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1
Gan, Changjiao, Hongjie Hu, Zhiyun Meng, Xiaoxia Zhu, Ruolan Gu, Zhuona Wu, Hongliang Wang, et al. "Characterization and Hemostatic Potential of Two Kaolins from Southern China." Molecules 24, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173160.
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The physicochemical properties and potential hemostatic application of Wenchang kaolin and Maoming kaolin were inspected and evaluated. Chemical composition analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface area determination, X-ray diffraction, particle size, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and zeta potential analysis were performed to quantify the physical and chemical properties of the two kaolins. The results showed that both kaolins have typical FTIR bands of kaolinite with a weight fraction for kaolinite over 90 wt%. Larger conglobate aggregates of Maoming kaolin demonstrated wider particle size distributions with two peaks at 3.17 and 35.57 μm, while the book-like Wenchang kaolin had narrow particle size distribution, with a frequent size of 5.64 μm. Furthermore, thrombelastography, the whole blood clotting tests (WBCT), plasma recalcification time (PRT) measurement, and MTT assay were performed to measure the clotting activities and biocompatibility of the two kaolins. The results showed that both kaolins could promote blood coagulation with good cytocompatibility, while Wenchang kaolin had a better procoagulant activity than Maoming kaolin. These findings demonstrated Wenchang kaolin to be a more suitable local source material for application as a hemostatic agent.
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Oyebanjo, O. M., G. E. Ekosse, and J. O. Odiyo. "Mineral Constituents and Kaolinite Crystallinity of the <2 μm Fraction of Cretaceous-Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins from Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0012.
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Abstract This study examines the mineral composition and kaolinite crystallinity of Cretaceous and Paleogene/Neogene kaolins from Nigeria based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data of the <2 μm fraction. The purpose of this was to assess the minerals present, structural order, and possible industrial applications of the kaolins. A total of twenty-eight (28) samples comprising of fifteen (15) Cretaceous and thirteen (13) Paleogene/Neogene kaolins were analysed. The XRD results showed that both the Cretaceous and Paleogene/Neogene kaolins have kaolinite as the dominant phase followed by quartz with anatase, hematite, and goethite occurring in minor quantities. Based on the mineralogical composition, the Paleogene/Neogene deposits were classified as sandy kaolin and the Cretaceous deposits were classified as pure kaolin. The kaolinite structural order for the Cretaceous pure kaolin was higher than that obtained for the Paleogene/Neogene sandy kaolin with more quartz, iron, and titanium oxides. The economic consideration of the deposits showed that the sandy kaolin type can be used in pigment industrial applications whereas the pure kaolin type can be used in refractory, fiberglass, and ceramic industrial applications.
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Galan, E., P. Aparicio, I. Gonzalez, and A. Miras. "Contribution of multivariate analysis to the correlation of some properties of kaolin with its mineralogical and chemical composition." Clay Minerals 33, no. 1 (March 1998): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985598545435.
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AbstractAccording to multivariate analysis, the following were established (a) kaolinite crystallinity index (KCI) values determined by XRD are highly correlated to one another and seemingly influenced by kaolin impurities; (b) kaolin minerals are concentrated mainly in the fractions <4 µm; (c) the kaolin surface area as determined by the BET (nitrogen adsorption) method is more markedly affected by kaolin impurities than by kaolin minerals themselves; (d) BET surfaces increase when kaolinite crystallinity decreases; (e) brightness is inversely correlated with kaolin impurities; (f) the more ordered the kaolinite and the greater the proportion in the <4 µm fraction of the kaolin, the greater the brightness; and (g) KCI values are particle size-distribution dependent for sedimentary-residual kaolins. The correlations obtained were better when kaolins were selected according to their origin because the kaolin minerals and their impurities, particle size-distribution and texture were more alike. The industrial properties of kaolin can not be predicted from other basic properties such as mineralogy, KCI, etc., because they are intricately related to one another.
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Tsolis-Katagas, P., and D. Papoulis. "PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME GREEK KAOLINS OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS OF ORIGIN." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16592.
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Two widely different kaolin deposits were investigated in order to determine their physical and chemical properties and suggest their possible utilization. Kaolin deposits from Leucogia area, NE Greece, were formed in situ by weathering of gneissic rocks under a temperate climate; they consist largely of halloysite exhibiting different morphological forms, and stacks and plates of kaolinite in various proportions. The kaolin occurrences of Kos island are products of hydrothermally altered rhyolitic rocks of Pliocene age. The highly altered samples contain dickite and kaolinite. Testing included particle size distribution, brightness and whiteness, measurement of CEC (cation exchange capacity) and some ceramic properties including Atterberg limits. The CEC values range between 3.8-8 meq/100 g and 0.8-2.2 meq/100 g for kaolin samples from Leucogia and Kos island respectively and reflect the differences in clay mineralogy and the characteristic kaolin mineral present. Platy halloysite enhances CEC in Leucogia kaolins while kaolinite-rich samples in Kos exhibit higher CEC values than dickite-rich samples. Atterberg limit tests reveal the Leucogia and Kos kaolins to be of low to medium plasticity and to be classified in the category of kaolinitic clays suitable for brick making. The Leucogia kaolin shows relatively higher brightness (47-60%) and whiteness (62-77%) than Kos kaolin (41-48% and 61-66% respectively). These properties are influenced by the type of kaolin mineral present, their relative proportions and the FeaCb content of the samples. The obtained values for brightness and whiteness from both areas are lower compared to the standard commercial kaolins for the paper and filler market. Brightness, however, can be improved by fine grinding and refinement. The physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of Leucogia and Kos kaolins indicate that they are of low grade type. However, kaolin processing from the crude state can optimize some of these highly commercial properties
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Murray, H. H., C. A. Alves, and C. H. Bastos. "Mining, processing and applications of the Capim Basin kaolin, Brazil." Clay Minerals 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2007.042.2.01.
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AbstractHigh-quality kaolins are produced from two sites in the Capim River area in Pará State, northern Brazil. One mine is operated by Rio Capim Caulim (RCC) owned by Imerys and the other by Pará Pigmentos S.A. (PPSA) owned by Caemi (CVRD Group). The kaolin deposits are located on low-relief plateaux with a lateritic cap. The kaolin strata are in the Ipixuna Formation of Upper Cretaceous Age. There are two distinct kaolin layers, a 4–5 m thick soft kaolin which is overlain in the southern portion of the basin by a 4–5 m thick hard kaolin. The soft and hard designations refer to particle size, with the soft kaolin being relatively coarse and the hard kaolin very fine. The kaolin is mined, partially beneficiated, and pumped through pipelines to the port at Barcarena on the Guama River, a large tributary of the Amazon River. The PPSA kaolin is fully processed at the plant near the mine site and pumped to Barcarena where it is spray dried. The RCC kaolin is only partially processed at the mine site. This partially processed kaolin is pumped to Barcarena where it is beneficiated. The finished kaolin is high quality and is shipped to North and South American, European, and Asian paper-coating markets. More than 1.6M tons were shipped from Barcarena in 2005.
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Raphalalani, Avhatakali, Georges-Ivo Ekosse, John Odiyo, Jason Ogola, and Nenita Bukalo. "Trace Element and Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Lwamondo and Zebediela Kaolins, Limpopo Province, South Africa: Implication for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020093.
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The aim of the present study was the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the prevailing environment under which the Lwamondo and Zebediela kaolin deposits were formed. Hence, this study reports deuterium and oxygen stable isotope values and trace and rare earth element concentrations for two samples of kaolin. Upper continental crust-normalised trace-element patterns reveal that large ion lithophile elements and high-field-strength elements are generally depleted in Lwamondo and Zebediela kaolins, whereas transition trace elements are generally enriched in these kaolins. Upper continental crust-normalised rare earth element (REE) patterns show that there is a slight enrichment of heavy REEs (HREEs) compared to light REEs (LREEs) in these kaolins. The δ18O and δD stable isotope values for kaolinite from Lwamondo ranged from 17.4‰ to 19.1‰ and from −54‰ to 84‰, respectively, whereas those values for kaolinite from Zebediela varied from 15.6‰ to 17.7‰ and from −61‰ to –68‰ for δ18O and δD, respectively. The REE patterns and the content of other trace elements indicate ongoing kaolinitisation in the Lwamondo and Zebediela kaolins with minimum mineral sorting. The sources of the kaolins varied from basic to acidic and these were derived from an active margin tectonic setting. Lwamondo kaolin was deposited in an oxic environment whereas Zebediela kaolin was deposited under suboxic/anoxic conditions. Based on the δ18O and δD values of the kaolinite, they formed in a supergene environment at temperatures generally below 40 °C.
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Usman, Jamilu, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mukhlis A Rahman, Juhana Jaafar, and Tijjani Abdullahi. "Comparative study of Malaysian and Nigerian kaolin-based ceramic hollow fiber membranes for filtration application." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n2.1484.
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Ceramic membrane has gained increasing interest in water filtration application due to its inherent characteristics. Low-cost clay materials are preferred to fabricate an efficient and cost-effective ceramic membrane. Among the ceramics, kaolin displays better mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. However, natural properties of kaolin vary from different studies. Hence, cost-effective Nigeria (NK) and Malaysia (MK) kaolins were compared to study the fabrication of kaolin hollow fiber ceramic membrane for filtration application. The effects of kaolin loading concentration (34 and 37 wt. %) and sintering temperature (1200, 1350, 1400, and 1500 °C) on kaolin membrane fabrication were also studied. XRF studies indicated that the hydroxyl silica and alumina compositions were 56.76wt.% and 41.97wt% for NK and 55.21wt.% and 40.33wt% for MK. MK exhibited intense kaolinite peak with a broad range of particle size distribution. The mechanical stability of kaolin ceramic membrane increased with the increase of sintering temperature and kaolin loading concentration. Membrane morphology also varied with MK and NK. Interestingly, 34wt% kaolin at a sintered temperature of 1350 °C produced ceramic membrane with a high water flux. A similar trend was observed in both MK and NK, where the flux of 34wt% MK and NK are 565 and 460 L/m2h, respectively.
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de Figueirêdo, J. M. R., P. L. de Oliveira, L. N. L. Santana, Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, Gelmires Araújo Neves, and Heber Carlos Ferreira. "Beneficiation of Kaolins by Hydrocycloning." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.195.
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Kaolin is a white clay, formed by hydrated aluminum silicates, which has several industrial applications. Since it is associated to impurities and presents considerable contents of contaminant elements that interfere in its performance and in its applications, kaolin must pass through a beneficiation process in order to meet the market's demands. The purpose of this work is to study the use of a hydrocyclone in the beneficiation of primary kaolins from Província Pegmatítica da Borborema. The samples were characterized by cation-exchange capacity (CEC), granulometric analysis by laser diffraction (GA), chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence (EDX), X-ray diffraction (DRX), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The purification process did not show good results for kaolin in ABNT 200 mesh in the attempt to obtain colloidal kaolin. On the other hand, it presented very promising results for the beneficiation of raw kaolin, proving the feasibility of the application of this technology to the granulometric classification of this mineral, being an alternative route for the processes adopted in the regional kaolin beneficiation plants, which use washing and sieving.
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Sa'adah, Hayatus, Marline Abdassah, and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa. "Aplikasi Kaolin dalam Farmasi dan Kosmetik." PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/pharmacy.v16i2.5827.
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Kaolin merupakan mineral tanah liat berwarna putih yang memiliki komponen terbesar berupa kaolinit dengan rumus kimia Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. Penggunaan kaolin untuk pengobatan berawal dari literatur-literatur barat abad pertengahan, terutama setelah kemunculan pendekatan yang lebih empiris terhadap efek farmakologi, pembentukan farmakope, perkembangan mineralogi, kimia dan teknologi farmasi, kemajuan dalam teknik instrumental, dan peningkatan dari reputasi terapeutik mineral. Kaolin dengan persyaratan khusus dapat digunakan dalam aplikasi farmasi (topikal maupun oral) dan kosmetik. Kaolin telah banyak digunakan sebagai obat dalam penyembuhan tradisional selama ribuan tahun dan penggunaannya sebagai bahan aktif untuk pengobatan beberapa penyakit terus diteliti. Artikel terkait pengumpulan informasi penggunaan kaolin dalam aplikasi farmasi dan kosmetik belum banyak dilakukan, sehingga artikel ini dibuat untuk mengulas peran dan fungsi kaolin dalam aplikasi farmasi dan kosmetik. Tujuan keseluruhan dari artikel ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi tentang pemanfaatan dan pengembangan kaolin sebagai bahan aktif atau eksipien dalam bidang farmasi dan kosmetik. Kaolin dapat diberikan secara oral sebagai antibakteri, antivirus, dan antidiare, dan secara topikal sebagai agen pelindung dermatologis. Selain sebagai bahan aktif, kaolin juga biasa digunakan dalam aplikasi farmasi sebagai bahan eksipien. Beberapa fungsi dari kaolin sebagai eksipien yaitu sebagai bahan pengisi, agen pengemulsi, agen suspensi, dan bahan penghancur. Selain dalam aplikasi farmasi, kaolin juga digunakan dalam aplikasi kosmetik sebagai agen tabir surya dan untuk tujuan perawatan kulit. Metode penulisan artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan studi literatur dari artikel dan jurnal yang relevan dengan permasalahan yang dikaji.
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Tosin, Renan, Isabel Pôças, and Mário Cunha. "Spectral and thermal data as a proxy for leaf protective energy dissipation under kaolin application in grapevine cultivars." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0028.
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AbstractThe dynamic effects of kaolin clay particle film application on the temperature and spectral reflectance of leaves of two autochthonous cultivars (Touriga Nacional (TN, n=32) and Touriga Franca (TF, n=24)) were studied in the Douro wine region. The study was implemented in 2017, in conditions prone to multiple environmental stresses that include excessive light and temperature as well as water shortage. Light reflectance from kaolin-sprayed leaves was higher than the control (leaves without kaolin) on all dates. Kaolin’s protective effect over leaves’ temperatures was low on the 20 days after application and ceased about 60 days after its application. Differences between leaves with and without kaolin were explained by the normalized maximum leaf temperature (T_max_f_N), reflectance at 400 nm, 532 nm, and 737 nm, as assessed through TN data. The wavelengths of 532 nm and 737 nm are associated with plant physiological processes, which support the selection of these variables for assessing kaolin’s effects on leaves. The application of principal component analysis to the TF data, based on these four variables (T_max_f_N and reflectances: 400, 532, 737 nm) selected for TN, explained 83.56% of data variability (considering two principal components), obtaining a clear differentiation between leaves with and without kaolin. The T_max_f_N and the reflectance at 532 nm were the variables with a greater contribution for explaining data variability. The results improve the understanding of the vines’ response to kaolin throughout the grapevine cycle and support decisions about the re-application timing.
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Güneyisi, Erhan, Mehmet Gesoǧlu, Turan Özturan, and Kasım Mermerdaş. "Microstructural properties and pozzolanic activity of calcined kaolins as supplementary cementing materials." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 12 (December 2012): 1274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2011-0586.
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In this study, the utilization of unprocessed kaolins calcined at various temperatures as supplementary cementing material was investigated experimentally. The current work deals with four kaolin deposits existing in the western region of Turkey that have not yet been investigated for this purpose. Thermal properties of the unprocessed kaolins were examined by means of differential thermal and thermo gravimetric analysis. After determination of the thermal behavior, pozzolanic activity indices of the kaolins were determined according to ASTM C311. Based on the pozzolanic activity test results, calcination temperatures were assigned for kaolins and the changes in the mineralogical composition and the formation of amorphous structures were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The changes in particle size and specific surface area of the calcined kaolin minerals were observed through, particle size analysis with laser diffractometer, Scanning electron microscopy image analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement. The results showed that a complete kaolinite to metakaolinite conversion was achieved by the calcination procedure adopted.
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Aung, L. L., E. Tertre, N. Worasith, P. Suksabye, and P. Thiravetyan. "The capacity of activated kaolins to remove colour pigments from rice bran oil: the effects of acid concentration and pre-heating prior to activation." Clay Minerals 49, no. 4 (September 2014): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.4.02.
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AbstractThis study focuses on the effects of both thermal treatment (between 80 and 700°C) and chemical activation (concentration of sulfuric acid between 0.3 and 2 M) of natural Ranong kaolins (ground or not) from Thailand to remove the undesirable colour of rice bran oil. The mineralogical, physical and physicochemical properties of the initial and activated kaolins are discussed in relation with the bleaching effectiveness of the activated sample investigated. Generally, the greater the temperature used before the activation step and the concentration of sulfuric acid used during activation, the greater the structural degradation of the kaolinite; Al is removed from the octahedral sheet of kaolinite and amorphous SiO2 dominates the samples. The measured maximum bleaching capacity is not necessarily obtained when using the activated kaolin having the highest specific surface area and pore volume; rather, the bleaching capacity is dependent on both alumina contents and proportion of kaolinite in the samples. Indeed, the partial preservation of the kaolinite structure is crucial to obtain a good bleaching capacity of kaolin in relation to the preservation of the aluminol sites which are likely to be involved in the adsorption of unsaturated molecules present in the rice bran oil. Moreover, as previously demonstrated, a partial leaching of Al from octahedral sheets of kaolin is also an important factor in order to obtain good bleaching capacities. Finally, the optimal preheating temperature and concentration of sulfuric acid which permit the best bleaching capacity of kaolin are reported.
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Sunardi, Sunardi, Gusti Nia Faramitha, and Uripto Trisno Santoso. "Characterization of Alginate-Cellulose-Kaolin Composites for Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer." Indo. J Chem. Res. 8, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2021.8-sun.
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Research on the effect of cellulose and kaolin addition to alginate-cellulose-kaolin composites' characteristics as a slow-release agent of urea fertilizer has been done. The technique used in composites' preparation is an extrusion technique using 2% CaCl2 solution as a cross-linker. The compositions of alginate-cellulose-kaolin were varied to determine their effect on composites' characteristics such as diameter, color, swelling ratio, entrapment efficiency, and release of urea. The results showed that the diameter of beads in wet condition produced ranges from 2.98 to 3.54 mm, whereas the diameter of dry beads ranges from 1.22 to 1.92 mm. The addition of cellulose and kaolin affected the color of the beads produced based on CIE Lab analysis. The value of the swelling ratio decreased with the addition of cellulose and kaolin. The entrapment efficiency of urea in beads obtained ranged from 37.25 to 45.06%. The release of urea in aqueous media showed that cellulose and kaolin's addition into the alginate affected the amount of released urea.
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Valášková, Marta, Veronika Blahůšková, and Jozef Vlček. "Effects of Kaolin Additives in Fly Ash on Sintering and Properties of Mullite Ceramics." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080887.
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The effective utilization of fly ash (FA) as a raw material for ceramics production is performed on the FA-kaolin mixtures containing kaolins 10% by mass. The mixtures in comparison with FA and three raw kaolins were annealed to mullite ceramics at temperatures of 1000, 1100, 1200 and 1300 °C. The main aims were to contribute to the discussion on the effect of impurity of Na,K-feldspars in kaolins and Fe2O3 in FA on sintering procedure, porous ceramics properties and mullite structural properties. The phases were characterized using X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry DTA/TGA methods. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used for characterization of porosity of ceramic samples. Results evidenced the influence of feldspars in kaolins and Fe2O3 in FA on the sintering temperatures and properties of mullite ceramics. The fully FA-based ceramic sintered at 1100 °C exhibited post-sintering properties of bulk density 2.1 g/cm3; compressive strength 77.5 MPa; and porosity, 2% in comparison with the FA/kaolin-based ceramics properties of bulk density 2.2 g/cm3; compressive strength, 60–65 MPa; and porosity from 9.3 to 16.4% influenced by Na,K-feldspars. The best structural and mechanical characteristics were found for the FAK3 sample, supported by the high content of kaolinite and orthoclase in the kaolin K3 additive. The FAK3 annealed at 1100 °C exhibited good compressive strength of 87.6 MPa at a porosity of 10.6% and density of 2.24 g/cm3 and annealed at 1300 °C the compressive strength of 41.3 MPa at a porosity of 19.2% and density of 1.93 g/cm3.
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Oyebanjo, Olaonipekun, Georges-Ivo Ekosse, and John Odiyo. "Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080670.
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The demand for kaolinitic clays for various industrial applications is increasing globally. The present study evaluated the potential industrial applications of kaolins from the Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. The colour, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), particle size distribution (PSD), plastic limits and liquid limits of the kaolins were determined. Mineralogical properties were assessed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The chemical compositions of the kaolins were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The kaolins were generally acidic, with pH less than 7 with low EC. The moderate plasticity indices (PI ≥ 10%) for the kaolins suggested their potential use in the manufacturing of structural clay products without extrusion. Kaolinite was the only kaolin mineral present with anhedral–subhedral–euhedral crystals. The platy morphology of the kaolinites in the Cretaceous kaolins are very important in paper production. Other minerals present in the kaolins were quartz, muscovite, anatase and goethite. The major oxide contents of the kaolins were dominated by SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2. Based on chemical specifications, the raw kaolins are not suitable for most industrial applications except for the Cretaceous Lakiri kaolins in the paper and ceramic industries (except for TiO2 and K2O content). The study concluded that the kaolin deposits would require beneficiation for large-scale industrial applications.
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Sergievich, Olga A., Eugenia M. Dyatlova, Rostislav Yu Popov, and Alexander St Sobachevskii. "THERMAL AND DEFORMATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF KAOLIN RAW DEPOSITS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2015.1113893.
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The article gives brief information about the most common kaolin raw deposits of the Republic of Belarus. Thermal and dilatometric characteristics of natural kaolins and kaolins enriched by clarification method of “Sitnitsa” and “Dedovka” deposits are studied in detail. It is found that these raw materials are industrially prospective in terms of its using in the production of silica-alumina refractories (semiacid and chamotte).
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Vakalova, Tatyana V., Larisa P. Devyashina, and Anastasia P. Potapova. "Methods of Increasing Strength of Aluminosilicate Ceramics Based on Semi-Flint Clay Raw Materials." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.426.
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The paper investigates the peculiarities of the chemical and mineralogical compositions of semi-flint kaolins and their behavior under heating up to 1500 °C. It was found that the sintering process of kaolin clay raw materials depends on the temperature of their preliminary calcining, method of milling after the thermal treatment and application of mineralizing additives. In the case of Borovichy kaolin, preliminary calcining at 850 °C and 980 °C and its subsequent milling increase the material strength after sintering calcining at the temperature of 1400–1450 °C at the expense of uniform sintering and the formation of a homogeneous microstructure of sintered material.
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Li, Xiu Fen, and Hui Qin Chen. "The Influence of Nano-Kaolin to Cement Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1208.
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The paper chooses a suitable dispersion according to NANO-kaolin characteristics, develops a suitable testing program, also analyzes test results to determine NANO-Kaolin’s impacts to cement, and the mechanism is described, some results were put forward.
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Mathur, Sharad. "Kaolin Flotation." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 256, no. 1 (December 2002): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2002.8271.
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Li, Y., H. Jiang, W. Zhang, and L. Xu. "Improvement of brightness of kaolin by superconducting magnetic separation and characterization of the impurities." Clay Minerals 49, no. 5 (December 2014): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2014.049.5.06.
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AbstractIn the present study, changes of iron content, brightness, particle size, mineralogy and paramagnetic properties of kaolins before and after superconducting high gradient magnetic separation (SHGMS) were investigated. The Fe2O3 contents of the feed decreased by 56% after 3.5T SHGMS with 1# steel wool, but higher magnetic intensity to 5.5T did not remove additional iron. The ISO brightness of the kaolin sample after SHGMS was improved from 56.9% to 76.7%. The D50 value of the magnetic rejects was 35% larger compared to the feed. Large particles might block the micro-pores in the steel wool matrix. Compared to the feed, the dark or red impurities significantly decreased in the non-magnetic product. Paramagnetic species in the kaolin sample were sensitive to SHGMS. The resonances at g = ~2.0 and g = 4.0 decreased significantly in the concentrate compared to the feed in the ESR spectra. Iron components in the non-magnetic product were more likely to be non-paramagnetic. The results are useful for understanding the SHGMS in kaolin treatment, and might be a guide for optimizing process parameters.
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Chen, Xing Gang, Xiao Ming Sang, Gui Xiang Hou, and Shou Wu Yu. "Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane/Modified Kaolin Foam Composites." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1171.
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Polyurethane/modified kaolin foam composites were prepared via in situ polymerization with calcined kaolin as well as intercalated kaolin by one-step procedure. The lattice structures of the kaolin were characterized by XRD. The calcined kaolin under 600°C became amorphous structure and were well dispersed in the polyurethane (PU) matrix. The interlayer spacing of intercalated kaolin with potassium acetate shifted from 0.715nm to 1.407nm and were occurred clusters in the PU matrix. FTIR showed that the two kaolin had tiny effect on the structure of the PU and the hydrogen bonding played less role on mechanical performance. The mechanical properties induced by the addition of both of modified kaolin were analyzed. The mechanical properties of the foams with calcined kaolin were better than that with intercalated kaolin. The distribution of modified kaolin were analyzed by TEM. The dispersed particles of calcined kaolin were smaller than that of intercalated kaolin and the dispersion of kaolin played more role on mechanical performance.
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Domka, Ludwik, Zenon Foltynowicz, Stefan Jurga, and Maciej Kozak. "Influence of Silane Modification of Kaolins on Physico-Mechanical and Structural Properties of Filled PVC Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 5 (July 2003): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100505.
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The paper presents the results of a study of the potential of modified kaolin as a filler for PVC. Kaolin from Maria III deposits in Poland was used. Aminosilanes and mercaptosilanes were used to modify the surface. Basic physicochemical parameters, such as the absorption capacity of the plasticiser, the heat of immersion in hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvents, and the morphology of particles of the modified filler were characterised. The modified kaolins clearly improved the physico-mechanical properties of PVC, in particular, they increased the elongation of PVC, when used at 10% and 15% w/w levels in the composite. Some studies of the microstructure of the filled composites were also performed using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.
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Sari, Ayu Ratna, Verry Andre Fabiani, and Nurhadini Nurhadini. "Efisiensi Adsorpsi Ion Logam Zink (II) Menggunakan Komposit Fe3O4/Kaolin Asal Bangka." Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v3i1.2230.
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Penelitian mengenai efisiensi adsorpsi ion logam Zn2+ telah dilakukan menggunakan komposit Fe3O4-kaolin asal Bangka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik komposit Fe3O4-kaolin menggunakan FTIR dan XRD, menentukan efisiensi adsorpsi ion logam Zn2+ oleh kaolin alam teraktivasi, Fe3O4, dan komposit Fe3O4-kaolin (1:1, 1:2 dan 1:3) serta mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi terhadap efisiensi adsorpsi ion logam Zn2+ oleh komposit Fe3O4-kaolin. Hasil analisis FTIR dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa komposit Fe3O4-kaolin berhasil disintesis. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi dengan FTIR pada Fe3O4-kaolin menunjukkan terbentuknya komposit dengan adanya puncak serapan pada bilangan gelombang 3685 cm-1 dan 683,89 cm-1 yang merupakan puncak serapan khas dari kaolin dan pada bilangan gelombang 3448,32 cm-1 merupakan puncak serapan khas Fe3O4 yang memungkinkan untuk berikatan dengan kaolin. Selain itu hasil analisis XRD komposit Fe3O4-kaolin menunjukkan adanya puncak difraksi pada 2θ = 12,23o; 20,83o; 24,83o; 26,6o; 30,48o; 35,625o dan 62,5o yang terdiri atas kaolin dan Fe3O4. Efisiensi adsorpsi kaolin alam teraktivasi, Fe3O4, Fe3O4-kaolin (1:1, 1:2 dan 1:3) dapat menyerap ion logam Zn2+ masing-masing sebesar 99,18%, 44,76%, 99.25%, 94,63% dan 76,25%, dengan efisiensi adsorpsi terbesar terdapat pada komposit Fe3O4-kaolin (1:1). Efisiensi adsorpsi ion logam Zn2+ oleh komposit Fe3O4-kaolin (1:1) mencapai 49,57% pada konsentrasi ion logam Zn2+ sebesar 20 mg/L.
Kata kunci: adsorpsi, efisiensi, Fe3O4-kaolin, komposit, Zn2+
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Zhang, Rui Xin, Tie Ling Xing, and Guo Qiang Chen. "Preparation and Properties of Kaolin Modified Polyester Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.227.
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Abstract:Kaolin masterbatch was prepared first, and then three kinds of kaolin modified polyester fibers (100 dtex) which respectively contained kaolin masterbatch 2%(PK2), 4%(PK4), 6%(PK6) were successfully spun. Properties of kaolin modified fibers were discussed. The results showed that kaolin particles were evenly dispersed in polyesters. Breaking strength and Young’s modulus of the kaolin modified fibers were decreased with the increase of the kaolin content; moisture absorption was increased with the increase of the kaolin content; boiling water shrinkage was decreased with the increase of the kaolin content; and kaolin modified polyester fibers have good performance of ultraviolet resistance.
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Aliwarga, Lienda. "PROSES PEMUTIHAN KAOLIN CICALENGKA UNTUK PELAPIS KERTAS." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 13, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v13i2.3217.
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Rata-rata bahan baku kaolin di Indonesia masih mempunyai derajat keputihan yang rendah padahal kaolin harus mempunyai derajat keputihan yang tinggi (>83%) untuk dapat digunakan sebagai pelapis dalam industri kertas. Untuk meningkatkan derajat keputihan dari bahan baku kaolin tersebut, proses pemutihan perlu dilakukan. Proses pemutihan kaolin telah banyak dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti dengan menggunakan pemutih yang berbeda-beda. Warna kuning kecokelatan pada kaolin yang menurunkan derajat keputihan kaolin disebabkan oleh kandungan besi (III) oksida dalam kaolin. Pada proses pemutihan, terjadi reduksi besi (III) oksida menjadi besi (II) oksida yang lebih mudah larut dalam air sehingga lebih mudah dipisahkan dari padatan kaolin. Pada penelitian ini, pemutihan kaolin menggunakan Na2S2O4 dan EDTA sebagai pemutih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh variabel operasi yaitu pHÂ dan temperatur terhadap derajat keputihan kaolin pada proses pemutihan menggunakan kedua pemutih tersebut. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan proses pemutihan menggunakan Na2S2O4 dan EDTA dapat meningkatkan derajat keputihan kaolin sehingga memenuhi spesifikasi untuk pelapis kertas pada beberapa kondisi operasi. Proses pemutihan berhasil meningkatkan derajat keputihan kaolin hingga mencapai 85,54% pada pHÂ 12 dan temperatur 70oC.
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Samadhi, Tjokorde Walmiki, and Febrinaldo Eka Nugraha. "Rekayasa mikrosfer Zeolit sebagai sebagai penyangga katalis FCC dengan bahan baku mineral Kaolin." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 11, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.3.4.
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Develpment of Zeolite as FCC catalyst support using Kaolin as a raw materialThis study is a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of manufacturing fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts using Indonesian kaolins. A Belitung kaolin sample was spray-dried to form kaolin microspheres, and divided into two parts. One part is processed by low calcination (at 700-850 oC) and the other by high calcination (1000 oC). Metakaolins produced by these treatments were mixed, and reacted with concentrated NaOH solution hydrothermally at 100-110 oC. A reaction period of 18-24 hours produced faujasite phase growth on the microsphere surface, as identified by X-ray diffraction and SEM morphology characterization. Measurement of textural properties by nitrogen adsorption produced a specific surface area of 10.5-142.1 m2/g, pore volume of 0.007-0.097 cm3/g, and median pore size of 13.1-15.6 Å. Except for the pore diameter, these properties were still substantially lower than FCC catalysts described in the literature. ANOVA data analysis identified calcination time and the interaction between calcination temperature and hydrothermal reaction period as significant effects. Based on this analysis, the specific surface area may be increased by setting the low calcination period at low level (approximately 2 hours) while simultaneously setting calcination temperature and hydrothermal reaction period at high levels (approximately 850 oC and 24 hours, respectively).Keywords: kaolin microsphere, Belitung, metakaolin, faujasite, FC AbstrakKajian ini merupakan evaluasi awal kelayakan pembuatan katalis fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) dari kaolin Indonesia. Kaolin Belitung mula-mula diolah menjadi mikrosfer kaolin dengan pengeringan sembur. Mikrosfer kemudian dipilah menjadi dua bagian, satu bagian dikenai perlakuan kalsinasi rendah (pada temperatur 700-850 oC) dan sisanya dikenai kalsinasi tinggi (1000 oC). Metakaolin hasil kalsinasi pada kedua tingkat temperatur ini dicampurkan, dan direaksikan dengan larutan NaOH secara hidrotermal pada temperatur 100-110 oC. Reaksi hidrotermal selama 18-24 jam membentuk fasa faujasit pada permukaan mikrosfer kaolin, yang diidentifikasi dengan metode difraksi sinar-X dan dengan pengamatan morfologi menggunakan metode SEM. Karakterisasi tekstural produk dengan adsorpsi nitrogen menghasilkan luas permukaan spesifik sebesar 10,5-142,1 m2/g, volume pori 0,007-0,097 cm3/g, serta median diameter pori 13,1-15,6 Å. Selain diameter pori, sifat-sifat tekstural ini masih kurang dibandingkan dengan katalis-katalis FCC yang dipaparkan di literatur. Pengolahan data percobaan dengan metode ANOVA mengidentifikasi periode waktu kalsinasi rendah serta interaksi antara temperatur kalsinasi rendah dan periode reaksi hidrotermal sebagai faktor-faktor yang menentukan luas permukaan spesifik. Berdasarkan analisis ini, luas permukaan dapat ditingkatkan dengan memilih waktu kalsinasi rendah yang relatif singkat (sekitar 2 jam), dan mengatur temperatur kalsinasi dan periode waktu reaksi hidrotermal secara serempak pada tingkat tinggi (masing-masing sekitar 850 oC dan 24 jam).Kata kunci: mikrosfer kaolin, Belitung, metakaolin, faujasit, FCC
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Wulan Sari, Tirta Indah, Muhsin Muhsin, and Hesti Wijayanti. "PENGARUH METODE AKTIVASI PADA KEMAMPUAN KAOLIN SEBAGAI ADSORBEN BESI (Fe) AIR SUMUR GARUDA." Konversi 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v5i2.4768.
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Abstrak- Kaolin adalah mineral yang terdapat pada batuan sedimen dikenal dengan nama batu lempung. Kaolin banyak diaplikasikan di industri seperti kertas, keramik, karet, plastik, cat, fibergelas, dan kosmetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode aktivasi terhadap kemampuan kaolin sebagai adsorben. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara pengaktivasian kaolin secara fisika, kimia, dan kimia-fisika. Aktivasi fisika dilakukan dengan pemanasan kaolin pada suhu 700oC di dalam furnace selama 30 menit dan untuk aktivasi kimia dilakukan penambahan HCl 0,25 M pada kaolin disertai pengadukan dengan kecepatan 200 rpm selama 60 menit sedangkan untuk aktivasi kimia-fisika dilakukan penambahan HCl 0,25 M pada kaolin kemudian dilanjutkan pemanasan di dalam furnace pada suhu 700oC. Pengaktivasian kaolin ini untuk menghasilkan adsorben yang mampu menyerap ion besi (Fe) secara optimum. Dari penelitian ini, aktivasi yang optimum diperoleh untuk kaolin dalam mengadsorpsi Fe adalah aktivasi kimia. Adsorben kaolin yang teraktivasi kimia mempunyai daya adsorpsi yang besar terhadap ion Fe yaitu menghasilkan penurunan kandungan ion besi (Fe) menjadi sebesar 0,04 mg/L. Kata kunci: Aktivasi, hydrous alumunium silicate, adsorben, besi Abstract- Kaolin is a mineral found in sedimentary rocks known as clay stone. Kaolin widely applied in industries such as paper, ceramics, rubber, plastics, paint, glassfiber, and cosmetics. This study aimed to determine the effect on the ability of kaolin activation methods as adsorbent. The study was conducted by activation of kaolin in physics, chemistry, and chemistry-physics. Physical activation was done by heating kaolin at 700 ° C in a furnace for 30 minutes and for the chemical activation, the addition of 0.25 M HCl in kaolin with stirring speed of 200 rpm for 60 minutes, while the chemical-physical activation, the addition of 0.25 M HCl to the kaolin and continued warming in furnace at 700 ° C. The kaolin activation was to produce an adsorbent that is able to absorb iron (Fe) optimally. From this study, the optimum activation obtained for kaolin in adsorbing Fe is the chemical activation. Chemical activated kaolin adsorbent having a large adsorption capacity of the ion Fe which resulted in decreased content of iron (Fe) to 0.04 mg / L. Keywords : Activation, hydrous alumunium silicate, adsorbent, iron
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Yao, J. L., H. X. Zhu, Y. B. Qi, M. J. Guo, Q. Hu, and L. Gao. "Tough and Reinforced Polypropylene/Kaolin Composites using Modified Kaolin." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 359 (May 2018): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/359/1/012034.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Investigation of the Porosity of Certain Iraqi Clay Deposits by Mercury Porosimeter." Baghdad Science Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.6.1.163-172.
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Pore volume, pore diameter, and pore volume distribution of three of Iraqi natural clay deposites were measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry .The clays are white kaolin, colored kaolin, and bentonite .The results showed that the variation of the pore area of the clay deposites followed the following order :- Coloured Kaolin > White Kaolin > Bentonite While the pore volume may be arranged as in the following sequence:- White Kaolin > Coloured Kaolin >Bentonite Also , Bentonite exhibits the narrow range pore size distribution than the white and coloured kaolin.
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Sunardi, Sunardi, Utami Irawati, Yateman Arryanto, and Sutarno Sutarno. "MODIFIED KAOLIN WITH CATIONIC SURFACTANT FOR GIBBERELLIC ACID CARRIER MATERIALS." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 1 (July 12, 2011): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21427.
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Synthesis of surfactant modified kaolin from natural kaolin from Tatakan, Tapin, South Kalimantan and its application for carrier material of gibberellic acid have been conducted. The kaolin modification was done by surface engineering using cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TMABr). The characterizations of kaolin and surfactant modified kaolin were carried out by XRF, SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA/DTA. The adsorption capacity of kaolin was determined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The result showed that kaolin from Tatakan, South Kalimantan consist of kaolinite, halloysite, quartz, chlorite, and christobalite. Surface modification using cationic surfactant showed that increasing surfactant content onto kaolin was proportional to the amount of surfactant loaded. Gibberellic acid was partitioned into the organic phase created by the surfactant tails of the C16TMA+ modified kaolin. The calculations result by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed that the highest increasing adsorption capacity occurred on surfactant modified kaolin with surfactant/CEC ratio of 2.0, with the adsorption capacity of 28.41 mg/g.
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Sunardi, Sunardi, Yateman Yateman Arryanto, and Sutarno Sutarno. "ADSORPTION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) ONTO ACID ACTIVATED KAOLIN." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 3 (December 14, 2010): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21437.
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Preparation, activation and adsorption study of natural kaolin from Tatakan, Tapin, South Kalimantan have been conducted. The activation of kaolin was done using 6 M HCl solutions at 90 °C for 3 h. The characterizations of kaolin were carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray diffraction, and surface area analyzer. Adsorption parameters studied included the effect of pH, contact time, and concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3) onto kaolin samples. The amount of gibberellic acid adsorbed was determined using UV spectrophotometer. The adsorption capacity of kaolin was determined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The result showed that activation of kaolin was resulted the larger specific surface area and more homogeneous composition of kaolin without any destruction of kaolin structure. Adsorption of gibberellic acid onto kaolin before and after activation showed that optimal adsorption was obtained at pH » 7 and reached the equilibrium within 4 h. The calculations result by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed that the increasing of adsorption capacity of acid activated kaolin is about 35%.
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Zhao, Yujie, Xiaowei Liu, Meng Qi, Tian Bai, Kongyin Zhao, and Xinxin Zhang. "Removal of Dyes and Cd2+ in Water by Kaolin/Calcium Alginate Filtration Membrane." Coatings 9, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040218.
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Kaolin/calcium alginate (kaolin/CaAlg) free-standing membranes were prepared by adding different amounts of Kaolin into the sodium alginate (NaAlg) casting solution and crosslinked by Ca2+ using urea as porogen agent. The morphology of the kaolin/CaAlg filtration membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then the kaolin/CaAlg membrane was used for the removal of dyes and Cd2+. The kaolin significantly improved the mechanical behavior and flux of the kaolin/CaAlg membrane. The flux reached 17.53 L/m2·h at 0.1 MPa and when the content of Kaolin in NaAlg was 70 wt.%. The filtration of BSA solution and oil-water emulsion indicated that the kaolin/CaAlg composite filtration membrane exhibited good anti-fouling properties. The rejection of Brilliant Blue G250, Congo red, and methylene blue by the kaolin/CaAlg filtration membrane was 100%, 95.22%, and 62.86%, respectively. The removal rate of Cd2+ reached 99.69%, with a flux of 17.06 L/m2·h at 0.1 MPa.
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Julianti, Eva, Verry Andre Fabiani, and Ristika Oktavia Asriza. "The Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Komposit Fe3O4/Kitosan/Kaolin Bangka." Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v2i2.1897.
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Sintesis dan karakterisasi komposit Fe3O4/kitosan/kaolin Bangka telah dilakukan. Sintesis komposit dilakukan dengan memvariasikan komposisi kaolin (0; 0,25; 0,5; dan 1 gr). Pada komposisi Fe3O4 95 mg dan kitosan 1 gr. Karakterisasi komposit Fe3O4/kitosan/kaolin dilakukan dengan analisis XRD, FTIR/, uji porositas, derajat pengembangan, dan uji adsorpsi pada ion Cu2+. Hasil analisis XRD menunjukkan adanya puncak difraksi kaolin dan Fe3O4 pada 2θ= 8,92o, 29,57o, dan 45,61o (kaolin) serta 35,64o, dan 45,61o (Fe3O4). Hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan adanya pita serapan yang khas dari kitosan, kaolin, dan Fe3O4 pada hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan ada pita serapan pada daerah 3825, 3689, 2103, dan 1425 cm-1 (kitosan), 1028, dan 884,41 cm-1 (kaolin), 791,11 cm-1 (kitosan), dan 696,95 cm-1 (Fe3O4). Nilai porositas tertinggi yaitu 1,547% tanpa penambahan kaolin, derajat pengembangan tertinggi yaitu 754,63 % juga tanpa penambahan kaolin. Uji adsorpsi terhadap ion Cu2+ menunjukkan nilai efisiensi adsorpsi sebesar 72,41% pada penambahan kaolin 1 gr.
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Annisa, Rezalia, Verry Andre Fabiani, and Nurhadini Nurhadini. "SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSIT KAOLIN-TiO2 DARI ILMENIT BANGKA UNTUK FOTODEGRADASI ZAT WARNA RHODAMIN B." Stannum : Jurnal Sains dan Terapan Kimia 3, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v3i1.2075.
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Sintesis dan karakterisasi kaolin-TiO2 dari ilmenit sebagai degradasi zat warna rhodamin B telah dilakukan. Kaolin alam diperoleh dari desa Air Bara, Bangka Tengah dan ilmenit dari Bidang Pengolahan Mineral (BPM) Unit Metalurgi PT. Timah (Persero), Tbk., Mentok Bangka Belitung. Sampel kaolin diaktivasi kimia dan ilmenit dilakukan pelindian menggunakan asam klorida (HCl), kemudian ilmenit dikalsinasi pada suhu 700°C untuk memperoleh fasa anatase. Proses sintesis kaolin-TiO2 dari ilmenit menggunakan metode presipitasi menggunakan pelarut etanol, komposit dilakukan dengan 3 variasi massa kaolin yaitu 0,2:3; 0,4:3 dan 0,6:3 (b/b). Selanjutnya, gugus fungsi dan struktur fasa dari kaolin-TiO2 dari ilmenit dianalisis menggunakan FTIR dan XRD, kemudian komposit diaplikasikan pada larutan rhodamin B untuk menentukan persentase degradasi pada larutan tersebut yang dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Degradasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan 150 mg kaolin-TiO2 kedalam 25 mL larutan rhodamin B dan proses degradasi melalui penyinaran sinar UVC. Berdasarkan data FTIR dan XRD menunjukkan kaolin-TiO2 terbentuk komposit. Variasi massa kaolin dalam komposit yang optimum yaitu pada pada komposisi komposit 0,4:3 (b/b). Berdasarkan data spektrofotometer UV-Vis, larutan rhodamin B dengan komposit kaolin-TiO2 sebagai katalis mampu mendegradasi rhodamin B hingga 87,7% dengan peningkatan persentase degradasi terbesar pada menit ke-40.
Kata kunci: ilmenit, kaolin, kaolin-TiO2, degradasi, rhodamin B
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Duong, Pham Thuy, Reena Amatya Shrestha, Mika Sillanpää, and Jūratė Virkutytė. "ULTRASOUND‐ASSISTED TREATMENT OF KAOLIN ARTIFICIALLY CONTAMINATED WITH PHENANHTRENE, FLUORANTHENE AND HEXACHLOROBENZENE." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.29.
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Application of ultrasound in decontamination of polluted soil is a new and promising technology. The feasibility of ultrasonic treatment of clayey soil (kaolin) highly contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLU), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), was the main target of the work. The laboratory experiments were conducted at various conditions (moisture, power, irradiation duration and the initial concentration of contaminants) and the effects of these parameters on the process efficiency were examined. Experimental results showed that ultrasonication alone has a potential to remove POPs, although the removal efficiencies were relatively low when a short irradiation duration (1–6 hours) was adopted. Intermittent ultrasonication over longer periods (up to the total of 46 hours) increased the removal efficiencies to 45% of HCB and nearly 100% of PHE. The optimum moisture content of the slurry was found to be in the range of 50–70%. The total electric energy consumption during the experiments using the optimum operational conditions (100 W and above ultrasound irradiation power and 67% moisture content) was 1.5 kWh in comparison to 1.84 kWh during experiments utilizing minimum operational conditions. Santrauka Ultragarsines radiacijos taikymas dirvai valyti yra nauja, tačiau sparčiai pletojama technologija. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas buvo ivertinti ultragarso poveiki atspariu organiniu teršalu, tokiu kaip: heksachlorobenzenas (HCB), fenantrenas (PHE) ir fluorantenas (FLU), – degradavimui dirbtinai užterštame kaoline. Laboratoriniai eksperimentai atlikti pasirenkant ivairu dirvos dregnuma, ultragarso intensyvuma, stipruma, radiacijos trukme ir pradines organiniu teršalu koncentracijas bei ivertinant ju poveiki kaolino valymo efektyvumui. Rezultatai irode, kad ultragarsas gali būti taikomas dirvai valyti, tačiau efektyvumas nebuvo itin didelis kaolina švitinant nuo 1 iki 6 valandu. Taikant kintama radiacija (iki 46 valandu), HCB šalinimas pagerejo iki 45 %, o PHE – net iki 100 %. Valant organinius teršalus optimali kaolino dregme buvo 50–70 %. Taikant optimalias reakcijos salygas (100 W ir daugiau, 67 % dregmes), elektros energijos sunaudota mažiau (1.5 kWh) nei kai reakcijos salygos minimalios (1,84 kWh). Резюме Применение ультразвуковой радиации для очистки почв является новой, быстро развивающейся технологией. Основной целью работы было оценить воздействие ультразвука на деградацию устойчивых органических загрязняющих веществ, таких, как гексахлоробензен, фенантрен и флуорантен, в искусственно загрязненном каолине. Лабораторные исследования проводились при разной влажности почвы, интенсивности ультразвука, его мощности, длительности радиации и начальных концентрациях органических соединений, а также при учете их воздействия на эффективность очистки каолина. Результаты показали, что ультразвук может применяться для очистки почв, однако эффективность не была высокой при воздействии излучением в течение от одного до шести часов. При применении меняющейся радиации (до 46 часов) эффективность очистки от гексахлоробензена увеличилась до 45%, а от фенантрена даже до 100%. Оптимальной для очистки от органических соединений оказалась 50– 70%-ая влажность каолина. Потребление электроэнергии при оптимальных условиях реакции (100 W и больше, 67%-ая влажность) было меньшим, чем при минимальных условиях реакции (1.84 kWh).
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Truong, Cuong Chi, Hoang Kim Nguyen, Dung Thi Phuong Vo, and Mai Van Nguyen. "CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOLOGY, QUALITY AND POTENTIALITY OF KAOLIN SUOI NGO - TAN HOA, TAY NINH PROVINCE." Science and Technology Development Journal 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v15i3.1809.
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Ba Mieu and Đat Cuoc sedimentary formation cover fully in Suoi Ngo – Tan Hoa area. In that, Ba Mieu formation is the main formation which contents of kaolin and is covered by Đat Cuoc formation on the Northwest. Ore bed of kaolin often meets sheeted form. They extend on Northwest-Southeast, average thickness is 5.94 meter. Main mineral are kaolinite (average 44.2%), less illite (average 11.75%), monmorillonite (2,20%). Kaolin has still a lot of quart (27,75%), feldspar (average 5,25%), chlorite (3,0%). Chemical element of kaolin, sieved by 0.1 mm sieve, are Al2O3 17,96% (Tan Hoa) - 22,49% (Suoi Ngo); Fe2O3 1,08% (Tan Hoa) - 1,13% (Suoi Ngo). Grain <0,1mm is 69,92% (Suoi Ngo) - 73,40% (Tan Hoa). The percentage of kaolin grain <0.1 is 63.98. But kaolin still has a lot of quart so that kaolin quality is middle. The bright is 65%. Although kaolin quality is not good, it covers on a big area and its thickness is big. Moreover, the percentage of grain < 0.1 mm is higher. Overall, the potential of kaolin is big. According kaolin producing standard now, Sui Ngo - Tan Hoa kaolin are suitable for using on ceramic industry with Viet Nam standard TCVN-6300-1997 and acid uninflammable block. Using kaolin Suoi Ngo - Tan Hoa manufactures ceramic tile sample. The test results are suitable with Viet Nam ceramic tile standard such as contraction, absorbent, hardness. To use kaolin in many branches, we need a method to be eliminated quart or collected kaolin higher.
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Heah, Cheng Yong, Hussen Kamarudin, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Mohammed Binhussain, Luqman Musa, Ismail Khairul Nizar, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, and Y. M. Liew. "Effect of Mechanical Activation on Kaolin-Based Geopolymers." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.357.
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Raw materials kaolin was subjected to mechanical modification; the effect of the mechanical activation of kaolin on the compressive strength and morphological properties of the geopolymers has been studied. Mechanical activation of the kaolin results in particle size reduction and morphology changes with increase in reactivity. Mechanical activated kaolin has overall higher strength gain compared to raw kaolin. Wider particle size distribution and some spherical particles produced, promote a higher packaging density in the sample resulting in higher strength obtained. Mechanically activation of kaolin can be considered as an alternative method to achieve better geopolymerization reaction for kaolin-based geopolymer.
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Lei, Pengfei, Chenglong Wang, Sijia Ye, Hongyan Li, Jinhuan Zheng, and Zhejiang. "Citric Acid Modified Kaolin and Its Application in Polyamide Wet Coating." AATCC Journal of Research 6, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.6.6.2.
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The ink absorption of polyamide-coated polyamide textile products containing kaolin is poor. Citric acid was used to modify kaolin, and the adsorptive performance of rhodamine B was studied. The modified kaolin with the best adsorptive ability was selected. The results showed that kaolin modified with a 2.0 M citric acid solution was strongly adsorptive. During the interaction between citric acid and kaolin, H+ acts on the surface and interlayer of kaolin, and on Al3+ and Si4+ in the kaolin. This results in an increase in the specific surface area and a smaller particle size. After using modified kaolin in the polyamide wet coating, the ink-absorption of polyamide-coated polyamide fabrics improved and the resulting pH value met Oeko-Tex Standard 100 requirements for textile use.
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Santos-de-Souza, Daniele, Lígia Fátima Lima-Calixto, Marina Jorge-de-Lemos, Túlio Leite-Reis, Carlos Augusto Oliveira, Édson José Fassani, Maria Clara Do-Coutto-Prado-Valladares, and Felipe Dilelis De Resende Sousa. "Inclusion of kaolin in the feed of Japanese quails during the production phase." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 32, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v32n4a03.
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Background: Kaolin may improve quail performance by maintaining intestinal integrity and improving nutrient absorption. Objective: To evaluate the overall performance, egg quality, moisture, nitrogen and calcium content in the excreta, intestinal morphology and financial analysis of kaolin in Japanese quail feed during the production phase. Methods: A total of 192 Japanese quails, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six repetitions with eight birds each, were used. Kaolin levels added to the diet were 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%. Results: Kaolin reduced feed consumption. Additionally, egg production, feed conversion and viability increased. Moisture, nitrogen and calcium in the excreta decreased. Height and width of the intestinal villi increased with increasing levels of kaolin in the diet. Kaolin had no effect on egg quality. Inclusion level of 1.5% kaolin allowed for greater economic gains. Conclusion: Kaolin improved performance, intestinal morphology, and reduced the moisture, nitrogen and calcium contents in the excreta. Egg quality remained unchanged with the addition of kaolin, and the best economic response resulted with the addition 1.5% kaolin.
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Costa, Daniela Ribeiro da, Suzany Aguiar Leite, Mateus Pereira dos Santos, Beatriz Sousa Coelho, Aldenise Alves Moreira, Carlos Alberto Domingues da Silva, Iara Sordi Joachim-Bravo, and Maria Aparecida Castellani. "Influence of Mineral Particle Films and Biomaterials on Guava Fruits and Implications for the Oviposition of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Insects 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050373.
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Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) is an important pest of tropical fruits, especially Anacardiaceae and Myrtaceae, in the Americas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of mineral films and biomaterials on the coloring of guava fruits (Psidium guajava L.) and implications for the oviposition of A. obliqua. Before the bioassays, color, firmness characteristics, total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity were determined to characterize the maturation stage of the fruits. Pieces of guava fruit covered in aluminum foil were immersed in suspensions of mineral particles (Surround® WP kaolin; kaolins 605, 607, 608, and 611; and talc) and biomaterials (chitosan, cassava and potato starch, and guar gum) and distilled water (control). After drying, the fruits were exposed to two A. obliqua pairs for 48 h in choice and non-choice tests, and the numbers of eggs per fruit were counted. Mineral films (Surround® WP kaolin, and kaolins 605, 607, 608, and 611) and biomaterials (cassava and potato starch) interfered with the color of guava (luminosity, chroma, and hue angle), inhibiting the oviposition of A. obliqua. Talc, chitosan, and guar gum did not influence the oviposition of A. obliqua in guava.
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Mat Daud, Yusrina, Kamarudin Hussin, Che Mohd Ruzaidi, Azlin Fazlin Osman, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Mohammed Binhussain. "Kaolin-Based Geopolymer Filled Epoxy-Layered Silicates: Compressive Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.220.
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The present work aimed to study the effects of kaolin-based geopolymers in epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites using a compressive test. A series of nanocomposites with kaolin-based geopolymers containing 1-7 phr content were prepared. A qualitative evaluation of the three-dimensional shape of a kaolin-based geopolymer surface and origin was characterised using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was discovered that the addition of kaolin based geopolymer at the beginning, in low phr content, displayed a lower compressive strength than nanocomposites without kaolin based geopolymer filled. However, the compressive properties unexpectedly increased at 3phr of kaolin geopolymer content compared to nanocomposites without kaolin. This illustrated that the incorporation of kaolin geopolymers in the nanocomposite system can potentially improved the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin, thereby needs further exploration.
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Huang, Chun-Chun, Syang-Peng Rwei, Yun-Shao Huang, and Yao-Chi Shu. "Composite proton exchange membranes produced using chitosan and kaolin solvent-free fluid." Journal of Polymer Engineering 40, no. 6 (July 28, 2020): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0332.
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AbstractIn this study, composite membranes produced by combining both biopolymer chitosan (CS) and kaolin solvent-free fluid (kaolin-SF) were used as substitutes for the electrolyte membranes in direct-methanol fuel cells. To improve the interfacial morphologies between organic and inorganic substances, kaolin-SF was prepared using the ion exchange method. Subsequently, kaolin-SF of various doping proportions was mixed with CS crosslinked with sulfuric acid to produce thin membranes. The results of heat exhaustion and scanning electron microscope image analysis indicated that kaolin-SF was successfully doped into the CS polymer substrates, and this addition enhanced the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the CS polymer substrates. As long as the concentration of kaolin-SF was below 5 wt.%, the water absorption rate and proton conductivity of the CS/kaolin-SF composite membranes increased along with the kaolin-SF content. These results indicate that CS/kaolin-SF composite membranes are suitable for practical applications.
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Pasi, Nurul Izzah, Marline Abdassah Bratadireja, and Anis Yohana Chaerunnisa. "Study of Physicochemical Characteristics of Kaolin from Belitung Regency." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (July 11, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v7i2.25675.
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Kaolin is one of the abundant clay minerals on earth which has been widely used in various industries. kaolin as a raw material in drugs manufacturing must comply several requirements in Pharmacopoeia such as not exceeding the heavy metal content limits. In this study the analysis of heavy metal content (Pb, Sn, and As) was carried out on natural kaolin obtained from 3 different locations in Belitung regency. Testing of the brightness and particle size is also carried out to increase the value of kaolin as a pharmaceutical excipient. The highest recovery from kaolin was obtained in sample 3 which was 67.78%, while kaolin 1 and 2 which was 66.54, and 64.20%. Based on the results of heavy metal testing it is known that kaolin 1, 2, and 3 have a Pb content of 55.2, 0.0458 and 44.0 ppm, and As content of 1.05, 78.3, and 0.761 ppm. Whereas the Sn mean metal is only found in kaolin 2 which is 0.0034. White degree test results show that kaolin 1, 2 and 3 have a high brightness, namely 92.94%, 93.00%, 91.16%. From the results of particle size testing shows that all kaolin samples have size <2 μm.Keywords: Characterization of Minerals, Heavy Metals, Kaolin
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Purbasari, Aprilina, and Tjokorde Walmiki Samadhi. "Kajian Dehidroksilasi Termal Kaolin menjadi Metakaolin menggunakan Analisis Termogravimetri." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 17, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.47337.105-112.
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<p>Kaolin merupakan mineral yang banyak dimanfaatkan di berbagai industri. Kaolin dapat diubah menjadi metakaolin yang lebih reaktif melalui proses dehidroksilasi termal. Pada penelitian ini, proses dehidroksilasi termal kaolin dari Bangka Belitung menjadi metakaolin dikaji menggunakan analisis termogravimetri pada rentang suhu 30 – 900 °C dengan laju pemanasan 10 °C/menit dalam lingkungan atmosfer udara. Kaolin mengalami empat tahap dekomposisi dan dehidroksilasi kaolin menjadi metakaolin terjadi pada suhu sekitar 450 – 600 °C. Berdasarkan metode Coats dan Redfern, dehidroksilasi kaolin mengikuti model reaksi order satu dengan energi aktivasi 271,66 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial 6,13×10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. Hasil analisis menggunakan spektroskopi <em>X-ray diffraction</em> (XRD) dan <em>Fourier Transform Infrared </em>(FTIR) pada kaolin setelah dipanaskan pada suhu 550 °C selama 3 jam menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar kaolin telah berubah menjadi metakaolin.</p><p><strong>Study of Thermal Dehydroxylation of Kaolin to Metakaolin using Thermogravimetric Analysis. </strong>Kaolin is a mineral that is widely used in various industries. Kaolin can be converted into metakaolin which is more reactive through thermal dehydroxylation processes. In this study, thermal dehydroxylation process of Bangka Belitung kaolin into metakaolin was studied using thermogravimetric analysis in a temperature range of 30 – 900 °C with a heating rate of 10 <sup>o</sup>C/min in an air atmosphere condition. Kaolin underwent four stages of decomposition and dehydroxylation of kaolin into metakaolin occured at temperatures around 450 – 600 °C. Based on the Coats and Redfern method, kaolin dehydroxylation followed first order reaction model with activation energy of 271.66 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor of 6.13×10<sup>15</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. The analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy on kaolin after heating at temperature of 550 °C for 3 hours showed that most of the kaolin had turned into metakaolin.</p>
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Gorbachev, B. F., G. P. Vasyanov, V. I. Kakorin, and V. P. Luzin. "Kaolins and sericities of the Plast kaolin-bearing region, Chelyabinsk district." Lithology and Mineral Resources 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0024490207020046.
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Hashemian, Saeedeh, and Mohammad Reza Shahedi. "Novel Ag/Kaolin Nanocomposite as Adsorbent for Removal of Acid Cyanine 5R from Aqueous Solution." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/285671.
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Ag/kaolin nanocomposite was prepared by reduction of Ag+ion with ethanol at alkaline condition on kaolin surface. Nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM, and BET methods. Results showed the Ag/kaolin composite has particle size 50 nm. The surface area was increased from kaolin to Ag/kaolin from 1.0215 to 7.409 m2 g−1, respectively. Ag/kaolin nanocomposite was used for adsorption of acid cyanine 5R (AC5R) from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters such as contact time, pH, and mass of nano composite has been investigated. The maximum percentage of adsorption of AC5R was found at pH 3 and contact time of 60 min. The higher percentage removal of AC5R by Ag/kaolin than kaolin can be attributed to catalytic activity of Ag on the surface of kaolin. The experimental data was fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm data could be well interpreted by Langmuir isotherm model. From the results of thermodynamic study, the adsorption process of AC5R onto Ag/kaolin nanocomposite was spontaneous and endothermic process. The process is clean and safe for purifying of water pollution.
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Pivalizza, Evan G., and R. David Warters. "Kaolin-activated Thromboelastography." Anesthesiology 97, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200209000-00049.
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Ninla, S. A. Douola, G. Kieufack, I. Y. Bomeni, M. Gountié Dedzo, and A. S. L. Wouatong. "Genesis of Meka’a Geophagic Kaolin Deposit (In Foreke-Dschang West Cameroon)." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, March 5, 2021, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i231247.
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Geological, mineralogical and geochemical studies where carried out on Meka’a kaolin deposit located in Foréké-Dschang in order to define the ore genesis. Three kaolin facies (yellow, red and white) and isalteritic components were characterized by different methods including morphostructural description, XRD, XRF, ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, heavy mineral research and organic matter contents. The results show that all these kaolins are based on kaolinite (87–90%) associated with more or less significant phases of orthoclase (1-2%), goethite (0.5-3.5%), quartz (1-1.5%), anatase (1.2-2%) and hematite (1-2%). Small amounts of illite (3.5%) was found only in white facies. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) pattern shows that kaolinite particles contained in these kaolins are very small (<2 µm) and are poorly crystallized due to the impurities they contain. Meka’a kaolin’s are extremely weathered (CIA and CIW ≈ 100) and their organic matter content is considerable (1.82-2.54%) and is explained by the presence of carbonized wood in the ignimbrites. The combination of different analytical techniques points out a meteoric weathering of ignimbrite under oxidizing conditions as being of petrogenetic origin of this kaolin deposit.
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"Sweden: Svenska Kaolin — kaolin." Focus on Pigments 2003, no. 1 (January 2003): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-6210(03)00126-7.
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"Bulgaria: Kaolin Co – kaolin." Focus on Pigments 2006, no. 7 (July 2006): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-6210(06)71049-9.
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