Academic literature on the topic 'Kapital (Marx, Karl)'

A partir da sua própria biografia, o autor ensaia sobre sua interpretação de Das Kapital, de Karl Marx. Argumenta sobre a exploração capitalista, sobre o fetichismo e aponta para o problema central do capitalismo: a falta de controle dos concernidos sobre a produção de produtor úteis.

By the definition, socialism means that the production belongs to all segments of society without discrimination and are controlled by the state. In capitalism, in contrast to socialism, the means of production belong to individuals, not society, and it advocates competition. Communism, another concept, constitutes the beginning of socialism according to Marxist-Leninist society. In other words, production belongs entirely to the state, and the principle of equality is observed for everyone without distinction. One of the most important works of the German sociologist Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism, is his book “Das Kapital,” The main reason that led Karl Marx to write this work was the failure of the Industrial Revolution that took place in 1849. In this work, Marx criticized the capitalist mode of production and the competition brought about by capitalism and defended the rights of oppressed workers working for labor capital for unpaid or low wages. At the same time, he talks about social classes and defines the class struggle of women, men, and the bourgeoisie. The aim of this study is to refer to the first volume of Marx’s book “Capital,” to emphasize its importance in the context of socialism, capitalism, and communism.

The recent worldwide financial crisis has initiated a global fundamental debate and raised questions about the capacity of contemporary economies to ensure the welfare of the world. In October 2008, Reinhard Marx launched Das Kapital: Ein Pladoyer fur den Menschen with intentional reference to the work by his namesake Karl Marx - Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Okonomie - an extensive treatise on political economy, edited in part by Friedrich Engels, which critiques capitalism.

O presente texto aproveita o ensejo proporcionado pela passagem dos 150 anos do lançamento do Livro I de Das Kapital de Karl Marx e dos 100 anos da Revolução Russa. A propósito recupera um artigo de juventude de Antonio Gramsci – La Rivoluzione contro il Capitale (1918) –, alusivo a ambas. A partir do anunciado confronta a conceção gramsciana – que propõe o antagonismo entre Das Kapital e a Revolução Russa –, com a respetiva obra, e outros escritos, de Marx. Outrossim, aproveita a presente recuperação como uma via possível para a discussão do chamado “etapismo”.

Karl Marx (1818–1883) was born in Trèves in the Rhineland. He studied law in Bonn, philosophy and history in Berlin, and received a doctorate from the University of Jena for a thesis on Epicurus (341–270 BC). (Epicurus' philosophy was a reaction against the ‘other-worldliness’ of Plato's theory of Forms. Whereas for Plato knowledge was of intelligible Forms, and the criterion of the truth of a hypothesis about the definition of a Form was that it should survive a Socratic testing by question and answer, for Epicurus the criterion of truth was sensation, and employment of this criterion favoured the theory with which Plato explicitly contrasted the theory of Forms (Sophist 246a–d), namely, the materialism of the atomists, Leucippus and Democritus.) Marx was editor of the Rheinische Zeitung of Cologne, 1842–1843. The paper was suppressed and he moved to Paris, becoming co-editor of the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher, the one and only issue of which contained two articles by Marx and two by his friend, Friedrich Engels (1829–1895). Together they wrote The German Ideology (1846) and their most influential work, The Communist Manifesto (1848). Marx had been expelled from France in 1845, and went to Brussels, from where he was expelled during the 1848 revolutions. He went to Cologne to start, with Engels and others, a paper with a revolutionary editorial policy, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Expelled once again, Marx finally settled in London, working in the British Museum on his great historical analysis of capitalism, Das Kapital. The first volume was published in 1867, the remaining two volumes, completed by Engels after Marx's death, in 1885 and 1895.

A obra audiovisual de Alexander Kluge Notícias da Antiguidade Ideológica - Marx, Eisenstein, “O Capital” (Nachrichten aus der ideologischen Antike – Marx, Eisenstein, “Das Kapital”) foi lançado em 2008. Contando com cerca de nove horas de duração mais extras, o projeto representa uma problematização da própria noção de filme. Tomando como ponto de partida, a ambição de Eisenstein de filmar O Capital, de Karl Marx, e a possível utilização do modelo do Ulysses, de James Joyce, para esta empreitada. No presente trabalho buscaremos apontar algumas de suas singularidades composicionais e suas implicações para a prática audiovisual contemporânea, relacionando ao legado da teoria crítica.

Resumo: Em O Capital, Marx nos alertou que a mercadoria tem um caráter misterioso que carrega “sutilezas metafísicas e argúcias teológicas”. Este artigo tenta decifrar um pouco desse mistério buscando decodifica-lo naquilo que denominamos como a estranha objetividade do valor. Para isso, analisamos a relação entre a ideologia e o valor a partir da crítica marxiana à mercadoria, consignada à lógica de Hegel. Vemos que o valor se constitui como razão ontológica da mercadoria enquanto produto do processo de trabalho que carrega uma racionalidade imanente, isto é, um espírito socialmente produzido que se objetiva à medida que é vivenciado pelos indivíduos como uma lógica social que rege as relações nesta sociedade. Isso se dá por meio de “sutilezas metafísicas” na formação da realidade social marcada por contradições estabelecidas entre, de um lado, o conteúdo objetivo das relações sociais, e de outro, a forma como essas relações são vivenciadas pela consciência na sociedade capitalista. Nesta relação entre conteúdo e forma, encontramos determinações de profundidade ontológica entre o valor e a ideologia, enquanto forma social que opera harmonizando as contradições constituintes da realidade social, a exemplo do que acontece no trabalho assalariado. A mediação ideológica se põe como uma progressão imanente à materialização da vivência concreta da relação entre capital e trabalho no salário, de maneira a naturalizar a exploração que se esconde na estranha objetividade do valor que se realiza na troca de mercadorias. Concluímos que a conexão ontológica entre o ser social e a mercadoria é socialmente ubíqua, precisamente por conta do seu caráter ideológico na formação da sociabilidade a partir do processo de trabalho subjugado ao capital. Palavras-chave: Valor. Ideologia. Trabalho, Capital. Salário. Abstract: In Capital, Marx warned us that the commodity has a mysterious character bearing "metaphysical subtleties and theological insights." This article attempts to decipher a little of this mystery by decoding it into what we call the strange objectivity of value. For this, we analyze the relation between ideology and value from the Marxian critique of the commodity, consigned to the Hegelian logic. We see that value is constituted as the ontological reason of the commodity as the product of the labor process that carries an immanent rationality, that is, a socially produced spirit that is objectified as it is experienced by the individuals as a social logic that governs the relations in this society. This is done through "metaphysical subtleties" in the formation of social reality marked by contradictions established between, on the one hand, the objective content of social relations, and on the other, the way in which these relations are experienced by consciousness in capitalist society. In this relationship between content and form, we find determinations of ontological depth between value and ideology, as a social form that operates by harmonizing the constituent contradictions of social reality, as in wage labor. Ideological mediation is seen as an immanent progression to the materialization of the concrete experience of the relation between capital and labor in wage, in order to naturalize the exploitation that is hidden in the strange objectivity of the value that is realized in the exchange of commodities. We conclude that the ontological connection between the social being and the commodity is socially ubiquitous precisely because of its ideological character in the formation of sociability from the labor process subjugated to capital. Keywords: Value. Labor. Ideology. Capital. Wage. REFERÊNCIAS ADORNO, Theodor W. Teoria Estética. [Asthetische Theorie]. Tradução de Artur Morão. – São Paulo : Livraria Martins Fontes, 1988. ADORNO, Theodor W. Três estudos sobre Hegel. [Drei Studien zu Hegel]. Tradução: Ulisses Razzante Vaccari. – 1. Ed. – São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2013. ARAÚJO, Wécio Pinheiro. Ideologia e capital: crítica da razão imanente à sociedade moderna. Tese de doutorado. João Pessoa, PB; Leipzig, Saxônia, UFPB/UFPE/UFRN-HGB, 2018. ARTHUR, Christopher J. A nova dialética e “O Capital” de Marx. Tradução de Pedro C. Chadarevian. – São Paulo : Edipro, 2016. DUSSEL, Enrique. A Produção Teórica de Marx: um comentário sobre os Grundrisse. Tradução de José Paulo Netto. – 1 ed. – São Paulo : Expressão Popular, 2012. GERAS, Norman. Marx and the Critique of Political Economy. In: Ideology and Social Science: politics, sociology, anthropology, economics, history. – Ed. by Robin Blackburn, Fontana/Collins, 1977, p. 284-305. JAEGGI, Rahel. Alienation: News directions in Critical Theory. Columbia Uni. Press, 2014. HERÁCLITO, de Éfeso. Heráclito : fragmentos contextualizados. Tradução, apresentação e comentários Alexandre Costa. – São Paulo : Odysseus Editora, 2012. HEGEL, G. W. F. Fenomenologia do Espírito [Phänomenologie des Geistes]. Tradução de Paulo Meneses; com a colaboração de Karl-Heinz Efken, e José Nogueira Machado. – 5. ed. – Petrópolis, RJ : Vozes : Bragança Paulista, Editora Universitária São Francisco, 2008. MARX, Karl. Das Kapital: Der Produktionprozess des Kapitals. Erster Band, Erstes Buch (Kapitel XVI-LII). Hamburg, Nikol Verlag., 2016. MARX, Karl. Grundrisse: manuscritos econômicos de 1857-1858 : esboços da crítica da economia política. – supervisão editorial Mario Duayer; tradução Mario Duayer, Nélio Schneider (colaboração de Alice Helga Werner e Rudiger Hoffman). – São Paulo : Boitempo; Rio de Janeiro: Ed. UFRJ, 2011. MARX, Karl. Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos. [Ökonomie-philosophische Manuskripte] Tradução, apresentação e notas de Jesus Ranieri. - 2. reimp. - São Paulo : Boitempo Editorial, 2008. MARX, Karl. O Capital – Crítica da Economia Política. Livro 1 – O Processo de Produção do Capital. Vol. I – 10 ª. Edição, Tradução de Reginaldo Sant’ Anna. Do original em alemão: DAS KAPITAL – Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Buch I: Der Produktionsprozes des Kapitals, Quarta edição, 1890). São Paulo : DIFEL, 1985. MARX, Karl. O Capital – Crítica da Economia Política. Livro 1 – O processo de produção do capital. Do original em alemão: DAS KAPITAL – Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (Buch 1: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals. – São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013. NICHOLS, Bill. Ideology and the Image: Social Representation in the Cinema and Other Media. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

Karl Marx was a philosopher and social observer, whose intelligence and brilliant thinking earned him a position as a political leader among the proletarian class of his time. For Marx, the essence of humanity lies in labor, and religion is a product and expression of the interests of the oppressed lower classes. Living in Europe during the industrial age, Marx's thoughts differed significantly from those of other philosophers of his time. This text examines Marx's thoughts on Materialism, religious beliefs, and Marxist Economics. Research findings indicate that Historical Materialism proposed by Marx is a useful term for providing the basic assumptions of his theory. The emphasis in his work "Das Kapital" is on the material needs and the struggle to enhance socialist revolution so that the proletariat can enjoy the majority of what is produced by industrialism. Marx believed that the ownership of the means of production in society should be evenly distributed according to human needs, not to the greed of a few. Religion, Marx argued, is an opiate for the masses, manipulating them with promises of eternal futures, thus alienating them from reality. In the capitalist economic system, Marx contended that fair wages for labor should be determined equally, just as the value of each commodity is determined by the amount of labor, meaning that employers should pay workers according to their labor

Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den Zusammenhang zwischen Konsum und der Herausbildung politischer Gemeinschaften bei Karl Marx, Pierre Bourdieu und Ernesto Laclau und Chantal Mouffe. Für Marx ist die Konsumption in kapitalistischen Gesellschaften konstiutiv für die Herausbildung des Klassenwiderspruches zwischen Arbeit und Kapital. Auch Bourdieu analysiert die Rolle des Konsumierens in Hinblick auf ihre klassenbildende Funktion. Er wendet sich jedoch von einem rein materialistischen Konsumptionsverständnis ab und betont die symbolisch-kulturelle Dimension des Konsumierens für die Herausbildung von Klassen in modernen Gesellschaften. Anders als Bourdieu geben Laclau/Mouffe einen Ausblick auf die Frage, wie sich unterschiedliche soziale Positionen auf der Grundlage einer Vervielfältigung sozialer Antagonismen zusammenschließen, um neue Gemeinschaftsformen zu bilden.

Der Essay Zur Judenfrage von Karl Marx hat in der Rechtstheorie (auch der marxistischen) bislang wenig Beachtung gefunden. Wenn überhaupt Texte von Marx zum Gegenstand von Rechtstheorie werden, dann eher Passagen aus dem Kapital. Die Besonderheiten der Marxschen Rechtskritik treten jedoch gerade in diesem Frühtext hervor. Ich möchte diesen Text unter der Frage, wie Marx den dialektischen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Staat, der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft und den Menschenrechten denkt, in den Blick nehmen, um an der Rekonstruktion dieser Denkbewegung die Doppelstruktur seiner Kritik des Rechts als erkenntnis- und ideologiekritische deutlich werden zu lassen. Meine These dabei ist, dass das Recht, Ausdruck einer bestimmten Formation der Gesellschaft, nach Marx in Analogie zu dem Dualismus des politischen Staates und der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft selbst einen dualistischen, dissoziierenden Mechanismus aufweist, der auf einer kollektiv-gesellschaftlichen und auf einer subjektiv-individuellen Ebene die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse reproduziert. Mit Rekurs auf zeitgenössische Rechtstheoretiker:innen werde ich dies im Folgenden nachvollziehen und damit auf einige Probleme der materialistischen Rechtskritik hinweisen.

Assimiler valeur et dépense d'énergie, postuler la détermination des prix par les valeurs, c'est s'interdire de parvenir à décrire les effets produits par la post validation. La réflexion proposée dans Le Capital peut-elle être affranchie de ces deux prises de position? Nous le démontrons; la conception du Capital déduite de cette démonstration permet d'élargir la portée des formalisations utilisées à l'heure actuelle dans le cadre de la théorie du déséquilibre<br>To assimilate value and energy expenditure and to postulate the determining of prices by values is to render the description of the effects of post validation impossible. Can the arguments brought forward in The Capital be freed from these two stand points? This is what we have attempted to demonstrate. We have deduced a conception of The Capital that is susceptible of enlarging the scope of the different formalizations used currently within the framework of the disequilibrium theory

L'analyse montre que les categories des trois livres theoriques du capital obeissent a des temporalites differentes. Les categories du premier livre s'inscrivent dans une temporalite lineaire et abstraite, celles du second livre dans une temporalite cyclique et celles du troisieme livre dans une temporalite organique, unite des deux precedentes. Ces temporalites constituent la colonne vertebrale du capital. La valeur (le capital) s'y presente comme une complexe auto-organisation conceptuelle de rythmes, comme une totalite contradictoire, processuelle et dynamique. Les fluctuations du taux de profit en sont le resume synthetique: elles "rythment" l'histoire economique et la gouvernent. Les crises capitalistes, "arythmies" de l'organisme social, loin d'etre dues a des facteurs exterieurs au systeme, constituent un moment inherent a une economie du non-equilibre. Le capital ainsi etudie se prete a une interpretation coherente de l'economie moderne, affranchie de considerations irrealistes en termes de "logique de l'identite", de "statique" et d'"equilibre"<br>The analysis shows that the categories of the three theoretical books of the capital obey to different notions of time. The categories of the first book belong to a linear and abstract notion of time, those of the second book to a cyclic notion of time and those of the third book to an organic notion of time that is the unity of the first two notions. These notions of time constitute the skeleton of the capital. The value (the capital) appears in the capital as a complex conceptual auto-organization of rhythms, as a contradictory and dynamic totality. The fluctuations of the rate of profit are its synthetic resume: they regulate the rhythm of the history of economy. The capitalistic crises, arrhytmic moments of the social organism, are not due to external factors, but constitute a moment that is inherent to an economy of desequilibrium. From this point of view, the capital is open to a coherent interpretation of modern economy, liberated from irrealistic considerations based on the notions of "logic of the identity", of "static" and "equilibrium"

Dans "le capital" de karl marx, l'unite de l'infrastructure et de la superstructure est presentee comme un tout mecanique. Le concept de tout organique chez louis althusser est depourvu des contenus concrets. L'articulation entre l'infrastructure et la superstructure s'effectue principalement a travers la decision du prix ideologique de la force de travail dans la "petite circulation". La dynamique du tout organique se produit sur la base de la structure superposee de la propriete de force de travail<br>In "capital" of karl marx, the union between understructure and superstructure is exposed as a mecanical totality, louis althusser's concept of the organic totality is without the concrete contents. The articulation between understructure and superstructure take place minly through the determination of labor force's ideological price in the "small circulation", the dynamic of organic totality is formed on the base of the dual structure of labor force's property

Ils' agit de reprendre sur de nouvelles bases la question classique de l' héritage hégélien dans la dialectique de Marx. On commence par distinguer et articuler la dialectique subjective, ou acte pensant, qui est clairement héritée de Hegel, et la dialectique objective, ou réalité elle-même dialectique, que Marx conçoit en opposition frontale à celle de Hegel, mais en lui reprenant son « noyau rationnel » et en le retournant pour substituer à sa philosophie idéaliste de la négation une pensée matérialiste de la production comme produ-action - qui se vérifie in fine dans le combat pour la révolution. Cependant, pour étudier la pensée dialectique marxienne théorisant son objet lui-même dialectique, il faut renoncer bien vite aux généralités et la suivre en sa mise en oeuvre concrète dans Le Capital, car c'est là que s'accomplit la pensée théorique de Marx dans toute sa force à la fois productive et maîtrisée. C'est pourquoi est proposé ici un commentaire suivi du Livre I, alinéa par alinéa.