa komoditas yang selama ini menjadi tulang punggung perekonomian, seperti karet, kelapa sawit, dan batu bara, sangat mempengaruhi pendapatan penduduk, terutama di pedesaan. Meningkatnya angka pengangguran pada tahun 2018 dan 2019 turut mempengaruhi angka kemiskinan di Kalimantan Selatan. Sementara itu, pengeluaran pemerintah terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemiskinan di Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua pendekatan analitik: Analisis Deskriptif dan Analisis Inferensial. Scatter plot digunakan dalam analisis Deskriptif untuk menggambarkan hubungan antara pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemiskinan. Sebaliknya, Cross-Sectional Time-Series FGLS dan pemodelan Generalized Ridge Regression digunakan dalam analisis inferensial. Tiga dari lima jenis belanja pemerintah secara statistik berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kalimantan Selatan, yaitu belanja pegawai tidak langsung, belanja pegawai langsung, dan belanja modal. Meski signifikan, ketiga jenis pengeluaran tersebut memiliki hubungan yang berlawanan. Dua dari lima fungsi belanja pemerintah berpengaruh positif terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan, yaitu belanja langsung dan belanja tidak langsung. Namun, kedua pengeluaran tersebut masing-masing hanya tumbuh satu persen. The poverty rate in South Kalimantan is the 3rd lowest nationally in 2020 and the lowest in Kalimantan Region. However, the downward trend in the prices of several commodities that have been the backbone of the economy, such as rubber, palm oil, and coal, greatly affects the population's income, especially in rural areas. The study aims to analyze the effect of government expenditure on economic growth and poverty in South Kalimantan. The study used two analytical approaches: Descriptive and Inferential Analysis. A Scatter plot is used in Descriptive analysis to describe the relationship between government expenditure on economic growth and poverty. Cross-Sectional Time-Series FGLS and Generalized Ridge Regression modeling were used in the inferential analysis. Three out of five government expenditures statistically significantly affect economic growth: indirect personnel, direct personnel, and capital expenditure. Two of the five functions of government spending positively affect poverty reduction: direct and indirect spending.

The Indonesian government is focusing on improving the tourism sector, hoping that this sector could become a stepping stone to put Indonesia as a developed country in 2045. Local governments who draw interest for the benefits earned by tourism sector also supported this expectation. Regarding policy design, it would be important if policy makers know the mapping and potential distribution of the sector. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify spatial autocorrelation in the tourism sector in South Kalimantan Province. The analytical method used was a Moran Index. Based on the results of the analysis, each field of business in the tourism sector had a Moran Index value of 0.168 for trade, 0.017 for transportation and storage, 0.114 for the accommodation and food service activities, and 0.003 for other service activities. The Moran Index showed a positive tourism sector autocorrelation between districts/cities. From the results of the spatial autocorrelation analysis, the tourism sector which was a priority for spreading its impact on other regions was on the trade business field. Keywords: Tourism, Spatial Autocorrelation, Moran Index Abstrak Pemerintah Indonesia sedang berfokus pada peningkatan sektor pariwisata dengan harapan sektor ini dapat menjadi tumpuan ekonomi Indonesia yang akhirnya menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara maju pada 2045. Harapan ini pun didukung oleh pemerintah daerah yang juga memiliki ketertarikan terhadap keuntungan yang dihasilkan dengan adanya peningkatan pada sektor pariwisata. Berkaitan dengan rancangan kebijakan, akan menjadi penting jika pembuat kebijakan mengetahui pemetaan dan sebaran potensi sektor tersebut sehingga tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi adanya autokorelasi spasial pada sektor pariwisata di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Indeks Moran dengan data sekunder berupa Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB). Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, tiap-tiap lapangan usaha pada sektor pariwisata memiliki nilai Indeks Moran sebesar 0,168 untuk perdagangan, 0,017 untuk transportasi dan pergudangan, 0,114 untuk penyediaan akomodasi dan makan minum, dan 0,003 untuk jasa lainnya. Nilai Indeks Moran tersebut menunjukkan adanya autokorelasi sektor pariwisata yang positif antarkabupaten/kota satu dengan yang lainnya. Dari hasil analisis autokorelasi spasial, sektor pariwisata yang menjadi prioritas untuk menyebarkan dampaknya pada wilayah lain adalah lapangan usaha perdagangan. Kata Kunci: Pariwisata, Autokorelasi Spasial, Indeks Moran

Reclamation is an activity aimed at improving or managing the use of disturbed land as a result of mining business activities, in order to be functional and efficient according to its allocation. Mining reclamation activities should be carefully planned so that the land can be utilized optimally by the government and communities around the mine. Reclamation in Indonesia has been done in several mining areas. Reclamation activities that have been carried out, among others, exist in three regions in Indonesia, namely in Jambi, Bangka and South Kalimantan are considered less effective, due to lack of public participation and errors of reclamation technology. To avoid obstacles from reclamation, an effective reclamation activity is required. In general, reclamation can be done in three stages: land preparation, planting and maintenance.

The elderly are part of the diversity of humans and humanity who have the same rights and obligations as regulated in the provisions of the laws and regulations in Indonesia. The Government and Regional Governments are obligated to be present in respecting, fulfilling, and protecting the elderly in Indonesia. The number of older people in various regions of Indonesia, including South Kalimantan province, continues to increase. Based on these conditions, the Provincial Government of South Kalimantan has an obligation to be present in fulfilling and protecting the rights of the elderly following the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. To realize this, local regulations are needed. This study uses a normative juridical approach with a statutory approach focusing on legal norms that have become positive laws. The normative legal research referred to in this research uses a case study approach by analyzing legal products on legal events in detail to describe the problems in the research. The draft regional regulation on the protection of the elderly is essential considering a large number of elderly, which continues to increase every year and is also following the mandate of the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 39/1999 on Human Rights, and Law No. 13/1998 on Welfare. The elderly mandate the Regional Government to provide special protection to the elderly because, with their weakened physical condition, the position rights of the elderly become the priority focus of the State. They established a draft regional regulation on protecting the elderly in South Kalimantan to provide direction, foundation and legal certainty to all parties in protecting the elderly. Lansia merupakan merupakan bagian dari keragaman manusia dan kemanusiaan yang memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang sama sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah memiliki kewajiban untuk hadir dalam rangka penghormatan, pemenuhan, dan perlindungan Lansia di Indonesia. Jumlah lansia diberbagai daerah di Indonesia, termasuk di provinsi Kalimantan Selatan terus mengalami peningkatan. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, Pemerintah Daerah provinsi Kalimantan Selatan memiliki kewajiban untuk hadir dalam rangka pemenuhan dan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak lansia sesuai ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, untuk merealisasikannya diperlukan perangkat peraturan daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Yuridis Normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan yang menitik beratkan kepada penggunaan norma-norma hukum yang sudah menjadi hukum positif. Penelitian hukum normatif yang dimaksud pada penelitian menggunakan cara pendekatan studi kasus dengan menganalisis produk hukum terhadap peristiwa hukum secara rinci untuk menguraikan permasalahan dalam penelitian. Rancangan peraturan daerah tentang perlindungan lansia sangat diperlukan mengingat banyaknya jumlah lansia yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya, dan juga sesuai dengan amanat dari Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, Undang –Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang HAM, dan Undang -Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 1998 tentang Kesejahteraan Lanjut Usia yang memberikan amanat kepada Pemerintah Daerah untuk memberikan perlindungan khusus kepada para Lansia, sebab dengan kondisi melemahnya fisik mereka sehingga kedudukan hak-hak lansia menjadi fokus prioritas Negara. Pembentukan Rancangan peraturan daerah tentang perlindungan lansia di Kalimantan Selatan adalah untuk memberikan arah, landasan dan kepastian hukum kepada semua pihak dalam konteks perlindungan lansia.

The purpose of this paper is to assess spending efficiency of regional governments in Indonesia on health and education during the fiscal decentralization period year of 2010-2017. Relying on a sample of 33 provinces as regional government, this paper compute efficiency scores adopting nonparametric frontier that estimated by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to study spending inefficiency. Results of the paper show that in west regions, Bali, Bangka Belitung, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah, and Kep. Riau relatively most efficient in public spending both on health and education in period of study. DKI Jakarta and Jawa Barat have efficient score on health, and Bengkulu has efficient score on education. On the other hand, in east regions, Gorontalo, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur and Sulawesi Utara were also most efficient in public spending on health and education services. Maluku and Sulawesi Tenggara have efficient score on health, and Kalimantan Selatan, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, and Sulawesi Barat have efficient score on education. The results show that provinces in east regions of Indonesia were relatively more efficient in public spending both on health and education for promoting equal distribution of income

This thesis analyses transmigration policy in Indonesia within the context of centre and regional relationships. The evidence from Riau and South Kalimantan suggests that as a consequence of the unequal relationship between the centre and the regions, the implementation of transmigration policy has suffered from a lack of both coordination and feedback that could enhance an appropriate policy. At the regional level, the ambiguous national goals of transmigration policy have been simply translated into physical and quantifiable targets, which, in turn, have resulted in the neglect of transmigration policy as an integrated and complementary effort between the different sectors and ministries. The prevailing problems of implementation, such as the unsuitability of land for agricultural settlements, the various forms of mismanagement within the implementing agencies, and the hidden conflicts with the local population, have only had limited feedback effect on the policy making process in the central government. After the budget was drastically cut back in the mid-1980s, however, transmigration policy started to confront new dimensions of these problems. At this time, the implementation of transmigration policy was forced to change direction toward, among other things, maintaining the existing settlements and bolstering the cash-crops scheme. The spontaneous transmigration scheme, which became government rhetoric during the previous period, seems also to be receiving serious attention by the government. Yet, as the prevailing economic and political structure of the country is unchanged, the myth of transmigration policy as a panacea is unlikely to vanish.

When the Indonesian New Order regime fell in 1998, regional politics with strong ethnic content resurged across the country. This trend of local politics was enhanced by the promulgation of the Decentralisation Law in 1999 which transferred greater autonomy to the regions. Since the fall of the New Order, West Kalimantan has experienced strong ethnic politics, particularly relating to the Dayaks. Strong Dayak politics in West Kalimantan after the fall of the New Order was not unprecedented. After centuries of occupying a subordinate place in the political and social hierarchy under the nominal rule of the Malay sultanates, Dayaks had begun an enthusiastic political emancipation movement in 1945. It was quite successful and led to the installation of some Dayak elite in the executive council in the provincial and district (kabupaten) governments. Dayaks had an insignificant political role at the provincial level in the early 1950s as a result of their support of the pro-Dutch DIKB. However, when the Partai Dayak, the only Dayak political party, contested the general election in 1955 and the local elections in 1958, it was able to obtain a significant number of votes. Very soon after the election in 1958, four Dayaks were elected as district heads (bupati) and one as governor of the province. The Dayak leadership was replaced after the coming of the New Order because of their association with the leftist Partindo. The Dayaks did not regain their pre-1965 political status until after the regime change in 1998, when Soeharto was forced to resign. This thesis examines the determinants of ethnic politics through an analysis of the case of the Dayaks of West Kalimantan. It asks how and why Dayak politics have experienced drastic changes since 1945. This thesis argues that the oscillations of Dayak politics have been determined largely by events outside the control of Dayak elites, particularly changes in the regime and policies in Jakarta. Some changes restricted Dayak opportunities for political participation, while other changes opened up opportunities. Marginalisation, which has been a strong propeller for ethnic movements elsewhere, has been particularly important in the case of the Dayaks of West Kalimantan. When the opportunities have arisen, the Dayaks have used the issue of marginalisation to pursue their ethnic goals, both in politics and in other sectors. Ethnic identity formation has also determined the course of Dayak politics, particularly during the 1940s and 1950s. Finally, this study finds that the resurgence of Dayak politics after the fall of the New Order was also influenced by the two massive ethnic conflicts in 1997 and 1999. The causes of these and other previous conflicts involving the Madurese were non-political. This thesis finds that historical, cultural, ethnic geographical factors as well as Dayak marginalisation are the most important underlying causes for conflict.

This study investigates the nature and the outcomes of the devolution of forestry authority to local governments under Indonesia's most recent and far-reaching decentralisation initiatives, put in place in 1999. The research focuses on the dynamics of the relationships between district governments and other actors in that context, based on case studies of the forest-rich Bulungan and Kutai Barat Districts, East Kalimantan. The adverse outcomes for both forests and local communities of the previous centralised forest governance regime under Indonesia's New Order Government, have been profound and well documented. Indonesia's most recent experiment with decentralisation, often referred to as regional autonomy, provided an opportunity for decentralized forestry regimes that many believed and hoped would improve forest management and provide benefits for local communities. Although there are many studies examining the devolution of forestry governance to the community or village levels, few focus on the transfer of forestry powers to the local government level. The research framework developed for this study integrated three approaches in the analysis of decentralisation of natural resources governance. The first of these is that proposed by Agrawal and Ribot (1999), which emphasizes the analytical dimensions of actors, power, and accountability. The second is the institutional analysis suggested by Manor (1999), focusing on aspects of democratic, administrative and fiscal decentralisation. The third is a model for decentralized forest management suggested by Larson (2003b), highlighting the power relations among actors. The research focuses on the initial period of decentralisation, from 1999 to 2004, using a qualitative case study approach. The changes to the political, administrative, and fiscal framework resulting from decentralisation have had a profound effect on the dynamics of forest governance in Indonesia. The most dramatic changes were in control of access to timber resources: this moved from the Centre to the districts, and then largely back again. Districts also enjoyed significantly augmented fiscal powers and increased share of forestry revenue. During the period that substantial powers were formally devolved to the district level, the two case study district governments exploited the space created by their decentralized mandates quite effectively; as a result, local actors were increasingly important in district decisions, and more benefits accrued to the local level. However, many of the accountability outcomes expected to follow decentralisation did not eventuate. Few downward accountability mechanisms, held to be critical for improved natural resource management, were found to be effective in the case study districts. Thus, at least during the first few years of decentralisation, increased control of access to forest resources and greater share of forestry-derived revenue did not improve forest management in the study districts. The study revealed dynamic and fluid forest politics at the district level. District forestry decision-making and operations have reflected the interplay between the legal-regulatory framework, relations between the Centre and district governments, and relations between and among actors at the district level. Organisational and individual actors each have their own interests and objectives shaping forestry decisions and operations at the district level, and these are well-illustrated in the research case studies. The ambiguity and inconsistency of the legal-regulatory framework, and the reluctance of Central actors to forgo powers, have resulted in tensions and a bitter power struggle between the district governments and the Centre. One of the important consequences has been that district actors have perceived their window of opportunity to be insecure, and have thus vigorously pursued short-term benefits from forest exploitation. Despite the Centre's efforts to retain and subsequently regain its powers, the case study district governments were able to develop strategies and tactics, at least for a period, to continue to ensure they and other local-level actors benefited from regional autonomy. Power relations between and among actors have determined the ways in which timber politics have been shaped at the district level. Local actors have increasingly influenced district government decision-making and forestry operations in the districts, and have destabilized the previously firm position of centrally-linked actors operating at the district level. In one district, the influence of extra-legal actors was significant and largely unchecked. However, as decentralisation progressed, the Centre's policies have ultimately determined district decisions, above and beyond local actors' influences. Forest exploitation has thus continued at the district level, at the expense of longer-term sustainability of the forests. Given the absence of strong downward accountability mechanisms, vertical accountability to the judiciary has been the most effective mechanism in keeping districts' forestry powers in check. The research conducted for this thesis suggests that the research framework developed here has shown useful in the analysis of forest governance dynamics at the district level under the decentralisation regime. Both de jure and de facto powers were taken into account in analysing how decentralisation has been played out, and this proved to be important. The institutional analysis that advances the importance of decentralised financial powers, and analysis of the role of various accountability relations beyond conventional downward accountability were relevant and useful. Further research, however, could be useful in determining how downward accountability in these contexts can explain the direct causal-effect linkages between local-level governance and NRM. The outcomes of this study also suggest that it would be desirable to investigate the incentives and motivations likely to lead to improved NRM under local forest governance. This is particularly relevant given the emphasis on avoided deforestation and reforestation in Indonesia. Finally, the rapidly evolving nature of Indonesia's decentralisation, and its progression beyond the early phase investigated by this research, suggest that it will be important to establish whether the outcomes and trends reported here will continue as they have during this initial period, or whether they will change as the decentralisation process and associated institutions mature.