Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Kanuri language'

Le Kanuri apparait, au Niger, comme une langue minoritaire, au regard de son poids démographique, et une langue minorée, au regard de son statut officiel et de sa place dans le système éducatif formel et dans les médias. La promotion d'une telle langue nécessite une démarche qui intègre plusieurs facteurs. La présente étude repose sur la confrontation du comportement linguistique effectif des Kanuri nigériens à leur imaginaire linguistique et articulé, de manière constante, la question linguistique à la problématique du développement sociopolitique et économique en Afrique. Elle se constitue de trois parties principales. Dans la première partie, nous nous attelons à la description morphophonologique du système verbal du kanuri à partir de neuf de ses variétés locales en recourant à la grammaire polylectale et à la phonologie autosegmentale. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons les types de rapports qui existent entre les variétés kanuri du Niger et entre cette langue et les autres idiomes en présence, à travers les représentations des locuteurs relevant de différentes catégories socioprofessionnelles. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous développons les conditions pratiques indispensables à un aménagement du Kanuri capable de permettre l'épanouissement de l'homme kanuri et sa participation effective à l'œuvre de construction nationale, par l'insertion de sa langue dans sa vie sociopolitique et économique
In Niger, Kanuri seems to be a minor language relative to its demographic weight and a minored language relative to its official status and its place within the formal reducation and media. The promotion of such a language must be based on various approaches. This work confronts the linguistic productions of kanuri speakers pf niger to their own representations and articulates linguistic questions to the problem of development in africa. It is made of three main sections. In the first section, using polylectal and autosegmental theories, i describe the morphophonology of the kanuri verbal system. Nine different varieties of Kanuri spoken in Niger are directly concerned by this description. In the second section, i analyse representations and attitudes of various Kanuri native speakers in order to revele the relationship that exists in one hand between kanuri varieties and in the other one between kanuri and other national languages. In the last, are developped pratical conditions for the implementation of the kanuri language in various domains of the life of its speakers so that the planning of this language coincides with a real promotion of Kanuri people

西日本にある関西弁はたくさん色々な形で標準語と異なる。関西弁は１９７０年代の後に、全国で人気を得た。この社会言語学の研究の目的は現在の関西弁に対する感情を調査することである。これは関西弁の話し手ではなくて日本語の母語話者に配ったアンケートで調査された。質的また量的な分析である。結果は一般的に関西弁に好意的であったが、人気がある理由もいろいろあり、それらをさぐるために歴史的なそして文化的な見方を通して議論する。

Ova disertacija se usredsređuje na jezičke i vanjezičke opise srpsko-engleskog ili englesko-srpskog hibridnog jezika serbliša koji upotrebljavaju pripadnici mlađe generacije srpske dijaspore u Vankuveru. Tema zahvata oblast kontaktne i kontrastivne lingvistike, sociolingvistike, psiholingvistike i pragmatike i bavi se istražvanjem i opisom navedenog varijeteta na morfosintaksičkom, leksičkom (semantičkom i pragmatičkom), fonološkom i grafološkom nivou.Teorijsku podlogu ovog rada čine brojna proučavanja jezičkog kontakta sa lingvističkog, sociolingvističkog, pragmatičkog i psiholingvističkog aspekta, kako u svetu, tako i kod nas − u bivšoj Jugoslaviji i u Srbiji.Prvu fazu istraživanja predstavljalo je pilot-istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo pisane izvore na srpskom jeziku u Vankuveru, od kojih su najvažniji i najobimniji novine Kišobran koje su petnaest godina (od 1997. do 2012.) izlazile u Vankuveru. Podaci dobijeni ovim istraživanjem poslužili su kao osnova za sastavljanje upitnika za drugu fazu istraživanja.Analiza i opis serbliša kao varijeteta srpskog jezika zasniva se na građi dobijenoj u drugoj fazi istraživanja putem intervjua sa dvojezičnim ispitanicima i upitnika koji su ispitanici popunjavali. Prikupljena građa je analizirana i u odgovarajućim poglavljima predstavljena su svojstva ovog varijeteta na navedenim nivoima. Na kraju su izvedeni zaključci o svojstvima serbliša među pripadnicima mlađe generacije iseljenika, utvrđen je intenzitet i način uticaja engleskog jezika u konkretnoj kontaktnoj situaciji, ustanovljeni su slučajevi u kojima promene u jeziku nisu rezultat delovanja engleskog jezika, već nedovoljno naučenih aspekata srpskog jezika ili unutrašnjih tendencija u srpskom jeziku u matici i utvrđene su sličnosti i razlike u upotrebi jezika između dve ispitivane pogdrupe mlađe generacije govornika serbliša.Disertacije je podeljena u pet poglavlja. U prvom, uvodnom poglavlju dat je prikaz teme i ciljeva istraživanja i objašnjenje osnovnih termina. Drugo poglavlje daje prikaz teorijskih postavki istraživanja i pregled preovlađujućih stavova u literaturi. Metodi istraživanja, profil ispitanika, etički aspekti istraživanja, jezik na kojem je istraživanje vođeno, kao i prikupljanje i obrada podataka za korpus predstavljaju se u trećem poglavlju. U četvrtom poglavlju daje se analiza korpusa i diskusija dobijenih rezultata. U poslednjem, petom poglavlju daju se zaključna razmatranja sa rekapitulacijom rezultata istraživanja i implikacijama za dalja istraživanja.
This dissertation focuses on a linguistic and extralinguistic description of the Serbian-English or English-Serbian hybrid language Serblish as used by the younger generation of the Serbian diaspora in Vancouver. It encompasses the domains of contact and contrastive linguistics, sociolinguistics psycholinguistics and pragmatics and analyeses and describes this language variety at the morphosyntactic, lexical (semantic and pragmatic), phonological and graphological levels.Numerous studies of language contact from the linguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and psycholinguistic aspects conducted around the world, as well as in the former Yugoslavia and in Serbia form the theoretical framework of this dissertation.The first stage of the research was a pilot research of written sources in the Serbian language in Vancouver, the most important and extensive being the Kišobran newspaper published in Vancouver over 15 years (from 1997 to 2012). The data obtained in this pilot study formed the basis for creating a questionnaire to be used in the second stage of the research.The analysis and description of Serblish as a variety of the Serbian language is based on the material obtained in the second stage of the research through interviews with bilingual research participants and through a questionnaire filled out by the participants. The collected material was analyzed, and the properties of this variety are presented in the corresponding chapters for each linguistic level. Finally, conclusions were drawn about the properties of Serblish as used by the younger generations of immigrants, the intensity and ways of the influence of English in the given language contact situation were specified, cases were determined where the observed changes are not a result of English influence, but stem from imperfect learning or from internally motivated changes in the Serbian language in the home country, and similarities and differences in the use of the language between the two generations were determined.This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first, introductory chapter outlines the topic and goals of the research, as well as introducing the basic terminology. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework of the research and reviews the prevailing perspectives in the literature. Research methods, profile of the research participants, ethical issues and language mode in the research, as well as gathering and processing the corpus material are presented in the third chapter. The focus of the the fourth chapter is an analysis of the corpus and a discussion of the obtained results. The final, fifth chapter provides concluding remarks, summarizing the research findings and outlining implications for further research.

The thesis studies two communicationchannels and corresponding error-correctingcodes. Multiset codes are introduced andtheir applications described. Properties ofentropy and relative entropy are investigated.
U tezi su analizirana dva tipa komunikacionihkanala i odgovarajući zaštitni kodovi.Uveden je pojam multiskupovnog koda iopisane njegove primene. Proučavane suosobine entropije i relativne entropije.

The present study investigates the effect of furigana on lexical inferencing. After completing a pretest to determine their knowledge of the target words, participants read a passage and completed a think-aloud protocol and questionnaire. The experimental group read a passage with furigana over all kanji words while the control group read a passage without furigana. The protocols were evaluated to determine the rate and quality of lexical inferences of 16 target kanji words. The results of the questionnaire were evaluated to determine participant perception of passage and kanji difficulty, self-assessed percentage of the story that was understood, and the degree to which they liked the story. It was found that the group with furigana made more correct inferences than the control group. It was also found that the furigana group perceived the kanji in the passage to be easier than the control group did. Furigana did not seem to affect the degree to which the participants liked the story, their perception of the difficulty of the story or the percentage of the story that they understood. Implications for theory and pedagogy are discussed.

U eksperimantalnom postupku disertacije miševi NMRI soja su tretirani infuzom biljke Aristolochia clematitis. Sasušeni listovi, grane i plodovi biljke potopljeni su u ključalu vodu i ostavljeni 3-5 sati da stoje, a potom su profiltrirani kroz filter papir. Pravljen je rastvor biljke/vode od 10g/ 1000ml (1%), 20g/ 1000ml (2%) i 40g/ 1000ml (4%). Različite koncentracije infuza su date miševima da piju u neograničenoj količini u periodu od 7 nedelja. Tako su formirane tri ispitne grupe, prva koja je primala 1% infuz, druga 2% infuz i treća 4% infuz i kontrolna grupa koja je dobijala samo vodu da pije. U svakoj grupi je bilo 20 životinja. Tako je razvijen animalni model hronične toksičnosti. Na kraju eksperimenta je urađena patohistološka analiza bubrega, makroskopski pregled organa i merenje diureze tokom trajanja eksperimenta. Urađena je kompletna analiza urina koja podrazumeva utvrđivanje: boje, izgleda, pH, specifične težine, proteina i sedimenta urina. Analize urina ponavljane su na svakih 7 dana u toku 7 nedelja istraživanja. Na kraju eksperimenta urađena je analiza biohemijskih parametara (glukoza, urea, kreatinin, mokraćna kiselina, ukupni bilirubin, direktni bilirubin, ukupni tj. totalni proteini, natrijum i kalijum) i analiza kompletne krvne slike. Utvrđeno je da je Aristolochia clematitis izrazito nefrotoksična biljka. Utvrđene su patohistološke promene tubula i intersitcijuma NMRI miša, koje su bile najveće u ispitnoj grupi koja je primala najaču dozu. Ustanovljene  patohistološke promene su slične opisanim patohistološkim promenama tubulointersticijuma bolesnika obolelih od Balkanske endemske nefropatije. Nije ustanovljeno postojanja karcinoma gornjeg urotrakta. Makroskopskim pregledom prilikom obdukcije eksperimentalnih životinja nisu ustanovljene značajnije promene bubrega. Došlo je prvo do izrazitog porasta diureze u prvoj, odnosno drugoj nedelji praćenja, kod druge i treće eksperimentalne grupe, da bi nakon 7 nedelja istaživanja diureza u svim ispitnim grupama bila manja od kontrolne grupe. Postoji porast ureje na kraju istraživanja, koji je dvostruko veći u trećoj eksperimentalnoj grupi u odnosu na kontrolnu. Postoji izrazit pad mokraćne kiseline na kraju istraživanja kod eksperimentalne grupe 3. Postoji izrazit pad granulocita u leukocitarnoj formuli u svim ispitnim grupama, a najveći je u trećoj ispitnoj grupi. Kako je došlo do pada relativnih vrednosti granulocita, tako je došlo do porasta relativnih vrednosti limfocita u prvoj i drugoj ispitnoj grupi. U trećoj ispitnoj grupi je pad granulocita praćen izrazito velikim povećanjem relativnog broja bazofilnih granulocita. Postoji značajan pad specifične težine urina na kraju istraživanja u drugoj i trećoj eksperimentalnoj grupi. Proteinurija je bila čest nalaz svim eksperimentalnim grupama, dok je bila odsutna ili samo u tragu u kontrolnoj grupi. Na kraju eksperimenta je utvrđen znatni porast broja kristala fosfata u eksperimentalnim grupama. Cilindri su se pojavljivali samo u nalazu urina u trećoj ispitnoj grupi. Najveći broj promena urina je utvrđen u trećoj eksperimentlanoj grupi.
In the experimental procedure of dissertation, NMRI strain mice were treated with infusion of plants Aristolochia clematitis. Dried leaves, branches and fruit plants are submerged in boiling water and left to stand for 3-5 hours, and then filtered through filter paper. It was made a solution of the plant / water of 10g / 1000ml (1%), 20g / 1000ml (2%) and 40g / 1000ml (4%). Different concentrations of infusions were given to mice to drink an unlimited amount for a period of 7 weeks. So we formed the three test groups, the first who received 1% infusion, the second received 2% infusion and third received 4% infusion and a control group that received only water to drink. In each group there were 20 animals. Thus, developed an animal model of chronic toxicity. At the end of the experiment was performed histopathological analysis of kidneys, macroscopic examination of organs and measuring urine output during the experiment. We performed a complete analysis of urine, which is the determination of: color, appearance, pH, specific gravity, protein and urine sediment. Urinalysis were repeated every 7 days during the 7 weeks of the study. At the end of the experiment were analyzed for biochemical parameters (glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total proteins, sodium and potassium) and analysis of the complete blood count. It has been found that Aristolochia clematitis is extremely nephrotoxic plant. Identified histopathological changes of tubules and interstitium of NMRI mouse, which were the biggest in the test group receiving biggest dose. Established histopathological changes are similar to those described by pathological changes of tubulointerstitial injury of patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy. Not established the existence of cancer of the upper urinary tract. Macroscopic examination at autopsy of experimental animals, did not determine significant changes in the kidneys. There is first an enormous increase in diuresis in the first and second week of follow-up, in the second and third experimental groups retrospectively, that after 7 weeks of research, diuresis in all test groups was lower than the control group. There is an increase of urea at the end of the research, which is twice higher in the third experimental group compared to the control. There is a marked decrease in uric acid at the end of the research in the experimental group 3. There is a marked decrease in granulocytes in the leukocyte formula in all test groups, and the highest in the third test group. As the decline in the relative values of granulocytes, so there has been a rise in the relative values of lymphocite in the first and second test group. In the third test group, granulocyte drop was accompanied by a extremely large increase in the relative number of basophils. There is a significant drop in specific gravity of urine at the end of the research in the second and third experimental group. Proteinuria is a common finding to all experimental groups, while it was absent or only in traces in the control group. At the end of the experiment was determined to increase significantly the number of phosphate crystals in the experimental groups. The cylinders have appeared only in the urine in the third test group. The greatest number of changes in the urine is determined in the third experimental group.

Имајући  у  виду  значај  површинских  вода  у продору  и  ширењу  страних  инвазивних врста,  циљеви  овог  рада  били  су  да  се представи  актуелно  стање  присуства  и дистрибуције  акватичних  инвазивних биљних  врста  у  површинским  копненим водама,  анализира  степен  инвазије рипаријалних  зона  на  подручју  Србије, одреди  везаност  анализираних  инвазивнихврста  за  поједине  типове  станишта  у рипаријалу река и канала и анализира утицај различитих  станишних  и  антропогених фактора  на  присуство  и  абунданцу  26 одабраних  инвазивних  таксона.  Теренска истраживања  вршена  су  у  периоду  од  2013. до  2016.  године.  За  потребе  овог  рада анализирано је 250 локалитета, од чега 217 у рипаријалу  39  река  и  33  у  рипаријалу  шестдеоница  канала  хидросистема  Дунав-Тиса-Дунав.  Уз  податке  о  бројности  ипокровности  заступљених  биљних  врста, сакупљани  су  и  подаци  о  типу  станишта  (у складу  са  EUNIS  класификацијом), релевантним  физичким  ихидроморфолошким  карактеристикама истраживаних  водотокова  и  доминантним антропогеним  утицајима  на  истраживаном локалитету  (у  складу  са  стандардним протоколом  RHS  методе).  Статистичка обрада  података  вршена  је  у  софтверу CANOCO  5.0,  применом  анализе  главних компоненти  (РСА),  канонијскe коресподентнe  анализе  (CCA)  и  анализе редундантности  (RDA).  На  територији Србије  забележено  је  присуство  осам акватичних  инвазивних  биљних  врстаПрема  броју  налаза  истичу  се  врсте Vallisneria spiralis, Azolla filiculoides и Elodea  nuttallii.  Примарно су заступљене у текућим,у односу на стајаће воде, при чему се мрежа  канала  ХС  ДТД  и  речни  токови  који  припадају  сливу  Дунава  могу  сматрати  основним  акватичним  коридорима  њиховог  ширења.  Од  26  таксона  инвазивних  биљака  чије  је  присуство  праћено  и  анализирано  у  рипаријалним  подручјима,  таксони  санајвећим  бројем  налаза  су  Xanthium  strumarium  subsp.  italicum,  Amorpha fruticosa, Erigeron  canadensis,  Robinia  pseudoacacia  и  Echinochloa  crus-galli.  Речни  сливови Дунава,  Јужне  Мораве,  Западне  Мораве  и  Тимока  истичу  се  по  заступљености  истраживаних таксона. На основу података о дистрибуцији,  бројности  и  покровности  анализираних  таксона  сливови  Дунава, Колубаре и Западне Мораве издвојили су се  као  коридори  ширења  највећег  бројаистраживаних  таксона.  Четири  типа  станишта  издвојила  су  се  премазаступљености  инвазивних  биљних  врста.  Таксони који су забележени у највећем броју  типова  станишта  су:  Amorpha  fruticosa, Erigeron  canadensis,  Robinia  pseudoacacia, Echinochloa crus-galli  и  Xanthium strumarium subsp.  italicum.  Као  резултат  нумеричких  анализа  издвојени  су  физички  ихидроморфолошки параметри истраживаних  водотокова  и  доминантни  антропогени  утицаји који на истраживаном локалитетима утичу  на  присуство  и  абунданцу  анализираних  таксона.  У  условима  глобалних  климатских  промена  може  се  очекивати да ће се  у наредном периоду под снажним  притиском  ширења  и  доминације  инвазивних врста наћи сливови Саве, Велике Мораве  и  Јужне  Мораве.  У  рипаријалним областима на југозападу наше земље (долине Лима,  Ибра  и  њихових  притока)  као  и  рипаријалним  зонама  планинских  и високопланинских  области  такође  је очекивано  да  ће  доћи  до  повећања  броја присутних  инвазивних  врста  и  њиховог даљег ширења.
Imajući  u  vidu  značaj  površinskih  voda  u prodoru  i  širenju  stranih  invazivnih vrsta,  ciljevi  ovog  rada  bili  su  da  se predstavi  aktuelno  stanje  prisustva  i distribucije  akvatičnih  invazivnih biljnih  vrsta  u  površinskim  kopnenim vodama,  analizira  stepen  invazije riparijalnih  zona  na  području  Srbije, odredi  vezanost  analiziranih  invazivnihvrsta  za  pojedine  tipove  staništa  u riparijalu reka i kanala i analizira uticaj različitih  stanišnih  i  antropogenih faktora  na  prisustvo  i  abundancu  26 odabranih  invazivnih  taksona.  Terenska istraživanja  vršena  su  u  periodu  od  2013. do  2016.  godine.  Za  potrebe  ovog  rada analizirano je 250 lokaliteta, od čega 217 u riparijalu  39  reka  i  33  u  riparijalu  šestdeonica  kanala  hidrosistema  Dunav-Tisa-Dunav.  Uz  podatke  o  brojnosti  ipokrovnosti  zastupljenih  biljnih  vrsta, sakupljani  su  i  podaci  o  tipu  staništa  (u skladu  sa  EUNIS  klasifikacijom), relevantnim  fizičkim  ihidromorfološkim  karakteristikama istraživanih  vodotokova  i  dominantnim antropogenim  uticajima  na  istraživanom lokalitetu  (u  skladu  sa  standardnim protokolom  RHS  metode).  Statistička obrada  podataka  vršena  je  u  softveru CANOCO  5.0,  primenom  analize  glavnih komponenti  (RSA),  kanonijske korespodentne  analize  (CCA)  i  analize redundantnosti  (RDA).  Na  teritoriji Srbije  zabeleženo  je  prisustvo  osam akvatičnih  invazivnih  biljnih  vrstaPrema  broju  nalaza  ističu  se  vrste Vallisneria spiralis, Azolla filiculoides i Elodea  nuttallii.  Primarno su zastupljene u tekućim,u odnosu na stajaće vode, pri čemu se mreža  kanala  HS  DTD  i  rečni  tokovi  koji  pripadaju  slivu  Dunava  mogu  smatrati  osnovnim  akvatičnim  koridorima  njihovog  širenja.  Od  26  taksona  invazivnih  biljaka  čije  je  prisustvo  praćeno  i  analizirano  u  riparijalnim  područjima,  taksoni  sanajvećim  brojem  nalaza  su  Xanthium  strumarium  subsp.  italicum,  Amorpha fruticosa, Erigeron  canadensis,  Robinia  pseudoacacia  i  Echinochloa  crus-galli.  Rečni  slivovi Dunava,  Južne  Morave,  Zapadne  Morave  i  Timoka  ističu  se  po  zastupljenosti  istraživanih taksona. Na osnovu podataka o distribuciji,  brojnosti  i  pokrovnosti  analiziranih  taksona  slivovi  Dunava, Kolubare i Zapadne Morave izdvojili su se  kao  koridori  širenja  najvećeg  brojaistraživanih  taksona.  Četiri  tipa  staništa  izdvojila  su  se  premazastupljenosti  invazivnih  biljnih  vrsta.  Taksoni koji su zabeleženi u najvećem broju  tipova  staništa  su:  Amorpha  fruticosa, Erigeron  canadensis,  Robinia  pseudoacacia, Echinochloa crus-galli  i  Xanthium strumarium subsp.  italicum.  Kao  rezultat  numeričkih  analiza  izdvojeni  su  fizički  ihidromorfološki parametri istraživanih  vodotokova  i  dominantni  antropogeni  uticaji koji na istraživanom lokalitetima utiču  na  prisustvo  i  abundancu  analiziranih  taksona.  U  uslovima  globalnih  klimatskih  promena  može  se  očekivati da će se  u narednom periodu pod snažnim  pritiskom  širenja  i  dominacije  invazivnih vrsta naći slivovi Save, Velike Morave  i  Južne  Morave.  U  riparijalnim oblastima na jugozapadu naše zemlje (doline Lima,  Ibra  i  njihovih  pritoka)  kao  i  riparijalnim  zonama  planinskih  i visokoplaninskih  oblasti  takođe  je očekivano  da  će  doći  do  povećanja  broja prisutnih  invazivnih  vrsta  i  njihovog daljeg širenja.
Bearing  in  mind  the  significance  of  inland surface waters for the introduction and spread of invasive  alien  species  (IAS),  the  aims  of  this research  were  to  present  the  contemporary records  of  aquatic  invasive  plant  species  in surface  waters,  analyse  the  level  of  invasion  of riparian  areas  in  Serbia,  determine  the  habitat preferences  of  the  analysed  IAS  and  determine the effects of different habitat characteristics and anthropogenic  influences  on  the  presence  and bundance  of  the  26  analysed  invasive  plants. Field  research  was  conducted  during  the  2013-2016  period.  A  total  of  250  field  sites  were analysed  as  part  of  this  research,  217  in  the riparian zones of 39 rivers and 33 in the riparian zones    of  six  canal  sections  of  the  hydrosystem Danube-Tisa-Danube  (HS  DTD).  In  addition  to data on the cover and abundance of the analysed plant species, data on habitat type (following the EUNIS  classification),  relevant  physical  and hydromorhological  parameters  of  the  studied watercourses  and  dominant  anthropogenic influences an analysed field sites were recorded (following  the  standard  RHS  protocol). Statistical  data  analysis  was  done  in  CANOCO 5.0   software,  using  the  principal  component analysis  (PCA),  canonical  correspondence analysis (CCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). Eight  aquatic  invasive  plant  species  were recorded for the territory of Serbia. Species with the highest number of records were:  Vallisneria spiralis,  Azolla filiculoides  and  Elodea nuttallii. They  are  primarily  present  in  running,  in comparison  with  standing  waters,  and  the  canal network  of  the  HS  DTD  and  rivers  of  the Danube catchment area are considered to be their main  aquatic  corridor  of  spread.  Of  the  26 invasive plant taxa whose presence  was recorded and  analysed  in  the  riparian  areas  of  Serbia,Xanthium strumarium  subsp.  italicum,  Amorpha fruticosa,  Erigeron  canadensis,  Robinia pseudoacacia  and  Echinochloa  crus-  galli  were taxa  with  the  highest  number  of  records.Catchment  areas  of  the  Danube,  Južna  Morava, Zapadna  Morava  and  Timok  rivers  were characterised  by  the  highest  levels  of  invasion. Based  on  their  distribution  data,  cover  and abundance of the analysed taxa, catchment areas of  the  Danube,  Kolubara  and  Zapadna  Morava rivers  are  highlighted  as  the  main  corridors  of spread for the majority of the studied IAS. Four habitat  types  stand  out  by  the  number  of analysed IAS. Taxa which were recorded in the highest  number  of  habitat  types  are:  Amorpha fruticosa,  Erigeron  canadensis,  Robinia pseudoacacia,  Echinochloa  crus-galli  and Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum.  A number of  physical  and  hydromorphological  parameters and  dominant  anthropogenic  influences  of  the studied  field  sites  were  shown  to  affect  the presence  and  abundance  of  the  studied  invasive plants.  The catchment areas of the Sava, Velika Morava  and  Južna  Morava  rivers  are  excpected to  be  under  a  strong  pressure  of  the  spread  and dominance  of  IAS  unnder  the  conditions  of global  climate  changes.  Riparian  areas  in  the southwestern parts of Serbia (valleys of  Lim and Ibar  rivers  and  their  tributaries)  and  riparian zones  in  the  mountain  and  high- mountain  areas are also expected to experience an increase in the number  of  invasive  species  and  their  spread rates.

U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji  razvijen  je fluorescentni test u kvascu za identifikaciju potencijalnih prirodnih ili sintetičkih liganada  ERα, ERβ ili AR i kvantifikaciju  njihovog  afiniteta  vezivanja sa mogućnošću testiranja čitavih biblioteka modifikovanih steroida i ksenoestrogena. Takođe, opisana  je primena optimizovanog biosenzora  za  procenu  estrogenog  potencijala sintetskih steroida i odabranih biljnih ekstrakata bogatih jedinjenjima fitoestrogenih osobina. U cilju potpunijeg sagledavanja mehanizma  delovanja  odabranih  modifikovanih  steroida  ispitana  je  njihova antiproliferativna aktivnost prema ćelijskim  linijama estrogen receptor pozitivnog kancera dojke  (MCF-7) i kancera prostate (PC-3), dok su  in silico metodom molekularnog  dokinga  predviđene  energije  i  geometrije  vezivanja  ovih  jedinjenja za ligand-vezujuće  domene  ERα i ERβ. Drugi deo ovog rada obuhvata razvoj testa za  ispitivanje aktivnosti humanog enzima aromataze,  heterologno eksprimiranog u ćelijama  kvasca  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  i/ili  bakterija Escherichia coli, u prisustvu  ili  odsustvu  inhibitora.  Interakcije modifikovanih  steroida, odabranih na osnovu strukture,  sa  aromatazom  ispitane  su  osetljivim spektroskopskim metodama, praćenjem promene spinskog stanja Fe iz hem grupe ili promene fluorescencije ostatka  triptofana  iz  aktivnog  centra usled konformacione  promene  proteina, izazvane interakcijom sa ligandom. Razvijeni in vitro testovi bez upotrebe radioaktivnih izotopa su, osim  visoke efikasnosti  i  bezbednosti  po  korisnika  i  okolinu, pokazali  specifičnost  i  ekonomičnost  u preliminarnom  skriningu  liganada  steroidnih receptora  i inhibitora aromataze. Jedinjenja  kod kojih je detektovana  značajna biološka aktivnost mogu potencijalno poslužiti kao osnova za razvoj terapeutika u lečenju hormon-zavisnih bolesti i stanja, koja danas predstavljaju globalni zdravstveni problem.
In  this  doctoral  dissertation,  a  fluorescent  assay  in  yeast  was  developed  for  identification  of  potential  natural or synthetic ligands of ERα, ERβ or AR andquantification  of  their  binding  affinity,  as  well  asevaluation  of  the  estrogenic  potential  of  synthetic steroids  and  selected  plant  extracts  rich  in phytoestrogen  content.  The  assay  could  be  used  to  screen  libraries  of  modified  steroids  and xenoestrogens.  In  order  to  better  understand  the biomedical  potential  of  selected  modified  steroids, results  were  compared  to  antiproliferative  activity against  estrogen  receptor  positive  breast  cancer (MCF-7)  and  prostate  cancer  (PC-3)  cell  lines. Binding  energies  and  the  geometry  of  binding  of these  compounds  for  ERα  and  ERβ  ligand  binding domains  were  predicted  in  silico  by  molecular  docking  methods.  The  second  part  of  this  study includes development  of  an  assay  for  study  of  aromatase  activity  in  the  presence  or  absence  of inhibitors  by  heterologous  expression  of  human aromatase  in  Saccharomyces  cerevisiae  and/or Escherichia  coli  cells,  as  model-organisms. Furthermore, interactions between modified steroids, selected  according  to  their  structure,  and  aromatase were  tested  using  sensitive  spectroscopic  methods based on ligand-induced changes  in  the  spin state of Fe  from  the  heme  group  or  changes  in  the fluorescence  of  a  tryptophan  residue  in  the  active site.  The  non-radioactive  in  vitro  assays  developed  here, besides high efficiency, user and environmental safety,  also  have  greater  specificity  and  are  more cost-effective  for  preliminary  screening  of  steroid receptor  ligands  and  aromatase  inhibitors. Additionally,  compounds  identified  to  express significant biological activity can serve as a basis for the  development  of  potential  therapeutics  in  the treatment  of  hormone-dependent  diseases  and conditions, a global health issue today.

This thesis describes the process of identifying design and imple- mentation guidelines for tablet based learning games focusing on the Japanese writing system which consists of multiple complex logo- graphic characters called kanji. The kanji system covers over 2000 different characters where each character has multiple readings. The characters can also be joined to form new words these are called kanji compounds. Through an iterative process of prototype design and creation, we developed and evaluated three game concepts and a dig- ital game artifact for tablet computers. The results of this research presents five design and implementation guidelines for tablet based learning games focusing on compound kanji which were identified through the results from three evaluations which were performed to- gether with participants that had a background in both interaction design and Japanese.

Kanji, the Chinese characters adopted to write the Japanese language, is often mentioned as one of the most difficult aspects of mastering said language. This is especially said about people from outside the Sinosphere i.e. PRC, Taiwan, North and South Korea, Japan and Vietnam. In the following thesis 12 students studying the Japanese language at Swedish universities were interviewed about their experiences when it comes to learning and being taught about kanji. A chapter summarizing some of the research that is relevant to this thesis is also included. Topics touched upon in this and the result chapter include the desire for more structured approach to kanji learning based on breaking down the characters into elemental components, spaced repetition (SRS), mnemonics.

Existem muitos sistemas de escrita em uso pelo mundo. Quase todos eles são representações dos sons das línguas, compostos por poucas dezenas de símbolos. A escrita japonesa, porém, inclui caracteres chineses (kanji), que representam não só os sons mas também os sentidos; e, para isso, precisa empregar milhares de símbolos. A complexidade do sistema de escrita japonês torna-o mais difícil de aprender e de processar mentalmente. Por que então ele continua sendo usado até hoje? Haveria alguma vantagem? Investigando estas questões, descobrimos que a escrita japonesa permite formas de expressão que não seriam possíveis através da transcrição sonora pura, nem em sistemas de escrita mais simples. Esta observação é importante, não apenas para os estudos japoneses, mas para os estudos da linguagem escrita em geral: o caso japonês demonstra que a escrita não pode ser compreendida como um simples registro visual da fala, mas deve ser estudada como um sistema de acesso à linguagem com características próprias. Neste trabalho, analisamos algumas dessas formas de expressão específicas da escrita, tal como se apresentam no japonês.
There are many writing systems currently in use around the world. For almost all of them, the basic mechanism is using graphical symbols to represent the sounds of language. A few dozen symbols are enough for this purpose. Japanese writing, however, includes Chinese characters (kanji), which are related not only to sound but also to meaning; since there are many possible meanings, kanji number in the thousands. The complexity of Japanese writing makes it comparatively harder to learn, and harder to process mentally. Why, then, is it still in use? Are there any advantages to such a system? A closer look show that Japanese writing allows modes of expression which would be impossible in a phonetic transcription of speech, or in simpler writing systems. This is an important datum, not only for Japanese studies, but for the linguistic study of writing itself; the Japanese case clearly shows that writing cant be adequately described as merely a visual representation of speech, but must rather be analyzed as an independent system for accessing language. In this dissertation we discuss, from Japanese examples, some of these expressive techniques which can only be realized in a written medium.

Applied Linguistics
Ph.D.
Learning kanji (i.e., the Chinese characters utilized in the Japanese writing system) is unique for learners of Japanese who speak Chinese as their first language (L1) due to their ability to transfer their knowledge of L1 hanzi (i.e., the Chinese characters utilized in the Chinese writing system). The present study is a longitudinal investigation into the effects of affective variables and kanji growth on kanji learning utilizing the self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002). L1 Chinese learners of Japanese as a second language (L2) responded to a questionnaire designed to measure eleven affective variables and took kanji tests three times over one academic semester (N = 229-340). In addition, interviews were conducted with 12 participants to further explore the affective variables influencing kanji learning. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate latent growth modeling, multiple regression analyses, and path modeling to answer six research questions. The results showed that: (a) there were no associations between the initial affective status and the initial kanji proficiency; (b) intrinsic motivation and introjected regulation exerted significant positive and negative influences on short-term kanji growth, respectively; (c) growth in kanji proficiency did not cultivate intrinsic motivation, nor did intrinsic motivation lead to growth in kanji proficiency; (d) perceived competence was significantly associated with both the initial status of intrinsic motivation and changes in intrinsic motivation; (e) perceived competence was not associated with either the initial level or the development of kanji proficiency; (f) perceived competence positively affected four variables, intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation, and mastery goals; (g) perceived autonomy led to lower amotivation and higher intrinsic motivation, but caused lower external regulation; (h) peers' positive influences positively affected all six variables, cultivating higher intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation, and mastery goals, as well as causing lower amotivation; (i) peers' negative influences led to lower identified regulation and higher amotivation, and higher introjected regulation, and; (j) attitudes toward L2 community/speakers did not influence any of the SDT kanji learning motivation and mastery goals. The results of the interview study revealed that (a) the participants felt various types of enjoyment in kanji learning, including intrinsic motivation-knowledge, intrinsic motivation-stimulation, and intrinsic motivation-accomplishment; (b) ideal L2 self guided intrinsic motivation; (c) introjected regulation was channeled by ought-to L2 self and feared L2 self, and; (d) feared L2 self was uniquely formulated as a result of the complex interactions of various factors such as pride as L1 hanzi knowledge holders and normative pressure from Chinese peers. Evidence gathered in research targeting English learners is not necessarily applicable to the learning and motivation for learning other languages. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the universality as well as the individuality of the roles of motivation in L2 learning.
Temple University--Theses

Advances in digital technology have recently allowed for richer text annotation in combination with authentic second language video media. As a result, many educational researchers are focusing increased attention on the effect this application of technology can have on second language acquisition. This study examines the comparative effectiveness of target vocabulary treatments with either native language (L1) definitions or target language (L2) definitions when target vocabulary is presented in either kana or kanji as a part of the subtitles of an L2 film based on participant performance on vocabulary assessments. This study also examines the participants' perceived levels of helpfulness of the varying word treatments. The results of the study suggest that providing annotations for target words in the L2 increases learning of that word more than L1 annotations for intermediate learners of Japanese. On the other hand, learners rated access to definitions in L1 as more helpful than L2 definitions, and they expressed their preference for understanding the story more than learning the target vocabulary.

Background Prior to the commencement of this study, gambling was not considered a significant health issue for Maori, even though the first national gambling prevalence study in New Zealand in 1991, identified that Maori had at least three times the risk of problem gambling of non-Maori. In the early 1990s, through the provision of a gambling telephone helpline and gambling counselling services, it was identified that Maori and in particular Maori women, were increasingly seeking help with problems with gambling. Gambling is an integral part of the culture of New Zealand. To understand gambling and problem gambling requires an understanding of the social, economic and cultural context it plays in being Maori. Aim of Study This study investigated whether gambling and problem gambling is an emerging health issue for Maori and if so, the extent of the problem, its effects on Maori and health approaches, and interventions which are likely to be effective for Maori. A public health approach to address problem gambling has been investigated and a plan developed. Methodology This study has been undertaken from a Maori-centered and an action-oriented research approach. It has involved integrating existing and new information from the following sources: Maori patterns of gambling and expenditure, gambling prevalence data, Maori utilisation of gambling treatment services and gambling by indigenous people. Fifteen Maori problem gamblers have been interviewed to understand from the "inside looking out" their experience of problem gambling. Thirty key informants have also been interviewed to understand from the "outside looking in" their perspective as to whether gambling is an emerging health issue for Maori. This research has involved quantitative analysis and qualitative research. Findings This study has found that problem gambling is an emerging public health issue for Maori. The effects of problem gambling for Maori are invisible and masked by other health problems such as alcohol abuse or mental health problems. Maori prevalence of problem gambling is similar to other indigenous populations which have shared similar historical and socio-economic experiences. Problem gambling often leads to crime, imprisonment, development of other health problems and the break down of families. Focusing alone on problem gambling ignores the real issues for Maori, a wider perspective is needed which focuses on Maori and tribal development. A public health strategy is proposed to reduce Maori gambling related harm.

Unlike Canadian English which has two liquid consonant phonemes, /ɹ, l/ (as in right and light), Japanese is said to have a single liquid phoneme whose realization varies widely both among speakers and within the speech of individuals. Although variants of the /r/ sound in Japanese have been described as flaps, laterals, and weak plosives, research that has sought to quantitatively describe this phonetic variation has not yet been carried out. The aim of this thesis is to provide such quantification based on 1,535 instances of /r/ spoken by four individuals whose near-natural, unscripted conversations had been recorded as part of a larger corpus of unscripted Japanese maintained by Dr. Nick Campbell of Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto, Japan. Tokens of /r/ were extracted from 30-minute conversations between one pair of male speakers and one pair of female speakers. Each token was narrowly transcribed into the International Phonetic Alphabet, then categorized based on the author’s perception of: 1) the strength/narrowness of central oral articulatory stricture, and 2) the presence or absence of an auditory-perceptual lateral and/or rhotic sound quality. Transcription and category frequencies for each speaker averaged across all environments were then compared with frequencies in specific phonological environments to ascertain whether a particular environment was amenable to a ‘drift’ towards any particular category of variant, and whether patterns of ‘drift’ applied to all speakers or varied on an individual basis. Transcriptions of the 1,535 tokens of /r/ ranged widely among lateral and non-lateral flaps, raised (i.e. increased articulatory contact) non-lateral flaps akin to light voiced plosives (e.g. Hattori 1951, Kawakami 1977), as well as lateral approximants and rhotic approximants. While two of the four speakers, both males, patterned similarly by dividing their productions of /r/ chiefly among short lateral approximants and rhotic approximants, each speaker did vary considerably in their choice of variants in any given environment. Drift is considered in terms of physiological parameters which may be optionally exploited to maintain phonological salience.

The Ngkolmpu language of southern New Guinea is notable for the remarkable extent to which grammatical values are distributed across multiple morphosyntactic systems in the language. This is most apparent in the extremely complex inflectional morphology of verbs, where the exponence of morphosyntactic feature values is distributed over a number of inflectional sites, such that determining the exact value of any given feature requires unification at multiple structural locations. Moreover, this phenomenon is not restricted to the inflectional morphology, and permeates the morphology, syntax and semantics of the language. This thesis provides the first comprehensive description of the phonology, morphology and nominal and clausal syntax of Ngkolmpu. There is a particularly strong focus on the complex verbal inflectional morphology. In addition to the core description, it contains an exploration of the phenomenon of distributed exponence and related structures in the syntax and semantics. The goal is to chart the extent of this apparently non-optimal approach to exponence and provide a discussion of the consequences of such a structure informed by current thinking in morphological theory. Chapters 2-7 comprise the descriptive part of the thesis, the primary goal of which is to give explicit empirical coverage of the main structural features of the language. As such, it is written from a framework-free approach in which all categories, classes and constructions are explicitly defined on a language particular basis. Chapter 2 sets out the phonemic inventory, their phonetic realisations and the phonotactics. Chapter 3 is a description of the nominal morphology, including word structure and a list of cases, their forms and functions. Chapter 4 is an account of the nominal syntax; it establishes the various classes of nominals and sets out the phrase level constituency. Chapter 5 lists the various valency-related constructions of the language. It establishes a set of valence alternation classes and describes the syntax and semantics of valence alternation processes. Chapter 6 is a description of the inflectional and derivational sites of verbs, focusing on the complex paradigmatic structure of these sites. Chapter 7 describes the system of stem alternation and establishes verbal number, aspect and nominal number as distinct but interacting categories. The last two chapters change gear and aim at situating the workings of Ngkolmpu distributed exponence typologically, informed by advances in realisational approaches to morphology. Chapter 8 defines the concept of distributed exponence and charts the extent that features may be distributed in the systems of verbal inflection. It extends this discussion to draw parallels in structure across morphological domains of agreement, in the system of grammatical relations and the semantic interactions between verbal number and nominal number. Chapter 9 provides an explicit description of the inflectional sites of verbs in the light of distributed exponence. The description is presented in natural language but is firmly within the realisational tradition, drawing heavily from Paradigm Function Morphology. Its goal is to explore the consequences of distributed exponence on realisational approaches to morphological theory and uniquely proposes a level of morphological autonomy localised to each particular inflectional site.

Shinsen rōeishū as a poetry collection of kanshi and waka compiled by Fujiwara no Mototoshi has not been studied as comprehensive as Wakan rōeishū. This thesis focuses on the study of the anthology, the historical and cultural backgrounds, the creator and representative Japanese and Chinese poets, as well as translations and cultural study of several poems. It begins with a broad discussion of the development of poetry recitation and the reception of Chinese literature in Heian period. Next, several more specific aspects of the anthology are discussed, including the emergence and completion of Shinsen rōeishū, the content and its reception, as well as manuscript copies. In the following chapter, discussion about the creator deals with his conservative poetic style and his strained personal relationships with other poets such as Minamoto no Toshiyori. These aspects may lead to a deeper understanding on the relationship between these factors and the spread of Shinsen rōeishū. In the appendices, several representative poems in Shinsen rōeishū are translated. Reasons for the choice of certain target poems are put forward. Meanwhile the translations also include cultural and historical studies for some poems, in order to inspire further study on other poems in Shinsen rōeishū. Additionally, certain influential poets who made great contributions to Shinsen rōeishū as well as the development of kanshi are also discussed, such as Sugawara no Michizane and Bai Juyi.