Journal articles on the topic 'Karma Court'

Abstract-Indonesia's natural resources are very useful to meet the needs of their people, one of the most important needs is land. But land often causes disputes among the people, a fair settlement, in accordance with the applicable administration is highly expected. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the absolute competence of the State Administrative Court and General Courts related to the tangent point in land disputes and how to consider the Denpasar State Administrative Court Judges in dropping the Decision regarding the tangency point of authority of the State Administrative Court and District Court case study No. verdict 27 / G / 2017 / PTUN.DPS. This study uses normative legal research, StatuteApproach, Conceptual Approach and case approach. The State Administrative Court and the General Court (Civil) have competencies that intersect in land disputes. To certify land that has something to do with customary land in Bali as well as village land (AYDS), it is regulated at the Provincial Government of Bali number: 3 of 2011 concerning Pakramman village. Which in order to be able to certify a land of Ayahan Desa (AYDS) that the community wants to ask for has not been permitted, this is done so that Adat and Balinese culture remain steady and sustainable. The customary land in Bali is inseparable from the obligation to pay for or give services to the village, therefore for village karma it is prohibited to trade and buy it. Keywords: Land dispute, competence authority of the judge Abstrak-Sumber daya alam Indonesia sangat bermanfaat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup masyarakatnya salah satu kebutuhan yang sangat penting adalah tanah. Namun tanah sering menimbulkan sengketa di kalangan masyarakat, penyelesaian yang adil, sesuai dengan administrasi yang berlaku sangat diharapkan. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini bagaimana kompetensi absolut Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dan Peradilan Umum terkait titik singgung dalam sengketa pertanahan dan Bagaimana pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Denpasar dalam menjatuhkan Putusan terkait titik singgung kewenangan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dan Pengadilan Negeri studi kasus putusan nomor 27/G/2017/PTUN.DPS. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif, pendekatan Perundang-Undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dan Pengadilan Umum (Perdata) mempunyai kompetensi yang bersinggungan dalam sengketa pertanahan. Untuk mensertifikatkan tanah yang ada kaitannya dengan tanah adat di Bali seperti halnya tanah ayahan desa (AYDS) di atur pada Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2011 tentang Desa Pakraman dimana untuk dapat mensertifikatkan suatu tanah Ayahan Desa (AYDS) yang ingin dimohonkan oleh masyarakat sebelum diperijinkan maka dalam hal ini dilakukan supaya adat dan budaya Bali tetap ajeg dan lestari. Tanah adat yang ada di bali tak terlepas dari kewajiban-kewajiban untuk ngayah atau memberi ayahan kepada desa, oleh karena itu bagi krama desa dilarang untuk memperjual belikannya. Kata kunci : Sengketa tanah, kompetensi absolut, Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara.

In present scenario cases of infertility arise abundantly which is a serious problem among the present generation as it affects the person mentally hence can deteriorate life. There are various etiological factors related to male infertility. In Ayurveda the quality of Shukra is mentioned by various Acharya to produce a healthy progeny. But Shukra Dushti can lead to differently abled or no progeny. There are various types of Shukra Dushti mentioned by Acharya Sushrut, Ksheena -Shukra is one of them. Aim: To compare the efficacy of Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna and Ashwattha Churna alone in Ksheena Shukra (oligozoospermia). Objective: To assess the efficacy of Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna in Ksheena Shukra and to assess the efficacy of Ashwattha Churna alone in Ksheena Shukra and to detect increase in sperm count. Methods: It is open label, randomized, interventional and comparative study. Group A - In this group Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna was given. Group B - In this group Ashwattha Churna was given. Result: Group A (Virechana Karma followed by Ashwattha Churna) there was an increase of 55% in sperm count, increase of 11.6% in sperm motility, relief in Maithuna Ashakti is 50%, relief in Medra Vrishna Vedana is 32%, and relief in Chiraat Prashek is 32%. Conclusion: Both group shows statistically significant results in parameters i.e., Maithuna Ashakti, Medra Vrishna Vedana, Chiraat Prashek, sperm count, motility.

Penal policy of courts in the context of criminal law reform.Preliminary research resultsThe subject matter of the article is the penal policy of courts of law implemented in 2005 and 2010, and in the years 2014–2015, presented based on court statistics. The principal objective of the discussion is to find the answer to the question of whether the penal code reform implementedby the Act of 20 February 2015, which became effective on 1 July 2015, brought about the expected changes in the jurisprudence. The preliminary results of the research demonstrated that the penal code reform did to an extent result in the expected changes in the penal policy, because, after its implementation, the extent to which the penalty of imprisonment with conditional suspension of its enforcement was imposed decreased, and the importance of the penalty of restriction of liberty increased. Also, the importance of the so-called mixed penalties increased. However, contrary to the expectations, the importance of unconditional imprisonment did not decrease and, instead, its share increased from 12.1% in 2014 to 14.4% in 2015.

Author(s): Ivica Manasievski | Ивица Манасиевски Title (Macedonian): Кон Karma Lochrie et al. (Eds.), Constructing Medieval Sexuality Title (Albanian): Për Karma Lochrie et al. (Eds.), Constructing Medieval Sexuality Translated by (Macedonian to Albanian): Lindita Ahmeti Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 2002) Publisher: Research Center in Gender Studies - Skopje and Euro-Balkan Institute Page Range: 185-188 Page Count: 4 Citation (Macedonian): Ивица Манасиевски, „Кон Karma Lochrie et al. (Eds.), Constructing Medieval Sexuality“, Идентитети: списание за политика, род и култура, т. 1, бр. 2 (зима 2001): 185-188. Citation (Albanian): Ivica Manasievski, „Për Karma Lochrie et al. (Eds.), Constructing Medieval Sexuality“, përkthim nga Maqedonishtja Lindita Ahmeti, Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 2002): 185-188.

Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tugas dan peran pengadilan agama dalam menyelesaikan kasus harta gono gini sebagai upaya penyelesaian konflik keluarga pasca bercerai suami dan istri (studi kasus di Pengadilan Agama Mataram). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekataan deskriptif. Subyek penelitian atau informan dalam penelitian ini adalah Kepala Pengadilan Agama, Hakim, dan Panitera Pengadilan Agama Mataram. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Sumber data yang digunakan yaitu sumber data primer, Teknik analisis data adalah reduksi data, penyajian data, dan menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa tugas dan peran pengadilan agama mataram dalam menyelesaikan kasus harta gono gini yaitu : Tugas dan Peran Pengadilan Agama Mataram yaitu menerima, memeriksa, memutuskan, mengadili dan menyelesaikan perkara yang diaajukan oleh para pihak penggugat., dan Proses penyelesaian dan pertimbangan hakim dalam menentukan pembagian harta gono gini yaitu : Hakim dalam proses pembagian harta bersama yaitu membagi harta bersama tersebut sama-sama ½ (seperdua) penggugat dan tergugat sedangkan hakim dalam mempertimbangkan pembagian harta gono gini atau harta bersama tidak mesti terpaku terhadap UU tetapi sebagai hakim proses pertimbangan pembagian harta gono gini harus berdasarkan rasa keadilan karna hakim sendiri mempunyai asas kontralegen.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the duties and roles of religious courts in resolving inheritance cases as an effort to resolve family conflicts after divorce (a case study at the Mataram Religious Court). This research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The research subjects of the study were the Head of the Religious Courts, Judges, and Registrars of the Mataram Religious Court. Data collection methods used were observation, interviews, and documentation. Sources of data used were primary data sources; data analysis techniques were data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that the duties and roles of the Mataram Religious Court in resolving the case of the Mataram Religious Court are the Duties and Roles of the Mataram Religious Court such as receiving, examining, deciding, adjudicating and completing cases filed by the plaintiffs, and the process of settlement and judges' considerations. In determining the distribution of assets of inheritance, the judges in the process of sharing joint assets are dividing the joint assets together ½ (half) of the plaintiff and the defendant, while the judge in considering the distribution of assets or joint assets does not have to be fixated on the law but as a judge in consideringthe process of the distribution of assets must be based on a sense of justice because the judges themselves have theprinciple of contralegem.

The combined decisions of the UK Supreme Court and Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in R v. Jogee; Ruddock v. The Queen caused upheaval in the English law on criminal complicity. The Supreme Court/Privy Council decided that the law on criminal complicity „took a wrong turn” 33 years ago in the Privy Council ruling in Chan Wing-Siu which concerned a controversial doctrine of parasitic joint enterprise liability. According to the said doctrine, if A and B set out to commit a crime X (e.g. robbery) and B foresees that A might commit crime Y (e.g. murder) in the course of committing crime X, B will be liable for crime Y, even if he does not intend that crime Y be committed. The mere fact of foresight on B’s part is enough for him to be criminally liable. Decision in Jogee; Ruddock is of seminal importance as it overturned the doctrine of parasitic joint enterprise liability. It is doubtful, however, to what extent the Supreme Court has resolved the problems that have bedeviled this area of law. This article presents in outline the English law on criminal complicity and attempts to assess the changes that were introduced in Jogee; Ruddock. A number of issues still call for further refinement and resolution. It appears, however, that the emphasis the Supreme Court put on intention as a required standard of fault, draws, at least superficially, the continental (Polish and German) and English criminal law closer together in terms of mens rea requirements for secondary liability.

As per today’s lifestyle, stress and sedentary work habits are being the biggest cause for infertility. The objective of the case study is to use Panchkarma procedure to increase the sperm count for a healthy progeny. A 29 year old married man visited the OPD of department of Panchakarma of Sidramppa Danigond Memorial Trust”s Ayurvedic Medical College Terdal on 19-09-2020. He had complained of decreased sexual interest and generalized weakness also. It is pathological condition of Shukra in which there may be reduced sperm count. In classics many Shukra Janaka drugs are explained in Ksheena Shukra condition. The patient was treated using Basti Karma and supportive Ayurvedic therapy for Ksheena Shukra. This case was managed with Anuvasan basti for 10 days and then the patient was administered Shaman Chikitsa for 30 days. The detail of this case highlights the role of Shodhana and Shamana Chikitsa in the management of Oligospermia.

Ear disorders have a wide range of sharing in a load of global illnesses, and their incidences with a continuous hike and difficulty can be contributed to the obscure understanding of the causative agents, including their action mechanisms in the generation of ear pathology. Karna roga has been well theorized in all the authoritative textbooks. Nidana is the first component of ‘Trisutra’ and is not only the triggering factor but also the initial diagnostic tool, which help learn the course of disease progression. Relevant content of the selected topic was obtained from classics, journals and online search portals for a judicious review. The Acharya in Shalakya has provided an ample account of Karna roga nidana, including their count, causative factors and pathogenesis, which can be compared with their recent counterparts and interpreted in modern ways for a clearer perspective of ear disorders.

Dario urops, new species, is described from a small stream of the Barapole tributary of Valapattanam River in southern Karna-taka and from Wayanad District, Kerala. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a conspicuous blackblotch on the caudal peduncle and a horizontal suborbital stripe, by the anterior dorsal fin lappets in males not being produced beyond fin spines, and by its vertebral count.

The decision of the Delhi High Court in the matter of NTT DoCoMo Inc vs Tata Sons Limited and the settlement thereof in the year 2017 has attracted significant attention from all stakeholders. The case involves an analysis of the foreign direct investment policy and the regime regarding foreign investments in India and exits of foreign investors from companies in India. The dispute involves an interplay of interpretation of contracts and the role of the Reserve Bank of India. While the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 does not permit “assured returns” to a foreign investor at the time of its exit, it appears that the arbitral tribunal, and the DHC took a favoured view when it came to NTT DoCoMo Inc. The decision of the DHC, upholding the foreign arbitral award for a contract that was in obvious violation of FEMA was quite startling. Unfortunately, this rationale was also used by the Supreme Court in the case of Vijay Karia & Others vs Prysiman Cavi E Sistemi SLR & Others, which further compounds this issue. The Apex Court accepted the view of DHC in the NTT Docomo case, and held that a violation of the provisions of the FEMA does not result in a “breach of public policy of India”. This paper aims to analyse and critiq the decisions taken by the arbitral tribunal, DHC and the Supreme Court in the case of NTT DoCoMo Inc vs Tata Sons Limite and Vijay Karia & Others vs Prysiman Cavi E Sistemi SLR & Others. Besides legality, these two cases also raise serious concerns regarding the quality of corporate governance of companies and the professional ethics of legal advisory services, which has been discussed further in this paper. In the author’s view, RBI, as a custodian of the foreign currency reserves and implementer of FEMA, is best placed to interpret the regulations and operational guidelines issued under FEMA. The decision in these two cases, where the parties have used the international arbitration clause to bye-pass the laws of India, has now provided a template for parties to enter into contracts with a deliberate intention to bypass the provisions of the law, and indulge in unethical practices. The paper tries to elucidate how these cases have set an incorrect precedent as regards assured returns in India. Keywords: “assured returns”, “international arbitration”, “Tata - NTT Docomo Dispute”, “pricing guidelines”

Pada organisasi SI TI merupakan bagian yang terpenting dalam kegiatan pelayanan dan kelancaran aktivitas operasional bisnis, Pengadilan Negeri Salatiga menggunakan E-Court aplikasi dari Mahkamah Agung yang difungsikan sebagai wadah pelayanan masyarakat untuk penanganan perkara, yakni pendafttaran perkara (e-filing), pembayaran panjar online (e-Payment), pemanggilan elektronik (e-Summons) dan persidangan elektronik (e-Litigation). Pada PN Salatiga dalam penanganan insiden masih belum menggunakan acuan yang digunakan untuk pengelolaaan insiden secara terstruktur, sehingga proses penyelesaian tidak berjalan secara optimal. Jika terdapat insiden pada salah E-Court, akan berdampak pada kepuasan layanan terhadap pengguna. Oleh karna itu PN Salatiga membutuhkan incident management dengan pengelolaan insiden yang optimal sesuai dengan standar. Kerangka kerja yang digunakan yaitu ITIL V4 dengan komponen utamanya adalah service value system dan 4 dimensi. Dimensi keempat adalah value stream dan process yang mana pada value stream memungkinkan memiliki gambaran untuk melakukan perbaikan terus menerus. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang dapat mempermudah melihat kondisi incident management pada PN Salatiga. Penelitian ini untuk bertujuan untuk mengetahui Penanganan insiden PN salatiga dengan value stream Pada incident management ITIL V4. Menjelaskan perbandingan proses penanganan incident yang diterapkan dengan incident management pada ITIL. SOP incident managemet disusun yang sekiranya dapat dijadikan untuk menunjang layanan manajemen insiden pada PN Salatiga.

The purpose of this study was to determine income, tax services, knowledge of taxation, and tax law enforcement affect taxpayer compliance. The population in this study were all land and building taxpayers in Suralaga District (Tebaban Village, Paok Lombok Village, and Dasan Borok Village) in 2019 totaling 3,391 people and using the slovin formula in sampling. The sampling technique used cluster proportional random sampling technique and the sample in this study was 357 respondents. Data analysis method using multiple linear regression analysis model. The results of this study can be concluded that income does not have a partial and significant effect on taxpayer compliance because the t-count value is smaller than t-table (-0.792<1.65251) and the significance value is greater than 0.05 (0.425>0.05), service Taxes have an effect on taxpayer compliance because the t-count value is greater than t-table (2.364> 1.65251) and the significance value is less than 0.05 (0.019<0.05), knowledge of taxation has a partial and significant effect on taxpayer compliance because the value t count is greater than t table (1.839<1.65251) and the significance level is greater than 0.05 (0.067>0.05), tax law enforcement has no partial and significant effect on taxpayer compliance because the t-count value is smaller than t table (0.577<1.65251) and the significance level is greater than 0.05 (0.564>0.05), the results of the statistical analysis of determination obtained R^2 square of 0.039, which means that the effect of the independent variable den to the dividend variable is 39%. Keywords: Income, Tax Services, Tax Knowledge, Tax Law Enforcement, Taxpayer Compliance. ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pendapatan, pelayanan pajak, pengetahuan perpajakan, dan penegakan hukum pajak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua wajib pajak bumi dan bangunan di Kecamatan Suralaga (Desa Tebaban, Desa Paok Lombok, dan Desa Dasan Borok) pada tahun 2019 berjumlah 3.391 orang dan menggunakan rumus slovin dalam penerikan sampel. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik cluster proporsional random sampling dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 357 responden. Metode analisis data dengan menggunakan model analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan pendapatan tidak berpengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak karna nilai t hitung lebih kecil dari t tabel (-0,792<1.65251) dan nilai signifikansi lebih besar dari 0,05 (0,425>0,05), pelayanan pajak berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak karna nilai t hitung lebih besar dari t tabel (2.364>1.65251) dan nilai signifikansi lebih kecil dari 0,05 (0,019<0,05), pengetahuan perpajakan berpengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak karna nilai t hitung lebih besar dari t tabel (1.839<1.65251) dan tingkat signifikansi lebih besar dari 0,05 (0,067>0,05) , penegakan hukum pajak tidak berpengaruh secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak karna nilai t hitung lebih kecil dari t tabel (0,577<1.65251) dan tingkat signifikansi lebih besar dari 0,05 (0,564>0,05), hasil analisis statistik determinasi diperoleh square sebesar 0,039 mengandung arti bahwa pengaruh pariabel independen terhadap variabel devenden adalah 39 %. Kata Kunci: Pendapatan, Pelayanan Pajak, Pengetahuan Perpajakan, Penegakan Hukum Pajak, Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak.

Multidrug resistance in the notorious bacterial strains is accounting for a tremendous increase in global mortality rate. The upcoming new generation antibiotics are granting a perceptive provision in this issue but the superbugs have enforced these antimicrobial agents to surrender by developing the innovative variation in their genes/ plasmids. So alternatives are desired to combat this problem. Herbal drugs may broaden this spectrum of antimicrobial agents by offering safer and promising approach. Dhupana karma is such a modality known for its antimicrobial activity due to its indication in infectious diseases as per classical texts. The present study included fumigation on Staphyloccus aureus with four Dhupana formulations to assess their antimicrobial activity. The assessment criteria taken was mean bacterial colony count after 20 min of fumigation compared with control (without fumigation). Statistical analysis was done using Anova test and Tukey Kramer comparison test. The % change in mean colony count of B1 (S.aureus) after 20 min of fumigation was found to be 76.61 % with drug D1 (Nimbadi Dhupa), 84.13 % with drug D2 (Kumaragara Dhupa), 80.51 % with drug D3 (Dashanga Dhupa) and 98.94 % with drug D4 (Gana Dhupa).

Abstract This article examines the case of Karla Galarza v. Washington, DC Board of Education. On April 3, 1947, Karla Galarza refused to accept the board's directive to withdraw from the Black segregated Margaret Murray Washington Vocational School. Her father, Dr. Ernesto Galarza, supported her decision and worked to challenge the expulsion, and the system of segregation, as unconstitutional. The authors analyze materials from regional and national archives, oral accounts, legal documents, and personal collections, focusing on Dr. Galarza's voice in over one hundred pages of correspondence. Dr. Galarza brought together an interracial legal team, including Charles Hamilton Houston, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Civil Liberties Union, the American Jewish Congress, and the National Lawyers Guild. Dr. Galarza lauded the pedagogy of a Black teacher and the pluralism cultivated in a Black school community as evidence of democracy in action. The legal team proposed that Karla's expulsion constituted a violation of the Fifth Amendment, naming education as a property right. However, after extensive research and discussion across ten months, the organizations determined they should not pursue the case in court. The authors assert that this attempted legal intervention is an unnamed forerunner in the attack on Plessy v. Ferguson and complicates previous narratives of the long struggle to end school segregation.

<p>The gloss approves the position of the Supreme Court presented in the judgement of 17 October 2017 (III KK 103/17). Trafficking in human beings cannot be understood only as a commercial transaction involving the transfer of a person’s property to another entity in return for other benefits. At the same time, it should be emphasized that even the possible consent of the aggrieved party does not affect the crime of this procedure. The definition of trafficking in human beings should be understood broadly, and its interpretation should be governed by EU and international law. When interpreting norms, it is possible to use the norms of international law, especially self-executing standards, as an interpretative guideline, although they are not formally in law.</p>

The publication deals with the issue of determining the place where a prohibited act was committed and the impact of this place on the possibility of applying the territoriality principle, and thus the criminal jurisdiction of Polish courts.

The purpose of this study was to examine the microbiological quality and consumer safety of frozen black mussels purchased from four different markets (A, B, C, D) in the İzmir Province of Turkey. A total of 36 frozen black mussel packages, which contained approximately 50 mussels in each, were purchased from the markets. They were not only examined for total mesophilic, psychrotrophic, coliform and fecal coliform bacteria count but also investigated for pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio spp. According to the results of the mesophilic bacteria counts, frozen black mussels did not exceed the microbiological limits set for safe consumption. The findings showed that frozen black mussels purchased from (A, B, C, D) of markets were safe for human consumption because pathogenic bacteria species such as E.coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and Vibrio spp. were not present in the frozen mussel samples.

The question of compensation in addition to sensitive to be driving someone to worl due to an effect on morale and discipline employees. Therefore , any agency or any organization should be able to provide compensation equal to the workload to create a workforce that efficient and effective manner can be realized. Amaore than that, the company’s goal to improve performance. Performance assessment is a subjective process that involves human judgments. Thus, performance assessment is very likely wrong and very easily influonced by sources that are not actual, so it must be taken into account and considered reasinable. Frformance appraisals are considered to meet the target if it has a good impact on new employees who rated their performance. Simple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 12:00 data processing obtained tegression equation Y = 0,487 X 74 + with an explanation of X = award, 74 = constant, 0.487 = coefficient awards, and Y = performance based on simple linear regression equation in case of increase of one unit of the performance award will be increased 0.487 units. If company policy negates the performance award will remain at a constant rate (74) units . (A) Test results obtained thitung significant constants of (12.574) > t table for (1.960 then reject Ho constanta significant meaning. (B) significant Test award coefficient t count the results obtained by (2.164)> t table foe (1.96) then reject Ho the mean coeffent of appreciation affect the performance . (C) correlation coefficient analysis is done by calculating the product moment corration (pearson) to test whether or not a strong relationship between the variables X dan Y , based on the results of cakculations with SPSS table valuse obtained by calculating the correlation coefficient r (0.3100> r on the table for a = 0,05 (0.291) then reject Ho, which means there is a relationship of respect for performance. When we enter these valuse in the table shows the interpretation of the correlation coefficient between the interval from 0.20 to 0.399 which has a low relationship

The article presents the practice of law enforcement authorities and courts in the interpretation and application of Art. 233 § 1a k.k. The article points to discrepancies in the scope of the rights of defense following the 2016 amendment. What is more important, the work emphasises that this heterogeneity translates into relativism of criminal liability according to the views of a particular authority on the understanding of Art. 233 § 1a of the k.k. Law enforcement authorities, as well as courts on the same appeal, often present different view of the issue. The work also draws attention to the increasing phenomenon of violations of Art. 313 k.p.k., in connection with the content of Art. 233 § 1a k.k., which in some cases becomes an instrument for verifying the truthfulness of suspects questioned as witnesses. The article also draws attention to the increase in criminalisation of secondary criminal liability under Art. 233 § 1a k.k., for the offence originally committed.

THE INFLUENCE OF LAW REGULATIONS ‘‘THE TEACHER’S CHART” ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PARISHES — BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF MIRSK PARISHThe following article is atrial to reflect upon the way the legal regulations — the Teacher’s Chart frames the budget of local territorial governments, in this case the parish of Mirsk, and in particular influences the dynamics of capital investments. These in turn has amajor impact on the social–economic development. In the initial considerations, Iconducted adetailed analysis of the teacher’s wages broken down accordingly to the teacher’s qualifications and main components of the pension. Ialso analyzed the origin of entitlements that derive form the above mentioned act. Next, Ipointed out the sources of financing education, both from the state budget and the local governments. Ipresented examples of schools of adifferent status than state schools together with motivating and determining factors that led the local governments to such decisions quoting the court and administrative judicial decisions. In the subsequent part of the article which is dedicated to the analysis of the budget’s incomes and expenses connected with education in Mirsk parish, in charts I enclosed detailed actual state of education in this parish.The data depicts the state of affairs both from the organizational and finical side, in 2012 and 2013. This comparison shows that the Mirsk parish in year 2013 alloted 1,375,837 zł 7,93% of the total income from its own funds, to finance the current functioning of education basic wages and several entitlements listed at the beginning of this article. This sum decreased the sum for capital investments in the infrastructure area in Mirsk parish, such as building of roads, water-supply network or the sewage system. These factors have amajor impact on the social–economic development of the parish. The following article recommends several propositions of reconstruction of school network on the parish territory together with enlisting potential savings deriving from these propositions. The summary of the article encloses the criticism of the existing normative solutions together with the final conclusion that for the last 25 years there has been aconstant lack of political possibility to actually improve and modernize this provision of the law.

<strong>Introduction:</strong> <em>Svedana Karma</em> (Sudation) is a therapeutic procedure used to pacify <em>Vata, Kapha Dosha</em> and also helps in detoxification of the body. Various methods have been described to induce sweating as per the disorder and the type of Dosha involved in pathogenesis. <em>Sarvanga Ruksha svedana</em> used in the present study is a type of <em>Sagni Sveda</em> (<em>Kuti Sveda</em>) in which heat is applied without prior <em>Abhyanga</em> (massage with oil). <strong>Objectives:</strong> To analyze certain physiological, haematological and biochemical parameters in blood and sweat and also to understand the mechanism of effects produced by <em>Sarvanga Ruksha Svedan</em>. <strong>Methods:</strong> An exploratory study was conducted on 30 clinically healthy subjects in the age group of 20-30 years. They were registered for the study after their written consent for <em>Svedan</em> procedure. The impact of <em>Svedan</em> was observed in terms of subject’s pulse rate (PR), blood pressure (BP), Temperature and biochemical parameters like complete blood count (CBC), and renal function test (RFT), lipid profile, sweat biochemical analysis. Assessment of <em>Prakriti</em> was done as per the predominance of <em>Dosha</em>. <strong>Results:</strong> The changes observed in the BP, PR, temperature, hemoglobin (Hb), CBC, biochemical parameters such as serum and sweat electrolytes, blood lipid levels, serum urea, creatinine have shown significant effect of Sarvanga Ruksh <em>Svedan</em>. The difference in responses has been found to vary as per <em>Prakriti</em> also. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Present study has shown several interesting findings leading to scientific interpretation of<em> Svedan Karma</em> and physiology of <em>Svedavaha Srotas</em> and also has provided a lead for future research in this area.

Teachers are learning agents who have a very important role in educating the nation to achieve educational goals. As a learning agent, teachers must have a passion for work in carrying out their duties. If they do not have a passion for work, how can they guide their students to achieve the specified minimum learning competencies? Therefore, work passion is a problem that needs to be given a solution through motivation. This study aims to determine whether motivation has an effect on work passion, with the object of research being the teachers at SMP Negeri 2 Belitang OKU Timur. The hypothesis proposed is that "There is a significant influence between motivation on the morale of teachers at SMP Negeri 2 Belitang OKU Timur". Data collection techniques by means of library research, field, and questionnaires. While the analytical tools used are qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Based on the calculation, it turns out that r = 0.797 after being consulted with a conservative standard, it turns out that 0.797 lies between 0.600 - 0.799 which mean it belongs to a strong correlation or influence. Then to answer the hypothesis proposed in the previous chapter has a relationship or not, then tested by testing the hypothesis and obtained t = 3.6393 and "t" table obtained 1.860. It can be concluded that the "t" count is greater than the "t" table, namely 3.6393> 1.860. Thus the hypothesis can be accepted (Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected). As for the suggestions that can be given to achieve optimal goals from the agency, it is better if a leader gives encouragement or motivation to teachers in the agency environment so that teachers can work in accordance with what is expected by the agency.

Tujuan penelitian menganalisis Efektifitas Putusan Hak Asuh Anak dan Pertimbangan Hakim di Pengadilan Agama Polewali Mandar dalam memberikan hak pemeliharaan atau hak asuh anak kepada salah satu dari orang tuanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian empiris Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) evektifitas putusan hakim terhadap hak asuh anak akibat perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Polewali Mandar No.195/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Plw terlaksana sudah efektif karna dilaksanakan dengan baik dan memenuhi syarat sesuai dengan putusan Pengadilan Agama dalam pemenuhan hak asuh anak; (2) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi putusan hakim terhadap hak asuh anak akibat perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Polewali Mandar , yaitu faktor agama dan faktor materi. Pertimbangan hakim dalam menetapkan hak pemeliharaan anak atau hak asuh anak, selain pertimbangan hukum yang dilakukan, hakim juga melihat kepentingan-kepentingan anak, supaya hak pemeliharaan anak atau hak asuh anak tepat kepada siapa di dapatkan. Hakim juga menggunakan hadist Al-Qur’an dalam mempertimbangkan putusan tentang hak asuh anak. This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection against children through diversion The research objective is to analyze the effectiveness of child custody decisions and judges' judgments at the Polewali Mandar Religious Court in providing custody or custody of children to one of the parents. This study uses an empirical research approach. The results show that: (1) the effectiveness of the judge's decision on child custody due to divorce at the Polewali Mandar Religious Court No.195 / Pdt.G / 2020 / PA.Plw has been implemented effectively because it is implemented well and fulfills requirements in accordance with the decision of the Religious Court in fulfilling child custody rights; (2) the factors affecting the judge's decision on child custody due to divorce at the Polewali Mandar Religious Court, namely religious factors and material factors. Judges considerations in determining child care or child custody rights, in addition to the legal considerations made, the judge also looks at the interests of the child, so that the right to care for the child or the right to custody of the child is right to whom it is obtained. The judge also used the hadith from the Qur'an in considering decisions about child custody.

As per the World Health Organization (WHO) report in India, the overall prevalence of primary infertility ranges between 3.9 to 16.8%. A recent report on status of infertility states that, 50% is related to reproductive anomalies or disorders in the male, in which 90% of male infertility problems are related to Oligospermia and other abnormalities in semen analysis. As per Ayurveda, Oligospermia can be considered as Ksheena Shukra. Surgery, Hormone treatments, Medications and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) are the main line of treatment in Conventional medicine, but these are associated with many unwanted and serious adverse effects. The present case discussion is about the effective management of a case diagnosed as Ksheena Shukra (Oligospermia) with Ayurvedic intervention, which was posted for ART and Hormone therapy. The aim of this case report is to evaluate the effect of Ayurvedic treatment in the management of Ksheena Shukra. In this case study, Shodhana procedures (especially Virechana karma) were performed before the administration of Rasayana and Vajikarana drugs, which are Narasimha rasayana, Bhringarajasavam, Ashwagandha churna. The pre and post Semen analysis on the treatment period shows, marked increase in sperm count and motility. The outcome of this case reveals that the Oligospermia associated with male infertility can be effectively managed by Ayurvedic treatments.

Perubahan UUD 1945 yang telah dilakukan MPR membuktikan, bahwa ada benturan kepentingan sehingga menjadikan perubahan konstitusi yang ‘tambal sulam’ dan tidak berorientasi kepentingan jangka panjang, serta jauh dari kata memuaskan karena ‘elitis’ dan kurang partisipatif, maka perubahan konstitusi seharusnya tidak dilakukan oleh satu lembaga saja yang dalam hal ini adalah MPR. Oleh karna itu, penting kirannya melibatkan Mahkamah Konstitusi agar tercipta hasil perubahan UUD NRI 1945 yang partisipatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang apa urgensi pelibatan mahkamah konstitusi dalam perubahan Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, dan bagaimana prospektif pelibatan mahkamah konstitusi dalam perubahan undang undang dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini mengunakan Jenis penelitian normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Urgensi pelibatan MK dalam perubahan Undang Undang Dasar di dasarkan pada beberapa hal, antara lain: Pertama, terdapat banyak kelemahan dalam amandemen pertama sampai dengan amandemen ke-empat; Kedua, Eksistensi MPR sebagai lembaga politik; ketiga, Pelakasanaan prinsip Checks and Balance System; Keempat, Perwujudan MK sebagai The Guardian Of Consitution. Bahwa Prospektif pelibatan MK dalam perubahan UUD NRI 1945 adalah dengan menekankan pada political good will dari MPR untuk menyusun Mekanisme perubahan UUD NRI 1945 dengan melibatkan MK sebagai lembaga negara yang memberikan Sertfikasi Konstitusi dari hasil kajian perubahan yang dilakukan oleh Komisi konstitusi sebelum mendapatkan persetujuan dari MPR untuk ditetapkan sebagai hasil perubahan UUD 1945 yang baru. hasil dari mekanisme perubahan konstitusi dengan melibatkan MK ini ditujukan untuk menghasilkan perubahan konstitusi yang bersifat the people of the constitution.The amendments of the 1945 Constitution that the MPR has done proves that there is a conflict of interest that makes constitutional changes ‘patchy' and not oriented to a long term interest and far from satisfying because of 'elitist' and less participatory. Thus, the changes to the constitution should not be carried out by one institution only which in this case is the MPR. Therefore, it is important to involve the Constitutional Court in order to create a participatory change in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to find out about the urgency of involving the Constitutional Court in the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and how prospective the Constitutional Court to involve in the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study uses a type of normative research and several approaches, namely; law approach (statue approach), comparative approach, and conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that the urgency of involving the Constitutional Court in amending the Constitution is based on several things, including: First, the weaknesses in the first amendment to the fourth amendment; Second, the existence of the MPR as a political institution; third, the implementation of the Checks and Balance System principle; Fourth, the realization of the Constitutional Court as the Guardian of Constitution. The prospective involvement of the Constitutional Court in the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is to emphasize the political goodwill of the MPR to develop a mechanism for amending the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia by involving the Constitutional Court as a state institution which provides a review of changes made by the constitution before obtaining approval from the MPR to be determined as a result of the amendment to the new 1945 Constitution. The result of the constitutional change mechanism by involving the Constitutional Court was intended to produce constitutional changes that have the character the people of the constitution.

One of the most extensive and interesting aristocratic libraries in early Baroque Bohemia was built by Count Ignác Karel of Šternberk (Ignaz Karl von Sternberg) in his family seat at Zelená Hora Castle near Nepomuk in the last third of the 17th century. A large part of the defunct Zelená Hora library later somehow found its way to the National Library of the Czech Republic in Prague, where it now forms the largest extant collection of aristocratic libraries. This study deals with a recently discovered volume from the fragmentarily preserved series of library catalogues of the count’s library. The 1684 catalogue covers the shelf mark B ‘Ex Classe Scripturistarum’, which contained an impressive collection of literature necessary for reading and studying the Bible. The vast majority of the books date from the 17th century and were published abroad, mostly in Paris, Lyon and Antwerp. The study presents an edition of the catalogue and attempts to identify extant copies. Out of the total of 149 shelf marks, it has been possible to find 18 books, including three binder’s volumes, which means 22 books printed abroad in 1605–1684. It is worth mentioning the presence of Jansenist and anti-Jansenist works in the count’s library.

8021 Background: The anti-BCMA autologous CAR T cell therapy ide-cel has achieved deep and durable responses in RRMM patients (Munshi, N Engl J Med 2021). Prior studies have described the correlation between patient characteristics and clinical outcomes from CD19 CAR T cell therapy (Finney, J Clin Invest 2019; Fraietta, Nat Med 2018). We sought to define patient profiles correlated with manufacturing and clinical endpoints in RRMM patients treated with ide-cel in clinical trials using unsupervised clustering and multivariate machine learning across multiple key variable domains. Methods: Clinical and manufacturing data were harmonized across 164 RRMM patients treated with ide-cel in KarMMa (NCT03361748) and KarMMa-2 cohort 1 (NCT03601078). Based on individual multivariate importance, 10 selected peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), drug product (DP), and in-process cell growth variables were used to define patient clusters. Random forest classifiers were generated to identify patient characteristics associated with manufacturing and clinical endpoints. Wilcoxon rank sum and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare 2 and 3+ categorical groups; Cox proportional hazards were used to compare groups with time-to-event data. Results: Using an unsupervised method, 4 patient clusters were identified that represented 10%, 57%, 15%, and 18%, respectively, of the total 164 patients. Cluster 4 was the most favorable and was characterized by a higher frequency of T cells in PBMCs; increased T-cell size during manufacturing; higher DP T-cell transduction, potency, and vector copy number; and ultimately a > 3-fold higher CAR T cell yield compared with the least favorable cluster 1. Cluster 2 contained most patients and was associated with intermediate manufacturing endpoints. Patients in cluster 4 had a higher complete response rate, longer progression-free survival, and were defined by lower tumor burden, higher absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), and longer washout period after alkylator treatment, among others (Table). Conclusions: The current study identified patient profiles in RRMM using accessible laboratory or medical history data that correlated with longitudinal outcomes. These findings may inform patients likely to achieve improved outcomes with CAR T cell therapy. Clinical trial information: NCT03361748. [Table: see text]

REMARKS ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CONTINUOUS CRIME IN VIEW OF THE DRAFT AMENDMENT TO THE PENAL CODE OF 25 JANUARY 2019The study contains an analysis and evaluation of some legal solutions proposed in the draft amendment to criminal law of 25 January 2019, especially regarding the sentence, both statutory and judicial. Attention was paid to changes that constitute the most vivid manifestations of the tendency clearly outlined in the draft — expressed explicitly in the assumptions of the postulated changes — towards increasing the repressive norms of the Penal Code of 1997. This is carried out on three main levels — 1 increasing the severity of sanctions for individual, selected types of crimes, 2 extending the application of the extraordinary institution to tighten the penalties and 3 changes to the court directive on the sentence. The study focuses on changes concerning the foundations and rules of the extraordinary progression of punishment, in particular on the modification referring to criminal liability for an offense committed in the conditions of a continuous act covered by the formula of Article 12 § 1 of the Penal Code. In this case, the project provides for mandatory toughening of the penalty by raising the lower liability threshold by half, and the upper one by two. In this regard, both the arguments of the position approving such a solution and the views of the part of the criminal law doctrine which fully accepts the law adopted in the Penal Code of 1997 and which are binding in this respect are presented.

ABSTRAKNotaris adalah pejabat umum yang berwenang membuat akta autentik dan memiliki kewenangan yang lainnya sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang jabatan Notaris atau berdasarkan Undang-Undang lainnya. Dalam Pasal 16 Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris disebutkan bahwa salah satu tugas Notaris adalah bertindak jujur dan amanah dalam menjalankan jabatannya. Namun dalam praktiknya banyak Notaris yang dipanggil pengadilan untuk mempertanggungjawabkan akta autentik yang dibuatnya karna mengandung unsur melawan hukum. Tindakan Notaris tersebut tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan dan Kode Etik Notaris dan telah menimbulkan kerugian kepada banyak pihak.Kata Kunci: Notaris, Akta Autentik, pertanggungjawaban, melawan hukum.ABSTRACTNotary is a public official authorized to make an authentic deed and has other authority as referred to in the Law of Public Notary or other Law. Article 16 of the Notary Law is mentioned that one of Notary's duties is to act in an honest and trustful manner in carrying out his / her position. In practice, however, many Notaries are summoned by the courts to account for the authentic deeds they make because they contain elements against the law. The act of Notary is not in accordance with the laws and the Notary Code of Ethics and has caused loss to many parties.Keywords: Notary, Authentic deed, Accountability, Againts the law

Background: Changes of coagulation profile have been described in patients with B-Thalassemia major. Prolongation of prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and reduced levels of coagulation factors and natural anticoagulants have been variously described though the mechanisms involved in the thrombotic tendency seen in some Thalassemia patients have not been fully clarified.Objectives: To investigate changes in the coagulation profile in patients with B-Thalassemia according to the available hemostatic parameters in Thalassemia patients in Al-Karama Teaching Hospital in Wasit governorate.Methods: Hemostatic variables were studied in pre-transfusion blood samples from 50 transfusion-dependent children with Beta Thalassemia (mean age 13.2 years) and from 20 healthy controls.Results: Laboratory evaluation showed thrombocytopenia in 43.5%, prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) in 54% and prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in 56% of the patients. All measured coagulation factors level were low in activity as compared with control group. Serum ferritin had positive correlation with PTT and PT (r=0.12 and r=0.11 respectively) and significant negative correlation with platelet count (r=-0.3).Conclusions: Changes in the hemostasis in Thalassemia patients is notifiable.These laboratory finding may be subclinical, but play important role in anticipation of future hemorrhagic manifestation and thrombotic events.

Cel pracy: Porównanie charakteru obrażeń części twarzowej i mózgowej czaszki skutkujących zgonem lub ciężkim uszczerbkiem na zdrowiu, powstałych w wyniku uderzania pięścią w część twarzową czaszki. Ocena i konfrontacja obu grup w zakresie ostatecznej prawno-karnej kwalifikacji czynu. Analiza uzasadnień wyroków sądów pod kątem strony podmiotowej czynu zabronionego. Próba zweryfikowania hipotezy zakładającej możliwość spowodowania zgonu albo ciężkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu przez jedno uderzenie pięścią w część twarzową czaszki. Materiał i metody: Prawomocne orzeczenia Wydziałów Karnych Sądów Powszechnych dotyczące sytuacji, w których przyczynę zgonu lub ciężkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu stanowiły obrażenia części twarzowej i mózgowej czaszki powstałe wyłącznie od uderzania pięścią w część twarzową czaszki. Ocena poszczególnych przypadków w obrębie każdej z grup pod kątem podobieństw i różnic. Analiza porównawcza obu grup. Wyniki: W przypadkach obrażeń części twarzowej czaszki przyczynę zgonu stanowiło uduszenie gwałtowne w przebiegu aspiracji krwi do dróg oddechowych, jednak prawno-karna kwalifikacja działania sprawców w tych przypadkach była zróżnicowana. W jednej sytuacji śmierć była wynikiem obrażeń części mózgowej czaszki, które niezwykle rzadko występują jako następstwo uderzenia pięścią w część twarzową czaszki. Ciężki uszczerbek na zdrowiu spowodowany był utratą widzenia w oku, zwykle wskutek pęknięcia gałki ocznej. Wnioski: Pomimo zbliżonych okoliczności urazu inny mechanizm odpowiadał za doprowadzenie do zgonu, a inny za spowodowanie ciężkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu. Za spowodowanie najpoważniejszych skutków (śmierć i ciężki uszczerbek na zdrowiu) w ani jednym przypadku nie odpowiadało takie samo obrażenie. Jedno uderzenie pięścią w część twarzową czaszki może doprowadzić zarówno do śmierci, jak i do ciężkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu. Prawno-karna ocena uderzania pięścią w twarz może być bardzo zróżnicowana. Opinion-related difficulties related to severe injuries of the facial and cerebral parts of the skull resulting from punching Aim: Comparison of injuries to the facial and cerebral parts of the skull causing death and grievous bodily harm, resulting solely from punches to the facial area of the skull. Assessment and confrontation of both groups in terms of the final criminal-legal classification of the perpetrator’s acts. Review of reasons for court judgements with a focus on the subjective elements of the prohibited act. Attempt to verify the hypothesis assuming that death or grievous bodily harm can be caused by a single punch to the facial part of the skull. Material and methods: Final judgements passed by criminal divisions of common courts of law in cases where death or grievous bodily harm was caused by injuries to the facial and cerebral parts of the skull resulting solely from punches to the facial area of the skull. Assessment of individual cases within each group to determine similarities and differences. Comparative analysis of both groups. Results: The cause of death in cases involving injuries to the facial part of the skull was rapid suffocation following blood aspiration into the respiratory tract. However, the criminal-legal classification of the perpetrators’ actions in these cases was varied. In one case, death resulted from injuries to the cerebral part of the skull, which are extremely rare as a result of a punch to the facial area within the skull. Grievous bodily harm was due to the loss of vision in the eye, typically due to eyeball rupture. Conclusions: Even though the circumstances of the injuries were similar, different mechanisms were responsible for causing death and grievous bodily harm in the victims. The most severe consequences (death and grievous bodily harm) were not caused by injuries of the same type in any of the cases studied. A single punch to the facial part of the skull may be enough to lead to either grievous bodily harm or death, but the criminal-legal assessment of punching to the face can vary greatly.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui Apa yang menjadi pertimbangan utama suatu entitas diakui sebagai negara oleh hukum internasional dan Bagaimana relasi antara spirit International Criminal Court (ICC) dengan prinsip unable and willing terhadap Palestina menurut hukum internasional. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan historis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 1 Konvensi montevidio menyebutkan bahwa ada empat kriteria yang harus dipenuhi oleh sebuah negara baru untuk menjadi sebuah negara berdaulat, yaitu; adanya populasi yang tetap, wilayah, pemerintah, dan kapasitas negara sebagai penunjang dalam melakukan hubungan dengan negara lain. Terdapat pula pengakuan terhadap suatu negara yang terbagi dalam dua bentuk yakni pengakuan secara de jure maupun secara de facto, Palestina telah diakui secara de jure karna dalam praktiknya yang dibuktikan dengan melakukan perjanjian internasional dengan beberapa negara. Bahwa, ICC memiliki empat macam yuridiksi yakni, yuridiksi personal, kriminal, temporal dan territorial. Pasal 17 ayat 2 dan ayat 3 menentukan negara yang dianggap tidak mau (unwilling). ketidaksediaan (unable). Berkenan dengan hal itu kita dapat kembali ke prinsip otomatis yaitu locus delicti bahwa Israel melakukan kejahatan perang di wilayah palestina dan didukung dengan yurisdiksi dari mahkamah tersebut, maka ICC sudah lebih dari cukup untuk mengadili Israel dengan menggunakan yuridiksi prinsip otomatis yang terkandung dalam statute roma 1998. Kriteria unwilling dan unable dapat diperluas penegakkan melalui Pasal 13 Statuta Roma 1998 yang menyatakan bahwa ICC memiliki tiga kewenangan untuk memeriksa kejahatan internasional, jika terdapat suatu kenyakinan bahwa salah satu dan atau seluruh pihak melakukan kejahatan internasional sesuai dengan Pasal 5 Statuta Roma 1998.

Perkara perdata adalah perkara yang terjadi antar satu pihak dengan pihak yang lainnya pada hubungan keperdataan. Permasalahan yang terjadi antara satu pihak dengan pihak lainnya yang tidak bisa diselesaikan oleh para pihak yang berperkara dalam hubungan keperdataan, untuk mendapatkan keadilan yang seadil-adilnya maka perkara dapat diajukan melaluia pengadilan. Dimasa pandemi covid-19 persidangan biasanyan dilaksanakan secara konvensional /offline, namun beralih dilakukan dalam bentuk persidangan secara online untuk menghindari penyebaran covid-19. Pandemi bukan penghalang dalam melakukan persidangan secara virtual dapat membantu para pencari keadilan dalam proses kepastian hukum. Ditahun 2020 hingga saat ini Pengadilan Agama Panyabungan kembali melaksankan persidangan secara konvensional atau offline dengan menjalankan protokol kesehatan yang ketat dan mengurangi jumlah peserta persidangan. Alat bukti pada peradilan perdata dimasa covid-19 yang sering dipakai dalam persidangan pada proses pembuktian seperti, alat bukti tertulis yaitu (akta autentik, akta di bawah tangan, dan surat biasa), bukti saksi, bukti persangkaan, bukti pengakuan, dan bukti sumpah. Penggunaan alat-alat bukti pada perkara perdata di Pengadilan Agama Panyabungan dimasa pandemi covid-19 di persidangan melalui E-Litigasi/ Ecourt dalam hal alat bukti tertulis yaitu dalam bentuk akta autentik karna lebih mudah untuk dilaksanakan proses pembuktiannya. Dilaksanakan ecourt dan pembuktian berfokus pada alat bukti dokumen elektronik dalam rangka penegakan hukum. Jenis data elektronik berupa tulisan, fhoto, gambar, dan suara merupakan informasi secara elektronik, sementara bentuk informasi elektronik yaitu gambar, tulisan, fhoto, dan suara yang disimpan dalam flash disk dan bisa dibuka menggunakan perangkat komputer merupakan dokumen elektronik. Sedangkan alat bukti dengan keterangan saksi terjadi kesulitan pembuktian diakibatkan kurangnya pengetahuan para saksi dalam penggunaan informatika dan elektronik pada peradilan melalui E-court.

RIPv2 merupakan protokol routing yang dikelompokkan ke dalam dynamic routing protocol. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) versi 2 adalah protokol routing distance vector yang menentukan metric berdasarkan pada jumlah lompatan (hop count) untuk pemilihan jalur. Pada jaringan komputer, routing merupakan sebuah mekanisme yang harus dijalankan. Karena, dengan routing perangkat router bisa benar-benar berfungsi sesuai perannya, yaitu mencari jalur terbaik yang akan dilewati oleh data sampai menuju ke penerima. Routing juga berperan agar jaringan komputer yang berbeda dapat saling terhubung. Karenanya, routing merupakan sebuah mekanisme yang sangat penting untuk dijalankan pada jaringan komputer. Pada penelitian ini penulis akan membahas jaringan multicast VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) routing RIPv2. VPLS merupakan teknologi yang bersifat point to multipoint sehingga penggunaannya pada video streaming merupakan langkah yang tepat karena video streaming merupakan layanan point to multipoint. VPLS memiliki kelebihan pada kecepatan transfer data yang tinggi karna VPLS menggunakan teknologi MPLS (multi protocol label switching) sebagai jaringan backbone-nya. MPLS adalah salah satu metode yang di gunakan untuk turning jaringan agar dapat meningkatkan kualitas jaringan yang lebih baik sebagai layanan streaming. skalabilitas serta menghasilkan fleksibilitas jaringan yang tinggi. Parameter yang akan diuji yaitudelay, packet loss, jitter dan throughput. Hasil rata-rata dari client PC dengan jenis jaringan multicast VPLS RIPv2 mendapatkan hasil throughput 1.077 Mbit/sec, delay 12.75 msec, jitter 0.08125 msec, packet loss 0. 1.Semakin kecil nilai Packet Loss, jitter, Delay dan semakin besar nilai throughput maka semakin bagus kinerja routing protokol pada video streaming tersebut.

Penggunaan media gambar sangat membantu untuk meningkat­kan hasil belajar siswa, Karena melibatkan seluruh potensi yang dimiliki oleh siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengatahui pengaruh penggunaan Media gambar terhadap hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia, Karna hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Negeri Sungguminasa III Kecamatan Somba Opu Kabupaten Gowa tergolong rendah dengan nilai 6,83. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah pre eksperimental dengan jenis one group pre test-post test design. Teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah teknik tes. Data yang dikumpul akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif jenis uji t-tes. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan media gambar pada proses pembelajaran pada hasil belajar berpengaruh. Hal ini tampak pada tingkat kemampuan siswa sebelum menggunakan metode pembelajaran yaitu hanya mencapai 6,83, selanjutnya setelah menggunakan media gambar pada proses pembelajaran mencapai nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh sebesar 16,35. Hal ini berarti bahwa tingkat kemampuan siswa meningkat. Pengaruh media gambar dalam proses pembelajaran diketahui pula berdasarkan hasil perhitungaan uji t. Hasil penelitian diperoleh, tHitung= 16,41 dan tTabel= 3,792 maka t Hitung ≥ tTabel atau 16,41≥ 3,792. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ho di tolak dan Ha diterima. Ini berarti bahwa penggunaan media gambar dapat memberi pengaruh dalam meningkatkan kemampuan siswa pada pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. The use of image media is very helpful to improve student learning outcomes, because it involves all the potential possessed by students. The purpose of this study to mengatahui effect of the use of media images of learning outcomes Indonesian, Karna student learning outcomes fourth grade SD Negeri Sungguminasa III Somba Opu District Gowa is low with a value of 6.83. The type of research used is pre experimental with type one group pre test-post test design. The technique used to collect data is a test technique. The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive statistical technique of test t-test type. The results of this study indicate that the use of image media on the learning process on learning results have an effect. This is seen in the level of students' ability before using the learning method that is only reached 6.83, then after using the media images on the learning process to reach the average value obtained for 16.35. This means that the level of student ability increases. The influence of image media in the learning process is also known based on the results of t test calculation. The results obtained, t = 16.41 and tTable = 3.792 then t Count ≥ tTable or 16.41 ≥ 3.792. So it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. This means that the use of image media can have an effect on improving students' skills in Indonesian language.

Abstract: This study answers the problem formulation, whether there is an influence of singing method in improving the ability to count in early childhood in Paud Ibn Sulam. Then this study aims to find out the Influence of Singing Methods In Improving The Ability to Count In Early Childhood In Paud Ibnu Sulam. The subject of this study was a group B learner, then the method of determining the subject in this study is a population study because the number of subjects is less than 100 people but only 20 people. The data collection method used in this study is Observation as the main method, interview and documentation as complementary methods. The data analysis technique used is statistic t-test formula. From the results of the study showed that there is an influence on the development of counting skills seen by students of group B. This is reinforced from the results of t-test calculations that produce a value of 14,454 while in the number of t-table results is 1,729. This means that the zero(HO) hypothesis is rejected while (Ha) is accepted. Based on the results of these calculations can be said that the influence of singing method in improving the ability to count in early childhood in Paud Ibn Sulam is very high and worth defending in order to give birth to children who are smart and active for the nation in the future. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant influence on improving the ability to count early childhood in Paud Ibn Sulam.Keywords: Singing method, Early childhood numeracyAbstrak: Penelitian ini menjawab rumusan masalah, apakah ada Pengaruh Metode Bernyanyi Dalam meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Paud Ibnu Sulam. Kemudian penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui Pengaruh Metode Bernyanyi Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Paud Ibnu Sulam. Subjek penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelompok B , kemudian metode penentuan subjek pada penelitian ini adalah studi populasi karna jumlah subjek kurang dari 100 orang melainkan hanya 20 orang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Observasi sebagai metode utama, wawancara dan dokumentasi sebagai metode pelengkap.Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu rumus statistic t-test.Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pengembangan keterampilan berhitung yang terlihat peserta didik kelompok B. Hal ini diperkuat dari hasil perhitungan t-testyang menghasilkan nilai 14,454 sedangkan pada jumlah hasil t-tabel yaitu 1,729. Hal ini berarti bahwa hipotesis nol (HO) ditolak sedangkan (Ha) diterima. Berdasarkan dari hasil perhitungan tersebut bisa dikatakan bahwa pengaruh Metode Bernyanyi Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Paud Ibnu Sulam sangat tinggi dan patut dipertahankaagar melahirkan anak-anak yang cerdas dan aktif bagi khidupan bangsa di kemudian hari. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah adanya pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap meningkatkan kemampuan berhitung Anak Usia Dini Di Paud Ibnu Sulam.Kata Kunci: Metode bernyanyi, Kemampuan berhitung anak usia dini

Pasal 87 ayat (4) huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara menyatakan bahwa Pegawai Negeri Sipil diberhentikan tidak dengan hormat karena dihukum penjara atau kurungan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan yang telah memiliki kekuatan hukum tetap karena melakukan tindak pidana kejahatan jabatan atau tindak pidana kejahatan yang ada hubungannya dengan jabatan dan/atau pidana umum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui, dan menganalisis kedudukan hukum terhadap Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang telah dijatuhi hukuman yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap karena melakukan tindak pidana kejahatan jabatan dan konsekwensi yuridis terhadap Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang tidak Diberhentikan karna melakukan tindak pidana jabatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hokum empiris. Terkait Kedudukan Pegawai Negeri Sipil Yang Diberhentikan Secara Tidak Hormat Karena Melakukan Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Jabatan harus diberhentikan secara tidak dengan hormat dari jabatannya sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil. konsekwensi yuridis terhadap Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang tidak diberhentikan pemblokiran data base bersangkutan dalam Sistem Aplikasi Pelayanan Kepegawaian, sehingga tidak dapat diberikan pelayanan dalam pembinaan karirnya termasuk tidak berhak untuk memperoleh kenaikan pangkat dan pensiun serta promosi jabatan.Article 87 (4) verse b of the Act Number 5, 2014 regarding Civil Servant (Official Apparatus) states that a civil servant is removed from office irrespectively as being punished or put in custody based on the permanent court decision due to committing official crimes or the crime having relation to official/or public crime. The purpose of this study is to know and analyze the legal status of Civil Servants who have been sentenced who have had permanent legal force for committing crimes of offense and juridical consequences against Civil Servants who are not dismissed for committing offense. The research method used is empirical law study. Related to Position of Civil Servant who was dismissed disrespectfully for Committing Crime of Official Crimes shall be dismissed with respect from his position as Civil Servant. The juridical consequences of Civil Servants who are not dismissed from blocking the relevant data base in the Staffing Service Application System so that they can not be given services in their career development including not being eligible for promotion and retirement and promotion of position.

ABSTRAK Peneli tian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peningkatan hasil shooting dengan menggunakan media J-Glove pada mahasiswa (atlet) yang tergabung dalam Tim Putra Bola Basket di Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di lapangan basket kampus B Universitas Negeri Jakarta pada tanggal 15 Mei sampai 28 Juni 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Metode Eksperimen, yaitu dengan memberikan perlakuan (treatment) dalam latihan dengan menggunakan media J-Glove untuk meningkatkan akurasi 3 point shoot bola basket Tim Putra bola basket Universitas Negeri Jakarta. metode eksperimen. Desain penelitian menggunakan “one group pretest-postest design”. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Tim Putra bola basket Universitas Negeri Jakarta, pengambilan sampel menggunakan Total sampling yang artinya semua anggota populasi dijadikan sampel karna terdiri dari 15 orang. Berdasarkan hasil tes awal dan tes akhir dari perlakuan hasil dari latihan 3 point shooting dengan menggunakan media J-Glove pada hasil 3 point shooting memperoleh nilai untuk 3 point shooting dengan tes akhir 3 point shooting dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 8.1, nilai standar deviasi sebesar 5.61, nilai standar error perbedaan rata-rata sebesar 1.5, sedangkan untuk th (t hitung) sebesar 5.4 thitung dan ttabel (t tabel) sebesar 1,70113 ttabel. Dengan taraf signifikasi sebesar 5% .dengan demikian t hitung > t tabel yang berarti Ho ditolak, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa latihan 3 point shooting dengan menggunakan media J-Glove berpengaruh pada hasil akurasi 3 point shooting. Kata Kunci : shooting 3 point, J-Glove, Basket ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the improvement in shooting results using the J-Glove media on students (athletes) who are members of the Putra Basket Basketball Team at Jakarta State University. Data retrieval was carried out on the basketball court campus B Jakarta State University on May 15 to June 28, 2019. The research method used in this study was the Experimental Method, namely by providing treatment in training using J-Glove media to improve accuracy 3 basketball shoot point Team Putra basketball at Jakarta State University. experimental method. The research design uses "one group pretest-postest design". The population in this study was the Putra Putra basketball team at the Jakarta State University, sampling using total sampling which means that all members of the population were sampled because they consisted of 15 people. Based on the results of the initial test and the final test of the treatment results of the 3 point shooting exercise using the media J-Glove on the results of 3 point shooting obtained a value for 3 point shooting with the final test 3 point shooting with an average value of 8.1, the standard deviation value of 5.61, the standard error value of the average difference is 1.5, while for th (t arithmetic) is 5.4 thitung and ttable (t table) is 1.70113 ttable. With a significance level of 5%. Thus t arithmetic> T table which means Ho is rejected, so it can be concluded that the 3 point shooting exercise using J-Glove media affects the accuracy of the 3 point shooting results. Keyword : 3 Point shoot, J-Glove, Basket

-Stanley L. Engerman, B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture, 1984. xxxiii + 781 pp.-Susan Lowes, Gad J. Heuman, Between black and white: race, politics, and the free coloureds in Jamaica, 1792-1865. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies No. 5, 1981. 20 + 321 pp.-Anthony Payne, Lester D. Langley, The banana wars: an inner history of American empire, 1900-1934. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. VIII + 255 pp.-Roger N. Buckley, David Geggus, Slavery, war and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1982. xli + 492 pp.-Gabriel Debien, George Breathett, The Catholic Church in Haiti (1704-1785): selected letters, memoirs and documents. Chapel Hill NC: Documentary Publications, 1983. xii + 202 pp.-Alex Stepick, Michel S. Laguerre, American Odyssey: Haitians in New York City. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984. 198 pp-Andres Serbin, H. Michael Erisman, The Caribbean challenge: U.S. policy in a volatile region. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1984. xiii + 208 pp.-Andres Serbin, Ransford W. Palmer, Problems of development in beautiful countries: perspectives on the Caribbean. Lanham MD: The North-South Publishing Company, 1984. xvii + 91 pp.-Carl Stone, Anthony Payne, The politics of the Caribbean community 1961-79: regional integration among new states. Oxford: Manchester University Press, 1980. xi + 299 pp.-Evelyne Huber Stephens, Michael Manley, Jamaica: struggle in the periphery. London: Third World Media, in association with Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society, 1982. xi + 259 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, Epica Task Force, Grenada: the peaceful revolution. Washington D.C., 1982. 132 pp.-Rhoda Reddock, W. Richard Jacobs ,Grenada: the route to revolution. Havana: Casa de Las Americas, 1979. 157 pp., Ian Jacobs (eds)-Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, Andres Serbin, Geopolitica de las relaciones de Venezuela con el Caribe. Caracas: Fundación Fondo Editorial Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 1983.-Idsa E. Alegria-Ortega, Jorge Heine, Time for decision: the United States and Puerto Rico. Lanham MD: North-South Publishing Co., 1983. xi + 303 pp.-Richard Hart, Edward A. Alpers ,Walter Rodney, revolutionary and scholar: a tribute. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies and African Studies Center, University of California, 1982. xi + 187 pp., Pierre-Michel Fontaine (eds)-Paul Sutton, Patrick Solomon, Solomon: an autobiography. Trinidad: Inprint Caribbean, 1981. x + 253 pp.-Paul Sutton, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Movement of the people: essays on independence. Ithaca NY: Calaloux Publications, 1983. xii + 217 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Richard Price, To slay the Hydra: Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1983. 249 pp.-Gary Brana-Shute, R. van Lier, Bonuman: een studie van zeven religieuze specialisten in Suriname. Leiden: Institute of Cultural and Social Studies, ICA Publication no. 60, 1983. iii + 132 pp.-W. van Wetering, Charles J. Wooding, Evolving culture: a cross-cultural study of Suriname, West Africa and the Caribbean. Washington: University Press of America 1981. 343 pp.-Humphrey E. Lamur, Sergio Diaz-Briquets, The health revolution in Cuba. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. xvii + 227 pp.-Forrest D. Colburn, Ramesh F. Ramsaran, The monetary and financial system of the Bahamas: growth, structure and operation. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xiii + 409 pp.-Wim Statius Muller, A.M.G. Rutten, Leven en werken van de dichter-musicus J.S. Corsen. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1983. xiv + 340 pp.-Louis Allaire, Ricardo E. Alegria, Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies. New Haven: Department of Anthropology of Yale University, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 79, 1983. lx + 185 pp.-Kenneth Ramchand, Sandra Paquet, The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1982. 132 pp.

Abstract Introduction: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a novel adoptive immunotherapy utilizing autologous T cells expressing synthetic fusion proteins that target specific antitumor antigens. Over recent years, novel CAR T-cell constructs have shown efficacy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. The B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed CAR T-cell product idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) is the first approved CAR T-cell therapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). While ide-cel represents an important advance in MM treatment, it is critical to better characterize the risk of infectious diseases following this novel therapy. Methods: We investigated infectious complications in 27 (CRB-401, n/62; KarMMa, n/128) adult patients who received ide-cel for relapsed and refractory MM at two institutions. Patients were enrolled in an open label, multi-site Phase 1 or 2 clinical trial (NCT02658929; NCT03361748) evaluating the safety and efficacy of ide-cel. All participants received a 3-day cycle of lymphodepleting chemotherapy with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide 5 days prior to infusion and ide-cel was administered at target doses of 150×10 6 to 450×10 6 CAR-positive T cells. All patients but one received antiviral prophylaxis with val/acyclovir or famciclovir. Seventeen patients received pneumocystis prophylaxis with atovaquone or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Only 2 patients received antibacterial prophylaxis with levofloxacin and no patients received antifungal prophylaxis. Infections were retrospectively identified from day of cell infusion (day 0) up to day 100 after infusion. Infections were reported if patients experienced symptoms with a microbiologic or histopathologic diagnosis, or for symptomatic site-specific infections in conjunction with radiographic or exam findings and treatment with systemic antimicrobials. Infection severity was determined using the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network criteria. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) events were graded according to the Lee criteria. Patients were censored on date of disease relapse, the last day of the study period, or death. Results: Median age was 59 (range 41 - 79), 56% were males. Patients had received a median of 6 previous antimyeloma regimens (range 3 - 10); and 74% had undergone prior autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Following infusion of cells, 24 patients (89%) developed CRS with 54% of those receiving ≥ 1 dose of tocilizumab and 17% receiving ≥ 1 dose of corticosteroid. Only two patients (7%) developed CAR T cell associated neurotoxicity (ICANS) and one of those patients received treatment with corticosteroids. Eight patients experienced 19 infection-related events over the first 100 days after ide-cel infusion. To determine infection density, we evaluated 27 patients contributing 667 days at risk between d0 and d30 and 1777 days at risk between d0 and d100. Median time to first infection was 22 days (range 0 - 85). The estimated infection density was 1.8 infections per 100 patient days over the first 30 days, and decreased to 1.1 infections per 100 patient days from day 30 to d100. Among the infection events, bacterial infections were the most common (74%) with 6 bloodstream infections (32%) observed. Viral infections were less frequent (21% of events) and only one fungal infection (5% of events) was observed during the at-risk period. Four infections were of moderate severity; 10 were severe; and 5 were life-threatening. Eleven of the 27 patients (41%) had persistent neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count &lt;1000) after day 30. Conclusions: Our study in this cohort of patients provides clarity on specific infectious complications in a unique population, and is of particular relevance given the recent FDA approval of ide-cel. Of note, these results represent a cross study single institution subgroup analysis that may not reflect the complete trial data. The overall incidence of infection was similar to what has previously been reported in patients receiving CD-19 directed CAR T-cell therapy, even with persistent neutropenia after one month documented in 41% of patients. Bacterial infections were the most common, and there were 5 life-threatening bacterial infections within the first 30 days after infusion. Notably, patients in this group experienced only 1 fungal infection, despite no patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Sperling: Adaptive: Consultancy. Branagan: Adaptive Biotechnologies: Consultancy; BeiGene: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy; Sanofi Genzyme: Consultancy. Nadeem: Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GSK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karyopharm: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Adaptive Biotechnologies: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Yee: GSK: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Oncopeptides: Consultancy; Adaptive: Consultancy; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy. Raje: Celgene, Amgen, Bluebird Bio, Janssen, Caribou, and BMS: Other. Munshi: Abbvie: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Adaptive Biotechnology: Consultancy; Legend: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Oncopep: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: scientific founder, Patents & Royalties; Janssen: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy. Hammond: Merck: Research Funding; F2G: Research Funding; Synexis: Research Funding; Biointelect: Consultancy.

Background and Objective: Suicide attempts are 10-20X more common than completed suicide and an important risk factor for death by suicide, yet most people who attempt suicide do not die by suicide. The process of recovering after a suicide attempt has not been well studied. The Reasons to go on Living (RTGOL) Project, a narrative web-based study, focuses on experiences of people who have attempted suicide and made the decision to go on living, a process not well studied. Narrative research is ideally suited to understanding personal experiences critical to recovery following a suicide attempt, including the transition to a state of hopefulness. Voices from people with lived experience can help us plan and conceptualize this work. This paper reports on a secondary research question of the larger study: what stories do participants tell of the positive role/impact of the mental health system. Material and Methods: A website created for The RTGOL Project (www.thereasons.ca) enabled participants to anonymously submit a story about their suicide attempt and recovery, a process which enabled participation from a large and diverse group of participants. The only direction given was “if you have made a suicide attempt or seriously considered suicide and now want to go on living, we want to hear from you.” The unstructured narrative format allowed participants to describe their experiences in their own words, to include and emphasize what they considered important. Over 5 years, data analysis occurred in several phases over the course of the study, resulting in the identification of data that were inputted into an Excel file. This analysis used stories where participants described positive involvement with the mental health system (50 stories). Results: Several participants reflected on experiences many years previous, providing the privilege of learning how their life unfolded, what made a difference. Over a five-year period, 50 of 226 stories identified positive experiences with mental health care with sufficient details to allow analysis, and are the focus of this paper. There were a range of suicidal behaviours in these 50 stories, from suicidal ideation only to medically severe suicide attempts. Most described one or more suicide attempts. Three themes identified included: 1) trust and relationship with a health care professional, 2) the role of friends and family and friends, and 3) a wide range of services. Conclusion: Stories open a window into the experiences of the period after a suicide attempt. This study allowed for an understanding of how mental health professionals might help individuals who have attempted suicide write a different story, a life-affirming story. The stories that participants shared offer some understanding of “how” to provide support at a most-needed critical juncture for people as they interact with health care providers, including immediately after a suicide attempt. Results of this study reinforce that just one caring professional can make a tremendous difference to a person who has survived a suicide attempt. Key Words: web-based; suicide; suicide attempt; mental health system; narrative research Word Count: 478 Introduction My Third (or fourth) Suicide AttemptI laid in the back of the ambulance, the snow of too many doses of ativan dissolving on my tongue.They hadn't even cared enough about meto put someone in the back with me,and so, frustrated,I'd swallowed all the pills I had with me— not enough to do what I wanted it to right then,but more than enough to knock me out for a good 14 hours.I remember very little after that;benzodiazepines like ativan commonly cause pre- and post-amnesia, says Google helpfullyI wake up in a locked rooma woman manically drawing on the windows with crayonsthe colors of light through the glassdiffused into rainbows of joy scattered about the roomas if she were coloring on us all,all of the tattered remnants of humanity in a psych wardmade into a brittle mosaic, a quilt of many hues, a Technicolor dreamcoatand I thoughtI am so glad to be able to see this. (Story 187)The nurse opening that door will have a lasting impact on how this story unfolds and on this person’s life. Each year, almost one million people die from suicide, approximately one death every 40 seconds. Suicide attempts are much more frequent, with up to an estimated 20 attempts for every death by suicide.1 Suicide-related behaviours range from suicidal ideation and self-injury to death by suicide. We are unable to directly study those who die by suicide, but effective intervention after a suicide attempt could reduce the risk of subsequent death by suicide. Near-fatal suicide attempts have been used to explore the boundary with completed suicides. Findings indicated that violent suicide attempters and serious attempters (seriousness of the medical consequences to define near-fatal attempts) were more likely to make repeated, and higher lethality suicide attempts.2 In a case-control study, the medically severe suicide attempts group (78 participants), epidemiologically very similar to those who complete suicide, had significantly higher communication difficulties; the risk for death by suicide multiplied if accompanied by feelings of isolation and alienation.3 Most research in suicidology has been quantitative, focusing almost exclusively on identifying factors that may be predictive of suicidal behaviours, and on explanation rather than understanding.4 Qualitative research, focusing on the lived experiences of individuals who have attempted suicide, may provide a better understanding of how to respond in empathic and helpful ways to prevent future attempts and death by suicide.4,5 Fitzpatrick6 advocates for narrative research as a valuable qualitative method in suicide research, enabling people to construct and make sense of the experiences and their world, and imbue it with meaning. A review of qualitative studies examining the experiences of recovering from or living with suicidal ideation identified 5 interconnected themes: suffering, struggle, connection, turning points, and coping.7 Several additional qualitative studies about attempted suicide have been reported in the literature. Participants have included patients hospitalized for attempting suicide8, and/or suicidal ideation,9 out-patients following a suicide attempt and their caregivers,10 veterans with serious mental illness and at least one hospitalization for a suicide attempt or imminent suicide plan.11 Relationships were a consistent theme in these studies. Interpersonal relationships and an empathic environment were perceived as therapeutic and protective, enabling the expression of thoughts and self-understanding.8 Given the connection to relationship issues, the authors suggested it may be helpful to provide support for the relatives of patients who have attempted suicide. A sheltered, friendly environment and support systems, which included caring by family and friends, and treatment by mental health professionals, helped the suicidal healing process.10 Receiving empathic care led to positive changes and an increased level of insight; just one caring professional could make a tremendous difference.11 Kraft and colleagues9 concluded with the importance of hearing directly from those who are suicidal in order to help them, that only when we understand, “why suicide”, can we help with an alternative, “why life?” In a grounded theory study about help-seeking for self-injury, Long and colleagues12 identified that self-injury was not the problem for their participants, but a panacea, even if temporary, to painful life experiences. Participant narratives reflected a complex journey for those who self-injured: their wish when help-seeking was identified by the theme “to be treated like a person”. There has also been a focus on the role and potential impact of psychiatric/mental health nursing. Through interviews with experienced in-patient nurses, Carlen and Bengtsson13 identified the need to see suicidal patients as subjective human beings with unique experiences. This mirrors research with patients, which concluded that the interaction with personnel who are devoted, hope-mediating and committed may be crucial to a patient’s desire to continue living.14 Interviews with individuals who received mental health care for a suicidal crisis following a serious attempt led to the development of a theory for psychiatric nurses with the central variable, reconnecting the person with humanity across 3 phases: reflecting an image of humanity, guiding the individual back to humanity, and learning to live.15 Other research has identified important roles for nurses working with patients who have attempted suicide by enabling the expression of thoughts and developing self-understanding8, helping to see things differently and reconnecting with others,10 assisting the person in finding meaning from their experience to turn their lives around, and maintain/and develop positive connections with others.16 However, one literature review identified that negative attitudes toward self-harm were common among nurses, with more positive attitudes among mental health nurses than general nurses. The authors concluded that education, both reflective and interactive, could have a positive impact.17 This paper is one part of a larger web-based narrative study, the Reasons to go on Living Project (RTGOL), that seeks to understand the transition from making a suicide attempt to choosing life. When invited to tell their stories anonymously online, what information would people share about their suicide attempts? This paper reports on a secondary research question of the larger study: what stories do participants tell of the positive role/impact of the mental health system. The focus on the positive impact reflects an appreciative inquiry approach which can promote better practice.18 Methods Design and Sample A website created for The RTGOL Project (www.thereasons.ca) enabled participants to anonymously submit a story about their suicide attempt and recovery. Participants were required to read and agree with a consent form before being able to submit their story through a text box or by uploading a file. No demographic information was requested. Text submissions were embedded into an email and sent to an account created for the Project without collecting information about the IP address or other identifying information. The content of the website was reviewed by legal counsel before posting, and the study was approved by the local Research Ethics Board. Stories were collected for 5 years (July 2008-June 2013). The RTGOL Project enabled participation by a large, diverse audience, at their own convenience of time and location, providing they had computer access. The unstructured narrative format allowed participants to describe their experiences in their own words, to include and emphasize what they considered important. Of the 226 submissions to the website, 112 described involvement at some level with the mental health system, and 50 provided sufficient detail about positive experiences with mental health care to permit analysis. There were a range of suicidal behaviours in these 50 stories: 8 described suicidal ideation only; 9 met the criteria of medically severe suicide attempts3; 33 described one or more suicide attempts. For most participants, the last attempt had been some years in the past, even decades, prior to writing. Results Stories of positive experiences with mental health care described the idea of a door opening, a turning point, or helping the person to see their situation differently. Themes identified were: (1) relationship and trust with a Health Care Professional (HCP), (2) the role of family and friends (limited to in-hospital experiences), and (3) the opportunity to access a range of services. The many reflective submissions of experiences told many years after the suicide attempt(s) speaks to the lasting impact of the experience for that individual. Trust and Relationship with a Health Care Professional A trusting relationship with a health professional helped participants to see things in a different way, a more hopeful way and over time. “In that time of crisis, she never talked down to me, kept her promises, didn't panic, didn't give up, and she kept believing in me. I guess I essentially borrowed the hope that she had for me until I found hope for myself.” (Story# 35) My doctor has worked extensively with me. I now realize that this is what will keep me alive. To be able to feel in my heart that my doctor does care about me and truly wants to see me get better.” (Story 34). The writer in Story 150 was a nurse, an honours graduate. The 20 years following graduation included depression, hospitalizations and many suicide attempts. “One day after supper I took an entire bottle of prescription pills, then rode away on my bike. They found me late that night unconscious in a downtown park. My heart threatened to stop in the ICU.” Then later, “I finally found a person who was able to connect with me and help me climb out of the pit I was in. I asked her if anyone as sick as me could get better, and she said, “Yes”, she had seen it happen. Those were the words I had been waiting to hear! I quickly became very motivated to get better. I felt heard and like I had just found a big sister, a guide to help me figure out how to live in the world. This person was a nurse who worked as a trauma therapist.” At the time when the story was submitted, the writer was applying to a graduate program. Role of Family and Friends Several participants described being affected by their family’s response to their suicide attempt. Realizing the impact on their family and friends was, for some, a turning point. The writer in Story 20 told of experiences more than 30 years prior to the writing. She described her family of origin as “truly dysfunctional,” and she suffered from episodes of depression and hospitalization during her teen years. Following the birth of her second child, and many family difficulties, “It was at this point that I became suicidal.” She made a decision to kill herself by jumping off the balcony (6 stories). “At the very last second as I hung onto the railing of the balcony. I did not want to die but it was too late. I landed on the parking lot pavement.” She wrote that the pain was indescribable, due to many broken bones. “The physical pain can be unbearable. Then you get to see the pain and horror in the eyes of someone you love and who loves you. Many people suggested to my husband that he should leave me in the hospital, go on with life and forget about me. During the process of recovery in the hospital, my husband was with me every day…With the help of psychiatrists and a later hospitalization, I was actually diagnosed as bipolar…Since 1983, I have been taking lithium and have never had a recurrence of suicidal thoughts or for that matter any kind of depression.” The writer in Story 62 suffered childhood sexual abuse. When she came forward with it, she felt she was not heard. Self-harm on a regular basis was followed by “numerous overdoses trying to end my life.” Overdoses led to psychiatric hospitalizations that were unhelpful because she was unable to trust staff. “My way of thinking was that ending my life was the only answer. There had been numerous attempts, too many to count. My thoughts were that if I wasn’t alive I wouldn’t have to deal with my problems.” In her final attempt, she plunged over the side of a mountain, dropping 80 feet, resulting in several serious injuries. “I was so angry that I was still alive.” However, “During my hospitalization I began to realize that my family and friends were there by my side continuously, I began to realize that I wasn't only hurting myself. I was hurting all the important people in my life. It was then that I told myself I am going to do whatever it takes.” A turning point is not to say that the difficulties did not continue. The writer of Story 171 tells of a suicide attempt 7 years previous, and the ongoing anguish. She had been depressed for years and had thoughts of suicide on a daily basis. After a serious overdose, she woke up the next day in a hospital bed, her husband and 2 daughters at her bed. “Honestly, I was disappointed to wake up. But, then I saw how scared and hurt they were. Then I was sorry for what I had done to them. Since then I have thought of suicide but know that it is tragic for the family and is a hurt that can never be undone. Today I live with the thought that I am here for a reason and when it is God's time to take me then I will go. I do believe living is harder than dying. I do believe I was born for a purpose and when that is accomplished I will be released. …Until then I try to remind myself of how I am blessed and try to appreciate the wonders of the world and the people in it.” Range of Services The important role of mental health and recovery services was frequently mentioned, including dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT)/cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), recovery group, group therapy, Alcoholics Anonymous, accurate diagnosis, and medications. The writer in Story 30 was 83 years old when she submitted her story, reflecting on a life with both good and bad times. She first attempted suicide at age 10 or 12. A serious post-partum depression followed the birth of her second child, and over the years, she experienced periods of suicidal intent: “Consequently, a few years passed and I got to feeling suicidal again. I had pills in one pocket and a clipping for “The Recovery Group” in the other pocket. As I rode on the bus trying to make up my mind, I decided to go to the Recovery Group first. I could always take the pills later. I found the Recovery Group and yoga helpful; going to meetings sometimes twice a day until I got thinking more clearly and learned how to deal with my problems.” Several participants described the value of CBT or DBT in learning to challenge perceptions. “I have tools now to differentiate myself from the illness. I learned I'm not a bad person but bad things did happen to me and I survived.”(Story 3) “The fact is that we have thoughts that are helpful and thoughts that are destructive….. I knew it was up to me if I was to get better once and for all.” (Story 32): “In the hospital I was introduced to DBT. I saw a nurse (Tanya) every day and attended a group session twice a week, learning the techniques. I worked with the people who wanted to work with me this time. Tanya said the same thing my counselor did “there is no study that can prove whether or not suicide solves problems” and I felt as though I understood it then. If I am dead, then all the people that I kept pushing away and refusing their help would be devastated. If I killed myself with my own hand, my family would be so upset. DBT taught me how to ‘ride my emotional wave’. ……….. DBT has changed my life…….. My life is getting back in order now, thanks to DBT, and I have lots of reasons to go on living.”(Story 19) The writer of Story 67 described the importance of group therapy. “Group therapy was the most helpful for me. It gave me something besides myself to focus on. Empathy is such a powerful emotion and a pathway to love. And it was a huge relief to hear others felt the same and had developed tools of their own that I could try for myself! I think I needed to learn to communicate and recognize when I was piling everything up to build my despair. I don’t think I have found the best ways yet, but I am lifetimes away from that teenage girl.” (Story 67) The author of story 212 reflected on suicidal ideation beginning over 20 years earlier, at age 13. Her first attempt was at 28. “I thought everyone would be better off without me, especially my children, I felt like the worst mum ever, I felt like a burden to my family and I felt like I was a failure at life in general.” She had more suicide attempts, experienced the death of her father by suicide, and then finally found her doctor. “Now I’m on meds for a mood disorder and depression, my family watch me closely, and I see my doctor regularly. For the first time in 20 years, I love being a mum, a sister, a daughter, a friend, a cousin etc.” Discussion The 50 stories that describe positive experiences in the health care system constitute a larger group than most other similar studies, and most participants had made one or more suicide attempts. Several writers reflected back many years, telling stories of long ago, as with the 83-year old participant (Story 30) whose story provided the privilege of learning how the author’s life unfolded. In clinical practice, we often do not know – how did the story turn out? The stories that describe receiving health care speak to the impact of the experience, and the importance of the issues identified in the mental health system. We identified 3 themes, but it was often the combination that participants described in their stories that was powerful, as demonstrated in Story 20, the young new mother who had fallen from a balcony 30 years earlier. Voices from people with lived experience can help us plan and conceptualize our clinical work. Results are consistent with, and add to, the previous work on the importance of therapeutic relationships.8,10,11,14–16 It is from the stories in this study that we come to understand the powerful experience of seeing a family members’ reaction following a participant’s suicide attempt, and how that can be a potent turning point as identified by Lakeman and Fitzgerald.7 Ghio and colleagues8 and Lakeman16 identified the important role for staff/nurses in supporting families due to the connection to relationship issues. This research also calls for support for families to recognize the important role they have in helping the person understand how much they mean to them, and to promote the potential impact of a turning point. The importance of the range of services reflect Lakeman and Fitzgerald’s7 theme of coping, associating positive change by increasing the repertoire of coping strategies. These findings have implications for practice, research and education. Working with individuals who are suicidal can help them develop and tell a different story, help them move from a death-oriented to life-oriented position,15 from “why suicide” to “why life.”9 Hospitalization provides a person with the opportunity to reflect, to take time away from “the real world” to consider oneself, the suicide attempt, connections with family and friends and life goals, and to recover physically and emotionally. Hospitalization is also an opening to involve the family in the recovery process. The intensity of the immediate period following a suicide attempt provides a unique opportunity for nurses to support and coach families, to help both patients and family begin to see things differently and begin to create that different story. In this way, family and friends can be both a support to the person who has attempted suicide, and receive help in their own struggles with this experience. It is also important to recognize that this short period of opportunity is not specific to the nurses in psychiatric units, as the nurses caring for a person after a medically severe suicide attempt will frequently be the nurses in the ICU or Emergency departments. Education, both reflective and interactive, could have a positive impact.17 Helping staff develop the attitudes, skills and approach necessary to be helpful to a person post-suicide attempt is beginning to be reported in the literature.21 Further implications relate to nursing curriculum. Given the extent of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and deaths by suicide, this merits an important focus. This could include specific scenarios, readings by people affected by suicide, both patients themselves and their families or survivors, and discussions with individuals who have made an attempt(s) and made a decision to go on living. All of this is, of course, not specific to nursing. All members of the interprofessional health care team can support the transition to recovery of a person after a suicide attempt using the strategies suggested in this paper, in addition to other evidence-based interventions and treatments. Findings from this study need to be considered in light of some specific limitations. First, the focus was on those who have made a decision to go on living, and we have only the information the participants included in their stories. No follow-up questions were possible. The nature of the research design meant that participants required access to a computer with Internet and the ability to communicate in English. This study does not provide a comprehensive view of in-patient care. However, it offers important inputs to enhance other aspects of care, such as assessing safety as a critical foundation to care. We consider these limitations were more than balanced by the richness of the many stories that a totally anonymous process allowed. Conclusion Stories open a window into the experiences of a person during the period after a suicide attempt. The RTGOL Project allowed for an understanding of how we might help suicidal individuals change the script, write a different story. The stories that participants shared give us some understanding of “how” to provide support at a most-needed critical juncture for people as they interact with health care providers immediately after a suicide attempt. While we cannot know the experiences of those who did not survive a suicide attempt, results of this study reinforce that just one caring professional can make a crucial difference to a person who has survived a suicide attempt. We end with where we began. Who will open the door? References 1. World Health Organization. Suicide prevention and special programmes. http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/index.html Geneva: Author; 2013.2. Giner L, Jaussent I, Olie E, et al. Violent and serious suicide attempters: One step closer to suicide? J Clin Psychiatry 2014:73(3):3191–197.3. Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y, Horesh N, et al. Mental pain, communication difficulties, and medically serious suicide attempts: A case-control study. Arch Suicide Res 2014:18:74–87.4. Hjelmeland H and Knizek BL. Why we need qualitative research in suicidology? Suicide Life Threat Behav 2010:40(1):74–80.5. Gunnell D. A population health perspective on suicide research and prevention: What we know, what we need to know, and policy priorities. Crisis 2015:36(3):155–60.6. Fitzpatrick S. Looking beyond the qualitative and quantitative divide: Narrative, ethics and representation in suicidology. Suicidol Online 2011:2:29–37.7. Lakeman R and FitzGerald M. How people live with or get over being suicidal: A review of qualitative studies. J Adv Nurs 2008:64(2):114–26.8. Ghio L, Zanelli E, Gotelli S, et al. Involving patients who attempt suicide in suicide prevention: A focus group study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2011:18:510–18.9. Kraft TL, Jobes DA, Lineberry TW., Conrad, A., & Kung, S. Brief report: Why suicide? Perceptions of suicidal inpatients and reflections of clinical researchers. Arch Suicide Res 2010:14(4):375-382.10. Sun F, Long A, Tsao L, et al. The healing process following a suicide attempt: Context and intervening conditions. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2014:28:66–61.11. Montross Thomas L, Palinkas L, et al. Yearning to be heard: What veterans teach us about suicide risk and effective interventions. Crisis 2014:35(3):161–67.12. Long M, Manktelow R, and Tracey A. The healing journey: Help seeking for self-injury among a community population. Qual Health Res 2015:25(7):932–44.13. Carlen P and Bengtsson A. Suicidal patients as experienced by psychiatric nurses in inpatient care. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2007:16:257–65.14. Samuelsson M, Wiklander M, Asberg M, et al. Psychiatric care as seen by the attempted suicide patient. J Adv Nurs 2000:32(3):635–43.15. Cutcliffe JR, Stevenson C, Jackson S, et al. A modified grounded theory study of how psychiatric nurses work with suicidal people. Int J Nurs Studies 2006:43(7):791–802.16. Lakeman, R. What can qualitative research tell us about helping a person who is suicidal? Nurs Times 2010:106(33):23–26.17. Karman P, Kool N, Poslawsky I, et al. Nurses’ attitudes toward self-harm: a literature review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2015:22:65–75.18. Carter B. ‘One expertise among many’ – working appreciatively to make miracles instead of finding problems: Using appreciative inquiry as a way of reframing research. J Res Nurs 2006:11(1): 48–63.19. Lieblich A, Tuval-Mashiach R, Zilber T. Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation. Sage Publications; 1998.20. Braun V and Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006:3(2):77–101.21. Kishi Y, Otsuka K, Akiyama K, et al. Effects of a training workshop on suicide prevention among emergency room nurses. 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Cute pictures of animals feature as an inoffensive and adorable background to the contemporary online experience with cute content regularly shared on social media platforms. Indeed the demand for cuteness is so strong in the current cultural milieu that some animals become recognisable animal celebrities in the process (Hepola). However, despite the existence of this professionalisation in some sections of the cute economy, amateurs produce the majority of cute content that circulates online. This is largely because one of the central contributors to this steady stream of cute animal pictures is the subforum Aww, hosted on the online community Reddit. Aww is wholly dedicated to pictures of cute things and allows users to directly submit cute content directly to the site. Aww is one of the default subforums that new Reddit users are automatically subscribed to and is immensely popular, featuring over 4.2 million dedicated subscribers as well as untold casual visits. The section is self-described as: “Things that make you go AWW! -- like puppies, and bunnies, and so on...Feel free to post pictures, videos and stories of cute things” ("The cutest things on the internet!"). Users upload cute animal photos that they have taken and wait for the Reddit community to vote on their favourite pictures. The voting mechanism helps users to acknowledge their favourite posts, with the most popular featured on the front page of Aww (for a detailed critique of this process see van der Nagel 2013). The user-generated model of the site means that instead of visitors being confronted with a formally curated selection of cute animal photos, Aww offers a constantly changing mixture of amateur, semi-pro and professional content. Aww - and Reddit more generally - stand as an emblematic example of participatory culture (Jenkins 2006), with users playing an active role in the production and curation of online content. However, given the commercial nature of many user-generated content sites, this amateur media activity is becoming increasingly subject to intellectual property claims and conflicts (see Burgess; Kennedy). Across the internet there are growing tensions between website operators and amateur producers. As Jenny Kennedy (132) notes, while these platforms promote a public rhetoric of “sharing”, these corporate narratives “downplay their economic power” and imply “that they do not control the practices contained within their sites”. Subsequently, the expectations of users regarding how content is managed and organised can differ substantially from the corporate goals of social media companies. This paper contributes to the growing body of literature interested in the politics of amateur media production (see Hunter and Lastowka; Benkler; Burgess; Kennedy) by exploring the emergence of attribution norms and informal enforcement measures in and around the Aww online community. In contrast to professional content creators, amateurs often have fewer resources on hand to protect their copyrighted work and are also challenged by a pervasive online rhetoric that suggests that popular content essentially “belongs to the Internet” (Douglas). A number of communities on Reddit have questioned the company’s handling of amateur content with users suggesting that Reddit actively seeks to de-contextualise original content and not attribute original creators. By examining how amateur creators and online communities regulate content online, I interrogate the power relations that exist between social media platforms and users and explore how the corporate rhetoric of participatory culture interacts with the legal framework of copyright law. This article also contributes to existing legal scholarship on communities of practice and norms-based intellectual property systems. This literature has explored how social norms effectively regulate the protection of, among other things, recipes (Fauchart and Von Hippel), fashion design (Raustiala and Sprigman) and stand-up comedy routines (Oliar and Sprigman), in situations where copyright law does not function as an effective regulatory mechanism. Often these norms are in line with copyright law protections, but in other cases they diverge from these legal principles. In this paper I suggest that particular sections of Reddit function in a similar way, with their own set of self-governing norms, and that these norms largely align with the philosophical aims of copyright law. The paper begins by outlining a series of recent debates that have occurred between amateur media creators and Reddit, before exploring how norms are regulated on Reddit subforums Aww and Karma Court. I then offer some brief conclusions on the value of paying attention to how social norms structure forms of “sharing” (see Kennedy) and provide a useful way for amateur media producers to protect their content without going through formal legal processes. Introducing Reddit and the Confused Politics of Amateur Content Reddit is a social news site, a vibrant community and one of the most popular websites online. It stands as the most visible iteration of a long-standing tradition of user-generated and managed news, one that goes back to websites like Slashdot, which operated in the mid to late-90s. Founded in 2005 Reddit was launched after only one funding round of venture capital, receiving $100k in seed funding from Y Combinatory (Miller). Despite some early rivalry between Reddit and competitor site Digg, Reddit had enough potential to be purchased by Condé Nast for an estimated $20 million (Carr). Reddit’s audience numbers have grown exponentially in the last few years, with the site currently receiving over 5 billion page views and 114 million unique visitors per month (“About Reddit”). It has also changed focus significantly in the last few years with the site now “as much about posting interesting or funny pictures as it is about news” (Sepponen). Reddit hosts a number of individual subforums (called subreddits), which focus on a particular topic and function essentially like online bulletin boards. The front-page of Reddit showcases the most popular content from across the whole website, and user-generated content features heavily here. Amateur media cannot spread without the structural support of social media platforms, but this support is qualified in particular ways. Reddit stands as a paradigmatic case. Users on Reddit are “incentivized to submit direct links to images, because viewers can get to them more easily” (Douglas) and the website encourages amateur creators to use a preferred content server – Imgur – to host images. The Imgur service provides a direct public link to an image – even bypassing the Reddit discussion page – and with its free hosting and limited ads it has become a popular service and is used by most Reddit users (Slater-Robins). For the majority of Reddit users this is an unproblematic partnership. Imgur is free, effective and fast. However, a vocal minority of Reddit users and amateur creators claim that the partnership between Reddit and Imgur has created the equivalent of an online ghetto (Douglas).As Nick Douglas explains, when using services like Imgur there is no requirement to either provide an external link to a creators website or to attribute the creator, limiting the ability for an amateur creator to gain exposure. It also bypasses existing revenue streams that may have been set up by creators, including ad-supported websites or online stores offering merchandise. As a result creators have little opportunity to benefit either economically or reputationally from this system. This occurs to such an extent that “there are actually warnings against submitting your own [original] work” to particular subforums on Reddit (Douglas). For example, some forum moderators require submissions to either “link directly to a specific image file or to a website with minimal ads” (“Reddit Pics”). It is in this context, that the posting of original content without attribution is not actively policed. There are a number of complaints circulating within the Reddit community about these practices (see “Ok, look people. I know you heart Imgur, but webcomics? Just link to the freaking site”; “The problem with reddit”). Many creators have directly protested against this aspect of Reddit’s structural organisation. Blogger Benjamin Grelle (a.k.a The Frogman) and writer Chris Menning are two notable examples. Grelle’s protest was witty and dramatic. He wrote a blog post featuring a picture of an email he sent to Imgur offering the company a choice: send him a huge novelty check for $10,000 or alternatively, add a proper attribution system that allows artists, photographers and content creators to properly credit their work. Grelle estimates that his work generated around $20,000 in ad revenue for Imgur; however the structure of Reddit and Imgur meant he earned little income from the “viral” success of his content. Grelle claimed he was happy for his work to be shared, but attribution meant that it was more likely a fan would follow the link to his website and provide him with some financial recompense for his work. Unsurprisingly, Grelle didn’t receive a paycheck and so in response has developed a unique way to gain exposure. He has started to insert himself into his work, “[s]o when you see a stolen Frogman piece, you still see Ben Grelle’s face” (Douglas). Chris Menning posted a blog about being banned from Reddit, hoping to bring to light some of the inequalities that persist around Reddit’s current structure. He began by noting that he had received a significant amount of traffic from them in the past. He had responded in kind by looking to create original content for particular subforums, knowing what a particular community would enjoy. However, his habit of providing the link to his own website along with the content he posted saw him get labelled as a spammer and banned by administrators. Menning chose not to fight the ban:It seems that the only way I could avoid [getting banned] is if I were to relinquish any rights to my original content and post it exclusively to Imgur. In effect, reddit punishes the creation of original content, and rewards content theft (Menning). Instead he decided to quit Reddit, claiming that Reddit’s approach would carry long-term consequences as the platform provided little incentive for creators to produce wholly original content. It is worth noting that neither Menning nor Grelle turned to legal avenues in order to gain financial restitution. Considering the nature of the practices they were complaining about, compensation in the form of an injunction or damages would have certainly been possible. In Benjamin’s case, a user had combined a number of his copyrighted works into one image and posted the image to Imgur without attribution --this infringed Grelle’s copyright in his work as well as his moral right to be attributed as the creator of the work. However, the public comments of both creators suggest that despite the possibility of legal success, their issue was not so much to do with their individual cases but rather the broader structural issues at play within Reddit. While they might gain individually from a successful legal challenge, over the long term Reddit would continue to be a fraught place for amateur and semi-professional content creators. Certain parts of the Reddit community appear to be sympathetic to these issues, and the complaints of dissenting users like Menning and Grelle have received active support from some users and moderators on the site. This has led to changes in the way content is being posted and managed on Aww, and has also driven the emergence of a satirical user-run court entitled Karma Court. In these spaces moderators and members establish community norms, regularly police the correct attribution of works and challenge the de-contextualisation of content overtly encouraged by Reddit, Imgur and other subforums. In the following section I will examine both Aww and Karma Court in order to explore how these norms are established and negotiated by both moderators and users alike. reddit.com/r/aww: The Online Hub of Cute Animal Pictures As we have seen, the design of Reddit and Imgur creates a number of problems for amateur creators who wish to protect their intellectual property. To address these shortcomings, the Aww community has created its own informal regulatory systems. Volunteer moderators play a crucial role: they establish informal codes of conduct for the Aww community and enforce various rules about how the site should be used. One of these rules relates to attribution. Users are asked to to “post original content whenever possible or attribute original content creators” ("The cutest things on the internet!"). Due to the volunteer nature of the work and the size of the Aww sub-reddit, moderator enforcement is haphazard. Consequently, responsibility falls on the wider user community to self-police. Despite its informal nature, this process manages to facilitate a fairly consistent standard of attribution. In this way it functions as an informal method of intellectual property protection. It is worth noting however that this commitment to original content is not solely due to the moral character of Aww users. A significant motivation is the distribution of karma points amongst Reddit users. Karma, which represents your good standing within the Reddit community, can be earned through user likes and votes – these push the most popular content to the front page of each subforum. Thus karma stands as a numerical representation of a user’s value to Reddit. This ostensibly democratic system has the paradoxical effect of fuelling intellectual property violations on the site. Users often repost other users’ jpegs, animated gifs, and other content, in order to reap the social and cultural capital that comes with posting a popular picture. In some cases they claim authorship of the content; in other cases they simply re-post content that they feel “belongs to the internet” (Douglas). Some content is so popular or pervasive online (this content that is often described as “viral”) that users feel there is little reason or need to attribute content. This helps to explain the persistence of ownership and attribution conflicts on Reddit. In the eyes of some users and moderators the management of these rights and the correct distribution of karma are seen to be vital to the long-term functioning of site. The karma system offers a numerical representation of each contributor’s value. Re-posting already successful content and claiming it as your own challenges the proper functioning of the karma system and potentially ‘inhibits the innovative potential of contributions (Richterich). On Aww the re-posting of original content is viewed as a taboo act that breaches these norms. The poster is seen to have engaged in deceptive conduct in order to gain karma for their user profile. In addition there is a strong ethic that runs through these comment threads that the original creator deserves attribution. There is a presumption that this attribution is vital in order to increasing the possible marketability of the posted content and to recognise and courage creators within the community. This sort of community-driven regulation contrasts with the aforementioned site design of Reddit and Imgur, which frustrates effective authorship attribution practices. Aww users, in contrast, have shown a willingness to defend what they see as the intellectual property rights of content creators.A series of recent examples outline how this process works in practice. User “moonlikeme123” posted a picture of a cat with its hands on the steering wheel of a car. The picture was entitled “we don’t need to ask for directions, Helen”. During the same day, three separate users had identified the picture as a repost, with one noting that the same picture was already on the front page of Aww. “moonlikeme123” received no karma points for the picture. In a second example, the user “nibblur” posted a photo of a kitten “hunting” a toy mouse. Within a day, one enterprising user had identified the original photographer – “torode”, an amateur photographer – and linked to his Reddit profile (see fig. 2) ("ferocious cat hunting its prey: aww."). One further example: on 15 July 2013 “Cuzacelmare” posted a picture of two dogs comforting each other – an image which had originally been posted by “lauface”. Again, users were quick to point out the lack of attribution and the attempt to claim someone else’s content as their own (“Comforting her sister during a storm: aww). It is worth noting that some Reddit users consider attributing content to be entirely without benefit. Some deride karma as “meaningless” and suggest that as a significant amount of content online is regularly reposted elsewhere, there is little harm done in re-posting what is essentially amateur content destined to be lost in the bowels of the internet. For example, the comments that follow Cuzacelmare’s reflect an ambivalence about reposting, suggesting that users weigh up the benefits of exposure gained by the re-posting against the lack of attribution granted and the increasingly decontextualized nature of the photo itself:Why does everyone get so bitchy about reposts. Not everyone is on ALL the time or has been on Rreddit since it was created. I mean if you've seen it already ignore it. It's just picture you aren't forced to click the link. [sic] (“Comforting her sister during a storm: aww”)We're arguing semantics, but any content that gets attention can benefit the creator, whether it's reddit or Youtube (“Comforting her sister during a storm: aww”) Such discussions are common on comment threads following re-posts by other users. They underline the conflicted status of this ephemeral media and the underlying frictions that are part of these processes. These discussions underline the fact that on Reddit the “sharing” (Kennedy) and “spreading” (Jenkins et al.) of content is not seen as an unquestioned positive but rather as a contestable structural feature that needs to be constantly negotiated and discussed. These informal methods of identification, post-hoc attribution and criticism in comment threads have been the long-standing method used to redress questions of attribution and ownership of content on Reddit. However in recent times, Reddit users have turned to satirical methods of formal adjudication for particularly egregious cases. A sub-reddit, Karma Court, now functions as an informal tribunal in which punishment is meted out for “the abuse of karma and general contemptible actions heretofore identified as wrongdoing” (“Constitution and F.A.Q of the Karma Court”). Due to its double function as both an adjudicator and satire of users overly-invested in online debates, there is no limit to the possible “crimes” a user may be charged with. The following charges are only presented as guidelines and speak to common negative experiences on online: (1). Douchebaggery - When one is being a douche.(2). Defamation - Tarnishing another redditor's [user’s] username.(3). Public Indecency - When a user flexes his or her 'e-peen' with the intent to shame other users.(4). OhShit.exe - Intentional reposting that results in reddit Gold.(5). GrandTheft.jpg - Reposting while claiming credit for the post.(6). Obstruction of Justice - Impeding or interfering with an investigation, such as submitting false screenshots, deleting evidence, or providing false evidence to the court.(7). Other - Literally anything else you want. We like creative names for charges.(“Constitution and F.A.Q of the Karma Court”) In Karma Court, legal representation can be sourced from a list of attorneys and judges, populated by users who volunteer to help adjudicate the case. They are required to have been a Reddit member for over six months. The only punishment is a public shaming. Interestingly Karma Court has developed a fair reposting clause that attempts to manage the complex debates around reposting and attribution. Under the non-binding satirical clause, users are able to repost content if it has not featured on the front page of a sub-reddit for seven or more days, if the re-poster acknowledges in the title or description that they are re-posting or if the original poster has less than 30,000 link karma (which means that the original poster has not substantially contributed to the Reddit community). If a re-poster does not adhere by these rules and claims a re-post as their own original content (or “OC”), they can be charged with “grandtheft.jpg” and brought to trial by another Reddit user. As one of the most popular subforums, a number of cases have emerged from Aww. The aforementioned re-poster “Cuzacelmare” (“I am bringing /U/ Cuzacelmare to trial …”) was “charged” through this process and served with a summons after denying “cute and innocent animals of that subreddit of their much deserved karma”. Similar cases to do with re-posting without attribution on Aww involve “FreshCorio” (“Reddit vs. U/FreshCorio …”) and “ninjacollin” (“People of Reddit vs. /U/ ninjacollin”) who were also brought to karma court. In each case prosecutors were adamant that false authorship claims needed to be punished. With these mock trials run by volunteers it takes time for arguments to be heard and judgment to occur; however “ninjacollin” expedited the legal process by offering a full confession. As a new user, “ninjacollin” was reprimanded severely for his actions and the users on Karma Court underlined the consequences of not identifying original content creators when re-posting content. Ownership and Attribution: Amateur Media, Distribution and Law The practices outlined above offer a number of alternate ways to think about amateur media and how it is distributed. An increasingly complex picture of content attribution and circulation emerges once we take into account the structural operation of Reddit, the intellectual property norms of users, and the various formal and informal systems of regulation that are appearing on the site. Such practices require users to negotiate complex questions of ownership between each other and in relation to corporate bodies. These negotiations often lead to informal agreements around a set of norms to regulate the spread of content within a particular community, suggesting that the lack of a formal legal process in these debates does not mean that there is an absence of regulation. As noted throughout this paper, the spread of online content often involves progressive de-contextualisation. Website design features often support this process in the hopes of encouraging content to spread in a fashion amenable to their corporate goals. Considering this tendency for content to be decontextualized online, the presence of attribution norms on subforums like Aww is significant. Instead of remixing, spreading and re-purposing content indiscriminately, users retain a concept of ownership and attribution that tracks closely to the basic principles of copyright law. Rather than users radically redefining concepts of attribution and ownership, as prefigured in some of the more utopian accounts of participatory media, the dominant norms of the Reddit community extend a discourse of copyright and ownership. As well as providing a greater level of detail to contemporary debates around amateur media and its viral or spreadable nature (Burgess; Jenkins; Jenkins et al), this analysis offers some lessons for copyright law. The emergence of norms in particular Reddit subforums which govern the use of copyrighted content and the use of a mock court structure suggests that online communities have the capacity to engage in forms of redress for amateur creators. These organic forms of copyright management operate adjacent to formal legal structures of copyright law. However, they are more accessible and practical for amateur creators, who do not always have the money to hire lawyers, especially when the market value of their content might be negligible. The informal regulatory systems outlined above may not operate perfectly but they reveal communities who are willing to engage foundational conversations around the importance of attribution and ownership. Following the existing literature (Fauchart and Von Hippel; Raustiala and Sprigman; Schultz; Oliar and Sprigman), I suggest that these online social norms provide a useful form of alternative protection for amateur creators. Acknowledgements Thanks to Ramon Lobato and Emily van der Nagel for comments and productive discussions around these issues. I am also grateful to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their assistance in developing this argument. References “About Reddit.” Reddit, 2014. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.reddit.com/about/›. Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Burgess, Jean. “YouTube and the Formalisation of Amateur Media.” Amateur Media: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives. In Dan Hunter, Ramon Lobato, Megan Richardson, and Julian Thomas, eds. Oxford: Routledge, 2012. Carr, Nicholas. “Left Alone by Its Owner, Reddit Soars.” The New York Times: Business, 2 Sep. 2012. “Comforting Her Sister during a Storm: aww.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 15 July 2013. “Constitution and F.A.Q of the Karma Court.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 2014. Douglas, Nick. “Everything on the Internet Gets Stolen: Here’s How You Should Feel about That.” Slacktory, 8 Sep. 2009. Fauchart, Emmanual, and Eric von Hippel. “Norms-Based Intellectual Property Systems: The Case of French Chefs.” Organization Science 19.2 (2008): 187 - 201 "Ferocious Cat Hunting Its Prey: aww." reddit: the front page of the internet, 4 April 2013. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.rreddit.com/r/aww/comments/1bobcp/ferocious_cat_hunting_its_prey/›. Hepola, Sarah. “The Internet is Made of Kittens.” Salon.com, 11 Feb. 2009. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.salon.com/2009/02/10/cat_internet/›. Hunter, Dan, and Greg Lastowka. “Amateur-to-Amateur.” William & Mary Law Review 46 (2004): 951 - 1030. “I Am Bringing /U/ Cuzacelmare to Trial on the Basis of Being One of the Biggest _______ I’ve Ever Seen, by Reposting Cute Animal Pictures to /R/Awww. Feels.Jpg.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 21 March 2013. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: New York University Press, 2013. Menning, Chris. "So I Got Banned from Reddit" Modern Primate, 23 Aug. 2012. Miller, Keery. “How Y Combinator Helped Shape Reddit.” Bloomberg Businessweek, 26 Sep. 2007. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-09-26/how-y-combinator-helped-shape-redditbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice›. “Ok, Look People. I Know You Heart Imgur, But Webcomics? Just Link to the Freaking Site.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 22 Aug. 2011. Oliar, Dotan, and Christopher Sprigman. “There’s No Free Laugh (Anymore): The Emergence of Intellectual Property Norms and the Transformation of Stand-Up Comedy.” Virginia Law Review 94.8 (2009): 1787 – 1867. “People of reddit vs. /U/Ninjacollin for Grandtheft.jpg.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 30 Jan. 2013. Raustiala, Kal, and Christopher Sprigman. “The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design”. Virginia Law Review 92.8 (2006): 1687-1777. “Reddit v. U/FreshCorio. User Uploads Popular Repost Picture of R/AWW and Claims It Is His Sister’s Cat. Falsely Claims It Is His Cakeday for Good Measure.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 12 Apr. 2013. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.reddit.com/r/KarmaCourt/comments/1c7vxz/reddit_vs_ufreshcorio_user_uploads_popular_repost/›. “Reddit Pics.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 2014. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.reddit.com/r/pics/›. Richterich, Annika. “’Karma, Precious Karma!’ Karmawhoring on Reddit and the Front Page’s Econometrisation.” Journal of Peer Production 4 (2014). 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://peerproduction.net/issues/issue-4-value-and-currency/peer-reviewed-articles/karma-precious-karma/›. Schultz, Mark. “Fear and Norms and Rock & Roll: What Jambands Can Teach Us about Persuading People to Obey Copyright Law.” Berkley Technology Law Journal 21.2 (2006): 651 – 728. Sepponen, Bemmu. “Why Redditors Gave Imgur a Chance.” Social Media Today, 20 July 2011. Slater-Robins, Max. “From Rags to Riches: The Story of Imgur.” Neowin, 21 Apr. 2013. "The Cutest Things on the Internet!" reddit: the front page of the internet, n.d. “The Problem with reddit.” reddit: the front page of the internet, 23 Aug. 2012. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.rreddit.com/r/technology/comments/ypbe2/the_problem_with_rreddit/›. Van der Nagel, Emily. “Faceless Bodies: Negotiating Technological and Cultural Codes on reddit gonewild.” Scan: Journal of Media Arts Culture 10.2 (2013). "We Don’t Need to Ask for Directions, Helen: aww." reddit: the front page of the internet, 30 June 2013. 29 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.rreddit.com/r/aww/comments/1heut6/we_dont_need_to_ask_for_directions_helen/›.

Male reproductive health depends upon the normal structures and functions of Shukrava srotas. Shukra is composed of both sperm and semen and considered one of the important factors for fertilization. It is stated as Phalavat shukra. Preceptors of Ayurveda have described eight types of Shukra dosha and their treatments. Low sperm count, decrease sperm motility, abnormal sperm morphology, ejaculatory problems, sexual dysfunctions, environmental exposures (radiation, pollution, and stress etc), lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol, recreational drugs etc), varicocele, hormonal imbalances, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) etc are causative factors for Male infertility. Thousands of years back, ancient system of medicine has mentioned the word Purusha vandya (male infertility) and different pharmacological activities, medicinal formulas, therapies to treat sperm disorders, semen impairments, and sexual dysfunctions. Vajeekarana is one of the special branches of Astanga Ayurveda which maintains the fertility and management of male infertility. Shukrala, Shukra janana, Shukra shodhana, Shukra rechaka, Shukra pravataka and Shukra sthambhaka etc., are the pharmacological activities mentioned to treat Shukradoshas. Shukrala karma mainly composed of Shukra vrudhikara and Shukra srutikara means which enhances the Shukra (semen and sperm) quantitatively and qualitatively and facilitates its ejaculation. Therefore, an attempt has been made to establish the concept of Shukrala karma and its therapeutic applicability in the management of male infertility.

Background : Low sperm count (oligozoospermia) and reduced motility of sperms (asthenozoospermia) is the main causes of male infertility and it is correlated with Shukrdushti ( Vitiation of sperms) and is a problem of global proportions. Worldwide infertility is affecting on an average 8 – 12 % of couples. Infertile men may higher risk of developing other health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases and substance abuse disorders. Ayurveda advocated that, to produce a progeny four things are necessary i.e. Ritu (Reproductive age and ovulation period), Kshetra(Female reproductive tract), Ambu(nutritional factors) and Bija (Sperm and ovum). If there is Dushti (disturbance) in any one of the above factors it would lead into infertility. The modern medical field has now started realizing its importance and a new branch known as Andrology has been developed recently which is still in the progress of producing a satisfactory management for the current problem. Virechana (medically induced purgation) is one among the five cleansing procedure described in Ayurveda which is said to be beneficial in reliving the disturbances of Dosha (bodily humour) & Dhatus (body tissue). Shukra being on among the seven Dhatus, Virechana has a significant potential to relieve the Vitiation/disturbances in it. Aim: To access the efficacy of Virechana in the management of Oligoasthenozoospermia. Materials & methods : The present case study is upon a 35 years old, dignosed case of oligoasthenozoospermia who attended the Panchakarma OPD at Late Kedari Redekar Ayu Mah Gadhinglaj, Kolhapur. Virechana was done as per the classical method. Assessment was done after Virechana and after 15 days of follow up. Results : The sperm analysis showed an increase of Total sperm count from 01 million/ml to 68 million/ml. Conclusion: Virechana procedure has shown an effective and safe method of increasing the sperm count to a significant level along with the increase in sperm motility. Hence the therapy might may be of significant benefits in patients suffering from oligoasthenozoospermia.

Abstrak Penyakit malaria hingga saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Secara epidemiologi Indonesia merupakan daerah endemis mayor malaria di Asia tenggara. Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan adalah salah satu daerah endemis malaria di Sumatera Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui frekuensi parasit malaria berdasarkan umur, kenis kelamin dan angka hitung parasitnya (Parasite Count). Telah dilakukan penelitian pada murid SD 45 Pulau Karam dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Data diperoleh dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis sediaan darah tebal dan tipis yang dipulas dengan pewarnaan Giemsa. Hasil penelitian terhadap 97 murid SDN 45 Pulau Karam didapatkan angka parasit sebanyak 28% dan spesies Plasmodium yang ditemukan seluruhnya merupakan Plasmodium falsiparum. Bedasarkan golongan umur, distribusi frekuensi parasit malaria tertinggi ditemukan pada umur < 10 tahun yaitu 59% dan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, di dapatkan persentase terbesar pada anak laki -laki yaitu sebesar 78%. Parasite Count pada slide darah yang positif parasit malaria yang tertinggi persenan adalah yang < 250/mm³ yaitu sebanyak 96%.Kata kunci: slide darah tebal dan tipis, Parasite Rate, Plasmodium falsiparum, Parasite Count.Abstract Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. Indonesia is a major malaria endemic areas in Southeast Asia. District Pesisir Selatan is one of the endemic areas in West Sumatera. The objective of this study was to find the frequency of malaria parasite based on species of malaria parasite, age, gendre and Parasite Count, a study was done on elementary student in SDN 45 Pulau Karam. This research was descriptive. Data obtained by microscopic examination of thick and thin blood preparations were daubed with Giemsa staining. The study of 97 students of SDN 45 Pulau Karam in getting the numbers as much as 28% and the Plasmodium species is found throughout Plasmodium falciparum. Based on the age group, the highest frequency distribution of the malaria parasite was found at age <10 years is 59% and base on gendre, in getting the largest percentage of boys is equal to 78%. Parasite Count on positive blood preparations of the highest malaria parasite gratuities are <250/mm³ as many as 96%.Keywords: thick and thin blood preparations, Parasite Rate, Plasmodium falciparum, Parasite Count.

Media representations of massive open online courses (MOOCs) such as those offered by Coursera, edX and Udacity reflect tension and ambiguity in their bold promise of democratized education and global knowledge sharing. An approach to MOOCs that emphasizes the tacit epistemology of such representations suggests a richer account of the ambiguities of MOOCs, the unsettled linguistic and visual representations that reflect the strange lifeworld of global online courses and the pressing need for promising innovation that seeks to serve the restless global desire for knowledge. This perspective piece critically appraises the linguistic laboratory of thought such representation reveals and its destabilized rhetoric of technology and educational practice. The mobile knowledge of MOOCs, detached from context and educational purpose and indifferent to cultural boundary distortions, contains both the promise of democratized education and the shadow of post-colonial knowledge export. Les représentations médiatiques des cours en ligne ouverts et massifs (MOOC en anglais) comme ceux offerts par Coursera, edX et Udacity reflètent une tension et une ambiguïté occasionnées par leur audacieuse promesse de démocratisation de l’éducation et de partage global du savoir. Étudier les MOOC en accentuant l'épistémologie tacite de ces représentations mène à une explication plus riche des ambiguïtés inhérentes aux MOOC, de l’incertitude des représentations linguistiques et visuelles reflétant l’étrange monde vécu des cours en ligne à l’échelle globale et le besoin pressant d'innovation prometteuse visant à répondre au désir insatiable de connaissance à travers le monde. Le présent essai évalue de manière critique le laboratoire linguistique d’idées révélées par une telle représentation ainsi que son discours instable sur la technologie et sur les pratiques pédagogiques. Libéré de tout contexte et d’objectif pédagogique et indifférent aux distorsions des barrières culturelles, le savoir mobile des MOOC contient à la fois la promesse d'une éducation démocratisée et le spectre d’un savoir postcolonial.

The main cause of a childless couple's lack of societal support is the depressing ignorance and maltreatment of the causes of childlessness and its treatment. Childless couples are socially and emotionally vulnerable in many parts of the world because of this isolation. The pressure to become pregnant may be directed at women in various societies, and she is frequently the one who suffers the most from its effects. One of the primary reasons for male infertility is low sperm count (oligozoospermia), which is associated with Ksheena Shukra (oligozoospermia). Before administering Vajikarana medications, Shodhana procedures must be carried out, especially because Virechana Karma has been recommended in cases with Shukra Dushti [1].

Making Numbers Count: The Art and Science of Communicating Numbers (2022), by Chip Heath and Karla Starr, is a practical guide to developing number sense. Full of useful tips and tricks, the book ends on a philosophical note that invites us to contemplate why each of us is simultaneously good and bad with numbers. The writing style is enjoyable, especially for a reference book, and it could generate fruitful conversation in numeracy courses as well as writing courses across disciplines and professions.

Process visualization of static stability loss in mechanics is shown by the micropolar meshed cylindrical panel example with two families of mutually perpendicular ribs. The mathematical model of the panel's behavior is based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses. The micropolar theory is applied to ac-count for scale effects. Geometric nonlinearity is taken into account according to the theory of Theodor von Karman. The mesh structure is taken into account based on the Pshenichnov I. G. continuum model. Visualization of numerical results using Autodesk 3ds Max software made it possible to more clearly assess the phenomenon of static buckling of the shell in question. Visualization of the results using 3D made it possible to establish that an in-crease in the distance between the edges of the mesh panel and an increase in the parameter depending on the size does not change the bending shape of the panel, as well as the diagrams of moments and forces at subcritical and supercritical loads.