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Journal articles on the topic 'Kanak myths of New Caledonia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Ireland, Benjamin Hiramatsu. "The Japanese in New Caledonia." French Historical Studies 43, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 667–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8552503.

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Abstract This article explores the history of the Japanese in New Caledonia at the turn of the twentieth century before considering how the French Pacific empire ordered the incarceration and deportation of nearly all Japanese subjects in New Caledonia to Australian internment camps. Retracing this neglected history through testimonies of descendants of incarcerated Japanese, as well as through archived governmental reports, this study first examines the legal identity of mixed-race Japanese Melanesians (or Nippo-Kanaks) and that of other half-Japanese métis in New Caledonia and then analyzes how French administrators policed the Japanese emigrant population. This article additionally considers the family history of a second-generation Nippo-Kanak daughter who shares a rare perspective on the New Caledonian Japanese whom the French refrained from deporting. Cet article examine l'histoire des Japonais en Nouvelle-Calédonie au début du vingtième siècle avant de considérer comment les autorités de l'Océanie française ordonnèrent l'expulsion de presque tous les sujets japonais en Nouvelle-Calédonie et leur incarcération dans les camps d'internement australiens. Retraçant cette histoire négligée à travers les témoignages des descendants ainsi que des rapports de gouvernement archivés, cet article examine d'abord l'identité légale des métis japonais-mélanésiens, appelés « Nippo-Kanak », et celle d'autres métis japonais en Nouvelle-Calédonie avant d'analyser comment l'administration française maintint l'ordre parmi la population d'émigrants japonais. Cet article s'interroge également sur l'histoire familiale d'une fille nippo-kanak de la deuxième génération qui partage une perspective rare sur les Japonais de Nouvelle-Calédonie que les Français s'abstinrent d'expulser.

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2

Love, Jacob, Raymond Ammann, David Becker, Isabelle Schulte-Tenckhoff, and Helena E. Reeve. "Nouvelle-Calédonie / New Caledonia[:] Danses et musiques Kanak / Kanak Dance and Music." Ethnomusicology 46, no. 1 (2002): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852820.

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3

Gooch, Nicole. "FRONTLINE: Background to 'Sulphate Sunrise' - investigating New Caledonia." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.294.

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Reporting on Vale SA, the Brazilian-based world’s second-largest nickel producer which aims to start production soon at its US$4.5 billion Goro refinery project in New Caledonia, represents a good example of the need to dedicate time building contacts on the ground and speaking to a variety of sources. This article examines a Global Mail investigation into an environmental issue that is complex from a scientific and technological point of view, but is further complicated by the multiple social, ethical, and spiritual perspectives linked to it. The mine is deeply embedded in a specific local political, economical and social framework—that of decolonisation and questions over legitimacy of power (Horowitz 2009, p. 249; van Vuuren 2008, p. 74). In terms of sources, a French environmentalist will have a radically different perspective to the environment to that of an indigenous Kanak, for whom land is first and foremost the source of identity and dignity. Views within the Kanak community also diverge.

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4

Bunel, Mathieu, Samuel Gorohouna, Yannick L’Horty, Pascale Petit, and Catherine Ris. "Ethnic Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market: An Experiment in New Caledonia." International Regional Science Review 42, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017617739065.

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This study focuses on the links between ethnic discrimination, housing discrimination, and the ethnic composition of neighborhoods at a specific spatial level, that of the city quarter. Our goal is to determine whether discrimination exacerbates residential segregation. We measure discrimination and access to housing in Greater Nouméa, the capital of New Caledonia, by ethnic background, distinguishing between the people of Kanak (the indigenous people) and those of European descent. Between October 2015 and February 2016, four applicants individually responded to 342 real-estate rental ads, made a total of 1,368 responses. Two of the applicants made their Kanak origin known through their surnames, while two others similarly made their European origin known. In each pairing, an applicant signaled financial and professional stability by explicitly indicating that he was a civil servant. A particularity of the study was to analyze these data statistically by crossing it with the ethnic distribution of neighborhoods. Severe discrimination regarding access to private rental housing for Kanak applicants in all neighborhoods was found. Signaling stability strongly reduced discrimination against Kanak applicants. This discrimination is linked to the behavior of landlords and, to a lesser extent, to the actions of real-estate agencies. The difficulties accessing housing are solely due to discrimination linked to the social precariousness of Kanaks in neighborhoods where Kanaks are most represented. They are also linked to ethnic discrimination against Kanaks in neighborhoods dominated by Europeans. Housing providers thus play an active role in residential segregation.

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5

Sykes, Ingrid. "Disability, Leprosy, and Kanak Identity in Twentieth-Century New Caledonia." Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies 10, no. 2 (July 2016): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlcds.2016.15.

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6

Mokaddem, Hamid. "The Kanak Awakening: the rise of nationalism in New Caledonia." Journal of Pacific History 49, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2014.972654.

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7

Batterbury, Simon P. J., Matthias Kowasch, and Séverine Bouard. "The geopolitical ecology of New Caledonia: territorial re-ordering, mining, and Indigenous economic development." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 594–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23812.

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In the French Pacific territory of New Caledonia, conflict and difference between Indigenous Kanak people and European settlers has existed at least since the 1850s. We interrogate the geopolitical ecology of these islands, which is deeply wedded to natural resource extraction, is instrumentalized in political debate, power struggles, conflict, and the mining sector. Territoriality, including changes to political borders and access to land, has promoted the interests of the key actors in shaping the future of the islands. Violence in the 1980s was followed by the Matignon Accords (1988) and three provinces were established (North, South, Loyalty Islands). The South Province is governed by a party loyal to France, and the others are in the hands of the Indigenous Kanak independence movement seeking full decolonization and independence. The strengthened regional autonomy that emerged from the creation of provinces has permitted the Kanak-dominated ones to control certain political competencies as well as to guide economic development much more strongly than in other settler states, notably through a large nickel mining project in the North Province. Provincialization has not diminished ethnic divisions as French interests hoped, as signaled by voting in the close-run but unsuccessful 2018 referendum on independence from France. We explore the ironies of these efforts at territorial re-ordering, which are layered on significant spatial and racial disparities. Re-bordering has enabled resurgence of Kanak power in ways unanticipated by the architects of the Accords, but without a guarantee of eventual success.Key Words: New Caledonia, geopolitical ecology, politics of mining, decolonization, Kanak identity

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8

Ireland, Benjamin Hiramatsu. "Nippo-Kanaks in Post-War New Caledonia: Race, Law, Politics and Identity." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 16, no. 1-2 (November 13, 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6438.

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This article interrogates both the legal and social identities of Japanese-Melanesians (or ‘Nippo-Kanaks’) residing in the Free French territory of New Caledonia at the beginning of the twentieth century to the years following the Second World War. The first part of the article details how, fearing an imminent Japanese attack on New Caledonia after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the French Empire began the process of deporting nearly all Japanese emigrants residing throughout New Caledonia to Australian internment camps on 8 December 1941. French officials in New Caledonia sequestered all property belonging to the Japanese émigré community, and later sold it to the French public. Nippo-Kanaks, who were children at the time of the incarceration and deportation of their Japanese fathers, maintained a problematized legal identity as Japanese nationals residing in Pacific French territory. Although the French Empire granted French citizenship to mixed race Kanaks in 1946, French authorities in New Caledonia specifically denied French citizenship to Nippo-Kanaks, who then had to petition for French naturalization. The second part of this article interrogates the social identity of Nippo-Kanaks viewed from the perspective of Jeannette Yokoyama, a second-generation Nippo-Kanak whose Japanese father was deported to Australia. Yokoyama’s father was forcibly repatriated to Japan after the Second World War, but by writing letters he maintained communication with his family in New Caledonia. The letters that Jeannette received from her father allowed her to forge personal memories of her absent father that shaped her social, mixed race identity as a Nippo-Kanak. For Yokoyama’s father, the letters served as a means to enculturate Jeannette as a Japanese daughter from afar. Jeannette’s memories of her beloved father, coupled with the embrace of her Japanese heritage, represent a symbolic resistance to French administrators’ efforts to erase the presence of the Japanese community in New Caledonia.

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9

M'Balla-Ndi, Marie. "Division in the land of ‘the unspoken’: Examining journalistic practice in contemporary New Caledonia." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 33, no. 62 (June 9, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v33i62.24431.

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While the Kanaks’ (local indigenous population of New Caledonia) pro-independence protests against the French settlers and, more broadly, the French Republic, have been extensively documented in the global media and academic literature, another protest - more subtle and diffused, but deeply embedded - is taking place in New Caledonia.New Caledonia is a South Pacific archipelago colonised by the French in 1853 and set to decide whether to remain in the French Republic or become independent in a referendum between 2014 and 2019.This paper suggests that there is a polarisation in the New Caledonian media sphere, which deeply affects journalistic practices with tendencies to resist Western impositions, standards and dominance (for Kanak journalists and their leaders), while metropolitan journalists (who have settled in New Caledonia from France) tend to often reject customs or indigenous rules shaping general and media communication within local communities. Both tendencies also have a significant impact on which material the journalists will be able to collect for their news organisations, as well as an impact on the relationships these journalists will maintain (or not) with local communities and personalities.This paper examines some aspects of Pacific knowledge (including traditions, values, beliefs and protocols) and explores the nuances of a complex socio-political ‘liquid modern’ context in order to present examples of how developments inherent from tradition, colonisation and decolonisation aspirations, affect the work of local journalists (both metropolitan journalists, and Kanak journalists). Drawing on data collected during periods of archival research, participant observation and interviews conducted at both the metropolitan daily newspaper, Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes, and the pro-independence radio station, Radio Djiido, this paper demonstrates how local journalists problematically navigate, and often contest, diverse socio-cultural values, practices and principles inherent from different times and places/spaces creating a deep division in the New Caledonian media sphere. It is suggested in this paper that Kanak values are often strongly contested by many metropolitan journalists, who often refuse to give any consideration to cultural factors, while, on the other hand, Kanak journalists will often tend to reject some of the principles of Western (or modern) journalism, adjusting these values and/or standards for specific or strategic reasons, such as preserving ‘la coutume'. This paper will also argue that deploying an approach that engages with the concept of liquid modernity, takes into account re-emerging oceanic epistemologies, and that provides a thicker explanation of observed media practices, proves useful for studying journalism in New Caledonia, where culture appears to deeply affect journalism practice on a daily basis.

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10

Duffield, Lee. "The New Caledonia independence referendum: What happens now?" Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.471.

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This article gives an interpretative treatment of the historical record, from France taking possession of New Caledonia in 1853, through to the current Matîgnon process, assessing indications for coming developments. Focused on the debate over independence, it considers: interests of the French state as both arbitrator and participant in events; relations among the indigenous Melanesian Kanaks, European French Caldoches, and smaller ethnic communities; memories of colonial exploitation obstructing progress; the large nickel industry; immigration, and associated minority status of Kanak society—a central problem. It describes the alternation of left and right-wing parties in government in France, with Socialist Party governments commencing moves towards independence, possibly in association with France, and conservative governments moving to countermand those moves. It posits that the parties in New Caledonia have improved their chances of finding a positive outcome through jointly participating in government during 30 years of peace.

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11

Chappell, David. "The Kanak Awakening of 1969-1976: Radicalizing Anti-Colonialism in New Caledonia." Journal de la société des océanistes, no. 117 (December 1, 2003): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jso.1268.

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12

Hamelin, Christine, Christine Salomon, Diane Cyr, Alice Gueguen, and France Lert. "Childhood sexual abuse and adult sexual health among indigenous Kanak women and non-Kanak women of New Caledonia." Child Abuse & Neglect 34, no. 9 (September 2010): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.004.

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13

Le Meur, Oona. "The Kanak Awakening: The Rise of Nationalism in New Caledonia by David Chappell." Contemporary Pacific 28, no. 1 (2016): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2016.0017.

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14

Lassila, Maija. "Outcomes of State Territoriality and Mining Development for the Kanak in New Caledonia." Contemporary Pacific 28, no. 2 (2016): 384–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2016.0035.

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15

Trépied, Benoît. "The Kanak awakening: The rise of nationalism in New Caledonia, by David Chappell." Anthropological Forum 25, no. 2 (January 23, 2015): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2014.989941.

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16

Hamelin, Christine, Christine Salomon, Rémi Sitta, Alice Gueguen, Diane Cyr, and France Lert. "Childhood sexual abuse and adult binge drinking among Kanak women in New Caledonia." Social Science & Medicine 68, no. 7 (April 2009): 1247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.005.

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17

Bensa, Alban, Antoine Goromido, and Noal Mellott. "The Political Order and Corporal Coercion in Kanak Societies of the Past (New Caledonia)." Oceania 68, no. 2 (December 1997): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1997.tb02652.x.

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18

Suksi, Markku. "Self-Determination Through Autonomy or Independence? – On the Current and Future Position of New Caledonia." ICL Journal 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 67–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icl-2020-0030.

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Abstract New Caledonia is a colonial territory of France. Since the adoption of the Nouméa Accord in 1998, a period of transition towards the exercise of self-determination has been going on. New Caledonia is currently a strong autonomy, well entrenched in the legal order of France from 1999 on. The legislative powers have been distributed between the Congress of New Caledonia and the Parliament of France on the basis of a double enumeration of legislative powers, an arrangement that has given New Caledonia control over many material fields of self-determination. At the same time as this autonomy has been well embedded in the constitutional fabric of France. The Nouméa Accord was constitutionalized in the provisions of the Constitution of France and also in an Institutional Act. This normative framework created a multi-layered electorate that has presented several challenges to the autonomy arrangement and the procedure of self-determination, but the European Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee have resolved the issues regarding the right to vote in manners that take into account the local circumstances and the fact that the aim of the legislation is to facilitate the self-determination of the colonized people, the indigenous Kanak people. The self-determination process consists potentially of a series of referendums, the first of which was held in 2018 and the second one in 2020. In both referendums, those entitled to vote returned a No-vote to the question of ‘Do you want New Caledonia to attain full sovereignty and become independent?’ A third referendum is to be expected before October 2022, and if that one also results in a no to independence, a further process of negotiations starts, with the potential of a fourth referendum that will decide the mode of self-determination New Caledonia will opt for, independence or autonomy.

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19

Chappell, David. "A "Headless" Native Talks Back: Nidoish Naisseline and the Kanak Awakening in 1970s New Caledonia." Contemporary Pacific 22, no. 1 (2010): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.0.0094.

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20

Winslow, Donna. "Indépendance, Savoir Aborigène et Environnement en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Journal of Political Ecology 2, no. 1 (December 1, 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v2i1.20128.

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In New Caledonia, indigenous knowledge was traditionally anchored in a substantive appreciation of the natural environment. Substantive, in this case, refers to the Weberian concept of substantive or value rationality characterized by a belief in the intrinsic value of an object or action. When New Caledonia was annexed by France, the imposition of capitalist relations of production through settler colonialism, mineral exploitation and ranching introduced instrumental or formal rationality characterized by conscious reasoning that an action or object is a means to a particular ends. The natural environment became a means and an instrument to carry out conscious projects for the anticipated benefit of the colonizers. At the same time, the majority of the Kanaks continued to appreciate the intrinsic value of nature because they were excluded from the capitalist sector of the New Caledonian economy, living in native reserves and continuing in subsistence activities which made light use of the environment. However, within the past twenty years an emerging Kanak elite has adopted a value of nature as a means to achieve a particular end - independence from France. Rational use of the environment is now perceived as a way to achieve a specific goal, for example, owning nickel mines to achieve economic independence. Maintaining the tension between Weberian concepts of substantive and formal rationalism, this paper traces the emergence of rationalist thought about the environment among Kanak independence leaders.

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21

Kowasch, Matthias. "Le développement de l'industrie du nickel et la transformation de la valeur environnementale en NouvelleCalédonie." Journal of Political Ecology 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21727.

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Abstract:New Caledonia is characterized by cultural diversity, and human occupation of the territory is divided. A Melanesian, Kanak agrarian society (about 40% of the total population), and a largely urban society, of European and other origins (about 60%), co-inhabit a territory of approximately 19,000 km2. The duality of occupation is also shown in the juxtaposition of common and customary land laws. These are the result of a painful history of land dispossession during colonial times and restitution of some land to the Kanak from 1970. Kanak identity is built on the clan's history inscribed in a natural milieu where the environment, and land, has customary value, more than use value. New Caledonia has considerable mineral resources, especially nickel. Mining often creates conflict, as it raises the use value of land. Therefore, the establishment of a mine, refinery or industrial zone can often initiate assertions of clan ownership and land claims. Land rights are constantly updated, and can be renegotiated. The remodeling of the territory under mining pressures and new land allocations is a means for upward social mobility and prestige in Kanak society. These issues are demonstrated for the Federation "Djelawe" and two tribes (Oundjo and Baco) near the site of the future nickel ore processing plant and port (the Koniambo project) in the north of Grande Terre built by the local SMSP company and the Swiss Xstrata group. A discourse of environmental protection was used to restrain industrial activity but also to assert rights to clan land. But development pressures have also been used to achieve political control over land, and thus to increase clan recognition, and possible royalty payments. Thus, land claims are part of a game of prestige and power between clans and families. Socio-economic access to land, it emerges, is clearly more important in these cases than the protection of its bio-physical assets. Key words: New Caledonia, Kanak, land conflicts, nickel mining, regional development.Résumé:La Nouvelle-Calédonie se caractérise par une grande diversité culturelle, mais également par une dualité des espaces de vie. Une société agraire multiséculaire, d'origine kanak (environ 40% de la population totale), et une société majoritairement urbaine, d'origine européenne, mais largement métissée (environ 60% de la population totale), co-habitent sur un territoire d'environ 19,000 km2 qui possèdent des ressources minérales considérables, surtout en nickel. La dualité des espaces de vie se montre également dans la juxtaposition de terres soumises au droit commun et de terres soumises au droit coutumier. Ces dernières sont le fruit d'une histoire douloureuse de spoliations foncières lors de l'époque coloniale et de rétrocessions à partir des terres 1970. La perception territoriale de la population kanak s'oriente vers un modèle où la valeur patrimoniale prime sur la valeur d'usage, car l'identité kanak se construit sur l'histoire du groupe inscrit dans un environnement où tous les objets environnementaux possèdent une certaine valeur. La co-existence des lieux à forte valeur patrimoniale, les lieux sacrés, et une activité minière ou économique au sens large peut entraîner une transformation de la valeur et suscite souvent des conflits, car une légitimité foncière signifie un plus de prestige. De ce fait, la mise en place d'un projet économique – c'est-à-dire une mine, une usine métallurgique ou une zone industrielle – réveille souvent des revendications foncières. Ces revendications démontrent que les légitimités foncières sont en perpétuelle réactualisation et peuvent être renégociées. Le remodelage du territoire représente un moyen pour une ascension sociale au sein de la société kanak. Ces enjeux fonciers sont démontrés à l'exemple de la fédération « Djelawe » et de deux tribus (Oundjo et Baco) en proximité du site industriel de la future « usine du Nord », construite par un consortium de la SMSP locale et du groupe suisse Xstrata (projet Koniambo). Depuis un certain temps, la protection de l'environnement devient une préoccupation de plus en plus importante des acteurs locaux. Ce discours environnementaliste est cependant souvent instrumentalisé pour atteindre des objectifs « politico-fonciers »: une reconnaissance foncière et des royalties. Ainsi, les revendications foncières s'inscrivent dans un jeu de prestige et de pouvoir entre clans et familles. L'aspect socio-économique de l'environnement semble être clairement plus important que l'aspect bio-physique. Mots clés: Nouvelle-Calédonie, Kanak, les conflits fonciers, l'exploitation minière du nickel, du développement régional.

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TRÉPIED, BENOÎT. "Urban Kanak Parents on Customary Trial: An Ethnography of the Customary Family Court of Nouméa, New Caledonia." City & Society 28, no. 1 (April 2016): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12075.

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23

Dickins Morrison, Rowena. "The Charter of the Kanak People: in pursuit of “cooperative and balanced legal pluralism” in New Caledonia." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 48, no. 3 (September 2016): 476–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2016.1223969.

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24

Wood, Sarah L. "How Empires Make Peripheries: ‘Overseas France’ in Contemporary History." Contemporary European History 28, no. 3 (June 11, 2019): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000917.

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The inhabitants of the overseas departments and collectivities of France have, of late, been reconsidering their relationships both to each other and to the former imperial metropole. In 2011 Mayotte, previously classified as an overseas collectivity, acceded to full French and European status as an overseas department of France following a referendum. This decision to, in the words of the social scientist François Taglioni, further ‘anchor’ the island in the republic has commonly been understood as a pragmatic decision as much as an ideological one. It was a way of distancing Mayotte from the political turmoil in neighbouring independent Comoros, as well as an indicator of the improbability of a small island nation achieving full sovereignty in a multipolar, resource hungry world. The narrative that self-determination must necessarily be obtained through national independence is still prevalent in the language of certain independence movements, including that of the Kanak people of New Caledonia. But it has been repeatedly tested at the ballot box, not least in November 2018 when New Caledonians voted in a referendum on their constitutional future. This referendum – and the further two due to follow it before 2022 – will be observed with interest by other self declared nations in waiting. Some anticipate, not a reclaiming of local sovereignty in the event of independence, but rather a transferral of economic hegemony from France to China, a prospect hinted at by Emmanuel Macron during a visit to Nouméa in 2018. However, the demographic minority status of the Kanak people whom the independentist Kanak and Socialist Liberation Front (Front de libération nationale kanak et socialiste;FLNKS) claims to represent, coupled with divisions within the movement, means it is very hard to predict the contours of a future independent New Caledonian state.

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25

Paini, Anna. "‘The Kite is Tied to You’: Custom, Christianity, and Organization among Kanak Women of Drueulu, Lifou, New Caledonia." Oceania 74, no. 1-2 (September 2003): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2003.tb02837.x.

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26

Muckle, Adrian, and Benoît Trépied. "In the Long ‘Run’: Kanak Stockmen, the Cattle Frontier and Colonial Power Relations in New Caledonia, 1870-1988." Oceania 80, no. 2 (July 2010): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2010.tb00080.x.

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27

Robie, David. "Independence for Kanaky: A media and political stalemate or a ‘three strikes’ Frexit challenge?" Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1.477.

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The French-ruled territory of New Caledonia, or Kanaky, as Indigenous pro-independence campaigners call their cigar-shaped islands, voted on their political future on 4 November 2018 amid controversy and tension. This was an historic vote on independence in a ‘three-strikes’ scenario in the territory ruled by France since 1853, originally as a penal colony for convicts and political dissidents. In the end, the vote was remarkably close, reflecting the success of the pro-independence Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) in mobilising voters, particularly the youth. The referendum choice was simple and stark. Voters simply had to respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the question: ‘Do you want New Caledonia to attain full sovereignty and become independent?’ In spite of prophecies of an overwhelming negative vote, the ‘no’ response slipped to a 56.4 percent vote while the ‘yes’ vote wrested a credible 43.6 percent share with a record turnout of almost 81 percent. New Caledonia is expected to face two further votes on the independence question in 2020 and 2022. The author of this article reported as a journalist on an uprising against French rule in the 1980s, known by the euphemism ‘les Évènements’ (‘the Events’). He returned there three decades later as an academic to bear witness to the vote and examine the role of digital media and youth. This article reflects on his impressions of the result, democracy and the future.

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Muckle, Adrian. "Troublesome Chiefs and Disorderly Subjects: The Indigénat and the Internment of Kanak in New Caledonia (1887–1928)." French Colonial History 11, no. 1 (2010): 131–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fch.0.0024.

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29

Robie, David. "Conflicts challenge the Asian news media." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v15i1.975.

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During the 1980s, I reported extensively on the indigenous Kanak struggle for political and social justice and independence in New Caledonia. Twice I was arrested by French troops in the course of my conflict reporting—once at gunpoint. (This saga was covered at length in my 1989 book Blood on their Banner.) Also, over this period I reported on social justice, human rights and conflicts in the Philippines, coediting a special edition of the journalists' union magazine Diarista. It is agaisnt this background- and also running a postgraduate course in Asia-Pacific Journalism- that i am reviewing these two books. Both are results of special projects in Asian journalism. Both are packed with case studies (13 in Media and Conflict and eight in Blood in thier Hands).

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Dotte-Sarout, Emilie. "Evidence of forest management and arboriculture from wood charcoal data: an anthracological case study from two New Caledonia Kanak pre-colonial sites." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 26, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-016-0580-0.

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Le Queux, Stéphane, and Stéphanie Graff. "Industrial relations in New Caledonia: context and focus on the Kanak Indigenous people’s labour struggle in the background of the politics of reconciliation and decolonisation." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 25, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2015.1065542.

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Stoll, Viktor M. "The Kanak Awakening: The Rise of Nationalism in New Caledonia by David A. Chappell, and: Winding Up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands by W. David McIntyre." Journal of World History 26, no. 2 (2016): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0038.

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Salomon, Christine, and Christine Hamelin. "Challenging Violence: Kanak Women Renegotiating Gender Relations in New Caledonia This paper is a revised edition of a French article entitledLes femmes kanakes sont fatiguées de la violence des hommes[Kanak women have had enough of men's violence],Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 2007, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 101–112. The paper was also presented at the ‘Engendering Violence’ session of the 2007 annual Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania meeting (Charlotteville, 22 February)." Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 9, no. 1 (March 2008): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442210701822191.

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"The Kanak awakening: the rise of nationalism in New Caledonia." Choice Reviews Online 51, no. 09 (April 22, 2014): 51–5171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-5171.

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Bissoonauth, Anu, and Nina Parish. "French, English or Kanak Languages? Can Traditional Languages and Cultures Be Sustained in New Caledonia?" PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 14, no. 2 (October 5, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v14i2.5378.

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New Caledonia has an unusual linguistic dynamic in comparison to other French overseas territories. While New Caledonia was established as a penal colony in 1853, the other French islands were settled as plantation colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. In these areas, French Creole is usually the lingua franca and has lower status than French. In New Caledonia, although French has official status and dominates in state institutions, it is the native language of only half of the population. There are 28 indigenous languages and a French Creole, Tayo, spoken mostly in the rural areas. The 2014 census population revealed a multicultural New Caledonian population, it did not however record the rate of multilingualism in speakers. The present study conducted in two stages addresses a gap in the research by focussing on patterns of language use and social attitudes of New Caledonians towards their own multilingualism. The same methodology was used to collect data in both stages of the research so that a comparative analysis could be carried out between urban and rural New Caledonia. This paper focuses on social perceptions of ancestral languages and cultures as well as challenges to their preservation in multilingual spaces, as New Caledonia transitions towards the thorny question of independence in a referendum, expected to be held between 2016 and 2018.Preliminary results from the study show a difference in the language habits between older and younger generations on New Caledonians of Melanesian descent. Although French is perceived as the lingua franca by all, English is more valued than ancestral Melanesian languages by the younger generations. In terms of cultural representations and links with family history, there seems to be a discrepancy between the younger and the older generations. Whilst the older generations perceive the Centre Culturel Tjibaou as a traditional space for Melanesian art and culture their younger counterparts on the contrary view it as a place associated with contemporary art and music performances.

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Salaün, Marie. "CANACOS NO QUEBEC: A EXPERIÊNCIA DE JOVENS AUTÓCTONES CALEDONIANOS DO CURSO TÉCNICO DE MINERAÇÃO NAS CIDADES DE ROUYN E SEPT-ÎLES." Interethnic@ - Revista de Estudos em Relações Interétnicas 19, no. 1 (August 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/interethnica.v19i1.15340.

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Canacos no Quebec: a experiência de jovens autóctones Caledonianos do curso técnico de mineração nas cidades de Rouyn e Sept-ÎlesMarie Salaün O texto apresenta os relatos da experiência dos jovens canacos da Nova Caledônia no curso técnico de mineração nos cégeps de Rouyn e Sept-Îles. O objetivo das entrevistas realizadas com esses jovens autóctones era coletar o lado subjetivo de uma experiência de formação no estrangeiro. Estes depoimentos revelam as repercussões individuais de um clima econômico, político e social vivenciado como incerto. São, assim, traçados os contornos da nova condição salarial que é oferecida a uma geração cujo destino está ligado ao desenvolvimento da atividade em torno do níquel. A reflexão suscitada pela experiência canadense dá a oportunidade de voltar aos seus percursos escolares anteriores na Nova Caledônia e lança nova luz sobre a escolha coletiva que hoje se coloca para o povo Canaco, entre luta pela independência de uma futura Kanaky e estratégia de defesa dos direitos indígenas.Palavras-chave: Canaco, Nova Caledônia, formação profissional, Québec, níquel Des Kanaks au Québec : l’expérience de jeunes autochtones calédoniens en formation aux métiers de la mine à Rouyn et à Sept-ÎlesMarie Salaün Ce texte présente les retours d’expérience de jeunes Kanaks de Nouvelle-Calédonie en formation aux métiers de la mine dans les cégeps de Rouyn et de Sept-Îles. Le but des entretiens réalisés avec ces jeunes autochtones était de recueillir le versant subjectif d’une expérience de formation à l’étranger. Ces témoignages livrent les répercussions individuelles d’un climat économique, politique et social vécu comme incertain. Sont ainsi tracés les contours de la nouvelle condition salariale qui s’offre à une génération dont le destin est lié au développement de l’activité autour du nickel. La réflexion suscitée par l’expérience canadienne donne l’occasion de revenir sur leurs parcours scolaires antérieurs en Nouvelle-Calédonie et éclaire d’un jour nouveau le choix collectif qui se pose aujourd’hui au peuple kanak, entre lutte pour l’indépendance d’une future Kanaky et stratégie de défense des droits autochtones.Mots clés : Kanak, Nouvelle-Calédonie, formation professionnelle, Québec, nickel Kanak in Québec: Feedback from Indigenous Youth Trained in the Field of Mining in Rouyn and Sept-ÎlesMarie Salaün This paper explores the experiences of young Kanak people from New Caledonia who have traveled to Québec for training in mining careers at the CEGEPS of Rouyn and Sept-Îles. Interviews with these indigenous youths provide a glipse into the subjective aspects of a training experience abroad. Their stories reveal how they were each individually affected by a social, economic and political climate that they experienced as uncertain. Outlined here are the new working conditions of a generation whose destiny is linked to the development of nickel mining. The Canadian experience also provides Kanak youth with a sense of reflexivity about their own identities as indigenous people. This reflexivity gives them an opportunity to rethink their earier academic experiences in New Caledonia. In doing so, they attain a fresh perspective, rooted in their own experience, on the collective choice that now faces the Kanak people, between the struggle for the independence of a prospective Kanaky and advocacy for indigenous rights.Keywords: Kanak, New Caledonie, Québec, professionnal training, nickel Kanaks en Quebec: la experiencia de los jóvenes indígenas caledonianos en formación técnica para la mina en Rouyn y en Sept ÎlesMarie Salaün Este texto presenta los aprendizajes de la experiencia de los jóvenes Kanak de Nueva Caledonia que se encuentran en formación técnica para la mina en los centros de formación superior post-secundaria de Rouyn y de Sept Îles. El objetivo de las entrevistas realizadas a estos jóvenes indígenas era el de recoger el aspecto subjetivo de una experiencia de formación llevada a cabo fuera de Nueva Caledonia. Estos testimonios muestran las repercusiones que el incierto clima económico, político y social tiene a nivel individual. De este modo, es posible trazar los contornos de la nueva condición salarial que se ofrece a una generación cuyo destino está ligado a la actividad en torno al níquel. La reflexión suscitada por la experiencia canadiense da la oportunidad de echar una mirada atrás a sus recorridos escolares en Nueva Caledonia, aclarando con ello de un modo distinto la decisión colectiva que se plantea hoy en día al pueblo kanak. Tal decisión se encuentra entre la lucha por la independencia de una futura Kanaky y la estrategia de defensa de los derechos indígenas.Palabras clave : Kanak, Nueva Caledonia, formación técnica profesional, Quebec, níquel

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Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "The Perils of Proximity: The Geopolitical Underpinnings of Australian Views of New Caledonia in the Nineteenth Century." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 12, no. 1 (March 26, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v12i1.4095.

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In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the links between these far-flung outposts of empire, New Caledonia and Australia, were much stronger than we might realise today. New Caledonia loomed large in Australian preoccupations as a commercial partner and an export market but also as an example of French perfidy and maladministration and as a threat to security.Relations between these French and British colonies reflected in part the state of broader relations between the imperial powers, as well as changing geo-political realities in the region. The profoundly ambiguous and tension-filled relationship between the two imperial powers must be stressed – the two countries had been at war for much of the past five hundred years, they vied for power and influence in Europe, strategic control of international waters and colonial possessions and yet they recognised one another, in relation in particular to the indigenous other, as sharing European, Christian, civilised values.This article explores the attitudes and opinions expressed in the Australian press towards the French colony at certain key points in Australian/New Caledonian relations: the annexation of the Grande Terre by the French in 1853, the Kanak revolts of 1878-9 and the pre-World War I nickel mining boom. It focuses in particular on the security fears provoked by the proximity of New Caledonia to Australian shores.

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Monnerie, Denis. "L’igname et le fruit du nôôle. Plantes, animaux, personnes et collectifs dans le système socio-cosmique d’Arama (Kanaky Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Social Compass, August 3, 2021, 003776862110308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00377686211030806.

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The yearly first fruit ceremony for yams has been described in most societies of Kanaky New Caledonia. In the far north of the country, however, Arama society’s special feature is that a few weeks before the yam ceremony a small ceremony is held which revolves around the fruit of a tree, the nôôle. This ceremony concerns ad hoc collectives of people acting together. Classically in Kanaky New Caledonia, the yam ceremony concerns a localized social configuration, here the Great House and its ancestors. It is made up of four hamlets conceptualized as Houses organized by an order of precedence. This ceremony also concerns kinship groups (and relations with the Catholic Church). This article analyses both ceremonies in relation to their environments, to horticulture and to their sequential unfoldings. Its perspective is a dynamic, processual description of aspects of the Kanak world construed as a socio-cosmic space and system.

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Speedy, Karin Elizabeth. "'After me fellow caïcaï you': Eating the Other/The Other Eating." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 10, no. 2 (July 17, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v10i2.2971.

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When it comes to European descriptions of the Other, the act of cannibalism has long been synonymous, to the Western imagination at least, with primitivism. As such, it often operates as a boundary line between the savage and the civilised. The spectre of the Kanak “anthropophages” of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides (Vanuatu) is ever-present in the writings of Georges Baudoux, whose fascination with cannibalism reflects the 19th-century colonial preoccupation with racial hierarchies and the demonization of the indigenous Other. Indeed, in his Légendes canaques, Baudoux’s representations of Kanak cannibalism are typical of the colonial literary genre – overly bloodthirsty, sensationalised and designed to distance the “instictive savages” or “cannibal animals” from the “rational” (read “superior”) colonizers. While Baudoux does not abandon this discourse in other stories, it is interesting to see how it is nuanced in the case of the métis (Kanak-European) protagonist of Jean M’Baraï. This paper explores the representations of the Other eating, including eating the Other, in Baudoux’s work, focusing particularly on the actions/reactions/reflexivity of Jean M’Baraï. To what extent can we see this character as a vehicle for conflicting colonial discourses on the métis as either “deviant degenerate” or the “great hope” for the future “civilization” of the colonized “race”? And where does Baudoux place himself in this clash of ideologies?

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Roedyati, Joevi, Hafied Changara, and Michael Dua. "Communication between Nations inside Indonesian Softpower Diplomacy in the South Pacific Region." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, August 23, 2019, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2019/v23i130159.

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Political, financial and operational supports given to these small states to the separatist freedom movement (OPM) has been done in a spirit of togetherness among the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG). This international organization based on identity of Melanesian brotherhood which formed in 1986 by 4 small states in the Pacific Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon and Vanuatu, also by Kanak National Liberation Front from New Caledonia. This organization was keen enough to promote the freedom movement of OPM to achieve independence Papua, that was why Indonesia tried to achieve the membership of Melanesian Spearhead Groups (MSG), because Indonesia has a strong argument that as an island country, it has 11 million Melanesian decendants on its scattered island as Papua, Mallocca, Buton, Southeast Nusa) characterized by their hair type, skin color, body figures and have similarities to the Melanesian in the south pacific. The emergence of political maneuver that continue to attack sovereignty of the Indonesian government against Papua, raising a view of a need to have a grand strategy to enhance more understanding and gaining supports from the small island states regarding the free movement for Papua, especially in the UN forum through public diplomacy in the perspective of communication among nations.

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