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Journal articles on the topic 'Kandy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Jinadasa, K. B. S. N., S. K. Weragoda, E. Valencia, S. T. V. Sim, and W. J. Ng. "Community engagement and pollution mitigation at Kandy Lake, Sri Lanka." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.109.

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Abstract Kandy City is a UNESCO world heritage site. Being the second largest city in Sri Lanka and host to the annual Esala Perahara festival, it has a floating population two to three times its 120,000 permanent residents. Among the city's key landmarks is Kandy Lake, a culturally, environmentally, and economically significant ornamental lake. Nevertheless, inadequate urban development regulation has resulted in serious pollution of the lake. An integrated remedial measure was needed to improve the urban lake's water quality sustainably, for the Kandy community and their cultural heritage. A project was initiated by the University of Peradeniya (UOP), Sri Lanka, and the Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Singapore. It started with modelling of Kandy Lake and community surveys, demonstrated implementation of wastewater management technologies (floating wetlands and an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR)), and initiated community outreach with schools. The project also involved local authorities and government agencies in Kandy, and provided an informal cooperation platform. After project handover on July 10, 2014, further developments were observed in Kandy, including implementation of sewerage and centralised wastewater treatment, rehabilitation of Kandy Lake and the Mid-Canal, and integration of Kandy Lake into the city's development plan and regulations.

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2

Ryan Cross. "Bayer is acquiring KaNDy Therapeutics." C&EN Global Enterprise 98, no. 31 (August 17, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09831-buscon15.

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3

Lastname, Firstname. "Resurgence of Ethno-Religious Sentiment against Muslims in Sri Lanka: Recent Anti-Muslim Violence in Ampara and Kandy." Journal of Politics and Law 11, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n4p27.

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The recent upsurge of violence against Muslims in various parts of Sri Lanka has grabbed the attention of popular discourses. However, little scholarly analysis has dealt with the recent rise of anti-Muslim sentiment and violence in the country, particularly the violence in Ampara and Kandy. As such, this article explores the implications and root causes of violence in Ampara and Kandy. This article is descriptive and interpretative in nature and mainly relies on secondary data. The article reveals that the violence in Ampara and Kandy unleashed by Sinhala Buddhist hardliners with complicity of law enforcement agencies caused much damage on the mosques, businesses and properties of Muslims. I argue that phobia against growing Muslim population, myth of sterilization pills, and economic jealousy and rivalry between Muslims and Sinhalese are the root causes of the violence against Muslims in Ampara and Kandy with some other sub-factors associated with it. Thus, there is a desperate need of better managing human and social security of all groups in the country, especially ethno-religious minorities.

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4

Sarathkumara, Gamage, Lokupathirage, Muthusinghe, Nanayakkara, Gunarathne, Shimizu, Tsuda, Arikawa, and Yoshimatsu. "Exposure to Hantavirus is a Risk Factor Associated with Kidney Diseases in Sri Lanka: A Cross Sectional Study." Viruses 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080700.

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Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) imposes a substantial burden on public health in Sri Lankan agricultural communities. High seroprevalences of hantavirus have been reported in CKDu patients in several locations of Sri Lanka. We carried out a cross-sectional study followed by an unmatched case-control comparison in two geographically distinct areas of Sri Lanka, Girandurukotte (CKDu endemic) and Kandy (CKDu non-endemic) to determine whether exposure to hantaviruses is a potential risk factor in patients with kidney disease. An indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay using two antigens, Thailand orthohantavirus-infected and recombinant N protein-expressing Vero E6 cells, were used for serodiagnosis. Participants’ demographic and other socio-economic data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Fifty kidney disease patients and 270 controls from Kandy and 104 kidney disease patients and 242 controls from Girandurukotte were examined. Seropositivities were 50% and 17.4% in kidney patients and controls, respectively, in Girandurukotte, and they were 18% and 7% in Kandy. The odds of exposure to hantaviruses were higher for kidney disease patients than for controls in both Girandurukotte (OR:3.66, 95% CI:2.01 to 6.64) and Kandy (OR:2.64, 95% CI:1.07 to 6.54) in binary logistic regression models. According to statistical analysis, individuals exposed to hantaviruses had a higher risk of developing renal impairment. Therefore, hantavirus infection might be an important risk factor for development of kidney disease in Sri Lanka.

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5

Abernethy, Charles L. "Irrigation design for management: The Kandy Symposium." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 2, no. 1 (1988): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01102748.

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6

Kamhawi, S., R. P. Lane, M. Cameron, A. Phillips, P. Milligan, and D. H. Molyneux. "The cuticular hydrocarbons of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Phlebotominae) from field populations in northern India and Sri Lanka, and their change with laboratory colonization." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 2 (June 1992): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300051749.

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AbstractThe cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of wild caught, male Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale & Brunetti from Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Calcutta, India, were significantly different. Using discriminant functions based on three peaks from a gas-liquid chromatogram, 89% of specimens were correctly allocated to their parent sample. These results correlate with previously reported morpho-metric differences in this species from different parts of its range. Following laboratory colonization of the Kandy strain, the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles showed a progressive change, so that wild-caught and F5 generations could be completely distinguished by discriminant function anaysis, with the F1 and F 2 as intermediates.

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7

CHANDRALEKHA, APL, CHANDRA BARANAGE, and U. SAMARAJEEWA. "FORMALDEHYDE LEVELS IN FISH FROM THE KANDY MARKET." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 20, no. 1 (June 29, 1992): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v20i1.8065.

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8

Wright, Arthur M. "Book review: Kandy Queen-Sutherland. Ruth & Esther." Review & Expositor 114, no. 3 (August 2017): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637317711184d.

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9

Coningham, Robin, and Nick Lewer. "Paradise Lost: the bombing of the Temple of the Tooth — a UNESCO World Heritage site in Sri Lanka." Antiquity 73, no. 282 (December 1999): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065595.

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10

Dharmaratne, S. D., O. Gamage, G. M. N. S. Gaspe, N. C. Weeratunge, and V. Kumarapeli. "Road fatalities in Kandy, Sri Lanka: 2000 to 2008." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A178—A179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.638.

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11

Uduporuwa, RJM, and Lasantha Manawadu. "Identification of Occupation Clustering in Kandy City, Sri Lanka." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss3.325.

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Existence of social groups with different socio-economic status is a common character in a city and makes cities to form residentially varied areas within the city which is generally termed as ‘residential differentiation’. Since residential differentiation sometimes becomes a critical issue to be addressed it should be understood as much as possible before planning and organizing the urban space in optimal manner. This study attempts to investigate spatial expression of occupational structure of Kandy city, Sri Lanka. Attention is given for identifying, measuring and mapping the existing location pattern of occupational groups over the urban space of Kandy city. Occupation data in Kandy city collected from national census of population and housing in 2001 were used and Location Quotient technique (LQ) was employed to analyze the data.Results evidently revealed that ‘occupation’ is influential to form a distinct location pattern in the city space. Basic pattern of location of occupation groups identifiable is that higher ranking occupation groups are concentrated in peripheral areas while lower ranking occupation groups are located in city canter areas or proximity areas to the city Center. This has made some particular areas to be specialized for some occupation groups. Working class or labourer category which has the highest proportion is mostly limited to city center and adjoining areas where commercial and other services are dominated. These areas are highly commercial and mix residential areas in the city and are very valuable lands that can be used for the better economic use establishing new projects. This is one of critical issues to be addressed in future development of the city.

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12

Senadheera, Vindya Vimani, Kavinda Tharani Malwanage, Sithravelayuthan Mayooran, Abdul Majeed Mohomad Rikas, and Agampodi Liyanage Indrajith Prasanna. "People with physical disabilities in Sri Lanka are in need for the service of community physiotherapists." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213005.

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Background: Physiotherapists have long been recognized as important providers of services for people with disability. In Sri Lanka the concept of community physiotherapy has not emerged yet. The present study aimed to identify the need for ‘community physiotherapy service’ in Kandy district, Sri Lanka. Methods: A community service projection community based rehabilitation, of three years was conducted by the department of physiotherapy, faculty of allied health sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka in 2017-2019 in collaboration with department of social service and social welfare of Kandy district secretariat, Sri Lanka.Results: One hundred and seventy participants with physical disabilities were included in the study 94 (55.29%) were males (mean age; 33.57 (SD ±23.17) and 76 (44.71%) were females (mean age; 33.14 (SD ±24.98). The pediatric population was 41.76% (N=71) followed by 38.82% of adults (N=66) and 19.41% of elderly patients (N=33) of the total population. The highest number of PWD had pediatric conditions (39.41%), followed by musculoskeletal (31.76%), neurological (15.88%), geriatric (8.82%) and cardio-respiratory (4.12%) conditions. The majority (55.88%) of all the people with disabilities who visited the clinics were in need for further physiotherapy consultation and follow up.Conclusions: In Kandy district of Sri Lanka alone, number of people with physical disabilities who are in need of continuous physiotherapy follow ups is high compared to services already available. Conducting a successful community-based rehabilitation program in Sri Lanka as a whole, require having a specialized health care practitioner to the primary health care team; ‘a community physiotherapist’.

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13

Magana-Arachchi, DN, D. Medagedara, and V. Thevanesam. "Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kandy, Sri Lanka." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 1, no. 3 (September 2011): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2222-1808(11)60024-8.

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14

Buchy, Marlène. "The Forests of Kandy and Other Gardens of Complete Design." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 78, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi038.

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15

Chan, WengOnn, Simon N. Madge, Tissa Senaratne, Saman Senanayake, Kapila Edussuriya, Dinesh Selva, and Robert J. Casson. "Exophthalmometric values and their biometric correlates: The Kandy Eye Study." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 37, no. 5 (July 2009): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02087.x.

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16

Nithershini, P., SD Dharmaratne, DB Nugegoda, T. Østbye, and CA Lynch. "The incidence of road traffic inuries in Kandy, Sri Lanka." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A213.1—A213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590u.32.

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17

Ehelepola, N. D. B., and W. M. C. M. Wijesinghe. "An Analysis of a Dengue Outbreak at a Large Hospital and Epidemiological Evidence for Nosocomial Dengue." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (June 26, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9579086.

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Reports on dengue outbreaks at hospitals are extremely rare. Here the authors analyze a dengue outbreak at the Teaching Hospital-Kandy (THK), Sri Lanka. Our hypothesis was that the present outbreak of dengue was due to nosocomial infections. Our objectives were to illustrate epidemiological evidence for nosocomial dengue infections among THK workers and comparison of dengue incidence of hospital workers of wards that treat dengue patients with workers of other wards, to ascertain whether most nosocomial dengue incidences occur closer to where dengue patients are treated and vector larvae were detected, and to draw the attention of the medical community to the significance of hospital outbreaks, making suggestions on how to improve dengue preventive work at the THK. We calculated weekly dengue incidences for the hospital workers and for the surrounding Kandy district population, plotted epicurves, and compared them. We also compared these with the temporal changes of numbers of patients who were admitted for other illnesses and then diagnosed with dengue and the numbers of containers with vector mosquito larvae found on hospital premises. Dengue incidence of the hospital workers for the 24-week study period (2388 per 100000 population) was significantly high when compared to incidence of the district (151 per 100000 population). Peaks of dengue incidence in hospital workers, the numbers of patients hospitalized for other illnesses contracting dengue, and numbers of containers with vector larvae occurred in the same week. The peak dengue incidence of the Kandy district happened six weeks later. There was no evidence to indicate blood contact causing dengue among hospital workers. The outbreak was controlled while dengue was rising in the district. This evidence indicates a probable nosocomial dengue outbreak. This outbreak adversely affected hospital workers, patients, and the community. We propose some measures to prevent such outbreaks.

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18

Amarasooriya, A. A. G. D., S. K. Weragoda, M. Makehelwala, and R. Weerasooriya. "Occurrence of trihalomethane in relation to treatment technologies and water quality under tropical conditions." H2Open Journal 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2018.007.

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Abstract Distribution of most prevalent disinfection by-products, trihalomethanes (THMs) in relation to treatment technology and common water quality parameters (turbidity, conductivity, color, pH, and residual chlorine) was examined for two water supply schemes (WSS) in Sri Lanka (locations: Greater Kandy-WSS (GKWSS) (80.56–80.66 °E, 7.28–7.38 °N) and Kandy South-WSS (KSWSS) (80.49–80.63 °E, 7.21–7.30 °N). In both treatment plants, only CHCl3 and CHCl2Br were detected in appreciable concentrations and total THMs (TTHMs) values were well below the WHO limits (80 μg/L). TTHMs variations ranged from 0 to 16 μg/L and 0 to 54 μg/L in GKWSS and KSWSS, respectively. Highest TTHM value (54 μg/L) was found in KSWSS which employs pulsation treatment technology. Correlations between CHCl3 and CHCl2Br in both water schemes are noteworthy, but THM levels relate to most of the water quality parameters ambiguously. However, a distinct relationship is observed between THM levels and degree of chlorination, resident time, pipeline corrosion, and temperature. THM formation increased towards the boundaries of most of the sub-water supply schemes (SWSS).

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19

Mimrose, DMCS, ERN Gunawardena, and HB Nayakakorala. "Assessment of Sustainability of Community Water Supply Projects in Kandy District." Tropical Agricultural Research 23, no. 1 (September 6, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v23i1.4631.

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20

Abeyratne, Vilani D. K., and Oliver A. Ileperuma. "Air pollution monitoring in the city of Kandy: possible transboundary effects." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 34, no. 3 (September 24, 2006): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3644.

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21

Perera, PK, RPVJ Rajapakse, and RS Rajakaruna. "Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Hantana area in the Kandy District." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41, no. 2 (June 26, 2013): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v41i2.5703.

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22

Ananda, Tharaka, and Charmalie Nahallage. "Traditional agricultural practices unique to Meemure village, Kandy District Sri Lanka." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ijms.v1i1.28.

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23

Seneviratne, Shirani, Lakmali Handagiripathira, Sisara Sanjeevani, Dulanjalee Madusha, Vajira Ariyaratna Ariyaratna Waduge, Thilaka Attanayake, Deepthi Bandara, and Philip K. Hopke. "Identification of Sources of Fine Particulate Matter in Kandy, Sri Lanka." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 17, no. 2 (2017): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.03.0123.

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24

Jayatilleke, AU, KC Poudel, SD Dharmaratne, AC Jayatilleke, and M. Jimba. "Drivers' working conditions and private bus crashes in Kandy, Sri Lanka." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A208.4—A209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590u.17.

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25

Ranagalage, Manjula, DMSLB Dissanayake, Yuji Murayama, Xinmin Zhang, Ronald C. Estoque, ENC Perera, and Takehiro Morimoto. "Quantifying Surface Urban Heat Island Formation in the World Heritage Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7090341.

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Presently, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, and its adverse impacts, are becoming major research foci in various interrelated fields due to rapid changes in urban ecological environments. Various cities have been investigated in previous studies, and most of the findings have facilitated the introduction of proper mitigation measures to overcome the negative impact of UHI. At present, most of the mountain cities of the world have undergone rapid urban development, and this has resulted in the increasing surface UHI (SUHI) phenomenon. Hence, this study focuses on quantifying SUHI in Kandy City, the world heritage tropical mountain city of Sri Lanka, using Landsat data (1996 and 2017) based on the mean land surface temperature (LST), the difference between the fraction of impervious surfaces (IS), and the fraction of green space (GS). Additionally, we examined the relationship of LST to the green space/impervious surface fraction ratio (GS/IS fraction ratio) and the magnitude of the GS/IS fraction ratio. The SUHI intensity (SUHII) was calculated based on the temperature difference between main land use/cover categories and the temperature difference between urban-rural zones. We demarcated the rural zone based on the fraction of IS recorded, <10%, along with the urban-rural gradient zone. The result shows a SUHII increase from 3.9 °C in 1996 to 6.2 °C in 2017 along the urban-rural gradient between the urban and rural zones (10 < IS). These results relate to the rapid urban expansion of the study areas from 1996 to 2017. Most of the natural surfaces have changed to impervious surfaces, causing an increase of SUHI in Kandy City. The mean LST has a positive relationship with the fraction of IS and a negative relationship with the fraction of GS. Additionally, the GS/IS fraction ratio shows a rapid decline. Thus, the findings of this study can be considered as a proxy indicator for introducing proper landscape and urban planning for the World Heritage tropical mountain city of Kandy in Sri Lanka.

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Udayanga, Lahiru, Subashinie Aryaprema, Nayana Gunathilaka, M. C. M. Iqbal, Thilan Fernando, and W. Abeyewickreme. "Larval Indices of Vector Mosquitoes as Predictors of Dengue Epidemics: An Approach to Manage Dengue Outbreaks Based on Entomological Parameters in the Districts of Colombo and Kandy, Sri Lanka." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6386952.

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Background. Early detection of dengue epidemics is a vital aspect in control programmes. Predictions based on larval indices of disease vectors are widely used in dengue control, with defined threshold values. However, there is no set threshold in Sri Lanka at the national or regional levels for Aedes larval indices. Therefore, the current study aimed at developing threshold values for vector indices in two dengue high-risk districts in Sri Lanka. Methods. Monthly vector indices (House Index [HI], Container Index [CI], Breteau Index for Aedes aegypti [BIagp], and Ae. albopictus [BIalb]), of ten selected dengue high-risk Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas located in Colombo and Kandy districts, were collected from January 2010 to June 2019, along with monthly reported dengue cases. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in SPSS (version 23) was used to assess the discriminative power of the larval indices in identifying dengue epidemics and to develop thresholds for the dengue epidemic management. Results. Only HI and BIagp denoted significant associations with dengue epidemics at lag periods of one and two months. Based on Ae. aegypti, average threshold values were defined for Colombo as Low Risk (2.4≤BIagp<3.8), Moderate Risk (3.8≤BIagp<5), High Risk (BIagp≥5), along with BIagp 2.9≤BIagp<4.2 (Low Risk), 4.2≤BIagp<5.3 (Moderate Risk), and BIagp≥5.3 (High Risk) for Kandy. Further, 5.5≤HI<8.9, 8.9≤HI<11.9, and HI≥11.9 were defined as Low Risk, Moderate Risk, and High Risk average thresholds for HI in Colombo, while 6.9≤HI<9.1 (Low Risk), 8.9≥HI<11.8 (Moderate Risk), and HI≥11.8 (High Risk) were defined for Kandy. Conclusions. The defined threshold values for Ae. aegypti and HI could be recommended as indicators for early detection of dengue epidemics and to drive vector management activities, with the objective of managing dengue epidemics with optimal usage of financial, technical, and human resources in Sri Lanka.

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27

Ranathunge, Tharaka, Lahiru Udayanga, Sumudu Sarasija, Samudra Karunathilaka, Shavindhya Nawarathne, Haruthra Rathnarajah, Fathima Fazla Dulficar, Fathima Nafla Shafi, Ranil S. Dassanayake, and Y. I. Nilmini Silva Gunawardene. "Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (Vgsc) Mutation-Based Pyrethroid Resistance in Aedes aegypti Populations of Three Endemic Dengue Risk Areas of Sri Lanka." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 22, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8874092.

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Background. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in many countries for chemical-based control of Ae. aegypti. Regardless of their efficacy, the constant use of insecticides has induced insecticide resistance mechanisms, such as knockdown resistance (kdr) in mosquitoes. Sri Lankan Vector Controlling Entities (VCE) have been using a variety of pyrethroid insecticides as the primary approach for dengue control. However, development of any resistance among the Aedes mosquitoes has been limitedly studied in the country. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of F1534C, V1016G, and S989P mutations among Ae. aegypti mosquito populations in three dengue endemic high-risk regions of Sri Lanka. Methodology. Immature (both pupae and larvae) stages of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected from Colombo, Gampaha, and Kandy districts of Sri Lanka from February 2018 to December 2019. Polymerase Chain Reaction- (PCR-) based assay for molecular genotyping of mutations was performed to identify the prevalence of kdr mutations in collected Ae. aegypti populations, separately. The frequencies of the resistant and susceptible kdr alleles were determined by using the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Results. The Ae. aegypti populations from Colombo, Gampaha, and Kandy districts showed 46%, 42%, and 22% of F1534C mutation allele frequencies, along with 15%, 12%, and 6% of V1016G mutation allele frequencies, respectively. The mutation allele frequencies of S989 in Colombo, Gampaha, and Kandy districts were 9.5%, 8.5%, and 4.5%, respectively. The wild-type (PP) genotype remained predominant within all the three districts, whereas the homogenous (QQ) mutation genotype occurred only in minority. The abundance of Q allele frequency in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes was relatively higher for all the three mutations in Colombo. Conclusions. The findings clearly indicate that long-term insecticide applications and multiple use of pyrethroids have led to the acquisition of kdr mutations, leading to the development of insecticide resistance among local Ae. aegypti populations, especially in the Colombo and Gampaha districts. Therefore, evaluation of the prevalence levels of these kdr mutations highlights the necessity for shifting towards novel vector control strategies.

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Nawarathna, N. g. P. d., H. m. D. r. Herath, D. B. M. Wickramarathne, M. H. F. Sakeena, C. B. Gunawardhane, and S. H. t. Sudeshika. "AWARENESS OF USAGE OF SUNSCREENS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN KANDY, SRI LANKA." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i1.11863.

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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this research was to evaluate the awareness of usage of sunscreens among school children in Kandy, Sri Lanka.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>School children (138) who do outdoor sports were recruited from six schools. Knowledge and attitudes towards the usage and application of sunscreens were assessed using a researcher administered questionnaire. Statistical analyses were done using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS version-16).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the school children who do outdoor sports, 71 (51.4%) of participants used sunscreens and 67 (48.6%) of participants did not use sunscreens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results most of the school children have a lack of knowledge, attitudes and practice towards the usage of sunscreens.</p>

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29

NAWFHAL, Abdul Samad Mohamed. "The Spatial Perspective of Ethnic Residential Patterns of Kandy City, Sri Lanka." Geographical review of Japan, Series B. 61, no. 2 (1988): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.61.225.

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30

Rudkin, A. K., K. Edussuriya, S. Sennanayake, T. Senaratne, D. Selva, T. R. Sullivan, and R. J. Casson. "Prevalence of exfoliation syndrome in central Sri Lanka: the Kandy Eye Study." British Journal of Ophthalmology 92, no. 12 (October 16, 2008): 1595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2008.146407.

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31

Navaratna, Samidi, Koji Kanda, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Sampath Tennakoon, Ananda Jayasinghe, Niroshan Jayasekara, Katsutoshi Nagano, Yoshihide Obayashi, Asuna Arai, and Hiko Tamashiro. "Awareness and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among residents of Kandy, Sri Lanka." AIDS Care 27, no. 3 (October 10, 2014): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.963496.

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32

Gopallawa, DC, and KS Weerasekera. "Improvement of pedestrian safety and traffic flow regulation at railway junction, Kandy." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41, no. 3 (September 16, 2013): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v41i3.6060.

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33

Piyasiri, AGSA, and A. Ariyawardana. "Market Potentials and Willingness to Pay for Selected Organic Vegetables in Kandy." Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics 4 (August 26, 2011): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjae.v4i0.3486.

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34

Kodikara, C. P. "Total viable count of treated water in the Kandy municipal distribution system." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 14, no. 1 (January 31, 1986): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v14i1.8330.

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35

Gaspe, G. M. N. S., N. C. Weeratunge, S. D. Dharmaratne, J. Gunatilake, D. M. G. S. Dassanayake, O. Gamage, and V. Kumarapeli. "Analysis of fatal road traffic crashes in Kandy, Sri Lanka using GIS." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.552.

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36

Meetiyagoda, Lakshika. "Pedestrian safety in Kandy Heritage City, Sri Lanka: Lessons from World Heritage Cities." Sustainable Cities and Society 38 (April 2018): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.017.

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Nanayakkara, K. K., G. Rodrigo, and C. D. Nanayakkara. "O487 PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSIS OF THALASSAEMIA BY AMNIOCENTESIS: KANDY THALASSAEMIA CENTRE, SRI LANKA." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 119 (October 2012): S434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(12)60917-5.

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Chandra R. de Silva. "Kandy Fights the Portuguese: A Military History of Kandyan Resistance (review)." Journal of Military History 72, no. 3 (2008): 936–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.0.0002.

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39

AMERASINGHE, F. P., and N. B. MUNASINGHA. "NOCTURNAL BITING RHYTHMS OF SIX MOSQUITO SPECIES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN KANDY, SRI LANKA." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 22, no. 3 (September 30, 1994): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v22i3.8130.

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Dissanayake, DS, WMMWNC Weeratunge, GMNS Gaspe, and AGONA Gamage. "Peer pressure and bullying among school going adolescents in the district of Kandy." Journal of the College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka 17, no. 1 (November 26, 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jccpsl.v17i1.4929.

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Kumar, Ramya. "Dual practice and inequities in access to healthcare: A qualitative study from Kandy." Jaffna Medical Journal 30, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jmj.v30i1.5.

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42

Periyasamy, Nithershini, Catherine A. Lynch, Samath D. Dharmaratne, DB Nugegoda, and Truls Østbye. "Under reporting of road traffic injuries in the district of Kandy, Sri Lanka." BMJ Open 3, no. 11 (November 2013): e003640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003640.

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Nithershini, P., SD Dharmaratne, DB Nugegoda, T. Østbye, and CA Lynch. "The economic impact of road traffic injuries on households in Kandy, Sri Lanka." Injury Prevention 18, Suppl 1 (October 2012): A213.2—A213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040590u.33.

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Priyankara, Sajith, Mahesh Senarathna, Rohan Jayaratne, Lidia Morawska, Sachith Abeysundara, Rohan Weerasooriya, Luke D. Knibbs, Shyamali C. Dharmage, Duminda Yasaratne, and Gayan Bowatte. "Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure and Respiratory Disease Hospitalization in Kandy, Sri Lanka." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 9617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189617.

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Abstract:

Evidence of associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and health outcomes are sparse in the South Asian region due to limited air pollution exposure and quality health data. This study investigated the potential impacts of ambient particulate matter (PM) on respiratory disease hospitalization in Kandy, Sri Lanka for the year 2019. The Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was applied to estimate the short-term effect of ambient PM on respiratory disease hospitalization. As the second analysis, respiratory disease hospitalizations during two distinct air pollution periods were analyzed. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in same-day exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease hospitalization by 1.95% (0.25, 3.67) and 1.63% (0.16, 3.12), respectively. The effect of PM2.5 or PM10 on asthma hospitalizations were 4.67% (1.23, 8.23) and 4.04% (1.06, 7.11), respectively (p < 0.05). The 65+ years age group had a higher risk associated with PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and hospital admissions for all respiratory diseases on the same day (2.74% and 2.28%, respectively). Compared to the lower ambient air pollution period, higher increased hospital admissions were observed among those aged above 65 years, males, and COPD and pneumonia hospital admissions during the high ambient air pollution period. Active efforts are crucial to improve ambient air quality in this region to reduce the health effects.

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NDB, Ehelepola. "A favorable outcome from dengue hemorrhagic fever: Teaching Hospital Kandy, Sri Lanka, May 2016." Global Health Action 9, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 33186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.33186.

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Athanasiov, Paul A., K. Edussuriya, T. Senaratne, S. Sennanayake, T. Sullivan, D. Selva, and R. J. Casson. "Cataract in Central Sri Lanka: Prevalence and Risk Factors from the Kandy Eye Study." Ophthalmic Epidemiology 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09286580903324900.

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Ellens, J. Harold, and Channa Wickremesekera. "Kandy at War: Indigenous Military Resistance to European Expansion in Sri Lanka 1594-1818." Sixteenth Century Journal 38, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20478436.

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Casson, Robert J., Michelle Baker, Kapila Edussuriya, Tissa Senaratne, Dinesh Selva, and Saman Sennanayake. "Prevalence and Determinants of Angle Closure in Central Sri Lanka: The Kandy Eye Study." Ophthalmology 116, no. 8 (August 2009): 1444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.005.

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Alwis, Upeksha S., Deshani C. Mudannayake, Dinesh D. Jayasena, and Kamalika J. H. Ubeyarathna. "Evaluation of Salmonella cross contamination at retail chicken meat outlets in Kandy, Sri Lanka." Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 41, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7744/cnujas.2014.41.1.035.

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Wijesundara, Janaka. "Re-invigorating the Spirit of Place of Kandy: Urban Design and City Planning Strategies." Built-Environment Sri Lanka 11, no. 2 (March 17, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/besl.v11i2.7606.

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