Journal articles on the topic 'Kanuri language'

Makary Kotoko, a Chadic language spoken in the flood plain directly south of Lake Chad in Cameroon, has an estimated 16,000 speakers. An analysis of a lexical database for the language shows that of the 3000 or so distinct lexical entries in the database, almost 1/3 (916 items) have been identified as borrowed from other languages in the region. The majority of the borrowings come from Kanuri, a Nilo-Saharan language of Nigeria, with an estimated number of speakers ranging from 1 to 4 million. In this article I first present the number of borrowings specifically from Kanuri relative to the total number of borrowed items in Makary Kotoko, and the lexical/grammatical categories in Makary Kotoko that have incorporated Kanuri borrowings. I follow this by presenting the linguistic evidence which not only suggests a possible time frame for when the borrowings from Kanuri came into Makary Kotoko, but also supports the idea that this is essentially a case of completed language contact. After discussing the lexical and grammatical borrowings from Kanuri into Makary Kotoko in detail, I explore the limited evidence in Makary Kotoko for lexical and grammatical ‘calquing’ from Kanuri, resulting in almost no structural diffusion from Kanuri into Makary Kotoko. I finish with a few proposals as to why this is the case in this instance of language contact in the Lake Chad basin.

This paper examines the parametric variations of English and Kanuri noun phrases (NPs) within the theoretical framework of Principles and Parameters (P&P), and the study adopts Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist Approach (MA). In conducting the research, the researcher uses his native intuition to collect the data for this study. The secondary sources of data involve the use of three competent native speakers to validate the data. The outcome of the study reveals that there are differences and similarities between the two languages which are genetically different –Kanuri Nilo is a Saharan language while English is an Endo European language. The differences are: Kanuri is a head final language while English is head initial language. On the complement phrases, the two languages share dissimilarities –quantifiers and adjectives occur post head in Kanuri while the quantifiers and adjectives occur pre-head in English. Finally, the two languages share similarities in terms of noun plural formation morphologically suffixed to post head nouns and definiteness and agreement features [-Def] [+PL Num].

“Many African languages have a long written tradition, e.g. Ge'ez, Kiswahili, Hausa, etc.” reads the summary of panel 21 of the AEGIS conference “African Manuscripts and Museum Collections in Europe”. The list could be extended to include other names familiar to a wider audience, e.g., Fula(ni) (Fulfulde), Manding (Mandenkan, Bambara, Dyula, Mandinka), Wolof, Asante (Akan), Songay. The Kanuri language however, needs some introduction. This is to a certain extent a historical paradox, because Kanuri was in fact the first African language to be extensively documented in the middle of the 19th century by Sigismund Koelle. In 1854 Koelle published two large volumes on Kanuri grammar and an anthology of oral narratives (1854a, 1854b). Remarkably, four tales from the Koelle's Kanuri anthology found their way into Volume 3 of the 3rd edition of the Grimm Brothers’ Children and Household Tales (1856).

The paper attempts to identify and study those linguistic items borrowed from Hausa to Kanuri language with special attentions to the deglottalization and sonorization processes employed in incorporating the loanwords. Borrowing is a phenomenon which is as old as human social, economic, and administrative contact. When a contact is established between two or more different linguistic communities, there is the tendency for linguistic borrowing to take place. Therefore, despite the fact that Hausa belongs to Chadic family and Kanuri belongs to Nilo-Sahara, there exists linguistic borrowing between them. The paper focuses on the deglottalization and sonorization in nativazation of the borrowed words. The research sought data from two sources. These sources are primary and secondary. The primary source includes unobtrusive observation when discourse is taking place in Kanuri language. Similarly, the researcher’s intuition plays significant role in identifying the loanwords being a native speaker of the language. On the other hand, the secondary sources include written records, such as journal articles, dissertations, thesis, dictionaries etc. The paper concludes that Kanuri, a Nilo-Saharan language uses deglottalization and sonorization in nativazation of some Hausa borrowed lexical items. This resulted in making the loanwords to behave like the native words of the target language (Kanuri).

The Bornu quranic manuscripts with interlinear ajami glosses in a Kanuri dialect were discovered by A. D. H. Bivar in the late 1950s. The unique corpus of written evidence for the Kanuri language as spoken over 300 years ago has never been analysed in any depth. The first part of the paper contains a general description of the collection and a discussion of codicological and palaeographical characteristics of the manuscripts. The second part comprises a brief note on the Kanuri language and a description of the Bornu writing system used for quranic commentary in this language. The third part explores the phonological and morphological properties of selected examples of glosses. Finally, a preliminary view on the dialect affiliation of the language of the glosses is suggested.

Focus on verbal operators such as aspect or tense ("predication focus", lucidly described by Hyman & Watters (1984) under the label "auxiliary focus") has been noticed to exist in African languages of Afroasiatic and Niger-Congo affiliation, but not so far in Saharan. The Saharan language Kanuri is assumed to have substantially reorganized its TAM system, particularly in the perfective aspect domain (Cyffer [2006] dates major changes between the years 1820 and 1900). The paper discusses, for the first time in Kanuri scholarship, the existence of a neat subsystem of predication focus marking by suffix in the perfective aspect which is made up of a total of six conjugational paradigms that uniformly encode predication focus by suffix {-ò}. Kanuri dialects differ in strategies and scope of focus marking encoded in verb morphology. In the light of data from the Yerwa (Nigeria) and Manga (Niger) dialects the paper discusses some "anomalies" with regard to general focus theory which we account for by describing the "Kanuri Focus Shift" as a diachronic process which is responsible for leftward displacement of scope of focus.

Old Kanembu is an extinct Saharan language that survives in annotations to the Qur’anic manuscripts of the 17th to 18th century. The past and future categories of Old Kanembu are absolute-relative tenses with posterior taxis as their orientational mechanism. The posterior location of events in temporal domains is tied up with the communicative goal of guiding the recipient through the complex Qur’anic discourse so that the foreground information and prominent elements are clearly set off against the background events. Similar properties are reported for the past and future tenses in Kanuri and therefore the Old Kanembu data corroborates a previously postulated hypothesis that the past and future in Kanuri are inherently focus categories (Wolff & Löhr 2006). Given that complexity of the Kanuri TAM system – significantly more elaborated than in the other Saharan languages – was triggered by the contact with Chadic languages and that Old Kanembu preserves archaic features going back to the 16th century and beyond, the semantic properties of the Old Kanembu past and future provide additional evidence of early Chadic influence on Kanuri.

Abstract: The paper focuses on identifying and studying those linguistic items borrowed from the Kanuri to Pabǝr/Bura language with special attention to the modifications made to the vowels of the source language (Kanuri) before incorporating the loanwords into the target language (Pabǝr/Bura). It is believed that in as much as two or more communities with different linguistic backgrounds came in contact with one another; there is a tendency that linguistic borrowing will take place. Therefore, even though the languages under study belong to different language phyla, there exists linguistic borrowing between them. Because of this, the paper specifically focuses its attention on the adaptation of vowels in borrowed words. The research can establish that the target language (Pabǝr/Bura) employed various phonological processes in incorporating the loan words. More so vowel substitution is found to be the major technique used by the target language in incorporating the borrowed words. However, there are also cases of vowel deletion and insertion. The research employed two distinct sources as methods of data collection. These sources are primary and secondary. The primary source includes unobtrusive observation when discourse is taking place in Pabǝr/Bura language and listening to Pabǝr/Bura radio program broadcast by Yobe Broadcasting Corporation, Damaturu. Similarly, the researchers’ intuition plays a significant role in identifying the loanwords. On the other hand, secondary sources include written records, such as journal articles, dissertations, theses, dictionaries, etc. The paper concludes that Pabǝr/Bura borrowed a good number of lexical items from Kanuri, a Nilo-Saharan language.

This paper examines the structure of Kanuri DP (structure) Hypothesis within the framework of Abney (1987) and Chomsky (1995) Minimalist Programme (MP). In conducting the research, the researcher uses his native speaker intuition and other three competent native speakers of Kanuri to validate the data of this study. The study identifies Kanuri determiners as post head modifier language. The study identifies also two types of demonstrative modifiers –near and far demonstratives. The near demonstratives agree with their head nouns while the far demonstratives take both singular and plural head nouns. The far demonstratives do not show any form of agreement morphology between the nouns and their demonstrative modifiers. The analysis of DP Hypothesis shows the NP complement moves to the specifier position in the surface syntax which give rise to complement-head (C-H) order. The study further analyzes possessives, demonstratives and quantifiers under the DP hypothesis. The outcome of the study reveals that possessive determiner ‘nde’ (our) is base generated at the possessive position, moves and fills the D position under the DP in Kanuri while the far demonstrative ‘tudu’ (that) is also base generated at the Dem. Position of the determiner phrase (DP) -hence the D position is strong head position moves and fills the D position and the noun ‘fato’ (house) moves to the specifier position of the determiner phrase (DP) in order to check agreement feature in Kanuri.

Chadic, Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Kushitic and Omotic languages comprise the Afroasiatic (Hamito-­Semitic) macro-family. The paper is aimed to clarify the origin of the verb ‘to write’ in different Chadic languages. Two main sources: semantic shifts and borrowings will be in the focus of the study. The phonological diversity of corresponding lexical forms is also of special interest. Numerous examples allow us to trace a long chain of semantic shifts ending in the verb ‘to write’. In almost all cases verbs ‘to cut’ or ‘to scratch’ have been identified as the first units of these semantic transformations. A ‘one-step’ semantic shift: ‘to put’ > ‘to write’ was active only in a few Central Chadic languages. Loans from Arabic and Fulfulde (Niger-Congo family) into different Chadic languages are listed. Of special interest is the derived noun ‘writing’, borrowed form from Kanuri (Nilo-Saharan family) into Chadic. J. Greenberg’s arguments, indicating Kanuri as the donor-language [Greenberg 1960, p. 209–210] and supporting evidence are under discussion. Typological parallels to the above-mentioned semantic shifts can be traced outside the Afroasiatic family, namely, in Indo-European and Nilo-Saharan languages. The whole amount of Chadic data and external parallels prove the independent origin of the verb ‘to write’ in different Chadic languages. Only in a few cases the verb ‘to write’ can be identified on a sub-group level.

The purpose of this paper is to prove that intercultural relationship and sufficient contact between Hausa and other languages result in linguistic diffusion or borrowing. The study adopts both the historical and descriptive survey research design, predicated on the need for a brief history of Hausa and the donor languages, and descriptive design to facilitate the use of secondary data generated from textbooks, theses, dissertations, seminar and conference papers. The study traces the location of Hausa people in order to vividly comprehend the nature of contact with the donor languages which effectively bears on the objective nature of the borrowed words. It is in this light that three types of language relationship emerged: genetic, typological and cultural. The intercultural relationship can be unidirectional (English and Hausa) or bi-directional (Hausa and Yoruba). The work provides concrete examples from Tuareg, Fulfulde, Kanuri, Yoruba, Nupe, Arabic and English languages to demonstrate the long contact with the Hausa language. The study finally observes suppressive interference on the structures of Hausa especially from Arabic and English, which have attained second language status in Hausa society, which, again, does not make the language lose its originality.

This paper hypothesizes that such sociolinguistic identities as Kanuri, Shuwa Arabic, Fulfulde and Wandala which are all Cameroon languages are so much linked to Islam in Northern Cameroon that their development are parallel that of Islam in this part of the country. In order to verify this, observation, three hundred questionnaires and communication with Muslim faithful were used in three Friday mosques in Maroua, Garoua and Ngaoundere, the main cities of this half of the country. The second dimension of Spolky’s (2006) theory on language and religion was used as frame. The paper finds that there is mutuality between these languages and Islam not just due to historical factors, but also because of the influence on the making of a sociolinguistic repertoires and the building of (new) religious communities. As these linguistic identities are reminiscent of Islam, they stand as the main linguistic vehicles of Islam in Northern Cameroon.

The fair-skinned people who inhabit the Sudan fringes of west Africa stretching from the Senegal valley to the shores of Lake Chad and who speak the language known as Fulfulde, are known by many names.1 They call themselves Fulbe (singular, Pullo). They are called Fulani by the Hausa of southern Nigeria, and this name has been used for them throughout Nigeria. The British call them Ful, Fulani, or Fula, while the French refer to them as Peul, Peulh, or Poulah. In Senegal the French also inadvertently call them Toucouleur or Tukulor. The Kanuri of northern Nigeria call them Fulata or Felata. In this paper we will adopt the Hausa (or Nigerian) name for the people—Fulani.Accurate censuses are not available on the Fulani in west Africa. A mid-twentieth century estimate puts the total number of Fulani at “over 4 million,” more than half of whom are said to inhabit Nigeria. Another estimate towards the end of 1989 puts the total number of Nigeria's Fulani (nomads only) at over ten million. If both estimates were correct, then the Fulani population in Nigeria alone must have grown 500 per cent in forty years. The dominant factor in this population growth is increased immigration of pastoralists into Nigeria in the wake of the 1968-73 Sahelian drought.

This paper examines Negative Imperfect Verb Form in Kanuri text within the framework of descriptive linguistics adopting the works of Cyffer (2009) model of approach in analyzing negation types in Kanuri. In conducting the research, both sources of data collection were employed: the primary source includes a Kanuri written text Nyariwa Kanuribe, where all the various place where the Negations negating the imperfective verb occurred where underlined and extracted from the text for data presentation and analysis. The study also employed the secondary source of data collection where three linguists from the Kanuri section of the department of languages and Linguistics University of Maiduguri, Nigeria were engaged to validate the data collected from the text. The outcome of the study reveals that there are two particle used in negating the imperfective verbs form in the text and study identified these particles are ba and bawo are bound morpheme negating imperfective verbs form in Kanuri. Finally the study identified eighty one instances of the two negation particle with their number of occurrences and their percentages in the text analyzed.

The socio-cultural contact between Kanuri and Margi led to an inevitable borrowing of words from Kanuri to Margi. As such, this research paper deals with the investigation of the different domains of incidence in that the borrowing took place. In collecting data for the research, an unstructured interview was used (along with a tape recorder) to record the articulation of the informants for transcription purposes. Brann’s (2006) 16 Domains of Incidence was adopted as the model of approach in this research. The data collected showed that there are eight domains where loanwords from Kanuri to Margi took place. The domains include school, office, market, temple, club, home, color, time and direction, weather and climate. The work identified 78 Kanuri loanwords in Margi. The numbers of loanwords identified in each of the domains are: school 7, office 6, market 10, temple 8, club 2, home 29, colour time and direction 13, weather and climate 3. The findings of the research established that the domain of home has the highest number of Kanuri loanwords in Margi. Finally, this paper claims that the early contact that led to borrowing between Kanuri and Margi was in their place of residence, customary or official location. Therefore, the knowledge acquired can serve as a valuable reference material for linguists who might be interested in the study of loanwords and comparative linguistics between Kanuri, Margi and other African languages.

IntroductionIn August 2017, a cholera outbreak started in Muna Garage Internally Displaced Persons camp, Borno state, Nigeria and >5000 cases occurred in six local government areas. This qualitative study evaluated perspectives about the emergency response to this outbreak.MethodsWe conducted 39 key informant interviews and focus group discussions, and reviewed 21 documents with participants involved with surveillance, water, sanitation, hygiene, case management, oral cholera vaccine (OCV), communications, logistics and coordination. Qualitative data analysis used thematic techniques comprising key words in context, word repetition and key sector terms.ResultsAuthorities were alerted quickly, but outbreak declaration took 12 days due to a 10-day delay waiting for culture confirmation. Outbreak investigation revealed several potential transmission channels, but a leaking latrine around the index cases’ house was not repaired for more than 7 days. Chlorine was initially not accepted by the community due to rumours that it would sterilise women. Key messages were in Hausa, although Kanuri was the primary local language; later this was corrected. Planning would have benefited using exercise drills to identify weaknesses, and inventory sharing to avoid stock outs. The response by the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency was perceived to be slow and an increased risk from a religious festival was not recognised. Case management was provided at treatment centres, but some partners were concerned that their work was not recognised asking, ‘Who gets the glory and the data?’ Nearly one million people received OCV and its distribution benefited from a robust infrastructure for polio vaccination. There was initial anxiety, rumour and reluctance about OCV, attributed by many to lack of formative research prior to vaccine implementation. Coordination was slow initially, but improved with activation of an emergency operations centre (EOC) that enabled implementation of incident management system to coordinate multisectoral activities and meetings held at 16:00 hours daily. The synergy between partners and government improved when each recognised the government’s leadership role.ConclusionDespite a timely alert of the outbreak, delayed laboratory confirmation slowed initial response. Initial responses to the outbreak were not well coordinated but improved with the EOC. Understanding behaviours and community norms through rapid formative research should improve the effectiveness of the emergency response to a cholera outbreak. OCV distribution was efficient and benefited from the polio vaccine infrastructure.

Hindi, in its totality, refers to a dialect continuum spoken mainly across northern India. This continuum is usually divided into two forms: Eastern and Western Hindi. Eastern Hindi is mainly made up of Awadhi, Chhattisgarhi and Bagheli dialects, while Western Hindi consists of Hindostani, Banagru, Braj Bhaka, Bundeli and Kanauji dialects.After Linguistic survey of India (1894-1928) by George A. Grierson – there has been little or no work which specifically focuses on Kanauji. Trivedi (1993, 2005) and Mishra and Bali (2010, 2011) report some secondary data from Kanauji in their works, their focus of inquiry is not Kanauji though. Lewis, Simons & Fennig (2013) refers Kanauji as a language with very low identity.This paper attempts to study the current sociolinguistic situation of Kanauji spoken in the Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh (India). Some other goals of the paper are following: 1) to feel the pulse of language attitude, with reference to standard Hindi, of the people in Kanpur 2) to present basic linguistic information and 3) to direct attention of the other linguists to Kanauji, which unfortunately has not been the case so far despite of it being mother tongue of millions.This study is result of eighteen days of a fieldtrip to Kanpur district and subsequent preparation of a small speech database of Kanauji. Importance of the work lies in the fact that no previous work, which specifically focuses on Kanauji, has been published so far. This is true at least in the open literature.

In the former South Kanara or south coastal Karnataka region, the presence of overlapping languages, mainly Tulu and Kannada, posed prolonged dilemmas in the nineteenth century for the Basel Mission. The choice of language was important for their evangelical work, supported by important language-related activities such as dictionary making, grammar writing and translations. Since language use was intertwined with caste hierarchy, this raised issues over the position of lower castes, mainly Billavas, for the native elites and upper castes. This article argues that the prioritisation of Kannada, and relegation of Tulu to a secondary position, was an outcome not only of missionary perceptions of the larger Kannada context, but also more importantly can be traced back to elite representations regarding the subaltern Tulu culture and lifeworld. As missionary intervention in education and native language use challenged the status quo of social hierarchy among local communities, this sparked efforts by the native elites to reclaim and restore the earlier hierarchy. In the process, the native elite representations of Tulu language and culture became at the same time an effort at dismissal and appropriation.

Kanashi is identified as a Tibeto-Burman language of Sino-Tibetan language family. The language has been classified as a Kinauri language belonging to West-Himalayish group of Tibeto-Kanauri branch of Tibeto-Burman group. Kanashi has been referred by UNESCO as definitely endangered. Retrospective literature survey reveals that the language is yet to be documented properly. Therefore as a part of language documentation the phonological studies of Kanashi have been undertaken. The study of diphthongs of the language has been considered in the present paper. Diphthongs are the phonological segments where two vowels form clusters to form a single syllable. The data of the present paper has been collected from Kanashi native speakers during field investigation in Malana village of Himachal Pradesh. IPA has been used for data collection.

Mudumozhikanchi, written by Madurai cuddalore, has distanced itself from the actions of all the pepoles of the world. In kurattalisai, the old languages in the cult are for the benefit of the people. Emphasizes the actions of the superiors and does not condemn the actions of the subordinates. But the human has best described every aspect of human life as a gift, home, education, material virute, friendship, morality, and physicality. Poverty of human life lies in the fact that if these are not consistent then poverty willensue Mudumolikanchi is the best life guide in the world, highlighting the virtues of life that are relevsant in all ten chapters, to all time.

Kandri is Gunungpati administrative area in the district, which is located in the city of Semarang in Central Java province which have Kreo Caves Nature Area. The tourist area has now been developed with the construction of dam Artificial Jatibarang which was completed in 2014. The reservoir has sunk acres of farmland, resulting in most of the Kandri citizens lose their livelihoods as farmers, and switch to the efforts in the field of tourism. Kandri rural communities in the development of a tourist village has set up a group called Pokdarwis tourism awareness in the form of a tourism cluster. The tourism cluster not yet have an information system that is capable of managing a data member, as well as a means of product promotion and online sales. This research aims to design a cluster of business information systems, and implement into web technology. System development method used is prototype models. The information system is implemented using the programming language PHP and CodeIgniter framework with a MySQL database. Results of this research is an e-commerce information system that features business profile information management, resource development and asset cluster members. These systems also use social plugins that like facebook as a marketing tool products. Thus, the information system can be used as an online store business clusters, media promotion, and data center can yield information about the development of the classification of business entities SME cluster members, so it can be used by cluster administrators and stakeholdesr in monitoring the business development of its members.

This paper analyzes the Ceremonial de que uzão os VReys [Vice-Reys] quando escrevem aos Reys da Azia. The Ceremonial was a manual of etiquette that aimed to help the Viceroy in his contacts with local rulers such as the Persian and Mughal emperors, the princedoms of Kanara, Sonda, Tannor, and the Sardessais of Sawantvandi. It will be argued that by selecting specific words to address local rulers, inspired by Indo-Persian ideas of kingship and diplomacy, the Portuguese authorities used some elements of the local political culture to facilitate the negotiations between Goa and the Indian courts and develop a comprehensible image of the Portuguese Crown to most South Asian rulers.

Cultural diversity is a necessity in the human community in the world. Cultures have different value systems, so they determine different life goals, and determine ways of communicating that are strongly influenced by language, rules and norms in each culture. So that every communication activity with other people always contains the potential for cross-cultural or intercultural communication, because it will always be in a "culture" that is different from other people. This study aims to find out how cultural differences between foreign tourists and local communities are examined based on the study of cross-cultural communication, so that they can be understood together and avoid culture shock. This research was conducted in the tourist village of Kandri, Gunungpati sub-district, Semarang city with the object of research of foreign tourists who came in the tourist village. The research method used is a qualitative field reserach. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews and observations. The results of the study show that the distinguishing factors in communication can be seen from the verbal and nonverbal language systems, economic systems, educational systems, cultures (values and norms), and religious systems.

The territory administered by the Nayakas, first from Keladi and later from Ikkeri (c. 1499–1763 CE), first on behalf of the Vijayanagara rulers and then in their own name, was the western strip of Karnataka, known as Kanara-Malnad. The Kanara coast is very fertile and the hills of neighbouring Malnad (Malladeśa) are noted for their biodiversity. The Śivatattvaratnākara, an encyclopaedic work in Sanskrit authored by the Keladi-Ikkeri king, Basavarāja (r. 1697–1714), besides discussions related to various fields of knowledge, holds not only passages describing the region and the history of its rulers, but also other content that may reveal a way of thinking about nature and human-nature relationships. Reference will also be made to Pietro della Valle's account of his travels in the area between 1623 and 1624.

The subject of this paper concerns two mechanisms wich help philosophy to circumvente the subject of Holocaust. These are: the philosophy of Heidegger and the neo-marxists tenets of so called Frankfurt School, especially those of Theodor Adorno. While Heidegger is seen in this paper as a resulting prioritization of chtonic symbolism within the the culture of Wiemar Germany, which pushes out the alternative of Ernst Cassirer, the leftist matrix of Adorno's thought is equally seen as a distancing paradigm that abolishes Biblical language, through metaphysics. Paper investigates in some details these mechanisms which aim at abolishing strategic solutions of both Jewish nation and Holocaust - in the package of Zionist ideals. Author sees philosophical fixation on generic trajectoria of man-as-species, as a way of devious handling of the specifics of the Jewish existence.

Just before summer, when the air around university is filled with students' adrenalin due to numerous tests, we are pleased to announce our summer ALA issue. It was compiled bearing in mind that the outcome of such efforts is mainly students' of course, however, ours also; the outcome of teachers and researchers. In a very broad sense, this issue places importance on a successful second language pedagogical process, be it readability, pronunciation, generalization and application of grammatical rules, or their methodological issues. It supports the idea that reciprocal improvements on students' as well as teachers' and researchers' sides undoubtedly deliver best results in the language pedagogy as well as in linguistic research. Improvements that build upon expertise and considerable amount of real-life data. Improvements aspired to.Kristina HMELJAK SANGAWA in her article analized a collection of Japanese texts which had been linguistically simplified for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, and compared them to their original versions. The main aim of such analysis was to uncover different strategies that are used to make texts more accessible to learners. The author, however, makes some further steps and discusses the application of such strategies to assessing, selecting, and devising texts in a language classroom. Zuzana POSPĚCHOVÁ offers a detailed introduction to the method of prosodic transcription (PTR) for Standard Chinese established by phonetician Oldřich Švarný. The PTR method has taken several decades to form and it is nowadays a well established way of teaching Chinese prosody in the language courses around the Czech Republic. The article offers a short sample text, students' opinion on PTR, and an outline of the use of PTR in academic research. It concludes with the suggestion that PTR could be an international system of transcription capturing prosodic features worldwide. The idea in Mateja PETROVČIČ’s article also emerged from her experience with students of Chinese as a second language and their problems in the learning process. She highlights the so called liheci, a special type of Chinese polymorphemic verbs. Such verbs are known to sometimes accept one or more elements to infuse in between their morphemes, however, the author points out that word sketches such as Sketch Engine hardly offer any information on the behaviour of such words. She gives suggestions on how to include them.Liulin ZHANG offers a discussion on the two commonly recognized imperfective aspect markers in Mandarin Chinese zai and着zhe, and argues their qualifications as imperfective aspect markers based on the differences in their origins, historical evolutions, and corpus data. Alexander AKULOV is critical towards the methods in comparative linguistics that base on the characteristics of lexems of the compared languages. He points out that such methods do not suppose verification and therefore allow different, even opposing conclusions. In his article he suggests the comparison of grammars of the languages involved, and by using Prefixation Ability Index (PAI) and Verbal Grammar Correlation Index (VGCI) tackles the problem of Buyeo language group. His findings prove that Japanese and Korean belong to the same language group, and not just to the same language family. Finally, Pankaj DWIVEDI and Somdev KAR contributed a survey article on a Hindi dialect called Kanauji. The article exposes problems researchers have to deal with on the field when monitoring and documenting spoken language of a certain area, and fitting the findings into concepts such as a language and a dialect.

Religion is often viewed as incompatible with queer sexualities and genders. In the Afrikaans-speaking communities of South Africa, Calvinist doctrine and dogma have been used to marginalise and ostracise those sexual and gender identities that stray from the heteronormative scripts sanctioned by cultural and religious practices. In this article, I examine how the libidinal is central to the way in which queer and faith communities interact in Afrikaans-speaking communities in two films: Kanarie and Skeef. The two films represent different filmic genres with Kanarie a fictional feature film and Skeef being a documentary. The two films, despite their different genres, broach the difficulty of being queer and religious. At the same time, the films show that it is possible to rethink religions/faith communities. Such rethinking creates accommodative spaces within faith communities in a way in which queerness is not viewed as a deviance or an abomination. I read these Afrikaans-language films against the conceptualisation of the libidinal offered by Keguro Macharia together with the ideas of queer agency proposed by Adriaan van Klinken. This queer agency marks not just a transgression of heteronormative Christian norms but also engenders expansive ways of understanding human sexuality and gender identities.

Eastern Cherokees' mythic and legendary worldview, as refracted through sacred myth narratives, forms a living tradition which grounds their identity. In particular, the central sacred stories of their world—the Creation Myth, Kanati the Hunter, Selu the Corn Goddess, and Stone Coat—embody spiritual meanings, purposes, and values which actually orient the Eastern Cherokee lifeway. These spiritual peoples' traditional religious experience and expressions cannot be reduced to economic, social, psychological, or political structures. This essay explores this Eastern Cherokee mythic epistemology. One author is a historian of religions and attorney for the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians; the other author is a linguist and an enrolled member of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians who reads, writes, and speaks the Cherokee language.

Karnataka has rich epigraphical sources. The entire edifice of Karnataka history from the 3rd century B.C. down to the end of Vijayanagara rests on epigraphical records. A volume of information concerning the political conditions, government and administration, political geography, the social structure and the life of the people, the religious faiths, economic conditions and many other topics, can be derived from a critical study of the inscriptions.The inscription under discussion is a copper plate from the village of Pejavar, Mangalore Taluka, South Kanara District, Karnataka State. The copper plate is now in the possession of K. Venkatraya Achar, Suratkal. It belongs to the period of the Vijayanagara emperor Immadi Devarāya (1424–1446 A.D.). The copper plate is in the Kannada language and script. The script seems to belong to a later period. The epigraphic department of the Government of India noticed this inscription in its annual report in the year 1967–68. Sri Venkatraya Achar, the discoverer of the inscription, made a few observations in the year 1957. This paper seeks to provide fresh information on political, religious and land transaction procedures on the basis of the contents of the copper plate.

In a recent survey of modern China, historian Rana Mitter noted: “The war between China and Japan may have been the single most important event to shape twentieth-century China”. This perspective hasn't been around for very long. The relevance of China's War of Resistance against Japan (KangRi zhanzheng) has been revaluated by historians in recent years, a prime example of this being Mitter's book on the subject and the work of Hans van de Ven. For years, the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949 was crystallised into a crucial turning point and the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party/KMT) was seen as corrupt and ineffective, as epitomised by Lloyd Eastman's studies. Eastman's verdict is not entirely contradicted by some of the new scholarship, although important revisionist works have led to a reassessment of the KMT state-building efforts, in particular during their pre-war decade in power, the so-called Nanjing decade (1927–1937). Although the ‘rediscovery’ of the war came later in the English-language than it did in Chinese, it is undeniable that recent years have seen a growing interest in the period, both in academia and in popular culture. The three monographs under review here are, in many ways, illustrative of the best new research on the conflict. They provide comprehensive insight on the impact of the war on the Nationalists' state-building efforts in fiscal policy, propaganda, and justice. All are first monographs, springing from meticulous doctoral and post-doctoral research anchored on a plethora of new primary sources. They make important contributions to our understanding of the impact of the war in China, as well as to economic history, media studies, and legal history more broadly.

Objective – Library anxiety experienced by students has been discussed extensively for many decades. While the phenomenon is widely recognized, little attention has been paid to seeing its specific effect on marginalized sections of the society. The study attempts to understand the library anxiety experienced by students at three different universities in Assam. Assam is the only state in Northeast India to have private, state, and central universities. These universities draw their student populations from several different hill states in Northeast India, all of which face significant socio-political-economic challenges. Methods – A stratified random sample technique was used for the study. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed equally among the three universities in Assam and found 119 questionnaires were fit for analysis. The study adopted the modified and validated version of the Bostick Library Anxiety Scale developed by Anwar, Al-Kandari, and Al-Qallaff (AQAK) in 2004, with 32 item statements and 4 categories. The questionnaire is divided into two parts: Demographic Variables and the Library Anxiety Scale. The categories used for the study were: Category 1 (Staff Approachability) – 11 statements; Category 2 (Feelings of Inadequacy) – 6 statements); Category 3 (Library Confidence) – 8 statements; and Category 4 (Library Constraints) – 7 statements. Results – The study hypothesized that factors such as gender, the language of instruction, type of university, and caste or community do not influence library anxiety among Northeast India students. However, the study's findings suggest that type of university influences library anxiety among students and its three constructs. Tezpur university students experience a higher level of library anxiety. Although no overall significant difference in the level of library anxiety was observed among students across gender (p=0.278, p> 0.05), the language of instruction (p=0.023, p> 0.05), castes and communities (p=0.223, p> 0.05), there was a significant difference in one construct of library anxiety among students based on gender (feelings of inadequacy), the language of education instruction (staff approachability), caste and community (feelings of inadequacy). Conclusions – Results from the present study provided compelling evidence to suggest that many students, irrespective of their gender, the language of instruction, type of university, discipline, and caste or community experience library anxiety. The difference levels of library anxiety among independent variables indicate a critical lack of information literacy skills. Overall, library anxiety scores among the students were moderate; some categories such as staff approachability, the feeling of inadequacy, and library constraint are the attributes of the students' anxiety. However, the findings of the study also suggest that students are confident in using the library. They are optimistic, enthusiastic, and keen to use library resources.

Tamil philosophies have set high standards for the internal and social lives of people. These are provided with a view to fostering individual relationships and social welfare. Purananuru, which is one of the anthologies of the Sangam, talks about war, the country's specialness, the fame of kings, politics, education, etc. It prescribes many values of life which are necessary for individuals and kings. Puranaanuru insists on these as individual virtues and social virtues. The songs featured in Puranaanuru are grouped into landscapes and disciplines. Among these, the discipline called Porunmozhik Kanchi is meant to highlight the positive things that are beneficial to life. Seventeen songs are composed in Purunmozhik Kanji in Puranaanuru. Considering these songs as basic data, this article highlights the values of life that they express. Basic values such as not doing non-beneficial things, helping, compassion for life, effort, friendship, charity, diligence, the duty of kings, universal love and respect for others are featured in these songs. These values, which are included in Puranaanuru, provide a fair and impartial life for the human race. These are long-lasting. These are common to all people, irrespective of country, race, and language. Such values are described in this article with appropriate evidence of the style embodied in the porunmozhik kanji songs. These values have been indicated for approval with the comments from Thirukkural. This article highlights the persuasion of these songs about the social duties that the king and the citizens have to perform.

This paper investigated the adequacy of Kiswahili communication, the most famous and widely used African language, communication in Smartphone technology basing on WhatsApp. Specifically, the analysis relied on Tecno F1. The methodology used was content analysis whereby Kiswahili directives were examined to check how adequate and effective are they. The criteria considered are comprehension/making sense, availability of vocabulary in Kiswahili dictionaries and in daily use, noun classes, affixation and word order. The analysis showed that vocabulary used in the application is, to some extent, sufficient to serve communication purpose to its users. There are words which are very familiar to the users and others are new. The new ones are formed to fill the commucative blankness which is created by the new discoveries. The results showed further that the formation of the words is in line with Kiswahili word formation processes. Likewise, the investigation showed that some verbs were given new meanings to meet new communication to the WhatsApp users. With regard to grammar, most of directives observed to follow Kiswahili word order and affixation rules. However, there are ungrammatical constructions found, mostly, caused by literal translation. Following these results, the paper suggests more efforts to develop and spread Kiswahili, especially to Tanzanians in order to give the language supremacy to be used in science and technology. The use of Swahili will accelerate the development and economic competitiveness in particular among Tanzanians, Africans and other competitors worldwide. Makala hii inahusu uchunguzi wa utoshelevu wa mawasiliano kwa Kiswahili katika teknolojia ya SIKANU. Uchunguzi umejikita katika programu tumizi ya SIKANU ijulikanayo kwa jina la WhatsApp na simu ya mkononi aina ya Tecno F1 imetumiwa kama uchunguzi kifani. Utafiti umetumia mkabala wa kitaamuli, ambapo maelezo na maelekezo ya Kiswahili yaliyomo katika WhatsApp yamechunguzwa katika kupima utoshelevuake. Vigezo vilivyotumika kupima utoshelevu wa mawasiliano hayo ni uelewekaji, uwepo wa msamiati katika kamusi za Kiswahili na katika matumizi ya wazungumzaji, ngeli za nomino, mpangilio wa viambishi na wa maneno katika tungo. Uchanganuzi umeonesha kuwa msamiati unaotumika katika WhatsApp, kwa kiasi kikubwa, ni toshelevu kiasi cha kukidhi mawasiliano baina ya watumiaji wake. Kuna msamiati ambao unafahamika na kuzoeleka kwa watumiaji na mwingine ni mapya. Msamiati mpya unaundwa kuziba mwanya wa mawasiliano unaotokana na ugunduzi wa mambo mapya. Kadhalika, matokeo ya utafiti yameonesha kuwa uundaji wa msamiati mpya unaakisi michakato ya uundaji wa maneno ya Kiswahili kwa kiasi kikubwa. Vilevile, matokeo yameonesha kuwa baadhi ya vitenzi vinapatiwa maana mpya ili kukidhi mawasiliano mapya ya watumiaji wa WhatsApp. Kuhusu sarufi, maelezo na maelekezo mengi yameonekana kuzingatia mpangilio wa maneno na kanuni za uambishaji za Kiswahili. Kwa upande mwingine, matokeo ya utafiti yameonesha utosarufi katika miundo ya Kiswahili. Utosarufi huo, kwa kiasi kikubwa, unasababishwa na tafsiri sisisi. Kufuatia matokeo haya, makala hii inapendekeza kwamba Watanzania na Waafrika kwa ujumla wajitihidi kuikuza na kuiendeleza lugha ya Kiswahili ili kuipa umashuhuri zaidi na kuiwezesha kutumika katika nyanja za sayansi na teknolojia. Kwa kufanya hivyo, matumizi ya Kiswahili yataongeza kasi ya maendeleo na ushindani wa kiuchumi miongoni mwa Watanzania, Waafrika na walimwengu wengine.

Travelogue is a genre of literature which gives an insight into the culture, history and geography of any region. Travelogues are written in more or less every language of the world for different purposes, motives and needs. An excellent travelogue thoroughly examines the society, civilization, ethics, history and geographical boundaries. Mohammad Khalid Khan's travelogue "A Few Days in Persia" is based on tourism in Iran. Muhammad Khalid Khan described this travelogue in great detail and in a very charming way. Mentioning historical places, the tradition has been well explained, which makes it easy to understand the past and present of important places at the same time. The travelogue "A Few Days in Persia" is very wide-ranging. References Qudsia Qureshi, Dr., Urdu Safarnama Unniswen Sadi my, Lucknow: Nusrat Publishers, 1987, pg:54 Mirza Adeeb, Safarnamy ki Bahas,mashmola:oraq,lahore:junuray/Feburary,1978,pg:23 Muhammad Khalid Khan, Bilad e Faris my chand roz,multan:Becan books, April2000, pg:9 As above, Flap As above, pg:32 As above, pg42 Ram Lal, Zard Patto ki Baher,Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Urdu Acadmey, 1986, pg:17 Rafiuddin Hashmi, Asnaf-e-Adab, Lahore: Sang-e-Mail Publications, 2008, pg: 188 Maqbool Baig Badakhshani, Sar Zameen Hafiz Khayyam, Lahore: Ghalib Publishers, 1979,pg:8 Muhammad Khalid Khan, Bilad e Faris my chand roz,pg:9 Shahid Hasan Rizvi, Dr., Mazmoon,Mashmola:Al-Zubair, Safarnama No., Bahawalpur: Urdu Academy, 1998, pg:344 Jameel Zubari, Flap: Dhoop Kanara, Karachi: Bella Publications,1981 Muhammad Khalid Khan, Bilad e Faris my chand roz,pg:108,109 As above, pg:126 Khalid Mahmood, Urdu Safarnamaon ka Tanqeedi mutalia, New Delhi: Maktaba Jamia Limited,2011, pg:66 Anwar Sadid, Dr., Urdu adab my Safarnama, Lahore: Maghrabi Pakistan Urdu Academy, 1987, pg:48 Muhammad Khalid Khan, Bilad e Faris my chand roz, Flap

The history of Arabic education in Nigeria is connected to the emergence of Islam which was embraced by Nigerians through the Arab traders. Nigeria as nation, has more than 400 indigenous local languages out of which the most common of the local languages are Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. Other major languages are Fulfulde, Kanuri, Ibibio, Tiv, Efik and Nupe while English is considered as the country’s official language. As Muslims, it is necessary to acquire Arabic education in order to perform religious obligations such as the five time daily prayer and other basic Arabic knowledge for the in-depth understanding of Islam. It is however pertinent to note at this juncture that Arabic language, in an environment where local languages are predominantly spoken is established in the educational system. The researchers therefore aimed at investigating and examining the influence of the Nigerian local languages on Arabic education using a linguistic approach. Two local languages; Hausa and Yoruba were purposively selected among other local languages for the study, while findings and recommendations were made at the end of this work.

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) for low resource languages is a challenging task due to unavailability of large parallel corpus. The efficacy of Transformer based NMT models largely depends on scale of the parallel corpus and the configuration of hyperparameters implemented during model training. This study aims to delve into and elucidate the impact of hyperparameters on the performance of NMT models for low resource languages. To accomplish this, a series of experiments are conducted using an open-source Hindi-Kangri corpus to train both supervised and semi-supervised NMT models. Throughout the experimentation process, a significant number of discrepancies were identified within the data-set, necessitating manual correction. The best translation performance evaluated with respect to the metrics such as BLEU (0–1), SacreBLEU (0–100), Chrf (0–100), Chrf+ (0–100), Chrf++ (0–100) and TER (%) is (0.15, 14.98, 41.43, 41.49, 38.77, 68.20) for Hindi to Kangri direction, and (0.283, 28.17, 49.71, 50.64, 48.63, 51.25) for Kangri to Hindi direction.

Nigeria is a sovereign country located in the area of West Africa bordering on the Gulf of Guinea. The country has a total area of 923, 769sq km (a little more than twice the size of California). Its physical size makes Nigeria the third largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa. The country’s terrain consists of the lowlands in the South with mountainous formations in the South-east, which merge into the hills and plateaus of the Central belt and the plains of the far north. The climate varies from the largely equatorial climates in the South to the tropical climates in the centre and the North (Ekoko, 1990). It is also the most populous country in Africa, with a population of about 160 million (2006 census), and a population growth rate estimate of 3%. The country is bordered on the west by the Republic of Benin and the Republic of Cameroon, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the north by Niger Republic and the Republic of Chad. Nigeria is endowed with numerous natural resources, the most important being petroleum and natural gas, found in the Niger Delta areas of the country. Coal, iron ore, tin, limestone, zinc, lead, gold, precious stones, and uranium are found across the country.There are many ethnic groups, roughly categorized into the majority ethnic groups and the minority ethnic groups. The majority groups are namely, the Hausa-Fulani of the North, the Yoruba of the South-west, and the Igbo of the South-east. The hundreds of so-called minority ethnic groups include the Igala, Tiv, Idoma, Junkun, Angas, Birom and others in the Central-belt, the Edo, Urhobo and Itshekiri in the Mid-west, the Ijaw, Efik, Ibibio and Ogoni in the South-south, and the Kanuri, Gwari and Kataf of the far-North. On the whole, it is estimated that the country has more than 250 ethnic groups (Osaghae, 1998). English is the official language in Nigeria, by virtue of the country being a former colony of Britain. Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefs are the religions in the country, and although there is no state religion, the various tiers of government in the country are often involved in aspects of some of these religions, including state sponsorships of annual Muslim and Christian pilgrimages to the Holy lands.

Utafiti huu unalenga kupambanua kanuni zinazotawala mageuzi katika sentensi sahili ya Ekegusii language in Kenya. Nadharia ya Sintaksia Finyizi na Sarufi Geuza Maumbo uliongoza utafiti huu. Utafiti huu ulikuwa wa maktabani, kwa kutumia kifaa cha kudondoa data, vitabu teule vya Ekegusii ulitumika katika kusanya data. Mbinu ya usampulishaji kwa lengo maalum ilitumika kwa lengo la kupata sentensi ambazo hudhihirisha mageuzi. Data iliwasilishwa kwa njia za maelezo. Utafiti huu ulidhihirisha kuwa Ekegusii na sheria na kanuni zinazotawala mageuzi hayo. Mageuzi ya kisintaksia huleta mabadiliko mengi katika sentensi asili. Kanuni geuzi husababisha athari mahsusi katika sentensi kimuundo, kimofolojia na kifonetiki lakini kisemantiki sentensi huwa ni ile ile. Nadharia za Sintaksia Finyizi pamoja na nadharia Sarufi Geuza Maumbo ziliweza kuchanganua sentensi za Ekegusii kwa ukamilifu. Mapendekezo ya utafiti huu ni kufanya aina zingine za mageuzi kama vile, geuzi hamishi swalifu, geuzi hamishi la yambwa tendewa katika lugha hii na hata lugha nyinginezo ili kukuza uwanja wa kisintaksia. Kuna uhamisho unaotokea kwa lugha zingine nasiyo katika Ekegusii. Hizi pia zinaweza kufanyiwa utafiti. Nadharia zilizoongoza utafiti huu ni zile za Sintaksia Finyizi na Sarufi Geuza Maumbo. Tafiti zaidi zinaweza kufanyiwa mada hii kwa kutumia nadharia zingine ili kueleza ikiwa kutakuwa na matokeo tofauti.

ABSTRACT<br />Kanara Bali is a trading company that sells various kinds of Balinese handicraft artwork. The<br />handicrafts that Kanara Bali sells include garden accecories, art stone carving, water fountain<br />and more. Kanara Bali serves direct purchases and also serves custom orders in accordance with<br />consumer demand. Kanara Bali have problems with the data recording process of incoming<br />goods, goods out and stock items. The sales transaction process is only recorded using phurchase<br />order (PO) paper. The problem that occurs with using phurchase order paper is the frequent loss<br />of data contained in the phurchase order paper. The reporting process is also delayed so that the<br />data presented becomes less accurate. The purpose of this research is to produce the design of<br />sales information system on Kanara Bali based website. The system built will be used to assist the<br />company in processing sales transactions, recording incoming goods data, goods out and stock<br />items. This application is built using waterfall development method and php programming<br />language as well as mysql as database. Stages of research starts from the stages of data analysis<br />is by doing observation, interview and documentation, and in proceed with the design of the<br />system in the form of Data Flow diagram and user interface design and the last is the<br />implementation of the system. The output of this research is a website-based sales application<br />where input data in the form of sales transaction data and purchases that produce output in the<br />form of sales reports and purchasing reports. From the existing transaction process can generate<br />sales reports, purchases reports and stock items reports that can be viewed by the user and owner.<br />The report can be used as consideration in the company's decision making.<br />Keywords: sales information systems, website based applications, PHP, Mysql.<br />ABSTRAK<br />Kanara Bali merupakan perusahaan dagang yang menjual berbagai macam hasil karya seni<br />kerajinan khas Bali. Kerajinan yang di jual Kanara Bali meliputi garden accecories, art stone<br />carving, water fountain dan lainnya. Kanara Bali melayani pembelian langsung dan juga melayani<br />custom order sesuai dengan permintaan konsumen. Kanara Bali memiliki permasalahan pada<br />proses pencatatan data barang masuk, barang keluar dan stok barang. Proses transaksi penjualan<br />hanya dicatat menggunakan kertas phurchase order (PO). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk<br />menghasilkan rancang bangun sistem informasi penjualan pada Kanara Bali berbasis website.<br />Sistem yang dibangun akan digunakan untuk membantu pihak perusahaan dalam memproses<br />transaksi penjualan, pencatatan data barang masuk, barang keluar dan stok barang. Aplikasi ini<br />dibangun dengan menggunakan metode pengembangan waterfall dan bahasa pemrograman PHP<br />serta mysql sebagai database. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari tahapan analisis data yaitu dengan<br />melakukan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, dan di lanjutkan dengan perancangan sistem<br />berupa Data Flow diagram dan rancangan user interface serta yang terakhir adalah implementasi<br />sistem. Luaran penelitian ini berupa aplikasi penjualan berbasis website dimana input data berupa<br />data transaksi penjualan dan pembelian yang menghasilkan output berupa laporan penjualan dan<br />laporan pembelian. Dari proses transaksi yang ada dapat menghasilkan laporan penjualan, laporan<br />pembelian dan laporan stok barang yang dapat dilihat oleh user dan owner. Laporan tersebut dapat<br />dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan di dalam pengambilan keputusan perusahaan.<br />Kata Kunci: sistem informasi penjualan, aplikasi berbasis website, PHP, Mysql

Introduction: Serial Space“It feels …like the edge of the world; far more remote than it actually is, perhaps because it looks at such immensity” (Godden “Black,” 38). This is the priest’s warning to Sister Clodagh in Rumer Godden’s 1939 novel Black Narcissus. The young, inexperienced Clodagh leads a group of British nuns through the Indian Himalayas and onto a remote mountain top above Mopu. Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger adapted Godden’s novel into the celebrated feature film, Black Narcissus (1947). Following the novel, the film narrates the nuns’ mission to establish a convent, school, and hospital for the local population. Yet, immensity moves in mysterious ways. Sister Clodagh (Deborah Kerr) loses her managerial grip. Sister Philippa (Flora Robson) cultivates wild flowers instead of vegetables. Sister Ruth (Kathleen Byron) sheds nun’s attire for red lipstick and a Parisian dress. The young Indian woman Kanchi (Jean Simmons) becomes a force of libidinous disturbance. At the twilight of the British Empire, white, western nuns experience the psychical effects of colonialism at the precipice. Taking such cues from Pressburger and Powell’s film, Michelle Williams Gamaker, an artist, filmmaker, and scholar, responds to Black Narcissus, both film and novel. She does so through a radical interpretation of her own. Gamaker William’s 24-minute film, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten (forthcoming, London 2018) is a longer “short,” which breaks the mould of what scholar Linda Hutcheon would term an “adaptation” (2006). For Hutcheon, there is a double “mode of engagement” between an original work and its adapted form (22). On the one hand, there is a “transcoding” (22). This involves “transporting” characters from a precedent work to its adapted form (11). On the other, there is an act of “creative interpretation” (22). The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten transports yet recreates the Indian “beggar girl” Kanchi, played by a “blacked up” white Hollywood actor Jean Simmons (Black Narcissus), into Williams Gamaker’s contemporary Kanchi, played by Krishna Istha. In this 2018 instalment, Kanchi is an Asian and transgender protagonist of political articulacy. Hence, Williams Gamaker’s film engages a double tactic of both transporting yet transforming Kanchi, as well as Sisters Clodagh and Philippa, from the feature film into The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten. To analyse Williams Gamaker’s film, I will make a theoretical jump off the precipice, stepping from Hutcheon’s malleable concept of adaptation into a space of “trans-serial” narrative.In what follows, I shall read The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten as an “episode” in a serial. The prior episodes, Williams Gamaker’s House of Women (London 2017, Berlin 2018) is a short, fictional, and surreal documentary about casting the role of Kanchi. It can be read as the next episode in Kanchi’s many incarnations. The relationship between Sister Clodagh (Kelly Hunter as voiceover) and Kanchi in House of Women develops from one of confrontation to a transgender kiss in the climatic beat of The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten. Williams Gamaker’s film can be read as one of a series which is itself inflected with the elements of a “trans-serial.” Henry Jenkins argues that “transmedia storytelling represents a process where integral elements of a fiction get dispersed systematically across multiple delivery channels” (emphasis in original, “Transmedia”). I use the word “trans” to define the gap between novelistic texts and film. Throughout Williams Gamaker’s series, she uses many textual citations from Godden’s novel, and dialogue from Pressburger and Powell’s film. In other words, verbal elements as well as filmic images are adapted in Hutcheon’s sense and transmediated in Jenkins’s sense. To build the “serial” concept for my analysis requires re-working concepts from television studies. Jason Mittell introduces “narrative complexity” as the “redefinition of episodic forms under serial narration” (“Narrative,” 32). In serial TV, characters and narratives develop over a sequence of episodes and seasons. In serial TV, missing one episode can thwart the viewer’s reception of later ones. Mittell’s examples reveal the plasticity of the narrative complexity concept. He mentions TV series that play games with the audience’s expectations. As Mittell points out, Seinfeld has reflexive qualities (“Narrative,” 35) and Twin Peaks mixes genres (“Narrative,” 33). I would add that Lynch’s creative liberties offered characters who could appear and disappear while leaving their arcs hanging intriguingly unresolved. The creative possibilities of reflexivity via seriality, of characters who appear and disappear or return in different guises, are strategies that underpin William’s Gamaker’s short film serial. The third in her trilogy, The Eternal Return (in post-production 2018) fictionalises the life of Sabu, the actor who played the General’s son in Black Narcissus. Once again, the protagonist, this time male, is played by Krishna Istha, a non-binary transgender actor who, by taking all the lead roles in William’s Gamaker’s trilogy, grows over the serial as a malleable ethnic and transgender subject. Importantly, The Eternal Return carries residues of the characters from The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten by casting the same team of actors again (Charlotte Gallagher and myself Catherine Lord), and switching their genders. Istha played Kanchi in the previous two episodes. The General’s son, played by Sabu, courted Kanchi in Black Narcissus. In The Eternal Return, Istha crosses the character and gender boundary by playing Sabu. Such casting tactics subvert the gender and colonial hegemonies inherent in Pressburger and Powell’s film.The reflexive and experimental approach of Williams Gamaker’s filmmaking deploys serial narrative tactics for its political goals. Yet, the use of “serial” needs to be nuanced. Glen Creeber sets out three terms: “episodic,” “series” and “serial.” For Creeber, a series provides continuous storylines in which the connection between episodes is strong. In the serial format, the connection between the episodes is less foregrounded. While it is not possible to enjoy stand-alone episodes in a serial, at the same time, serials produce inviting gaps between episodes. Final resolutions are discouraged so that there are greater narrative possibilities for later seasons and the audience’s own game of speculative storytelling (11).The emerging “serial” gaps between Williams Gamaker’s episodes offer opportunities for political interpretation. From House of Women and The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, Kanchi develops an even stronger political voice. Kanchi’s character arc moves from the wordless obedience of Pressburger and Powell’s feature to the transgender voice of post-colonial discourse in House of Women. In the next episode, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, Kanchi becomes Clodagh’s guide both politically, spiritually, and erotically.I will read The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten as both my primary case-study and as the third episode in what I shall theorise to be a four-part serial. The first is the feature film Black Narcissus. After this is Williams Gamaker’s House of Women, which is then followed by The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, my central case study here. There may be immediate objections to my argument that Williams Gamaker’s series can be read by treating Pressburger and Powell’s feature as the first in the series. After all, Godden’s novel could be theorised as the camouflaged pilot. Yet, a series or serial is defined as such when it is in the same medium. Game of Thrones (2011-) is a TV series that adapts George R.R. Martin’s novel cycle, but the novels are not episodes. In this regard, I follow Hutcheon’s emphasis on theorising adapted works as forged between different media, most commonly novels to films. The adaptive “deliveries” scatter through The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten with an ecological precision.Eco SeriesEcological descriptions from Godden’s novel and Pressburger and Powell’s mise-en-scene are performed in The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten through Kelly Hunter’s velvety voiceover as it enjoys a painterly language: butterflies daub the ferns with “spots of ochre, scarlet, and lemon sherbet.” Hutcheon’s term transcoding usefully describes the channelling of particles from the novelist’s text into an intensified, ecological language and cinematic mise-en-scene. The intensification involves an ingestion of Godden’s descriptive prose, which both mimics and adds an adjectival and alliterative density. The opening descriptions of the nuns’ arrival in Mopu is a case in point. In the novel, the grooms joke about the nuns’ habits appearing as “snows, tall and white” (Godden “Black,” 1). One man remarks that they look like “a row of teeth” (Godden “Black,” 2). Williams Gamaker resists shots of nuns as Godden described them, namely on Bhotiya ponies. Rather, projected onto a white screen is an image of white and red flowers slowly coming into focus. Kelly Hunter’s voiceover describes the white habits as a set of “pearly whites” which are “hungry for knowledge” and “eat into the landscape.” White, western nuns in white habits are metaphorically implied to be like a consuming mouth, eating into Indian territories and Indian people.This metaphor of colonial consumption finds its corollary in Godden’s memoirs where she describes the Pressburger, Powell, and Simons representation of Kanchi as “a basket of fruit, piled high and luscious and ready to eat” (“A House,” 24-5; 52). The nun’s quest colonially consumes Mopu’s natural environment. Presumably, nuns who colonially eat consume the colonised Other like fruit. The Kanchi of the feature film Black Narcissus is a supporting character, performed by Simmons as mute, feral and objectified. If Kanchi is to release herself from the “fruity” projections of sexism and racism, it will be through the filmmaker’s aesthetic and feminist tactic of ensuring that planets, trees, fruits and flowers become members of the film cast. If in episode 1 (Black Narcissus), plants and Asian subalterns are colonised, in episode 2, House of Women, these fruits and flowers turn up as smart, young Asian women actors with degrees in law and photography, ready to hold their own in the face of a faceless interviewer. In episode 3, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, it is important that Krishna Istha’s Kanchi, turning up like a magical character from another time and space (transformed from episode 1), commands the film set amidst an excess of flowers, plants and fruits. The visual overflow correlates with Kanchi’s assertiveness. Flowers and Kanchi know how to “answer back.”Like Black Narcissus the feature, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten relies heavily on a mise-en-scene of horticultural and mountain ecology. Just as Michael Powell filmed at Pinewood and Leonardslee Gardens in East Sussex, Williams Gamaker used Rotherhithe’s Brunel Museum roof Gardens and Sands Film Studios. The lusciousness of Leonardslee is film-intertextually echoed in the floral exuberance of the 2018 shots of Rotherhithe. After the crew have set up the classroom, interwoven with Kelly Hunter’s voiceover, there is a hard cut to a full, cinematic shot of the Leonardslee garden (fig. 1).Then cutting back to the classroom, we see Kanchi calmly surveying the set, of which she is the protagonist, with a projection of an encyclopaedic display of the flowers behind her. The soundtrack plays the voices of young women students intoning the names of flowers from delphinium to lupens.These meta-filmic moments are supported by the film’s sharp juxtaposition between classroom and outdoor scenes. In Pressburger and Powell’s school scenes, Sister Ruth attempts to teach the young General how to conjugate the French verb “recevoir.” But the lesson is not successfully received. The young General becomes aphasic, Kanchi is predictably mute and the children remain demure. Will colonialism let the Other speak? One way to answer back in episode 3 is through that transgressive discourse, the language of flowers.In The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, the young women study under Sister Clodagh and Sister Philippa (myself, Catherine Lord). The nuns teach botanical lists and their ecological contexts through rote learning. The young women learn unenthusiastically. What is highlighted is the ludicrous activity of repetition and abstractions. When knowledge becomes so objectified, so do natural environments, territories and people. Clodagh aligns floral species to British locations. The young women are relatively more engaged in the garden with Sister Philippa. They study their environment through sketching and painting a diverse range of flowers that could grow in non-British territory. Philippa is the now the one who becomes feral and silent, stroking stalks and petals, eschewing for the time being, the game of naming (fig. 2).However, lessons with colonial lexicons will be back. The young women look at screen projections of flowers. Sister Philippa takes the class through an alphabet: “D is for Dogbright … L is for Ladies’ Fingers.” Clodagh whirls through a list of long, Latin names for wild flowers in British Woodlands. Kanchi halts Clodagh’s act of associating the flowers with the British location, which colonizes them. Kanchi asks: “How many of us will actually travel, and which immigration border will test our botanical knowledge?” Kanchi then presents a radically different alphabet, including “Anne is African … Ian is Intersex … Lucy loves Lucy.” These are British names attributed to Africans, Arabs, and Asians, many of their identities revealed to be LGBQT-POC, non-binary, transgender, and on the move. Clodagh’s riposte is “How do you know you are not travelling already?” The flowers cannot be pinned down to one location. They cannot be owned by one nation.Like characters who travel between episodes, the travelling flowers represent a collision of spaces that undermine the hegemonies of race, gender and sexuality. In episode 1, Black Narcissus the feature film, the western nuns face the immensities of mountain atmosphere, ecology and an unfamiliar ethnic group. In episode 2, House of Women, the subalterns have transformed their role, achieving educational and career status. Such political and dramatic stakes are raised in episode 3, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten. There is a strong focus on the overlapping oppressions of racial, colonial and ecological exploitation. Just as Kanchi has a character arc and serial development, so do plants, fauna, fruits, flowers and trees. ‘Post’-Space and Its AtmosphereThe British Empire colonised India’s ecological space. “Remember you and your God aren't on British Territory anymore” declares the auditioning Krishna Istha in House of Women. Kanchi’s calm, civil disobedience continues its migration into The Fruit is There to be Eaten between two simultaneously existing spaces, Mopu and Rotherhithe, London. According to literature scholar Brian McHale, postmodern worlds raise ontological questions about the dramatic space into which we are drawn. “Which” worlds are we in? Postmodern worlds can overlap between separate spaces and different temporalities (McHale 34-35). As McHale notes, “If entities can migrate across the semipermeable membrane that divides a fictional world from the real, they can also migrate between two different fictional worlds” (35).In The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, the semipermeable membrane between it and Black Narcissus folds together the temporalities of 1947 and 2018, and the terrains of India and London. Sister Philippa tells a Kanchi seeking Mopu, that “My dear, you are already here.” This would seem odd as Sister Philippa describes the death of a young man close to Saint Mary’s Church, London. The British capital and woodlands and the Himalayas co-exist as intensified, inter-crossing universes that disrupt the membranes between both colonial and ecological space-time, or what I term “post-space.”Williams Gamaker’s post-spaces further develop Pressburger and Powell’s latent critique of post-colonialism. As film scholar Sarah Street has observed, Black Narcissus the film performs a “post-colonial” exploration of the waning British Empire: “Out of the persistence of the colonial past the present is inflected with a haunting resonance, creating gaps and fissures” (31). This occurs in Powell’s film in the initial Calcutta scenes. The designer Alfred Junge made “God shots” of the nuns at dinner, creating from them the iconic shape of a cross. This image produces a sense of over-exactness. Once in the mountains, it is the spirit of exactitude that deteriorates. In contrast, Williams Gamaker prefers to reveal the relative chaos of setting up her world. We watch as the crew dress the school room. Un-ceremoniously, Kanchi arrives in shorts before she picks up a floral dress bearing the label “Kanchi.” There is then a shot in which Kanchi purveys the organised set, as though she is its organiser (fig. 3).Post-spaces are rich in atmosphere. The British agent Dean tells Clodagh in Black Narcissus the film that the mountain “is no place to put a nunnery” due its “atmosphere.” In the climactic scene of The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten, Kanchi and Clodagh face two screens revealing the atmospheric projection of the high mountains, the black cut between them visible, like some shadowy membrane. Such aesthetic strategies continue Powell’s use of technical artifice. Street details the extensive labour of technical and craft work involved in creating the artificial world of Black Narcissus, its mountains, artificial colours, and hence atmosphere, all constructed at Pinewood studios. There was a vast amount of matte painting and painting on glass for special effects (19).William Gamaker’s screens (projection work by Sophie Bramley and Nick Jaffe) reflexively emphasise atmosphere as artifices. The atmosphere intensifies with the soundscape of mountain air and Wayne Urquhart’s original and haunting music. In Powell and Pressburger’s feature, Brian Easdale’s music also invokes a sense of mystery and vastness. Just as TV series and serials maintain musical and mise-scene-scene signatures from one episode to another, so too does Williams Gamaker reframe her precursor’s cinematic aesthetics with that of her own episode. Thus, serial as stylistic consistency is maintained between episodes and their post-spaces.At the edge of such spaces, Kanchi will scare Clodagh by miming a tight-rope walk across the mountain: it is both real and pretend, dramatic, but reflexively so. Kanchi walks a membrane between colliding worlds, between colonialism and its transgression. In this episode of extreme spirituality and eroticism, Kanchi reaches greater heights than in previous episodes, discoursing on the poetics of atmosphere: “… in the midst of such peaks, one can draw near what is truly placeless … the really divine.” Here, the membrane between the political and cultural regions and the mountains that eschew even the human, is about to be breached. Kanchi relates the legend of those who go naked in the snow. These “Abominable Men” are creatures who become phantoms when they merge with the mountain. If the fractures between locations are too spacious, as Kanchi warns, one can go mad. In this episode 3, Kanchi and Clodagh may have completed their journeys. In Powell and Pressburger’s interpretation, Sister Ruth discards nun’s attire for a Parisian, seductive dress and red lipstick. Yet, she does so for a man, Dean. However, the Sister Clodagh of 2018 is filmed in a very long take as she puts on an elegant dress and does her make-up. In a scene of philosophical intimacy with Kanchi, the newly dressed Clodagh confesses her experience of “immensity.” As they break through the erotic membrane separating their identities, both immersed in their full, queer, transgender kiss, all racial hierarchies melt into atmosphere (fig. 4).Conclusion: For a Pitch By making a film as one episode in a series, Williams Gamaker’s accomplishment is to enhance the meeting of narrative and political aims. As an arthouse film serial, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten has enabled definitions of “serial” to migrate from the field of television studies. Between Hutcheon’s “adaptation” and Mittell and Creeber’s articulations of “narrative complexity,” a malleable concept for arthouse seriality has emerged. It has stretched the theoretical limits of what can be meant by a serial in an arthouse context. By allowing the notion of works “adapted” to occur between different media, Henry Jenkins’ broader term of “transmedia storytelling” (Convergence) can describe how particles of Godden’s work transmigrate through episodes 1, 2, and 3, where the citational richness emerges most in episodes 3, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten.Because one novel informs all the episodes while each has entirely different narratives and genres, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten is not a serial adaptation, as is Game of Thrones. It is an experimental serial inflected with trans-serial properties. Kanchi evolves into a postcolonial, transgender, ecological protagonist who can traverse postmodern worlds. Perhaps the witty producer in a pitch meeting might say that in its serial context, The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten is like a cross between two fantasy TV serials, still to be written: Transgender Peaks meets Kanchi Is the New Black. The “new black” is multifaceted and occupies multi-worlds in a post-space environment. ReferencesCreeber, Glen. Serial Television: Big Drama on the Small Screen. London: BFI, 2004.Godden, Rumer. 1939. Black Narcissus: A Virago Modern Classic. London: Hatchette Digital, 2013.———. A House with Four Rooms. New York: William Morrow, 1989. Hutcheon, Linda. A Theory of Adaptation. 2nd ed. New York: New York University Press, 2012.Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press, 2006.———. “Transmedia, 202: Further Reflections.” Confessions of an Aca-Fan 1 Aug. 2011. 1 May 2012 <http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2011/08/defining_transmedia_further_re.html>.McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. London: Routledge, 1987.Powell, Michael. A Life in Movies: An Autobiography. London: Heinemann, 1986.Mittell, Jason. “Narrative Complexity in Contemporary American Television.” The Velvet Light Trap 58 (Fall 2006): 29-40. Street, Sarah. Black Narcissus. London: I.B. Tauris, 2005.FilmographyBlack Narcissus. Dirs. Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. Pinewood Studios, 1947.House of Women. Dir. Michelle Williams Gamaker. Cinema Suitcase, 2017.The Fruit Is There to Be Eaten. Dir. Michelle Williams Gamaker. Cinema Suitcase, 2018.The Eternal Return. Dir. Michelle Williams Gamaker. Cinema Suitcase, 2018-2019.

Abstract Objectives To design of a tailored social and behavior change communication (SBCC) strategy to improve program coverage and key nutrition behaviors of internally displaced persons (IDP) in northeast Nigeria, To determine preferred and appropriate ways of integrating one- and two-way mobile communication tools into SBCC activities, To demonstrate application of the Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) formative research approach in a humanitarian context with severe insecurity. Methods A RAP approach and was conducted over 4 weeks in August, 2018. It included multiple qualitative methods and various participant types for triangulation. In-depth interviews (IDI), open-ended interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted among mothers and fathers of children under 5 years, local community leaders and health workers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among professionals (nutrition and technology experts) with contextual programming knowledge. Interviews and FGD were digitally recorded in Hausa or Kanuri before translation and transcription into English. Textual data were managed in NVivo software, where salient themes pertinent to the research questions were identified. Results A total of 29 IDI, 12 FGD and 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted among diverse stakeholders. An SBCC strategy was designed with preferred communication channels, defined audience segments and tailored messages using emic terms in local languages. Primary caregivers, typically female in this context, were identified as the primary audience. Community health workers, local leaders (e.g., imams) and husbands were identified as secondary audiences who influence the primary caregivers’ nutrition behaviors. Interpersonal (care groups), media (radio) and mobile technologies (interactive voice response calls; SMS; chatbots in low-cost websites) emerged as preferred and viable communication channels. Salient terms and phrases were applied to standard biomedical nutrition messages about breastfeeding and complementary feeding. Conclusions A RAP approach offers a viable formative research model in humanitarian contexts where security challenges might not allow for desired lengthy, in-depth formative work typical of high-quality SBCC strategy design. Funding Sources World Food Program, Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

ABSTRACT Aim: In India, the Accredited Social Health Activists (abbreviated as ASHA) are an important group of community health workers and are involved in initiating and maintaining health care programs in the rural communities they live. This study was conducted with a purpose to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching module in improving knowledge on cancer cause, diagnosis, and treatment in the ASHA workers. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional pretest posttest study and was conducted from April 2017 to February 2020 with ASHA workers working in the various Primary Health Centers in Udupi and South Kanara districts of Karnataka and Kasargod district of Kerala in India after obtaining the permission from the medical officer in charge of the respective primary health centers. The participants were briefed about the study objective and also that confidentiality will be maintained. A validated investigator developed questionnaire consisting of 20 questions categorized into four domains (general, subject, diagnosis, and treatment aspects) was distributed to the willing volunteers before the start of the program. They were instructed to fill the pretest form before and posttest after the teaching program. Informed content was taken in a separate sheet and volunteers were informed not to write any personal or identification details. Resource persons with experience in cancer cause, diagnosis and treatment delivered the structured talk in the local language Kannada. The data collected from the filled questionnaires were subjected to frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation and appropriately subjected to Chi-square test or paired t-test. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The demographic detail suggest that majority of the women were Hindus (79.3%), married (93.7%), between the age of 31–40 (46.7%) and had only matriculation as the highest education (68%). The analysis of the pretest administration collected before the start of teaching program indicates that most participants were aware of self-breast examination (79.74%) and that cancer is a disease as old as human civilization (70.26%), while only 8.82% were unaware of which is the leading type of cancer in rural women. The results analyzed from posttest indicate that the highest percentage change (323.96%) was observed for domain on treatment aspects followed by for general (64.03%), diagnosis (56.70%), and subject (36.42%) aspect and was significant (P < 0.001). The total mean values changed from 6.48 ± 2.01 in pretest to 11.81 ± 2.15 in posttest indicating an increase of 5.33 ± 1.91 and percentage change of 82.25% (P < 0.001). The results also showed that 60.8% had average, while 39.2% had good increment in the knowledge at the end of the program. Conclusions: The observations of the current study indicate the usefulness of the structured teaching module in improving knowledge on cancer cause, diagnosis and treatment in the ASHA workers. It is proposed that with further training ASHA workers can be very useful in the propagation of cancer awareness and screening in the community they serve.