Journal articles on the topic 'Kannada Authors'

Kannada is one of the famous ancient languages of the India and the official language of the State of Karnataka, which has a very large heritage. The digital analysis of these historical Kannada documents will provide us information about the culture and traditions that were practiced. Retrieving such information from paper documents, palm leaves or from stone carvings will enhance our knowledge. Investigating Historical document isn’t straight advance procedure because of low quality, differentiation, contrast and covering of characters. In this analysis, the authors propose a novel Scale invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) with deep learning classifier to recognize Historical kannada characters. To begin with, the character is divided utilizing Connected Component Analysis and later the Different SIFT Features are detached. At long last, form a powerful convolutional neural system classifier to recognize the Historical kannada archives. Proposed tale schemes during the preprocessing stage to guarantee strong, precise and constant grouping. They assess their strategy all alone datasets their characterization results surpass 97% on all datasets, which are superior to the cutting edge in this space.

Karnataka (Apiaceae) is a monotypic genus rediscovered after it’s type collection around 175 years from Mudbidri area of Dakshina Kannada (South Canara) district, Karnataka. Detailed morphological description, identity notes and photoplates have been provided based on fresh material collected by authors.

Background Women’s birthing experience is a sensitive indicator of the quality of childbirth care and can impact the physical and mental health of both women and their neonates. Negligible evidence exists on Indian women’s birth experiences and–to the best of authors’ knowledge–no questionnaire has been tested in India for measuring women’s birthing experiences. This study aimed to test the construct validity and reliability of the Kannada-translated Revised Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was carried out among postnatal women (n = 251, up to six months postpartum, with a live healthy neonate) who had given birth at a public or private health facility using the Kannada-translated CEQ2 in two districts of Karnataka. Data were collected at participants’ homes after seeking written informed consent. Model fit was determined by Confirmatory Factor Analyses. Results The 4-factor model of the CEQ2 showed good fit after deletion of one item (item 8, subcategory “participation”) with CMIN = 1.33; SRMR = 0.04; GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.037 and p value 0.002). The Cronbach alpha values were acceptable for the four subscales (0.92, 0.93, 0.97, 0.91) as well as for the overall 21-item scale (0.84). Conclusions The Kannada-translated CEQ2 is a reliable tool to measure the childbirth experiences among Kannada-speaking women and can serve as a reliable ongoing evaluation of women’s birth experiences.

Visual speech recognition (VSR) is a method of reading speech by noticing the lip actions of the narrators. Visual speech significantly depends on the visual features derived from the image sequences. Visual speech recognition is a stimulating process that poses various challenging tasks to human machine-based procedures. VSR methods clarify the tasks by using machine learning. Visual speech helps people who are hearing impaired, laryngeal patients, and are in a noisy environment. In this research, authors developed our dataset for the Kannada Language. The dataset contained five words, which are Avanu, Bagge, Bari, Guruthu, Helida, and these words are randomly chosen. The average duration of each video is 1 s to 1.2 s. The machine learning method is used for feature extraction and classification. Here, authors applied VGG16 Convolution Neural Network for our custom dataset, and relu activation function is used to get an accuracy of 91.90% and the recommended system confirms the effectiveness of the system. The proposed output is compared with HCNN, ResNet-LSTM, Bi-LSTM, and GLCM-ANN, and evidenced the effectiveness of the recommended system.

<p><span>Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that allows computers to recognize and extract text from images or scanned documents. It is commonly used to convert printed or handwritten text into machine-readable format. This Study presents an OCR system on Kannada Characters based on siamese neural network (SNN). Here the SNN, a Deep neural network which comprises of two identical convolutional neural network (CNN) compare the script and ranks based on the dissimilarity. When lesser dissimilarity score is identified, prediction is done as character match. In this work the authors use 5 classes of Kannada characters which were initially preprocessed using grey scaling and convert it to pgm format. This is directly input into the Deep convolutional network which is learnt from matching and non-matching image between the CNN with contrastive loss function in Siamese architecture. The Proposed OCR system uses very less time and gives more accurate results as compared to the regular CNN. The model can become a powerful tool for identification, particularly in situations where there is a high degree of variation in writing styles or limited training data is available.</span></p>

Strobilanthes callosus Nees is endemic to India and flowers once in its life cycle. In Peninsular India, it is reported in bloom after 7 years. During a botanical tour to Anshi National Park, Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary and Kudremukh National Park, the authors reported this species in bloom in Pune, Satara, Kolhapur (Maharashtra), Belgaum, Dharwad, Koppal, Udupi, Mangalore, Shimoga, Davanagere, Uttara Kannada and Haveri Districts (Karnataka). From Koppal, Udupi, Mangalore, Davanagere and Haveri Districts of Karnataka, this species hitherto not reported. A complete citation, short description and notes are given. This documentation is essential to ascertain periodicity in blooming for various species of Strobilanthes.

The proposed methodology presented in the paper deals with solving the problem of multilingual speech recognition. Current text and speech recognition and translation methods have a very low accuracy in translating sentences which contain a mixture of two or more different languages. The paper proposes a novel approach to tackling this problem and highlights some of the drawbacks of current recognition and translation methods. The proposed approach deals with recognition of audio queries which contain a mixture of words in two different languages - Kannada and English. The novelty in the approach presented, is the use of a next Word Prediction model in combination with a Deep Learning speech recognition model to accurately recognise and convert the input audio query to text. Another method proposed to solve the problem of multilingual speech recognition and translation is the use of cosine similarity between the audio features of words for fast and accurate recognition. The dataset used for training and testing the models was generated manually by the authors as there was no pre-existing audio and text dataset which contained sentences in a mixture of both Kannada and English. The DL speech recognition model in combination with the Word Prediction model gives an accuracy of 71% when tested on the in-house multilingual dataset. This method outperforms other existing translation and recognition solutions for the same test set. Multilingual translation and recognition is an important problem to tackle as there is a tendency for people to speak in a mixture of languages. By solving this problem, the barrier of language and communication can be lifted and thus can help people connect better and more comfortably with each other.

The comments by A. Romero and S. Kannada (2006. Can. J. Zool. 84: 1059–1065) provide a brief summary of North Atlantic whaling history as a critique of T. Rastogi et al. (2004. Can. J. Zool. 82: 1647–1654) . However, they fall far short of providing an accurate review of whaling history in this region. The authors present a number of factual errors, misuse several key sources, and make significant omissions, ultimately defeating the purpose of providing information to biologists, managers, and historians. In this comment I highlight the mistakes in their representation of the history of North Atlantic whaling for bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus L., 1758). There are unacceptable errors for most nations covered, and for American whaling in particular. The authors assert that over 30 000 bowhead whales were landed by Yankee whalers in the North Atlantic when the vast majority were in fact taken on the Pacific grounds. Although a summary of whaling history is an admirable goal and of potential value, it is unfortunate that the authors missed such an opportunity by failing to adequately research this topic, failing to include important citations, and by including sources that do not provide the information indicated. Providing a whaling summary with such errors and omissions only adds further confusion to an already confusing theme.

Diasporic literature is a pivotal term in literature that includes the literary works of the authors who are the outsiders for their native country but their work is deeply rooted in homeland by reflecting native culture, background, displacement and so on. Indian women’s literary work is at the forefront of diasporic literature. The advent of Indian women novelists on the literary horizon is an important development in the Indian English literature. These women writers have also contributed to other genres, such as drama, poetry and short stories, not only in English but also in regional languages like Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi, Tamil, Kannada and so on. Some modern women writers flourish their writing in the form of fables as a literary genre in an impressive way to focus on the specific themes. In last two decades, Indian women’s writing in English is blossomed, both published in India and abroad. The present paper is the review of diasporic consciousness in select works of contemporary Indian women novelists. It focuses on the attempt to highlight the quest for identity of those women who played a crucial role in defining themselves through their literary work in diasporic background.

Background: Asthmatics form a predominant section of patients in OPD. If poorly controlled the frequency of attacks requiring an emergency department visit adds to the burden. It was noticed that the patients who were on inhalational therapy had poor control despite the absence of other factors which could lead to exacerbations. Hence author evaluated the inhalational techniques.Methods: A prospective study undertaken in the department of medicine in tertiary care hospital in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka enlisting 25 patients admitted with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. The patients were assessed for their symptoms, signs and recurrent attacks along with their cough severity index and inhaler scores and the observations were tabulated.Results: Of the twenty-five, 15 were on inhalation therapy with various modes of deliveries. There were 15 males and 10 females from ages 20 to 50years. The number of attacks of asthma was higher in those not on inhalation therapies than those using inhalation therapies. Also, the level/severity of cough, measured as Cough Severity Index, was assessed among the two groups. Those on inhalation therapy had a lower grade of cough than those not on therapy . Mean AEC was 94 among those on inhalation therapy and 209 among those not on therapy. Inhalational score was calculated for each patient. There is a strong negative correlation of -0.709 between inhalation score and recurrent attacks, which is statistically significant (p=0.003). Lower inhalation scores were associated with recurrent attacks.Conclusions: Recurrent exacerbations in an asthmatic patient on inhalation therapy are due to improper inhalational technique. It was suggested that it is wise to spend time with the patients in authors OPD set up and teach them the correct techniques of using inhalational therapy hence reducing frequency of attacks and cost of health care in such patients.

Atna, Journal of Tourism Studies (AJTS) has offered a platform for the publication of quality articles on research and learning in tourism over the years, thus reading out to researchers and professionals in the field. The Journal has continued to make serious inroads to understand the varied aspects and issues related to the study of tourism. Scholars, with the submission of excellent articles and reviewers through their critical feedback have helped to enhance the quality of the articles published. We are grateful to all authors and reviewers for helping AJTS to build a quality journal among the travel and tourism community in our country. The scholarly contributions featured in the current issue range across such wide areas, as Tourism Development, Local Community and Tourism, Coastal Tourism, Human Resource Management in Tourism, Tourism Management and Heritage Tourism. “A Study on Creation and Development of Wine Tourism Circuits in Maharashtra, by Anupama Kotur Kaddi examines the most important considerations for the creation of wine tourism circuits and analyses the opinions of wine tourism service providers on the creation and development of wine tourism circuits in the wine regions of Maharashtra. Local Community Involvement in Tourism: A Content Analysis of Websites of Wildlife Resorts, by Nagarjuna G reports on the various activities and practices adopted by wildlife resorts for the development of the local community. “Sustainable Coastal Tourism: A Community Perspective,” by Joseph P D and Pakkeerappa P examines the indicators of coastal sustainability from the perspective of the local community along the selected beaches of Dakshina Kannada. Cheryl Venan Dias and Venan Bonaventure Dias try to identify the human resource issues which are prevalent in the micro, small and medium travel, tourism and hospitality enterprises in their article “A Shift from Work-Life Balance to Work-Life Choices: A Study on Tourism Professionals in Goa”.

Abstract The twentieth century is witness to a revival of interest in the bildungsroman as writers, especially from postcolonies in the Global South, turn to it to reflect on concerns of history, culture, and social life in a postcolonial setting. Scholars, however, disagree regarding the nature of these reworkings. Some see them as a continuation of the original European models established by Goethe, Dickens, and other European writers. Others find such associations Eurocentric and call for more local standards of evaluation. This article examines this debate by looking closely at a version of the postcolonial bildungsroman proposed by the Kannada writer U. R. Ananthamurthy in his 1965 novel Samskara. The novel follows an orthodox Brahmin priest from Karnataka who, disillusioned by the corruption and moral decay in his community, embarks on a pilgrimage to rediscover his identity in the rapidly modernizing world of twentieth-century India. Ananthamurthy's bildungsroman, while retaining some structural similarities, departs from European models in fundamental ways. The motif of the hero's journey, for instance, is flipped. The novel tracks the hero's growing discontentment with his community leading to a sense of communal alienation, thus inverting the European journey-trajectory that typically follows the hero's movement toward social integration. It also deviates from the generic Western rags-to-riches storyline that complements that hero's road to social integration. Instead, it adopts the narrative structure of the Niti-shastra, a set of precolonial Hindu texts that teach about the wise conduct of life. Such readings not only facilitate fresh ways of understanding the relationship between the Western and the postcolonial models, but they also allow new insights into understanding how South Asian authors utilize the bildungsroman to rediscover precolonial and classical works through modernity.

Media plays a vital role in educational programs, health communication and agricultural development. Without a vibrant media no society can function well. The Media plays a significant role in forming and influencing people’s attitudes and behaviour. Gone are the days of chalks and blackboard and the technological changes have brought in digital projection and interactive classrooms. In this new world of interactive media networks, traditional education technology and ignorance of new media are looked down upon. In schools and colleges some of the media are used in teaching and learning. Educational media is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication In the present age, when scientific developments have made the human life comfortable, media education has gained much importance. Many authors and philosophers have made valuable observations about media and their utilization in schools. So, today Media is very essential tool in education institutions. Without media we can’t imagine the life of the future generation and their knowledge. In this way the present study is an effort to focus on availability of media and their utilization in education institution. In the present study researcher used the survey based on Questionnaire and Interview. Survey based on Questionnaire was used for students to get the information and Interviews were conducted with teachers and administrators of the schools. The researcher chose four schools in Bhadravathi City. The study is located in Bhadravathi Taluk of Shimoga District in Karnataka State. Two Government schools of Kannada medium and two private institutions of English medium are chosen to analyze the impact of language on education and utilizing media. The study also explain the authorities interest and teachers knowledge, weather they have a sufficient training to operate media devices, and know how to effectively link with curriculum and co-curricular activities of the school. This paper also brings out the procedural and pattern wise issues with regard to media availability and utilization in educational institutions.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-3: 244-249 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i3.12824

The purpose of the paper is to establish a sufficient condition for the existence of a solution to the equation T(u,C(u))=u using Kannan-type equicontractive mappings, T:A×C(A)¯→Y, where C is a compact mapping, A is a bounded, closed and convex subset of a Banach space Y. To achieve this objective, the authors have presented Sadovskii’s theorem, which utilizes the measure of noncompactness. The relevance of the obtained results has been illustrated through the consideration of various initial value problems.

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from February 1, 2015 to July 31, 2015. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Redfame Publishing appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Abdelaziz HAKIMI Adam Zaremba Ana Iglesias-Casal Anastasia,Kopaneli Aneta Karina Bernat Augustine Akhidime Desti Kannaiah Feng Jui Hsu Florin Peci Ghazi Alassaf Gheorghe Morosan Haitham Nobanee, Hajar Jahangard Hong Bo Kesseven Padachi Lee Kian Tek Luca Sensini Luo Yongli Marco Muscettola Mazurina Mohd Ali Meri Boshkoska Mohamed Jalloh Nicoleta Radneantu Nikolay Patonov Noriaki Okamoto Odumeso-Jimoh M I John Peibiao Zhao Wei-Bin ZHANG Wilson E. Herbert Rui FERNANDES Shahram Fattahi Vineet Chouhan Yao Zheng Yu Peng Lin

In [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2015 (2015):185], the authors introduced a new concept of modified contractive mappings, generalizing Ćirić, Chatterjea, Kannan, and Reich type contractions. They applied the condition ( θ 4 ) (see page 3, Section 2 of the above paper). Later, in [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2016 (2016):62], Jiang et al. claimed that the results in [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2015 (2015):185] are not real generalizations. In this paper, by restricting the conditions of the control functions, we obtain a real generalization of the Banach contraction principle (BCP). At the end, we introduce a weakly JS-contractive condition generalizing the JS-contractive condition.

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 4, Number 2Amira Houaneb, University Ibn Khaldoun, TunisiaAnastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAugustine Akhidime, Benson Idahosa University, NigeriaDesti Kannaiah, James Cook University, SingaporeFabio Rizzato, University of Turin, ItalyGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaIoan Bogdan Robu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, RomaniaJayendra S. Gokhale, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USALingesiya Kengatharan, University of Jaffna, Sri LankaMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMohammad Sami Ali Al-Dahrawi, Zarqa University, JordanMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaNikolay Patonov, European Polytechnical University, BulgariaPeibiao Zhao, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, ChinaRui Fernandes, Porto Accounting and Business School, PortugalSawsan Saadi Halbouni, Canadian University Dubai, UAEVolodymyr Vysochansky, Uzhhorod National University, UkraineAngelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail: afa@redfame.comURL: http://afa.redfame.com

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 1Adina Criste, “Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaAnastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAnthony Okafor, University of Louisville, USAAugustine Akhidime, Benson Idahosa University, NigeriaDesti Kannaiah, James Cook University, SingaporeFeng Jui Hsu, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, TaiwanGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaHajar Jahangard , Central Bank of Iran(CBI), IranJayendra S. Gokhale, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USALektore Oltiana Muharremi, University of Vlora, AlbaniaMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMawih Kareem Alani, Dhofar University, OmanMohammad Sami Ali Al-Dahrawi, Zarqa University, JordanNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianNikolay Patonov, European Polytechnical University, BulgariaNoriaki Okamoto, Rikkyo University, JapanRui Fernandes, Porto Accounting and Business School, PortugalShahram Fattahi, Razi University,, IranVolodymyr Vysochansky, Uzhhorod National University, UkraineZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA Angelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://afa.redfame.com

IntroductionIndian Literature with its multiplicity of languages and the plurality of cultures dates back to 3000 years ago, comprising Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and Epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. India has a strong literary tradition in various Indian regional languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and so on. Indian writers share oral tradition, indigenous experiences and reflect on the history, culture and society in regional languages as well as in English. The first Indian novel in English is Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s Rajmohan’s Wife (1864). Indian Writing in English can be viewed in three phases - Imitative, First and Second poets’ phases. The 20th century marks the matrix of indigenous novels. The novels such as Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable (1935), Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupé (2001), and Khuswant Singh’s Memories of Madness: Stories of 1947 (2002) depict social issues, vices and crises (discrimination, injustice, violence against women) in India. Indian writers, and their contribution to world literature, are popular in India and abroad.Researchers are keen on analysing the works of Indian writers from historical, cultural, social perspectives and on literary theories (Post-Colonialism, Postmodernity, Cultural Studies). The enormity of the cultural diversity in India is reflected in Indian novels, plays, dramas, short stories and poems. This collection of articles attempts to capture the diversity of the Indian land/culture/landscape. It focuses on the history of India, partition, women’s voices, culture and society, and science and technology in Indian narratives, documentaries and movies.Special Issue: An Overview“Whatever has happened, has happened for goodWhatever is happening, is also for goodWhatever will happen, shall also be good.”- The Bhagavad-Gita.In the Mahabharata’s Kurukshetra battlefield, Lord Krishna counsels Arjuna on how everything that happens, regardless of whether it is good or bad, happens for a reason.Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future portrays the glorious/not-so-glorious times in history, the ever-changing crisis/peace of contemporary and hope for an unpredictable future through India’s literary and visual narratives. It focuses on comparison across cultures, technological advancements and diverse perspectives or approaches through the work of art produced in/on India. It projects India’s flora, fauna, historical monuments and rich cultural heritage. It illustrates how certain beliefs and practices come into existence – origin, evolution and present structure from a historical perspective. Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future gives a moment to recall, rectify and raise to make a promising future. This collection attempts to interpret various literary and visual narratives which are relevant at present.The Epics Reinterpreted: Highlighting Feminist Issues While Sustaining Deep Motif, examines the Women characters in the Epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata. It links the present setting to the violence against women described in the Epics Carl Jung’s archetypes are highlighted in a few chosen characters (Sita, Amba, Draupati). On one note, it emphasises the need for women to rise and fight for their rights.Fictive Testimony and Genre Tension: A Study of ‘Functionality’ of Genre in Manto’s Toba Tek Singh, analyses the story as a testimony and Manto as a witness. It discusses the ‘Testimony and Fictive Testimony’ in Literature. It explains how the works are segregated into a particular genre. The authors conclude that the testimony is to be used to understand or identify with the terror.Tangible Heritage and Intangible Memory: (Coping) Precarity in the select Partition writings by Muslim Women, explores the predicament of women during the Partition of India through Mumtaz Shah Nawaz’s The Heart Divided (1990) and Attia Hosain’s Sunlight on a Broken Column (2009). It addresses ‘Feminist Geography’ to escape precarity. It depicts a woman who is cut off from her own ethnic or religious group and tries to conjure up her memories as a means of coping with loneliness and insecurity.Nation Building Media Narratives and its Anti-Ecological Roots: An Eco-Aesthetic Analysis of Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan, analyses the post-Partition trauma in the fictional village, Mano Majra. It illustrates the cultural and spiritual bond between Mano Majrans — the inhabitants of Mano Majra — and nature (the land and river). It demonstrates how the media constructs broad myths about culture, religion, and nation. According to the authors, Mano Majrans place a high value on the environment, whilst the other boundaries are more concerned with nationalism and religion.Pain and Hopelessness among Indian Farmers: An Analysis of Deepa Bhatia’s Nero’s Guests documents the farmers’ suicides in India as a result of debt and decreased crop yield. The travels of Sainath and his encounters with the relatives of missing farmers have been chronicled in the documentary Nero’s Guests. It uses the Three Step Theory developed by David Klonsky and Alexis May and discusses suicide as a significant social issue. The authors conclude that farmers are the foundation of the Indian economy and that without them, India’s economy would collapse. It is therefore everyone’s responsibility—the people and the government—to give farmers hope so that they can overcome suicidal thoughts.The link between animals and children in various cultures is discussed in The New Sociology of Childhood: Animal Representations in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Garden in the Dunes, Amazon’s Oh My Dog, and Netflix’s Mughizh: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. It examines the chosen works from the perspectives of cross-cultural psychology and the New Sociology of Childhood. It emphasises kids as self-sufficient, engaged, and future members of society. It emphasises universal traits that apply to all people, regardless of culture. It acknowledges anthropomorphized cartoons create a bond between kids and animals.Life in Hiding: Censorship Challenges faced by Salman Rushdie and Perumal Murugan, explores the issues sparked by their writings. It draws attention to the aggression and concerns that were forced on them by the particular sect of society. It explains the writers’ experiences with the fatwa, court case, exile, and trauma.Female Body as the ‘Other’: Rituals and Biotechnical Approach using Perumal Murugan’s One Part Woman and Matrubhoomi: A Nation Without Women, questions the society that limits female bodies for procreation and objectification. It talks about how men and women are regarded differently, as well as the cultural ideals that apply to women. It explains infertility, which is attributed to women, as well as people’s ignorance and refusal to seek medical help in favour of adhering to traditional customs and engaging in numerous rituals for procreation.Life and (non) Living: Technological and Human Conglomeration in Android Kunjappan Version 5.25, explores how cyborgs and people will inevitably interact in the Malayalam film Android Kunjappan Version 5.25. It demonstrates the advantages, adaptability, and drawbacks of cyborgs in daily life. It emphasises how the cyborg absorbs cultural and religious notions. The authors argue that cyborgs are an inevitable development in the world and that until the flaws are fixed, humans must approach cyborgs with caution. The Challenges of Using Machine Translation While Translating Polysemous Words, discusses the difficulty of using machine translation to translate polysemous words from French to English (Google Translate). It serves as an example of how the machine chooses the formal or often-used meaning rather than the pragmatic meaning and applies it in every situation. It demonstrates how Machine Translation is unable to understand the pragmatic meaning of Polysemous terms because it is ignorant of the cultures of the source and target languages. It implies that Machine Translation will become extremely beneficial and user-friendly if the flaws are fixed.This collection of articles progresses through the literary and visual narratives of India that range from historical events to contemporary situations. It aims to record the stories that are silenced and untold through writing, film, and other forms of art. India’s artistic output was influenced by factors such as independence, partition, the Kashmir crisis, the Northeast Insurgency, marginalisation, religious disputes, environmental awareness, technical breakthroughs, Bollywood, and the Indian film industry. India now reflects a multitude of cultures and customs as a result of these occurrences. As we examine the Indian narratives produced to date, we can draw the conclusion that India has a vast array of tales to share with the rest of the world.Guest Editorial BoardGuest Editor-in-ChiefDr. Bhuvaneswari R, Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. She has pursued her master’s at the University of Madras, Chennai and doctoral research at HNB Central University, Srinagar. Her research areas of interest are ELT, Children/Young Adult Literature, Canadian writings, Indian literature, and Contemporary Fiction. She is passionate about environmental humanities. She has authored and co-authored articles in National and International Journals.Guest EditorsCynthiya Rose J S, Assistant Professor (Jr.), School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. Her research interests are Children’s Literature, Indian Literature and Graphic Novels.Maria Baptist S, Assistant Professor (Jr.), School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. His research interests include Crime/Detective fiction and Indian Literature.MembersDr. Sufina K, School of Science and Humanities, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, IndiaDr. Narendiran S, Department of Science and Humanities, St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 3, Number 1 Abdelaziz Hakimi, University of Jendouba, TunisiaAdam Zaremba, Poznań University of Economics, PolandAnastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelArash Riasi, University of Delaware, USAAugustine Akhidime, Benson Idahosa University, NigeriaDesti Kannaiah, James Cook University, SingaporeFeng Jui Hsu, National Taichung Univ. of Sci. & Tech., TaiwanGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare Univ. Suceava Romania, RomaniaIoan Bogdan Robu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, RomaniaJames Estes, California State University San Bernardino, USAKesseven Padachi, University of Technology, MauritiusLasse Oulasvirta, University of Tampere, FinlandLuca Sensini, University of Salerno, ItalyMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMazurina Mohd Ali, Universiti Teknologi Mara, MalaysiaMohamed Jalloh, Eco. Community of West African States, NigeriaMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianNikolay Patonov, European Polytechnical University, BulgariaNoriaki Okamoto, Rikkyo University, JapanPeibiao Zhao, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, ChinaSawsan Saadi Halbouni, Canadian University Dubai, UAEVineet Chouhan, Sir Padampat Singhania University, IndiaWilson E. Herbert, Bingham University, NigeriaYu Peng Lin, University of Detroit Mercy, USA Angelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail: afa@redfame.comURL: http://afa.redfame.com

Applied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 3, Number 2 Adina Criste, “Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaAmira Houaneb, University Ibn Khaldoun, TunisiaAnastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelDesti Kannaiah, James Cook University, SingaporeFabio Rizzato, University of Turin, ItalyFeng Jui Hsu, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, TaiwanFlorin Peci, University of Peja, KosovoGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaIoan Bogdan ROBU, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, RomaniaIulia Lupu, “Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaIzidin El Kalak, Kent University, UKJózsef Móczár, Corvinus University of Budapest, HungaryLuca Sensini, University of Salerno, ItalyLuo Yongli, United StatesMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyMawih Kareem AL ANI, Dhofar University, OmanMazurina Mohd Ali, Universiti Teknologi Mara, MalaysiaMohamed Jalloh, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), NigeriaMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianVineet Chouhan, Sir Padampat Singhania University, IndiaVolodymyr Vysochansky, Uzhhorod National University, UkraineWei-Bin Zhang, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, JapanWilson E. Herbert, Bingham University, NigeriaYu Peng Lin, University of Detroit Mercy, USA Angelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail: afa@redfame.comURL: http://afa.redfame.com

Abstract: Mechanical power transmission systems rely heavily on Epicyclic gear trains, as their failure can compromise the entire system. Consequently, identifying and mitigating the causes of gear failure is crucial. Various gear failure modes, including bending pitting (contact stresses), failure (load failure), abrasive wear, and scoring, are discussed in literature by J.R. Davis(2005) [24], Khurmi & Gupta (2006) [23], and P. Kannaiah (2006) [21][22]. These failures are often linked to the loads acting on the gears. This research focuses on optimizing gear design to reduce gear load failure. Table 1 summarizes various research efforts on Epicyclic gear trains conducted by different authors. This study delves into the optimization of epicyclic gear trains in India to minimize load failure. The analysis focuses on optimizing the gear train through load analysis of the pinions, gears, and annulus, including the sun and planet gears. The goal is to determine the optimal load conditions for the gear train to function effectively without succumbing to load failure. Epicyclic Gear Trains are widely used in industry due to their numerous advantages, including high torque capacity, improved efficiency, relatively smaller size, lower weight, and a highly compact package. However, there has been no comprehensive study of their load-bearing performance with respect to various parameters such as rotational speed, material, and power. This research paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the load performance of epicyclic gear trains under different parameters such as loading conditions and rotational speeds. This process helps in identifying the optimized design of epicyclic gear trains, ensuring optimal performance and minimizing gear loads and choosing correct rotational speed. The primary objective of this research investigation is to optimize epicyclic gear trains through load analysis to prevent future load failures.

Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran 1800-luvulla kustantamat vieraskieliset sanakirjat: funktiot, odotukset ja vastaanotto Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (SKS) oli 1800-luvulla merkittävä suomen kielen joko lähtö- tai kohdekielenä sisältävien vieraskielisten sanakirjojen kustantaja. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan SKS:n 1800-luvulla kustantamien vieraskielisten sanakirjojen julkaisutoimintaa kustantajan, sanakirjan laatijan ja julkaisun vastaanottajan näkökulmista. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tarkoituksena on valaista sanakirjojen kustantamiseen liittyviä tavoitteita ja sanakirjoihin kohdistuneita toiveita. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näiden seikkojen kirjoittumista analysoitaviin teksteihin ja tekstien väliseen vuoropuheluun. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu SKS:n kokouspöytäkirjoista, SKS:n julkaisemien sanakirjojen esipuheista ja sanakirjoista julkaistuista kirja-arvioista. Tarkasteltavat sanakirjat on julkaistu vuosina 1864–1900. Ajanjakso on suomen kielen kehityksen ja suomenkielisen sivistyksen kannalta erityisen merkittävä. SKS:n toimintaa kuvaavat pöytäkirjat osoittavat, että SKS:n piirissä käydyissä keskusteluissa tärkeimmiksi syiksi laatia vieraskielisiä sanakirjoja nousevat koulujen tarpeet ja suomalaisen kulttuurin rikastuttaminen merkittävien sivistyskielten kirjallisuuden kautta. Teosten korkean tason SKS pyrki varmistamaan valitsemalla tekijät tarkkaan ja kontrolloimalla prosessia asettamiensa toimikuntien avulla. Teosten esipuheet osoittavat, etteivät SKS:n sanakirjojen laatijoille antamat ohjeet kuitenkaan olleet loppuun asti mietittyjä eivätkä toimitusperiaatteet selviä. Kesken prosessin muuttuneet ohjeet ja tavoitteet tuottivat epätasaisuutta ja hidastivat työtä. Monien tarpeiden samanaikaiset tyydyttämisyritykset epäonnistuivat käytännössä, ja tuloksina oli yhtäkään käyttäjäryhmää erityisen hyvin palvelevia teoksia. Samat teemat ovat esillä sanakirjoista kirjoitetuissa arvioissa; niissä nousee kuitenkin voimakkaasti esiin myös pioneerityön arvostus ja kansallinen kiitollisuuden tunne. Puutteistaan huolimatta 1800-luvun vieraskieliset sanakirjat olivatkin merkittäviä osoituksia suomen ilmaisuvarojen rikkaudesta ja kielen arvosta tasavertaisena muiden sivistyskielten rinnalla. Foreign language dictionaries published by the Finnish Literature Society in the 19th century: functions, expectations, and reception In the 19th century, the Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was a major publisher of foreign language dictionaries containing Finnish as either the source or the target language. This article deals with the publication process of foreign language dictionaries published by SKS in the 19th century from the points of view of the publisher, the author of the dictionary, and the recipient of the publication. The central purpose of the study is to illustrate the goals related to dictionary publication as well as the needs behind these publications. This study examines how such matters are expressed in the texts to be analysed as well as the dialogue between the texts. Research data consist of SKS’s minutes, the forewords of dictionaries published by SKS, and book reviews made of the dictionaries. The analysed dictionaries were published between 1864 and 1900. This time period is of particular significance for the development of the Finnish language and Finnish language education and culture. The minutes describing SKS’s operation reveal that, in discussions within SKS, the most important reasons for publishing foreign language dictionaries were seen to be the increasing needs of the school system and the enrichment of Finnish culture through access to literatures published in the principal languages of the civilised world. SKS aimed to ensure the high quality of its publications through careful selection of authors and monitoring of the publication process with the help of specially created committees. However, from the forewords of the dictionaries we can see that the instructions given by SKS to the authors of the dictionaries were not quite thought through, and editorial principles were somewhat unclear. Instructions and objectives were being revised during the publication process, which caused inconsistent end results and slow progress. The goal of trying to meet varying requirements at the same time was not successful in practice, and the end result was the publication of dictionaries that were not particularly suitable for any target group. The same themes come up in reviews written about the dictionaries; however, the reviews also express a clear admiration towards the pioneering spirit of the publications and a sense of national gratitude. Despite their deficiencies, foreign language dictionaries in the 19th century were a significant demonstration of the expressive richness of the Finnish language and its value as an equal to other languages of the civilised world.

Handwritten character recognition is an important subfield of Computer Vision which has the potential to bridge the gap between humans and machines. Machine learning and Deep learning approaches to the problem have yielded acceptable results throughout, yet there is still room for improvement. off-line Kannada handwritten character recognition is another problem statement in which many authors have shown interest, but the obtained results being acceptable. The initial efforts have used Gabor wavelets and moments functions for the characters. With the introduction of Machine Learning, SVMs and feature vectors have been tried to obtain acceptable accuracies. Deep Belief Networks, ANNs have also been used claiming a con- siderable increase in results. Further advanced techniques such as CNN have been reported to be used to recognize Kannada numerals only. In this work, we budge towards solving the problem statement with Capsule Networks which is now the state of the art technology in the field of Computer Vision. We also carefully consider the drawbacks of CNN and its impact on the problem statement, which are solved with the usage of Capsule Networks. Excellent results have been obtained in terms of accuracies. We take a step further to evaluate the technique in terms of specificity, precision and f1-score. The approach has performed extremely well in terms of these measures also

Abstract The Sanskrit word campū is usually understood to refer to a literary composition that combines prose and verse. I argue that this sense of the word was not available before the tenth century CE, and the vast majority of compositions that have been called campūs, either in premodern commentaries or in modern scholarship, were not and could not have been so called by their authors. This is true of almost the entirety of so-called “campū literature” in Kannada. The reference to campū as “a particular type of composition consisting of prose and verse” in Daṇḍin’s Mirror of Literature (ca. 700 CE) was probably not a definition, despite the fact that it has almost-universally been taken as such by the tradition of Indian poetics and modern scholarship. I propose that the campū might have originated as a subliterary comic performance, and that Daṇḍin (unknowingly) and Trivikramabhaṭṭa (knowingly) helped to establish the now- familiar sense of the word.

Abstract In 1890, the Maldivian judge and poet Sheikh Muhammad Jamaluddin connected poetry with linguistic description in two ways. First, when he described features of the Dhivehi language with the aid of Arabic linguistic theory, he used Dhivehi poetry as linguistic evidence for correct usage. Second, he authored Dhivehi-language poetry about Arabic linguistic theory. Cosmopolis scholarship relates a narrative of how the wide circulation of Sanskrit, Arabic, and/or Persian fostered a vast network of writers who authored texts in major vernacular languages like Bengali, Burmese, Javanese, Kannada, Khmer, Malay, Sinhala, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Turkish, and Urdu. This scholarship suggests that authors living within a particular cosmopolis wrote in divergent vernacular languages yet were, in some sense, connected because they translated and responded creatively to the same widely circulated source texts written in Sanskrit, Arabic, and/or Persian. Yet in cosmopolis scholarship's effort to reveal understudied connections, various degrees of disconnection among writers of vernacular languages within a cosmopolis tend to be missed. One problem of overlooking disconnection among writers of vernacular languages is that readers could mistakenly conflate superculture-subculture interaction with intercultural interaction. In this article, I argue that Dhivehi-language poetry and linguistic description was inside the Arabic cosmopolis but simultaneously outside, because in circa 1890 non-Maldivians in the Arabic cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia could not even read the Thaana script of the Dhivehi language.

Epic is the Tamil form of the word epic. It is a literary form structured with various elements. Among them the branch is the main component. It is created to support the purpose of coffee. This is the storyline that lies within the central story. Silappathikaram also presents several branch stories with them as a consensual literary form. The central story is the life struggle story of Kovalan - Kannaki - Madhavi, the pioneer of Tamil coffee, Ilangovadikal and Silappathikaram. Several episodes interspersed with the Silappathikara central story expand the scope of the epic story. In particular, 32 episodes co-exist with Kovalan Kannaki's biography, giving a twist, emphasis, clarity and significance to the elemental. These stories complement the silappathikaram storytelling and copy structure. Anecdotes are used in the silappathikaram to reinforce the author's ideas, to advance the narrative and the personality of the characters, and to identify the context and silappathikaram of the narrative and its use. The study focuses on scholasticism with a view to revealing and documenting the role of branch stories in such copywriting. The scholastic epic of the juveniles has been used primarily for this study and related essays, journals, and electronic commentary have also been used as research data. The study also emphasizes that many more such studies should be carried out by researchers in view of the importance of branch stories and their contribution to copywriting.

Abstract Background Uterine anomalies occur because of Müllerian duct maldevelopment. Few of them are associated with adverse obstetric outcome (Reyes-Muñoz et al. in Diagnostics. 2019;9:4. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040149). Genital outflow tract obstructive uterine anomalies invariably present in the adolescent age group. Case details We report a case series of uterine anomalies. Ten such cases presented like a “cluster” within a short span of just one month. Eight of these ten cases were diagnosed intraoperatively during cesarean section. One case was diagnosed during laparoscopic sterilization, and the other case was diagnosed before doing manual vacuum aspiration. There were four cases of bicornuate uterus, two cases each of unicornuate uterus and uterine didelphys, and one case each of septate uterus and arcuate uterus. All eight babies were healthy and without any obvious congenital anomalies. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, literature regarding these anomalies has been mentioned mostly as case reports (Bruand et al. in Cureus. 2020;12:3. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7191) and a few case series (Ross et al. in BMJ Case Rep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2017-221815). All women were of Kannadiga ethnicity and in the age range of 19–35 years. They were from places nearby to our institute within a range of approximately 250 km. Conclusion We describe herein almost all types of uterine anomalies. These rare uterine anomalies presented in a short span of just four weeks like a “cluster”. This incidental finding is unusual. We need to design studies to understand the reasons for clustering of such cases in our clinical practice.

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan kääntäjäopiskelijoiden selkomukautuksia käännösstrategioiden valossa. Artikkelissa kartoitetaan kääntämisen ja selkomukauttamisen yhteisiä piirteitä ja pohditaan, voidaanko selkomukauttamista tarkastella kielensisäisenä kääntämisenä. Samalla pohditaan kääntäjänkoulutuksen sopivuutta selkomukauttajien mahdolliseksi koulutusväyläksi ja kääntämisen ja selkomukauttamisen rajapinnan hyödynnettävyyttä siinä. Esiin nostetaan myös opiskelijoiden kokemukset selkomukauttamisesta. Aineisto on koostettu Helsingin yliopistossa lukuvuosina 2019–2021 toteutetussa opetuskokeilussa. Kokeilun lähtökohtana on ollut ajatus, että kääntäjäopiskelijoilla on hyvät esivalmiudet selkomukauttamiseen, sillä käännöstehtävissään he ovat tottuneet muokkaamaan tekstejä uudelle vastaanottajakunnalle sopiviksi ja arvioimaan tekstin toimivuutta käyttötarkoitukseensa. Opetuskokeilussa opiskelijat selkomukauttivat tietokirjallisuutta, uutistekstejä ja/tai kaunokirjallisuutta ja kirjoittivat mukautusprosessistaan reflektoivia työselosteita. Teoreettiselta ja metodiselta viitekehykseltään artikkeli nojaa niin käännöstieteeseen kuin selkokielen tutkimukseen. Analyysissa keskitytään opiskelijoiden selkomukautuksissaan käyttämiin pragmaattisiin käännösstrategioihin eli poistoihin, lisäyksiin ja eksplisiittisyyden asteen muutoksiin. Kohteena ovat myös opiskelijoiden ratkaisujen perustelut, omien tuotosten arviointi sekä mukauttamisen asettamat haasteet. Analyysi osoittaa, että kääntäjäopinnoissa omaksutut taidot ovat siirrettävissä selkomukauttamisen kontekstiin: pragmaattiset käännösstrategiat sopivat myös selkomukauttamisen strategioiksi, ja niitä käytettiin monipuolisesti ja genrekohtaisesti eri tavoin. Opiskelijat myös hyödynsivät rinnakkaistekstejä ja sovelsivat referointitekniikkaa. Ongelmalliseksi osoittautui työselosteiden mukaan kuitenkin riittämätön kohderyhmätuntemus, jossa auttaisivat yhteydet kokemusasiantuntijoihin. Kääntäjänkoulutus osoittautuu harkinnanarvoiseksi selkomukauttajien koulutusväyläksi, sillä koulutus tuottaa selkomukauttamisessa keskeisiä taitoja, kuten lukijan ja hänen tietotasonsa huomioimisen ja uuden lukijakunnan kannalta olennaisen tiedon löytämisen. Easy Language adaptation in the light of translation strategies: findings from translator training The present article approaches translation students’ Easy Language adaptations from a translation-strategic viewpoint. It also charts the commonalities between translation and Easy Language adaptation and examines to what extent adaptation can be conceived as a type of intralingual translation. It asks whether translator education can offer a potential context for learning how to adapt texts as well as how the interface between translating and Easy Language adaptation could be employed here. Moreover, the discussion sheds light on how the students experienced their adapting activities. The research material comes from a teaching experiment carried out by the authors at the University of Helsinki during the academic years 2019–2021. The premise of this experiment was that the participating students already had the good preliminary skills required to produce Easy Language adaptations, since in their interlingual translation exercises they had already learnt how to modify texts to meet the needs of a new readership and to evaluate the functionality of their texts with respect to relevant textual purposes. During the experiment, the students adapted non-fiction, journalistic texts, and/or fiction, and wrote reflective process-related commentaries. As to the theoretical and methodological framework, the article draws on translation studies and Easy Language research. The analysis concentrates on how the students employed pragmatic translation strategies (omission, addition, explicitness changes) in their adaptations. Focus is also placed on the student commentaries, particularly on arguing for diverse solutions, evaluating one’s adaptations and on the challenges posed by adapting. The analysis demonstrates that skills acquired within translator training can be transferred to Easy Language adaptation: pragmatic translation strategies can be applied as adaptation strategies and were applied in a versatile and genre-oriented manner. The students also used parallel texts and employed paraphrasing techniques. One particular problem, the students found, was insufficient knowledge of the target group. Here, feedback from experts by experience could provide a solution. Translator training appears to offer a potential solution for training future adapters. This is because it produces the skills central to Easy Language adaptations: consideration of the needs of readers and the ability to pinpoint information that is essential for this new readership.

Julkinen keskustelu terveydestä on kiivasta ja täynnä monenlaisia, ristiriitaisiakin väitteitä. Tutkijoilta kaivataan kannanottoja siihen, mikä tieto pitää paikkansa ja mikä ei. Keskeinen keino osallistua keskusteluun on muiden osallistujien lausumien referoiminen ja evaluoiminen sekä oman kannan esittäminen. Yksi keskusteluun osallistumisen kanava puolestaan on tietokirja. Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee kolmea tutkijan kirjoittamaa tietokirjaa, joiden eksplikoitu tavoite on korjata virheellisiä terveysväitteitä ja opastaa lukijaa tunnistamaan epäluotettava tieto. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat, minkälaisin keinoin teoksissa referoidaan terveysväitteitä, minkälaisin kielellisin ja retorisin keinoin väitteitä evaluoidaan ja kumotaan ja miten tämä kytkeytyy laajempiin popularisointikäytänteisiin. Terveysväitteiden referointia ja kumoamista tarkastellaan rajatyön käsitteen kautta: miten raja tieteellistä tietoa edustavan äänen ja muiden äänien välille vedetään. Tutkimus on tietokirjallisuuden ja kirjoitetun vuorovaikutuksen tutkimusta. Teoreettisena lähtökohtana on kielen luontainen dialogisuus ja moniäänisyys, joka referoinnilla tehdään näkyväksi. Referoinnin keinojen luokittelussa ja niiden retoristen tehtävien analyysissa nojataan tekstianalyysiin ja aiempaan referointitutkimukseen (esim. Leech–Short 2007 [1981]). Analyysiluvussa havainnollistetaan aineistoesimerkein kolmea referointikäytännettä: Ensinnäkin referoinnin avulla esitetään yleistyksiä tyypillisistä terveysväitteistä epäsuoran esityksen ja tiivistyksen keinoin. Toiseksi näitä yleistyksiä havainnollistetaan suoralla esityksellä, joka tuo esiin terveysväitteen proposition lisäksi myös väitteen kielelliset piirteet ja argumentointikeinot. Kolmas käytänne on tietynlaisen virheellistä tietoa levittävän ihmistyypin kielellinen tyylittely ja stereotypisointi suoran, vapaan suoran ja vapaan epäsuoran esityksen keinoin. Kirjoittajan tieteellistä tietoa edustava ääni erotetaan referoiduista äänistä muun muassa typografisin keinoin. Lisäksi teoksissa nimetään erilaisia virheellisten terveysväitteiden esittäjien kategorioita, joihin kirjoittaja ottaa etäisyyttä. Referoituihin ääniin voi kohdistua myös ivallista – usein ironiaan verhottua – arvottamista, mikä jättää kyseenalaiseksi sen, onko referoinnilla tarkoitus ennemmin vahvistaa yhteyden tunnetta samanmielisen lukijan kanssa kuin luoda keskustelua tutkittua tietoa edustavien äänien ja vastapuolen edustajien välille. Presented discourse as boundary work: Refuting erroneous health claims in popular science booksPublic debate on health is a heated matter and full of a wide range of contradictory claims. Researchers are expected to give statements on what information is true and what is not. A central resource contributing to the debate is referring to and evaluating the statements of other participants and presenting one’s own position. One way to do this is to write a popular science book. This article examines three popular science books written by Finnish researchers with the explicit aim to correct erroneous health claims and guide readers to identify unreliable information. The research questions are: what kinds of discourse presentation categories are used to present health claims, what kinds of linguistic and rhetorical resources are used to evaluate and refute these claims, and how this relates to wider popularisation practices. Presenting and refuting health claims are examined through the concept of boundary work: how the voice representing scientific information is demarcated from other voices. The research is a study of written interaction in popular science and non-fiction. The theoreticalstarting point is the inherent dialogicity and polyphony of language, which is highlighted through presented discourse. The classification of presented discourse categories and the analysis of their rhetorical functions draw on textual analysis and previous research on presented discourse (e.g. Leech–Short 2007 [1981]). The section on the analysis of this study describes three practices. First, presented discourse is used to make generalisations about typical health claims by means of indirect presentation and narrator’s presentation of communicated discourse or thought act. Secondly, these generalisations are illustrated by direct presentation, which highlights not only the proposition of the health claim, but also linguistic and argumentative features. The third practice concerns the linguistic stylisation and stereotyping of a particular type of person who spreads misinformation through direct, free direct and free indirect presentation. The author’s voice, representing scientific knowledge, is demarcated from the presented voices, for example, by typographical means. The books also identify different categories of those who make false health claims, from which the authors distance themselves. Presented voices may also be subject to derisive valuation – often veiled in irony. This leaves one to question whether the purpose is to strengthen a sense of connection with like-minded readers rather than to create a conversation between the voices representing scientific knowledge and those representing the opposing side.