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Journal articles on the topic 'Kardashev scale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Gray, Robert H. "The Extended Kardashev Scale." Astronomical Journal 159, no. 5 (2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab792b.

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2

Cirkovic, M. M. "Kardashev’s classification at 50+: A fine vehicle with room for improvement." Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 191 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj1591001c.

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We review the history and status of the famous classification of extraterrestrial civilizations given by the great Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev, roughly half a century after it has been proposed. While Kardashev?s classification (or Kardashev?s scale) has often been seen as oversimplified, and multiple improvements, refinements, and alternatives to it have been suggested, it is still one of the major tools for serious theoretical investigation of SETI issues. During these 50+ years, several attempts at modifying or reforming the classification have been made; we review s

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Ahmed, Al-Imam, A. Motyka Marek, and Z. Jędrzejko Mariusz. "Conflicting opinions in connection with digital superintelligence." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 9, no. 2 (2020): 336–48. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v9.i2.pp336-348.

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In 1964, Nikolai Kardashev proposed the Kardashev scale, a system for measuring the extent of technological advancement of a civilization based on the magnitude of energy consumption. We are approaching an inevitable type-1 civilization, and artificial superintelligence superior to that of humans can concur with a higher-hierarchy Kardashev civilization. We aim to survey public opinions, specifically video gamers, worldwide compared to those in Poland, concerning artificial general intelligence and superintelligence. We implemented an amalgam of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the

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Baghram, Shant. "In Search of Extraterrestrial Artificial Intelligence Through Dyson Sphere–like Structures around Primordial Black Holes." Astrophysical Journal 978, no. 2 (2025): 132. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9b10.

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Abstract Are we alone? It is a compelling question that human beings have confronted for centuries. The search for extraterrestrial life is a broad range of quests for finding simple forms of life up to intelligent beings in the Universe. The plausible assumption is that there is a chance that intelligent life will be followed by advanced civilization equipped or even dominated by artificial intelligence (AI). In this work, we categorize advanced civilizations (on an equal footing, an AI-dominated civilization) on the Kardashev scale. We propose a new scale known as the space exploration dista

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Al-Imam, Ahmed, Marek A. Motyka, and Mariusz Z. Jędrzejko. "Conflicting opinions in connection with digital superintelligence." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 9, no. 2 (2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v9.i2.pp336-348.

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<p>In 1964, Nikolai Kardashev proposed the Kardashev scale, a system for measuring the extent of technological advancement of a civilization based on the magnitude of energy consumption. We are approaching an inevitable type-1 civilization, and artificial superintelligence superior to that of humans can concur with a higher-hierarchy Kardashev civilization. We aim to survey public opinions, specifically video gamers, worldwide compared to those in Poland, concerning artificial general intelligence and superintelligence. We implemented an amalgam of cross-sectional and longitudinal analys

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6

Butcher, H. R. "Working Group on Future Large Scale Facilities in Astronomy." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 23, no. 1 (1997): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00027772.

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The idea for a Working Group (WG) on “Future Large Scale Facilities in Astronomy” grew from a discussion held on 20 August, 1994, during the IAU General Assembly in The Hague. The IAU Executive Committee approved its formation in August, 1995, and its composition in October, 1995. The WG will remain active at least until the XXIIIrd General Assembly in Kyoto in 1997. Members are: H. Butcher (Chairman), R. Ekers, B. Fort, N. Kardashev, M. Longair, F. Pacini, L. Rodriguez, G. Swarup, Y. Tanaka, H. Tananbaun, and L. Woltjer (ex officio). The WG carries out its work mostly by email and FAX.

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Jiang, Jonathan H., Fuyang Feng, Philip E. Rosen, et al. "Avoiding the Great Filter: Predicting the Timeline for Humanity to Reach Kardashev Type I Civilization." Galaxies 10, no. 3 (2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10030068.

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The level of technological development of any civilization can be gauged in large part by the amount of energy it produces for its use, but also encompasses that civilization’s stewardship of its home world. Following the Kardashev definition, a Type I civilization is able to store and use all the energy available on its planet. In this study, we develop a model based on Carl Sagan’s K formula, and use this model to analyze the consumption and energy supply of the three most important energy sources: fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas, crude, NGL, and feedstocks), nuclear energy, and r

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C J S, Fourie. "Can Earth as a Level 1 Civilization control Plate Tectonics and eliminate Earthquakes by harnessing the Energy of the Planet?" Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES) 2, no. 1 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1011.

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Globally, approximately 44 TW of geothermal heat is transferred through convection from the earth’s core to the surface. The largest portion of this heat (30 TW) is generated by radioactive decay in the core and mantle of the Earth. The difference (14 TW) indicates continuous cooling of the Earth, mainly through the oceans. The Kardashev Scale classifies a Type 1 civilization’s energy consumption to be estimated at 40 TW, capable of harnessing the energy of its planet. In comparison, earth’s electrical energy generation in 2019 was estimated at about 7.5TW. The Kardashev Scale was later modifi

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9

Polowczyk, Łukasz Paweł. "The Outline of Communal ‘Ars Moriendi’ in Egalitarian Transhumanism." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 13, no. 2 (2022): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2022.2.3.

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This paper outlines the proposal for an egalitarian, transhumanist, and communal version of ars moriendi that should be coherent and meet the consequentialist criteria of the principle of minimizing anti-values and maximizing values, especially the ethical values of freedom and happiness. Transhuman-ist augmented dying (AD) refers to the extended body-mind, free from harmful religious and political ideologies. At present, a feasible art of dying can be systematically supported by anesthetics and psy-chedelics (entheogens), computer games, virtual reality, and good death machines. Its egalitari

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10

Ivanov, Valentin D., Juan Carlos Beamín, Claudio Cáceres, and Dante Minniti. "A qualitative classification of extraterrestrial civilizations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 639 (July 2020): A94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037597.

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Context. Interest in searches for extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) has been boosted in recent decades by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets. Aims. We turn to the classification of ETCs for new considerations that may help to design better strategies for searching for ETCs. Methods. This study is based on analogies with our own biological, historical, technological, and scientific development. We took a basic taxonomic approach to ETCs and investigated the implications of the new classification on ETC evolution and observational patterns. Finally, we used the quantitative scheme of K

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11

Haliki, Emir. "Dyson swarms of von Neumann probes: prospects and predictions." International Journal of Astrobiology 19, no. 6 (2020): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550420000257.

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AbstractAccording to the Kardashev scale, possible Type-II and above civilizations could use energy sources of the universe in different ways. Self-replicator von Neumann probes believed to invade any galaxies in various studies could also have uses for gaining energy, in which Dyson swarm structures are likely to consist of probes that could emit energy from any luminous celestial object is to be considered first. On addressing some possible dynamical properties of probes, the study has examined in which size and populations they could enfold a star and how they could have observational evide

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Haliki, Emir. "Broadcast network model of pulsars as beacons of extraterrestrial civilizations." International Journal of Astrobiology 18, no. 05 (2018): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550418000459.

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AbstractAccording to the Kardashev scale, likely extraterrestrial civilizations above Type-I might use natural energy sources of the Universe, which is also true for transmitting their signals out to distances. A variety of studies have shown that radio pulsars are most likely candidates for this. First, the current study examined how the radio beams of pulsars scan across their environment. Later when the radio beams of pulsars have been modulated, a network model has been proposed on how many habitable planets possible to be home for other assumed advanced civilizations could be reached. It

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13

Schmidt, Philip, Marita Krause, Volker Heesen, et al. "CHANG-ES." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (November 26, 2019): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834995.

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Context. Cosmic-ray electrons (CREs) originating from the star-forming discs of spiral galaxies frequently form extended radio haloes that are best observable in edge-on galaxies, where their properties can be directly investigated as a function of vertical height above the disc. Aims. For the present study, we selected two nearby edge-on galaxies from the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies – an EVLA Survey (CHANG-ES), NGC 891 and 4565, which differ largely in their detectable halo extent and their star-formation rates (SFRs). Our aim is to figure out how such differences are related to the (a

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14

Kopparapu, Ravi, Vincent Kofman, Jacob Haqq-Misra, Vivaswan Kopparapu, and Manasvi Lingam. "Detectability of Solar Panels as a Technosignature." Astrophysical Journal 967, no. 2 (2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad43d7.

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Abstract In this work, we assess the potential detectability of solar panels made of silicon on an Earth-like exoplanet as a potential technosignature. Silicon-based photovoltaic cells have high reflectance in the ultraviolet-to-visible (UV-VIS) and in the near-infrared, within the wavelength range of a space-based flagship mission concept like the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Assuming that only solar energy is used to provide the 2022 human energy needs with a land cover of ∼2.4%, and projecting the future energy demand assuming various growth-rate scenarios, we assess the detectabilit

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15

Schultz, Jared C. "Construction and Validation of a Supervisor Principle Ethics Scale." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 17, no. 2 (2011): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrc.17.2.96.

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AbstractPsychometric properties on a newly developed Supervisor Principle Ethics Scale (SPES) are reported. The SPES was created to measure supervisees' perceptions of supervisors' use of ethical principles (Autonomy, Beneficence/Nonmaleficence, Justice, Veracity, Fidelity). Participants were vocational rehabilitation counsellors with a state agency in the United States (US) (Males = 38, Females = 49). They completed the SPES and the Supervisory Working Alliance-Trainee Form (Efstation, Patton, & Kardash, 1990). The five factors of the SPES were significantly correlated with the Supervisor

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16

Soilleux, Richard, Stephen Baxter, Michel Lamontagne, and Robert Freeland. "The Settlement of Space: Economical and Logistical Drivers and Constraints." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 76, no. 5 (2023): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59332/jbis-076-05-154.

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This work is part of the BIS SPACE technical project studying long term possibilities for an expansion of industrial civilisation on Earth and in space. This paper traces the potential development of space settlements through four ‘generations’, driven and constrained by various economic, physical, and cultural factors. To provide a context for later work, time scales and orders of magnitudes are estimated together with constraints and drivers for space settlement. Following papers will explore the technology of fast transits within the Solar System required to support the economic model and d

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17

Soilleux, Richard, Stephen Baxter, and Michel Lamontagne. "The Settlement of Space: Economical and Logistical Drivers and Constraints." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 76, no. 5 (2023): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59332/jbis-076-05-0154.

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This work is part of the BIS SPACE technical project studying long term possibilities for an expansion of industrial civilisation on Earth and in space. This paper traces the potential development of space settlements through four ‘generations’, driven and constrained by various economic, physical, and cultural factors. To provide a context for later work, time scales and orders of magnitudes are estimated together with constraints and drivers for space settlement. Following papers will explore the technology of fast transits within the Solar System required to support the economic model and d

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18

Ka kan dee, Maleerat. "Law Students’ Essay Writing Performance and their Writing Difficulties." European Journal of Language and Literature 9, no. 1 (2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p80-89.

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In this study, the researcher used a 5 scale scoring rubric employed by McCann (1989) and Nussbaum and Kardash (2005) as a tool to gauge the overall quality of 60 first year students’ writing tasks. The researcher also used a questionnaire to measure the level of students’ writing anxiety. Moreover, a semi structure interview is used to investigate the writing difficulties encountered by Thai EFL law students. The results of students’ writing tasks provided the valuable understandings that would assist Thai EFL teachers to understand their students’ weaknesses. Such valuable description can be

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19

Krishna, Dhonddev &. Yogesh P. Patil. "HYPOTHETICAL DYSON." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES [NC-Rase 18] (November 23, 2018): 60–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1495010.

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A Dyson Sphere is a megastructure the completely encompasses a star ad captures all of its power output. Basically this concept is a hypothetical which describes a per the type 2 civilization that a concept in which sun will be enclosed by a big structure which will hold the all energy of sun and will send a bulk amount to its baby planets. So the idea is that can we use the technique of type 2 to acquire type 1civilization.to acquire type 1 civilization the only way is the nonrenewable energy resources and there to more solar energy so , we postulated the technique by which we can acquire typ

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20

Editorial, E. "Erratum: Dyson spheres (Serb. Astron. J. - 200 (2020), 1)." Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 201 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj2001061e.

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In the paper by Wright (2020), due to an editing error, Footnote 2 contains an incorrect citation. The intended meaning of the relevant parts of the footnote is as follows: As detailed in Gray (2020), many authors who discuss an extension of Kardashev's scale to noninteger values cite Carl Sagan's book The Cosmic Connection (Sagan 1973a), which has no explicit equation but describes one implicitly with some characteristic values. Wright et al. (2014) incorrectly cite an Icarus article by Sagan (1973b), which discusses the integer version of the scale but not noninteger extensions. In Table 1,

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21

Chung, Min Hyun, and Han na Choi. "Supervision Relationship in Korean and International Research Trends: Focusing on quantitative research from 1988 to 2023." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 24, no. 16 (2024): 737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2024.24.16.737.

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Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends of Korean and international supervision relationship quantitative research, to summarize the flow of research, and to suggest directions for future research based on this. Methods For this purpose, the paper was collected as a tool for measuring supervision relationship and supervision relationship through data retrieval of Korean academic paper DB and EBSCOhost academic retrieval system, which is an international academic DB, and 63 papers were selected for final analysis. The analysis criteria consisted of the basics of t

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22

Zhang, Antong, Jiani Yang, Yangcheng Luo, and Siteng Fan. "Forecasting the progression of human civilization on the Kardashev Scale through 2060 with a machine learning approach." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38351-y.

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AbstractEnergy has been propelling the development of human civilization for millennia. Humanity presently stands at Type 0.7276 on the Kardashev Scale, which was proposed to quantify the relationship between energy consumption and the development of civilizations. However, current predictions of human civilization remain underdeveloped and energy consumption models are oversimplified. In order to improve the precision of the prediction, we use machine learning models random forest and autoregressive integrated moving average to simulate and predict energy consumption on a global scale and the

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23

Aditya, Singh. "Theory of Extensive Relativity." May 25, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7971724.

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This article is about the Scientific concepts of Special Relativity. Whenever we hear the theory of relativity the concepts like time dilation(time travel), space-time starts coming in our mind. Einstein’s theory of special relativity says that time slows down or speeds up depending on how fast you move relative to something else. Approaching the speed of light, a person inside a spaceship would age much slower than his twin at home. Also, under Einstein’s theory of general relativity, gravity can bend time. strange question Can we reach at speed of light? There is no invention til

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24

Jackson, Chris J., and Christian Criado-Perez. "Why the Fermi paradox may not be well explained by Wong and Bartlett’s theory of civilization collapse. A Comment on: 'Asymptotic burnout and homeostatic awakening: a possible solution to the Fermi paradox?' (2022) by Wong and Bartlett." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 21, no. 219 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2024.0140.

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Wong and Bartlett explain the Fermi paradox by arguing that neither human nor extra-terrestrial civilizations can escape the time window singularity which, they claim, results from the way in which social characteristics of civilizations follow super-linear growth curves of cities. We question if data at the city level necessarily can lead to conclusions at the civilization level. More specifically, we suggest ways in which learnings from research, foresight, diversity and effective future government might act outside of their model to regulate super-linear growth curves of civilizations, and

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25

Uno, Yuri, Tetsuya Hashimoto, Tomotsugu Goto, Simon C.-C. Ho, Tzu-Yin Hsu, and Ross Burns. "Upper limits on transmitter rate of extragalactic civilizations placed by breakthrough listen observations." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, April 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad993.

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Abstract The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) has been conducted for over sixty years, yet no technosignatures have been identified. Previous studies have focused on stars in our galaxy, with few searches in the extragalactic Universe despite a larger volume being available. Civilizations capable of harvesting energy from a star or a galaxy are classified as KII or KIII on the Kardashev scale, respectively. Technosignatures from such advanced civilizations would be extremely luminous and detectable by current radio telescopes, even from distant galaxies. To explore the frontier

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