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Journal articles on the topic 'Karst Environments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Dandurand, Grégory. "Book review: Preserving karst environments and karst caves. Karst dynamics, environments, usage and restauration: Towards an international karst preservation system." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 24, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.11964.

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2

Dandurand, Grégory. "Compte rendu de lecture : Preserving karst environments and karst caves. Karst dynamics, environments, usage and restauration: Towards an international karst preservation system." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 24, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.11963.

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3

Dan, Yong, Liangbiao Lin, Bin Liang, Qingyu Zhang, Yu Yu, Jianwen Cao, and Jingrui Li. "Eogenetic Karst Control of Carbonate Reservoirs during a Transient Exposure: A Case Study of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the Northern Slope of the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China." Minerals 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080345.

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The Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin contains abundant oil and gas resources in Ordovician carbonate rocks, especially in the karst pores and caves of the Yingshan Formation. Research has indicated that the Yingshan Formation underwent a 7–11 Ma exposure during the middle Caledonian Period, resulting in large-scale karst pores and caves. However, the continental freshwater karst model cannot adequately explain the origin and distribution of karst pores and caves. In order to develop a more accurate karst model to guide petroleum exploration in the region, we analyzed the karst morphology, cave development statistics, and paleokarst environments. Karst reservoir characteristics were analyzed on the basis of the following analysis: (1) Karst morphological analyses based on core description and formation micro-imager (FMI) log analyses. The results showed that alveolar-like and Swiss cheese-like solution pores, spongy dissolution zones, pit cenotes, and small continuous karst caves developed in the Yingshan Formation. (2) The statistical analysis of pore and cave characteristics indicated that most of the karst pores and caves developed within 50 m below the unconformity where the average height of these features ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 m and their widths ranged up to 100 m. These pores and caves were commonly filled with gravel, clay, and calcite. Horizontal well and seismic attribute analysis indicated that these pores and caves were distributed over a large area. In plain view, the karst pore-cave system is comprised of cross-linked anastomosing networks of horizontal cave passages. And (3) Cathode luminescence and electron microprobe analyses suggested that clay filling within karst caves was freshwater related, while calcite filling was of seawater origin. Cements within solution pores showed three phases of luminescence, suggesting an alternating freshwater and seawater environment. Based on these characteristics, the karsts of the Yingshan Formation in the Tazhong area are interpreted to be similar to the eogenetic karsts in the Yucatan Peninsula of modern Mexico. Accordingly, this study indicates that the pore-caves of the Yingshan Formation can be subdivided into three sections. Further, the development and filling of these pore-cave sections are interpreted to have formed by eogenetic mixed-water karstification during three phases of relatively stable sea level in a coastal margin environment.
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4

van Beynen, Philip, Robert Brinkmann, and Kaya van Beynen. "A sustainability index for karst environments." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 74, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2011ss0217.

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5

Van Beynen, Philip, and Kaya Townsend. "A Disturbance Index for Karst Environments." Environmental Management 36, no. 1 (June 9, 2005): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0265-9.

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6

Chen, Yue, Kangning Xiong, Xiaodong Ren, and Cai Cheng. "Vulnerability Comparison between Karst and Non-Karst Nature Reserves—With a Special Reference to Guizhou Province, China." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052442.

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Studying vulnerability has become one of the hot issues of ecological research under global change and sustainable development scenarios. However, there are few studies focusing on the vulnerability of karst areas, especially on the comparison between karst and non-karst areas. This study integrated climate factors, soil and vegetation factors, and social factors within a vulnerability evaluation framework that combined the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique to evaluate and compare the ecological environments of 10 karst nature reserves and five non-karst nature reserves in Guizhou Province, China. The evaluation results were divided into five categories: potential, light, moderate, severe, and extremely severe vulnerability. The results indicated that the general vulnerability of national nature reserves in Guizhou Province showed moderate vulnerability. The vulnerability index of karst nature reserves was significantly higher than that of non-karst nature reserves. The general vulnerability of karst nature reserves showed moderate vulnerability, while that of non-karst nature reserves showed light vulnerability. Average soil thickness, arable area, and the length of roads may be the factors contributing to the significant difference in the vulnerability between karst and non-karst nature reserves. Overall, this study is conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the ecological environment status of national nature reserves in Guizhou Province, and is of great significance to maintaining ecological security and sustainable development in karst areas.
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7

Sun, Shangqu, Liping Li, Jing Wang, Shuguang Song, Peng He, and Zhongdong Fang. "Reconstruction and Measurement of Irregular Karst Caves Using BLST along the Shield Metro Line." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010392.

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This study investigated the application of the borehole laser scanning technology (BLST) method in the detection of both dry and water-filled karst caves. In order to solve the problem of excessive laser attenuation during the detection, we designed a test for the characteristics of multiwavelength laser attenuation in water-filled karst caves and studied the influence exerted by various factors, including different wavelengths, different laser power levels, different suspended media, and effect of turbidity on the attenuation coefficient. During the test, we discovered the existence of a “blue-green window” with low turbidity and a “near infrared window” with high turbidity in karst cave water environments. Based on the general survey results of drilling and comprehensive geophysical prospecting, a quantitative method using targeted drilling was proposed to detect the spatial morphology of karst caves in complex environments. We also investigated the effects of complex environmental factors such as suspended media and high turbidity on the laser detection distance and accuracy in karst caves, and established a quantitative matching model of laser wavelengths, laser power, and complex environmental parameters. Based on this, we obtained the best acquisition mode for detecting lasers in different karst development environments. A high-precision, three-dimensional visualized model of a real karst cave was established to quantitatively obtain the characteristic parameters, such as accurate position, three-dimensional shape, space volume, and cave filling type, which was applied to the detection of karst caves along the Jinan subway line.
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8

Conrado-Palafox, Alain L., Luisa N. Equihua-Anguiano, Marcos Orozco-Calderón, and Eleazar Arreygue-Rocha. "Numerical simulation of karst environments to study subsidence." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 172, no. 4 (August 2019): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.18.00161.

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9

Epting, Jannis, Peter Huggenberger, and Lukas Glur. "Integrated investigations of karst phenomena in urban environments." Engineering Geology 109, no. 3-4 (November 2009): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.013.

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10

Palmer, A. N. "Deep-seated geochemical environments in karst: An introduction." Environmental Geology 25, no. 1 (February 1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01061823.

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11

Keqiang, He, Yuyue Jia, Fei Wang, and Yaoru Lu. "Overview of karst geo-environments and karst water resources in north and south China." Environmental Earth Sciences 64, no. 7 (March 18, 2011): 1865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-0998-8.

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12

Shi, Pengtao, Tianshu Zhang, Ziqi Liu, Jiacheng Lan, and Xin Fan. "A Vulnerable Environment Study in Karst Regions between 1991 and 2017: A Bibliometric Analysis." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 5339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245339.

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In order to understand the research hotspots and the development directions in the field of vulnerable karst environment, we undertook bibliometrics citation analysis on 5425 contributions to the literature written in the range from 1991 to 2017 based on the “Web of Science” core collection citation index database. Hopefully, this work will help to set up a scientific foundation for further studies. This research considered the following factors: keywords frequency, influence of author, research hotspot, reference citation network, research institution and the evolution of research topic. It was revealed that the research interests were focused on water, cave, and soil environments and implicated trends switching from a water environment to cave and eco-environment and from ecological restoration and rehabilitation to karst rocky desertification. A European-American-Chinese centered cooperation network has shown its initial form. This research will offer researchers a bird’s eye view of the global vulnerable karst environment and point out the directions of further study.
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13

Trofimova, Elena. "Towards an international protection system for karst environments background." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2016/00307.

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14

Macías, Natascha Wahlberg. "Márton Veress: Karst environments–karren formation in high mountains." Carbonates and Evaporites 25, no. 3 (July 6, 2010): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-010-0025-2.

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15

Vierrether, Christopher B. "Urban development in karst and collapse-prone geologic environments." Carbonates and Evaporites 28, no. 1-2 (February 26, 2013): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13146-013-0153-6.

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16

Paleologos, Evan K., Irene Skitzi, K. Katsifarakis, and Nektarios Darivianakis. "Neural network simulation of spring flow in karst environments." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 27, no. 8 (March 30, 2013): 1829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0717-y.

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17

Shi, Shana, Baoqing Hu, Yan Yan, Xiaoqing Li, Kaichun Zhou, Chuanyong Tang, and Binggeng Xie. "Dynamic Evolution of the Ecological Carrying Capacity of Poverty-Stricken Karst Counties Based on Ecological Footprints: A Case Study in Northwestern Guangxi, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030991.

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The karst area in northwestern Guangxi is poor, underdeveloped, and ecologically fragile. It is experiencing rocky desertification, which creates challenges that are more severe than those of other regional ecological environments. In this paper, the ecological footprint (EF) model is used to analyze the ecological carrying capacity (EC) in northwestern Guangxi from 1995 to 2015, and the differences in karst counties with different poverty levels are discussed. The results show that (1) since 1995, the EC of northwestern Guangxi has continued to decrease, the EF has continued to increase, the ecological deficit (ED) has been expanding, and the status of the region has been unsustainable for a long time. (2) The evolutionary patterns, EF and EC of karst counties with different poverty levels are different. The county with the lowest poverty rate has the fastest growth rate of the per capita EF. The county with the largest proportion of karst area has the lowest EC. (3) It is recommended that different types of counties take different measures, including strengthening ecological environment protection, carrying out rocky desertification control and ecological resettlement projects, and reducing energy consumption. This study can provide information for the sustainable development of the karst region and provide decision support for regional poverty alleviation.
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18

Ohad, Shoshanit, Dalit Vaizel-Ohayon, Meir Rom, Joseph Guttman, Diego Berger, Valeria Kravitz, Shlomo Pilo, Zohar Huberman, Yechezkel Kashi, and Efrat Rorman. "Microbial Source Tracking in Adjacent Karst Springs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 15 (May 22, 2015): 5037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00855-15.

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ABSTRACTModern man-made environments, including urban, agricultural, and industrial environments, have complex ecological interactions among themselves and with the natural surroundings. Microbial source tracking (MST) offers advanced tools to resolve the host source of fecal contamination beyond indicator monitoring. This study was intended to assess karst spring susceptibilities to different fecal sources using MST quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting human, bovine, and swine markers. It involved a dual-time monitoring frame: (i) monthly throughout the calendar year and (ii) daily during a rainfall event. Data integration was taken from both monthly and daily MST profile monitoring and improved identification of spring susceptibility to host fecal contamination; three springs located in close geographic proximity revealed different MST profiles. The Giach spring showed moderate fluctuations of MST marker quantities amid wet and dry samplings, while the Zuf spring had the highest rise of the GenBac3 marker during the wet event, which was mirrored in other markers as well. The revelation of human fecal contamination during the dry season not connected to incidents of raining leachates suggests a continuous and direct exposure to septic systems. Pigpens were identified in the watersheds of Zuf, Shefa, and Giach springs and on the border of the Gaaton spring watershed. Their impact was correlated with partial detection of the Pig-2-Bac marker in Gaaton spring, which was lower than detection levels in all three of the other springs. Ruminant and swine markers were detected intermittently, and their contamination potential during the wet samplings was exposed. These results emphasized the importance of sampling design to utilize the MST approach to delineate subtleties of fecal contamination in the environment.
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19

Stevanović, Zoran, and Aleksandra Maran Stevanović. "Monitoring as the Key Factor for Sustainable Use and Protection of Groundwater in Karst Environments—An Overview." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105468.

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As a specific type of landscape and aquifer, karst is developed in soluble carbonate and evaporitic rocks and is of great importance for humanity. It covers more than 15% of Earth’s ice-free land and its aquifers provide about 10% of the world population’s drinking water. However, in general, its importance is not adequately supported by monitoring. Due to very dynamic karst regimes, in many countries, monitoring networks and their technology must be enlarged and improved, in terms of both the quantity and quality of water. The article discusses the current state of monitoring in legislation and water practice, as well as its importance in preventing water pollution, ensuring water provision to dependent ecosystems and preparing adaptation strategies to mitigate the negative effects of climate changes. Karst aquifers’ heterogeneity, high vulnerability to pollution and their very dynamic regimes require a more frequent observation of discharge and water quality parameters than any other aquifer system. There is also a need for installing sophisticated monitoring equipment, which enables remote observation of changes in dynamic karst systems. Improving monitoring and creating an early warning system would have a direct and positive effect on water management and might also be able to prevent uncontrolled groundwater extraction and deterioration of water quality.
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20

Šreng, Željko, Goran Lončar, and Marin Grubišić. "Methodology for Determining the Die-Off Coefficient of Enterococci in the Conditions of Transport through the Karst Aquifer—Case Study: Bokanjac–Poličnik Catchment." Water 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040820.

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This paper presents the methodology for determining the die-off coefficient of faecal indicator bacteria (enterococci) when transported in a karst environment. The main problem in exploring karst environments, which this methodology strives to cope with, is lack of field measurements, poor data on karst rock formation, fractures and channels within it, and groundwater level dynamics. The analysed karst catchment (Bokanjac–Poličnik) is situated in the hinterland of the city of Zadar (Republic of Croatia) and covers an area of 235.07 km2. In the water supply wells within the analysed catchment, a frequent occurrence of enterococci was observed. The proposed methodology consists of two basic steps. Preliminary analyses as the initial step were used in the accumulation of certain assumptions related to the detection of increased concentrations of enterococci as well as in determination of the potential source of pollution. In the second step, the analytical model was constructed with the aim of resolving processes of sorption and die-off and determining the dominant factor in the process of natural removal of enterococci when transported in karst environment. Within the model, two parts of the pollutant transport are integrated: vertical percolation and horizontal seepage flow and transport. The mean value of the total die-off coefficient by transport through the unsaturated zone in the analysed case is k t o t = 8.25. Within the saturated zone the total die-off coefficient k t o t is within the limits of 0.1 and 0.5.
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21

Čeru, Teja, and Andrej Gosar. "Application of ground penetrating radar in karst environments: An overview." Geologija 62, no. 2 (December 24, 2019): 279–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2019.014.

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22

Mathieu, Jacques, Fabrice Jeannerod, Frédéric Hervant, and Thomas C. Kane. "Genetic differentiation ofNiphargus rhenorhodanensis (Amphipoda) from interstitial and karst environments." Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 1 (March 1997): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02522549.

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23

Webster, Kevin D., Agnieszka Drobniak, Giuseppe Etiope, Maria Mastalerz, Peter E. Sauer, and Arndt Schimmelmann. "Subterranean karst environments as a global sink for atmospheric methane." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 485 (March 2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.025.

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24

Phillips, Jonathan D. "Biogeomorphology and contingent ecosystem engineering in karst landscapes." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 4 (January 13, 2016): 503–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315624641.

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While karst is not biogenic in the same sense as, say, coral reefs or peat bogs, and carbonate dissolution can occur abiotically, formation of karst landscapes would not occur in the absence of the biosphere. Seven levels of biogeomorphic biotic-abiotic interactions are identified, from indirect impacts to landforms as extended phenotypes. Karst is generally near the biogenic end of that spectrum, featuring reciprocal interactions and mutual adjustments between biota and landforms and interrelated geomorphological and ecological processes. Karst biogeomorphology may also involve niche construction. In many cases biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering in karst is contingent, in the sense that the engineer organisms may have no, or different, biogeomorphic impacts in non-karst environments. Several examples of contingent ecosystem engineering in karst are given, including biogeomorphic effects of chinkapin oak. Abiotic geomorphic features exist on Earth, but consideration of landform types lying between the biotic-abiotic extremes would likely yield broadly similar conclusions to those about karst. However, it is also clear that we know very little about niche construction and coevolution in karst biogeomorphology, and whether karst or any specific karst features can be considered an extended (composite) phenotype is still an open question. Thus far, most work on biogeomorphology and ecosystem engineering has focused on what might be called obligate engineers—organisms whose engineering effects are at least inevitable, if not necessary to their survival. However, in some cases contingent ecosystem engineers have substantial geomorphic impacts.
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25

Shcherbakov, S. V., V. N. Kataev, D. R. Zolotarev, and T. G. Kovaleva. "COVERED KARST LANDFORMS: COMPLEXIFICATION OF METHODS TO ESTIMATION OF MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN ENGINEERING PURPOSES." Engineering Geology 13, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2018-13-6-10-23.

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The research is aimed to search of optimal solution in integration of various methods for predicting the sizes of karst-suffosion deformations on the ground surface or at the base of shallow foundations. Necessity of integration is dictated by engineering-geological conditionsof the karst areas and the complexity of their reliable study with using modern approaches (drilling, geophysics etc.). From this point of view increasing of authenticity of the final forecast is in direct dependency from completeness of investigation of sizes of observed surface karstforms and features of behavior soils massif above the karst cavity. The mechanism of the karst process in the soils thickness is defined, first of all, by geological structure (thickness and interleaving of different soil layers), hydrogeological conditions and the physical-mechanicalproperties of soils. At the present day are known three basic mechanisms of soil deformation over karst cavity: karst-collapse, karst-suffosion and karst-suffosion-collapse mechanism. Even in the conditions of one site these mechanisms can be interleave during the year, which makesthe karst formation process hard-to-predict in part of diameters of sinkholes and subsidence zones. Today are known and applicable next four methods to estimations of possible sizes of karst-suffosion deformations: 1) method of analogy, 2) probabilistic method, 3) deterministic(calculated) method, 4) laboratory physical modeling method. Each of four methods for predicting the sizes of karst-suffosion deformations has its own advantages and disadvantages, which limit the possibility of using any one of them in different natural environments of karstdevelopment. To improve objectivity and reach necessity accuracy of estimation of diameters and depths of surface karst deformations in engineering-geological purposes a block-scheme of integrations of different forecasting methods is recommended. This scheme is based on the data about surface karst area, the depth of occurrence of karst rocks and level of responsibility of the projecting object.
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Valjavec, Mateja Breg, Rok Ciglič, Krištof Oštir, and Daniela Ribeiro. "Modelling habitats in karst landscape by integrating remote sensing and topography data." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0011.

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Abstract Field mapping is an accurate but also time consuming method of detailed mapping of habitat types. Levels of habitat types are usually hierarchically nested at several levels. Our main research question therefore is: ‘How detailed can be modelling of habitat types with decision trees and digital data in karst landscape?’ Similar to studies in other (non-karst) environments we explored the basic properties of the habitats in Dinaric Karst study region (Classical Karst in Southwest Slovenia) and tested modelling of habitat types at three different levels of detail. To seek for the best set of predictor variables we used Rapid-Eye satellite images, airborne images and digital elevation model. We prepared more than 60 explanatory variables and divided habitat polygons into training and testing samples to validate the results. The results proved that modelling with decision trees in Dinaric Karst landscape does not result in high accuracy at high detailed levels. Due to the presence of mine fields in the large area of Dinaric Karst (e.g. in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) the field mapping in this area is difficult therefore the findings from this study can be used for further development of mapping through remote sensing.
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27

Breux, Yohan, and Lionel Lapierre. "Elevation Angle Estimations of Wide-Beam Acoustic Sonar Measurements for Autonomous Underwater Karst Exploration." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 4028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144028.

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This paper proposes a solution for merging the measurements from two perpendicular profiling sonars with different beam-widths, in the context of underwater karst (cave) exploration and mapping. This work is a key step towards the development of a full 6D pose SLAM framework adapted to karst aquifer, where potential water turbidity disqualifies vision-based methods, hence relying on acoustic sonar measurements. Those environments have complex geometries which require 3D sensing. Wide-beam sonars are mandatory to cover previously seen surfaces but do not provide 3D measurements as the elevation angles are unknown. The approach proposed in this paper leverages the narrow-beam sonar measurements to estimate local karst surface with Gaussian process regression. The estimated surface is then further exploited to infer scaled-beta distributions of elevation angles from a wide-beam sonar. The pertinence of the method was validated through experiments on simulated environments. As a result, this approach allows one to benefit from the high coverage provided by wide-beam sonars without the drawback of loosing 3D information.
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Valero-Garcés, Blas, Mario Morellón, Ana Moreno, Juan Pablo Corella, Celia Martín-Puertas, Fernando Barreiro, Ana Pérez, Santiago Giralt, and María Pilar Mata-Campo. "Lacustrine carbonates of Iberian Karst Lakes: Sources, processes and depositional environments." Sedimentary Geology 299 (January 2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.10.007.

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Trofimova, Elena, and Asami Hada. "Location, nature and extent of karst environments at a global scale." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2016/00317.

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30

Keqiang, He, Guo Dong, Du Wen, and Wang Ronglu. "The effects of karst collapse on the environments in north China." Environmental Geology 52, no. 3 (October 25, 2006): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0478-8.

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31

Mathieu, Jacques, Fabrice Jeannerod, Frédéric Hervant, and Thomas C. Kane. "Genetic differentiation of Niphargus rhenorhodanensis(Amphipoda) from interstitial and karst environments." Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 1 (April 1997): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00001305.

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32

Pan, Linyan, Junfeng Dai, Zhiqiang Wu, Zupeng Wan, Zhenyu Zhang, Junlei Han, Zhangnan Li, Xiaolin Xie, and Baoli Xu. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Riverine Nitrogen and Phosphorus at Different Catchment Scales in Huixian Karst Wetland, Southwest China." Water 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102924.

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Spatio-temporal dynamics of riverine nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in karst regions are closely linked to hydrological conditions, human activities and karst features in upstream catchments. From October 2017 to September 2019, we undertook 22 sampling campaigns in 11 nested catchments ranging from 21.00 to 373.37 km2 in Huixian karst wetland to quantify forms, concentrations, and fluxes of riverine total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and to identify spatial and temporal variations of nutrients transfer from upstream to downstream, tributaries (Mudong River and Huixian River) to the main stem (Xiangsi River) in the dry and wet seasons. Considering the hydrological conditions, human activities and karst features within upstream catchments, the following three spatial and temporal variations of riverine nutrients were found over the monitoring period: (1) the dynamics of riverine nitrogen and phosphorus varied seasonally with hydrological conditions; (2) the spatial disparities of riverine nitrogen and phosphorus were induced by different human activities within catchment scales; (3) the dynamics of riverine nitrogen and phosphorus varied similarly at spatial scale restricted by karst features. The findings from this study may improve our understanding of the influence of hydrological conditions, human activities and karst features on nitrogen and phosphorus variations in river waters at different spatial and temporal scales in the Huixian karst wetland basin, and will help managers to protect and restore river water environments in karst basin from a catchment-scale perspective.
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Bačić, Mario, Lovorka Librić, Danijela Jurić Kaćunić, and Meho Saša Kovačević. "The Usefulness of Seismic Surveys for Geotechnical Engineering in Karst: Some Practical Examples." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2020): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100406.

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Having in mind uncertainties linked with the nature of rock masses, it is a challenge for geotechnical engineers to characterize them in a credible manner, especially if the rock mass in question is a notoriously complex karst with its distinctive features such as voids and discontinuities. A large range of geophysical methods are useful tools in the characterization efforts and their utilization in karst environments nowadays is a non-negotiable requirement, even though near-surface scattering significantly affects the acquired data. This paper demonstrates the versatile applications of seismic geophysical methods for geotechnical engineering in karst, from mapping of near-surface karstic features to the application of elastic wave velocities in determination of small to large strain stiffness of karst. The highlighted practical examples offer a step forward from the traditional interpretation of seismic surveys, making them a prosperous tool in geotechnical engineering investigation works, design and quality control campaign.
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Fakhri, Nfn. "ARKEOFAUNA KAWASAN KARST BONTOCANI KABUPATEN BONE SULAWESI SELATAN." JURNAL WALENNAE 16, no. 1 (July 29, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/wln.v16i1.314.

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This study aims to provide a description of the fauna that once interacted with a human in the Bontocani karst Area in Bone District. Of the few excavated sites providing data availability of bone fragments that can be analyzed by conducting comparative studies with existing faunal composition of the fauna. The method of data collection is by excavation at some sites in this Karst Area. The results of this study document a wide range of vertebrates in the Balang Metti fauna including fish, frogs/toads, lizards, snakes, birds, Strigocuscus, Ailurops ursinus, insectivorous bats, Sulawesi monkeys, rats, Sulawesi pigs, babirusa and Anoa. In some layers of culture, the absence of anoa, indicates the environmental change from the environment of the fields and the weeds to the wet rain forest environment around the site, along with the extinction of this fauna. Based on the identified fauna bone analysis, it is illustrated that past habitats and environments in Bontocani Karst area have not changed much. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran secara lebih jelas tentang fauna-fauna yang pernah berinteraksi dengan manusia pendukung kebudayaan yang ada di Kawasan Karst Bontocani di Kabupaten Bone. Beberapa situs yang telah diekskavasi memberikan ketersediaan data berupa fragmen tulang yang dapat dianalisis dengan melakukan studi komparasi dengan komposisi tulang fauna yang ada saat ini. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan ekskavasi di beberapa situs yang ada di Kawasan Karst ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar jenis fauna yang ditemukan di situs ini adalah fauna bertulang belakang antara lain: ikan, kodok/katak, kadal, ular, burung, strigocuscus, Ailurops ursinus, kelelawar pemakan serangga, monyet sulawesi, tikus, babi sulawesi, babi russa dan anoa. Pada beberapa lapisan budaya, tidak adanya temuan fauna anoa, menunjukkan perubahan lingkungan dari lingkungan padang dan ilalang menjadi lingkungan hutan hujan basah di sekitar situs, seiring dengan punahnya fauna ini. Berdasarkan analisis tulang fauna yang berhasil diidentifikasi digambarkan bahwa habitat dan lingkungan masa lampau di Kawasan Karst Bontocani tidak banyak mengalami perubahan.
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Selak, Ana, Ivana Boljat, Jasmina Lukač Reberski, Josip Terzić, and Barbara Čenčur Curk. "Impact of Land Use on Karst Water Resources—A Case Study of the Kupa (Kolpa) Transboundary River Catchment." Water 12, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113226.

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This paper presents a qualitative approach for assessing land-use pressures on the water resources of a transboundary Dinaric karst catchment of the Kupa River in Southeast Europe. Spatial analyses of the water quality indices for surface water and groundwater were carried out in a GIS environment, as well as a detailed assessment of man-made hazards based on recommendations of COST Action 620. The produced maps provide an insight into the qualitative status of water resources at a regional scale by indicating areas of potential negative impacts of land use through the identification of point and diffuse sources of pollution. Higher values of the water quality indices for surface water and groundwater are observed in lowland areas, karst plateaus and poljes, where the impacts of anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and quarries take place on karstified permeable carbonate rocks. Hazard assessment showed how transport infrastructure induces a low hazard level. Settlement areas without proper sewerage systems impose moderate hazard levels, while direct wastewater discharges into groundwater and waste illegally disposed in karst swallow holes and caves located near settlements were classified as having high hazard levels. The applied methods proved to be suitable even in challenging karst environments where the complex properties and structure make the exploration and monitoring of groundwater resources difficult and scarce.
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BEYNE, PHILIP VAN, VANDA CLAUDINO-SALES, SAULO ROBERTO DE OLIVEIRA VITAL, and DIEGO NUNES VALADARES. "KARST IN URBAN AREAS." William Morris Davis – Revista de Geomorfologia 2, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48025/issn2675-6900.v2n1.2021.130.

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In its third edition, the “William Morris Davis – Journal of Geomorphology” presents its second interview with geographers, to head the “Interviews” section, which opens each published issue. This time, it is the first international interview, carried out with Professor Philip van Beynen, from the University of South Florida, in the United States. Professor Philip van Beynen was interviewed on the topic “Karst in Urban Areas”, and brings important data on the subject, with beautiful illustrations and with examples from all over the world. The interview took place on September 17, 2020, with the participation of Vanda de Claudino-Sales (Professor of the Academic Master in Geography at the State University of Vale do Acarau-UVA) and Saulo Roberto Oliveira Vital (Professor of the Department of Geography and the Post-Graduate Program in Geography at the Federal University of Paraiba - UFPB), and was transcribed by Diego Nunes Valadares, master's student on Geography at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Professor van Beynen was born in New Zealand, where he received his degree in Geography at the University of Auckland. He earned a master's degree from the same university, and a doctorate and post-doctorate from McMaster University, Canada. He has been a professor at the School of Geoscience at the University of South Florida since 2009, where he has been developing research related to different components of karst environments. The interview shows his great expertise on the subject, and is very much worth to be read and seen even for those who are not specialists in karst.
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Srijono, Srijono, and Nisa Nadia. "Urang Cave Karst Environmental Development, as Tourism Object." Forum Geografi 27, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v27i2.2369.

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Karst environment become an alternative tourist destination as well as to boost local revenues. In karst environments in Grobogan District, Central Java Province, formed Urang Cave, with an interesting endokarst phenomenon. This study aims to do zoning district Urang Cave as tourist sites. The research method is using contour maps as a base map of Urang Cave karst environment geomorphological mapping. Geomorphological data processing is using ArcView GIS 3.3 program. Land use map refers to RBI, scale 1:25.000. Geomorphological analysis refers to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1456.K/20/MEM/2000, and petrography. Each development zone is analyzed its geophysical environmental element, then set scoring and value summation. For comprehensive environmental element analysis, chemical analysis of rocks, and water-soil chemistry. In reference to Minister of Energy Mineral Resource decrees No. 1456/K/20/MEM/2000, Urang Cave zoning defined into 3 (three) zone, as follow: the Protected Zone, Cultivation Zone 1, and Cultivation Zone 2. Protected Zone, consists of Urang Cave tunnel/hallway with a unique spheleothem in it. This zone as a cave tracking site tourism, potential to produce karst water as a decent drinking water while maintaining hardness. Cultivation Zone 1 is spreading about 200 m in distance from outer appearance of spring around the cave hallway. In this zone mining of cave sediments may be done in the inactive form caves, without changing the state of the existing major exokarst morphology. Cultivation Zone 2, an outer zone, located farthest from the tunnel/hallway Urang Cave. Utilization of this zone as a limestone mining quarry, although only on a small scale.
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Chen, Zhao, Andreas Hartmann, Thorsten Wagener, and Nico Goldscheider. "Dynamics of water fluxes and storages in an Alpine karst catchment under current and potential future climate conditions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 3807–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3807-2018.

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Abstract. Karst aquifers are difficult to manage due to their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Future climate projections suggest a strong change in temperature and precipitation regimes in European karst regions over the next decades. Alpine karst systems can be especially vulnerable under changing hydro-meteorological conditions since snowmelt in mountainous environments is an important controlling process for aquifer recharge and is highly sensitive to varying climatic conditions. Our paper presents the first study to investigate potential impacts of climate change on mountainous karst systems by using a combined lumped and distributed modeling approach with consideration of subsurface karst drainage structures. The study site is characterized by high-permeability (karstified) limestone formations and low-permeability (non-karst) sedimentary Flysch. The model simulation under current conditions demonstrates that a large proportion of precipitation infiltrates into the karst aquifer as autogenic recharge. Moreover, the result shows that surface snow storage is dominant from November to April, while subsurface water storage in the karst aquifer dominates from May to October. The climate scenario runs demonstrate that varied climate conditions significantly affect the spatiotemporal distribution of water fluxes and storages: (1) the total catchment discharge decreases under all evaluated future climate conditions. (2) The spatiotemporal discharge pattern is strongly controlled by temperature variations, which can shift the seasonal snowmelt pattern, with snow storage in the cold season (December to April) decreasing significantly under all change scenarios. (3) Increased karst aquifer recharge in winter and spring, and decreased recharge in summer and autumn, partly offset each other. (4) Impacts on the karst springs are distinct; the lowest permanent spring presents a “robust” discharge behavior, while the highest overflow outlet is highly sensitive to changing climate. This analysis effectively demonstrates that the impacts on subsurface flow dynamics are regulated by the characteristic dual flow and spatially heterogeneous distributed drainage structure of the karst aquifer. Overall, our study highlights the fast groundwater dynamics in mountainous karst catchments, which make them highly vulnerable to future changing climate conditions. Additionally, this work presents a novel holistic modeling approach, which can be transferred to similar karst systems for studying the impact of climate change on local karst water resources with consideration of their individual hydrogeological complexity and hydraulic heterogeneity.
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39

Martinotti, Maria Elena, Luca Pisano, Ivan Marchesini, Mauro Rossi, Silvia Peruccacci, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, et al. "Landslides, floods and sinkholes in a karst environment: the 1–6 September 2014 Gargano event, southern Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2017): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-467-2017.

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Abstract. In karst environments, heavy rainfall is known to cause multiple geohydrological hazards, including inundations, flash floods, landslides and sinkholes. We studied a period of intense rainfall from 1 to 6 September 2014 in the Gargano Promontory, a karst area in Puglia, southern Italy. In the period, a sequence of torrential rainfall events caused severe damage and claimed two fatalities. The amount and accuracy of the geographical and temporal information varied for the different hazards. The temporal information was most accurate for the inundation caused by a major river, less accurate for flash floods caused by minor torrents and even less accurate for landslides. For sinkholes, only generic information on the period of occurrence of the failures was available. Our analysis revealed that in the promontory, rainfall-driven hazards occurred in response to extreme meteorological conditions and that the karst landscape responded to the torrential rainfall with a threshold behaviour. We exploited the rainfall and the landslide information to design the new ensemble–non-exceedance probability (E-NEP) algorithm for the quantitative evaluation of the possible occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides and of related geohydrological hazards. The ensemble of the metrics produced by the E-NEP algorithm provided better diagnostics than the single metrics often used for landslide forecasting, including rainfall duration, cumulated rainfall and rainfall intensity. We expect that the E-NEP algorithm will be useful for landslide early warning in karst areas and in other similar environments. We acknowledge that further tests are needed to evaluate the algorithm in different meteorological, geological and physiographical settings.
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40

Brookfield, A. E., G. L. Macpherson, and M. D. Covington. "Effects of Changing Meteoric Precipitation Patterns on Groundwater Temperature in Karst Environments." Groundwater 55, no. 2 (September 19, 2016): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12456.

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41

Wang, Jing, Xuefa Wen, Xinyu Zhang, and Shenggong Li. "The strategies of water–carbon regulation of plants in a subtropical primary forest on karst soils in China." Biogeosciences 15, no. 13 (July 11, 2018): 4193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4193-2018.

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Abstract. Coexisting plant species in a karst ecosystem may use diverse strategies of trade off between carbon gain and water loss to adopt to the low soil nutrient and low water availability conditions. An understanding of the impact of CO2 diffusion and maximum carboxylase activity of Rubisco (Vcmax) on the light-saturated net photosynthesis (A) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) can provide insight into physiological strategies of the water–carbon regulation of coexisting plant species used in adaptation to karst environments at the leaf scale. We selected 63 dominant species (across 6 life forms) in a subtropical karst primary forest in southwestern China, measured their CO2 response curves, and calculated the corresponding stomatal conductance to CO2 (gs), mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm), and Vcmax. The results showed that gs and gm varied about 7.6- and 34.5-fold, respectively, and that gs was positively related to gm. The contribution of gm to the leaf CO2 gradient was similar to that of gs. gs ∕ A, gm ∕ A and gt ∕ A was negatively related to Vcmax ∕ A. The relative limitations of gs (ls), gm (lm), and Vcmax (lb) to A for the whole group (combined six life forms) were significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). lm was the largest (0.38 ± 0.12), followed by lb (0.34 ± 0.14), and ls (0.28 ± 0.07). No significant difference was found between ls, lm, and lb for trees and tree/shrubs, while lm was the largest, followed by lb and ls for shrubs, grasses, vines and ferns (P < 0.05). iWUE varied about 3-fold (from 29.52 to 88.92 µmol CO2 mol−1 H2O) across all species, and was significantly correlated with gs, Vcmax, gm ∕ gs, and Vcmax ∕ gs. These results indicated that karst plants maintained relatively high A and low iWUE through the covariation of gs, gm, and Vcmax as an adaptation to a karst environment.
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42

Parise, M. "Flood history in the karst environment of Castellana-Grotte (Apulia, southern Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 31, 2003): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-593-2003.

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Abstract. Karst environments are characterized by peculiar hydrologic features, and in particular by a very limited, if not absent, surface hydrography. Water tends to infiltrate rapidly underground through the complex network of fractures and karstic conduits in the rock mass. However, on the occasion of concentrated rainfall, as well as in case of prolonged precipitation, such network might not be able to allow flowing of large amounts of water, which causes the occurrence of floods. This contribution illustrates the flood history in a classical karst area of Southern Italy, the town of Castellana-Grotte, in Apulia. The oldest part of the town lies at the bottom of a karst valley, which was hit by many flood events in the last centuries. More than twenty of these are here documented, starting from critical analysis of existing publications and documents, integrated with additional historical researches. Aimed at reconstructing the flood history at Castellana-Grotte, the best-documented events are described, together with the main factors, which played a role in distribution and gravity of the related damage. Eventually some engineering works realized during the first decades of the last century, in order to avoid further damage on the occasion of catastrophic floods, are also described.
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Zhang, Jun, Shengdong Liu, Qinghua Chen, Bo Wang, and Chuan Ren. "Application of Cross-borehole Integrated Geophysical Methods for the Detailed Investigation of Karst in Urban Metro Construction." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 24, no. 4 (December 2019): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg24.04.03.525.

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With the significant development of China's metro construction, the development of urban underground karst poses a serious threat to related tunnel construction and public safety, with frequent occurrences of mud and water inrushes during tunnel construction and urban ground subsidence events. Because of the complex, urban, and shallow geological conditions and construction environments, conventional geophysical methods cannot meet the requirements for high-precision detection of small-scale and inhomogeneous complex geological bodies. Based on numerical simulation, herein we comprehensively applied both cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and cross-borehole seismic computed tomography (CT) to urban underground karst surveys of the Hangzhou-Fuyang intercity railway. The results showed that: 1) under limited urban construction conditions, the use of advanced geophysical monitoring equipment greatly improved construction efficiency; 2) utilizing drilling geological results to calibrate the abnormal geophysical field attribute parameters (including wave velocity and resistivity) improved the accuracy of karst exploration and reduce defective geophysical multi-explanation effects; 3) applying the joint comparative explanation of both velocity and resistivity profiles can distinguish and explain karst and fracture development zones; 4) 550 pairs of velocity and resistivity profiles were obtained which revealed 258 karst cave anomalies and 5 fracture development zones which integrated detection accuracy exceeded the 1 m level. Thus, the high-precision joint cross-borehole tomography technology was shown to be useful for guiding intercity railway construction.
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44

Nhu, Viet-Ha, Omid Rahmati, Fatemeh Falah, Saeed Shojaei, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Himan Shahabi, Ataollah Shirzadi, Krzysztof Górski, Hoang Nguyen, and Baharin Ahmad. "Mapping of Groundwater Spring Potential in Karst Aquifer System Using Novel Ensemble Bivariate and Multivariate Models." Water 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040985.

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Groundwater is an important natural resource in arid and semi-arid environments, where discharge from karst springs is utilized as the principal water supply for human use. The occurrence of karst springs over large areas is often poorly documented, and interpolation strategies are often utilized to map the distribution and discharge potential of springs. This study develops a novel method to delineate karst spring zones on the basis of various hydrogeological factors. A case study of the Bojnourd Region, Iran, where spring discharge measurements are available for 359 sites, is used to demonstrate application of the new approach. Spatial mapping is achieved using ensemble modelling, which is based on certainty factors (CF) and logistic regression (LR). Maps of the CF and LR components of groundwater potential were generated individually, and then, combined to prepare an ensemble map of the study area. The accuracy (A) of the ensemble map was then assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results of this analysis show that LR (A = 78%) outperformed CF (A = 67%) in terms of the comparison between model predictions and known occurrences of karst springs (i.e., calibration data). However, combining the CF and LR results through ensemble modelling produced superior accuracy (A = 85%) in terms of spring potential mapping. By combining CF and LR statistical models through ensemble modelling, weaknesses in CF and LR methods are offset, and therefore, we recommend this ensemble approach for similar karst mapping projects. The methodology developed here offers an efficient method for assessing spring discharge and karst spring potentials over regional scales.
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Aguilon, Dianne Joy, András Vojtkó, Csaba Tölgyesi, László Erdős, Péter János Kiss, Gábor Lőrinczi, Orsolya Juhász, Kata Frei, and Zoltán Bátori. "Karst environments and disturbance: evaluation of the effects of human activity on grassland and forest naturalness in dolines." Biologia 75, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 1529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-020-00518-7.

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Abstract Karst depressions (dolines) have the potential to act as safe havens for a high diversity of valuable species. We showed that local anthropogenic disturbances play a significant role in determining the naturalness of dolines. We compared the number of specialist species, competitor species, generalist species and species of disturbed habitats between natural and disturbed dolines in two Hungarian karst areas, where different types of anthropogenic disturbances have been shaping the vegetation for centuries. We found that these disturbances have the potential to negatively influence the naturalness of dolines, reducing the number of valuable species, thus affecting the conservation value of dolines. To maintain the naturalness of vegetation in these doline habitats, the populations of ruderal competitors should be eliminated, and sustainable forest management should be adapted. However, there are still open questions about the effects of different disturbances on the naturalness in dolines that need to be answered to determine which conservation strategies will be particularly suitable for valuable species in a warming climate.
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Fragoso-Servon, Patricia, Alberto Pereira-Corona, and Francisco Bautista. "The karst and its neighbors: Digital map of geomorphic environments in Quintana Roo." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 81, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2018es0112.

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47

Poulain, Amaël, Gaëtan Rochez, Jean-Pierre Van Roy, Lorraine Dewaide, Vincent Hallet, and Geert De Sadelaer. "A compact field fluorometer and its application to dye tracing in karst environments." Hydrogeology Journal 25, no. 5 (March 20, 2017): 1517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1577-1.

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Li, Hong-Chun, Teh-Lung Ku, Dao-Xian Yuan, Nai-Jung Wan, Zhi-Bang Ma, Ping-Zhong Zhang, Miryam Bar-Matthews, et al. "Stable isotopic compositions of waters in the karst environments of China: Climatic implications." Applied Geochemistry 22, no. 8 (August 2007): 1748–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.03.032.

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Takeuchi, Wayne. "Distrianthes exxonmobilensis (Loranthaceae), a new species in a formerly monotypic genus from Papua New Guinea." Phytotaxa 207, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.207.2.7.

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Distrianthes exxonmobilensis is described from karst environments along the PNG LNG Pipeline in southern New Guinea. It is the second species in a genus previously regarded as monotypic. The new loranth is distinguished by an inflorescence reduced to a single flower or triad, and by the geographic disjunction from previous generic localities.
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Zhu, Dongya, Quanyou Liu, Juntao Zhang, Qian Ding, Zhiliang He, and Xuefeng Zhang. "Types of Fluid Alteration and Developing Mechanism of Deep Marine Carbonate Reservoirs." Geofluids 2019 (June 24, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3630915.

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Accurate recognition of the types of alteration fluid and the development mechanisms are important concerns in studying deep marine carbonate reservoirs. Major fluid types, such as seawater, meteoric water, deep burial formation water, hydrothermal fluid, and thermochemical sulfate reduction- (TSR-) derived fluid, were identified based on carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope compositions of many samples from the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins in China. Compared with normal marine limestones, seawater calcite cement has similar isotopic compositions. Calcite cement precipitated from meteoric water has extremely light oxygen isotope compositions, and its δ18OV-PDB reaches -18.8‰. Due to the fractionation of oxygen isotopes at high temperatures (101.2~145.6°C), calcite precipitated from deep burial formation water and deep hydrothermal fluid has moderately light oxygen isotope compositions. The TSR process consumes organic matter to produce CO2/CO32-, and the calcite from TSR-derived fluid has very light carbon isotopes (δ18OV-PDB, -18.9‰) due to the incorporation of organic CO2/CO32-. Formation water and TSR-derived fluid generally originate and are confined within the carbonates and are consequently termed endogenous fluids. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite cements from endogenous fluids are basically the same as those of surrounding carbonates. Meteoric water and hydrothermal fluid originate outside the carbonate strata and are exogenous fluids. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite cements from exogenous fluids are higher than those of surrounding carbonates, up to 0.710558. For karst carbonate reservoirs developed in tectonic uplift-meteoric water environments, the reservoir spaces of karst caves and fractures occur principally under and near unconformity surfaces and megacrystalline calcite cements occur below the karst zone. In deep fault-hydrothermal fluid environments, high-quality carbonate reservoirs develop downward into ultradeep strata. In deep burial-TSR-derived fluid environments, dissolution porosity can be well preserved for a long geological time due to high CO2 and H2S concentrations.
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