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Journal articles on the topic 'Kashmiri language'
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1
Jawrani, Varsha, Aman Kachru, Komal Sethiya, and Mrs Lifna C. S. "Tarjama:The Kashmiri Translator." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 2066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55059.
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Abstract: The Kashmiri language is spoken by a large population in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. However, it is often considered a lesser-known language and has limited resources for language translation, especially when compared to more commonly used languages. The aim of this research is to develop a Kashmiri translator that can accurately translate text from English to Kashmiri and vice versa. The proposed system will be based on machine learning algorithms and will utilize a dataset of parallel corpora for training the model.
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Мір Фарук Агамад, Гаснаїн Імтіаз, and Хан Азизуддин. "Kashmiri: A Phonological Sketch." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.2.mir.
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Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India and in some parts of Pakistan. Some phonological and morphological features of this language make it peculiar among Indo-Aryan languages. This write-up provides a phonological sketch of Kashmiri. The description of Vowels and Consonants is given in order to build a general idea of the phonological system of the language. The process of nasalization is phonemic in Kashmiri. The aim of this write-up is to describe and show all the phonological features of the language, particularly those that are uniquely found in this language. In addition, an attempt has been made to describe and explain the various phonological processes such as Palatalization, Epenthesis and Elision, which occur in Kashmiri. All such processes are described with appropriate examples and the data comprising of lexemes and sounds for examples is primary data used by the author who is a native speaker of the language. Given to the peculiar features of this language, the process of homonymy, which is homographic in nature, is described with appropriate examples.
References
Bhaskararao, P., Hassan, S., Naikoo, I. A., Wani, N. H., T. A., & Ganai, P. A. (2009). A Phonetic Study of Kashmiri Palatalization. In M. e. Minegishi, Field Research, Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Informatics (pp. 1-17). Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Bhat, R. N. (2008). Palatalization : a note on Kashmiri morphophonology. Retrieved 11 14, 2018, from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/6383970/Palatalization_A_Note_on_ Kashmiri_Morphophonology
Chomsky, N., & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row .
Crowley, T. (1997). An introduction to historical linguistics. Oxford: oxford University Press.
Fussman, G. (1972). Atlas linguistique des pariers Dardes et Kafirs. Paris: Ecole Francaise d'Etreme-Orient.
Grierson, G. A. (1973). A standard manual of Kashmiri language (Vol. 2). Rohtak: Light and Life Publishers. Grierson, G. A. (1919). Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing.
Kachru, B. B. (1969). Kashmiri and other Dardic languages. (T. A. Sebeok, Ed.) Current Trends in Linguistics, 5, 284-306.
Kak, A. A. (2002). Languange maintenance and language shift in Srinagar. New delhi: Unpublished Phd dissertation, University of Delhi.
Kak, A. A., & O. F. (2009). Nasality of Kashmiri vowels in Optimality theory. Nepalese Linguistics, 4, 61-68.
Koul, O. N. (1996). On the standardization of Kashmiri script. In S. I. Hasnain (Ed.), Standardization and Modernization: Dynamics of Language Planning (pp. 269-278). New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Koul, O. N., & Wali, K. (2006). Modern Kashmiri grammar. Springfield: Dunwoody Press.
Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the worls's languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lawrence, W. R. (1895). The valley of Kashmir. Srinagar: Kesar Publishers.
Leech, G. (1974). Semantics. Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Mir, F. A. (2014). Acquisition of deixis among Kashmiri speaking children of 4-5 years of age. Department of Linguistics Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Aligarh: Unpublished M.Phil Thesis.
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (2018, 10 12). Census,2011. Retrieved 11 12, 2018, from censusindia: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf
Pandey, P. (2018). Types of Phonological Processes. Retrieved from e-Pathshala: http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/linguistics/02.introduction_to_phonetics_and_phonology/21._types_of_phonological_processes-_i/et/7664_et_et_21.pdf.
Shakil, M. (2012). Academia. Retrieved 11 15, 2018, from Languages of erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir: a preliminary study: https://www.academia.edu/6485567/Languages_of_ Erstwhile_State_of_Jammu_Kashmir_A_Preliminary_Study_?auto=download
Wheeler, M. W. (2005). Cluster reduction: Deletion or Coalescence? Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 4, 57-82. Retrieved 11 2018, from https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Catalan Journal/article/view/39481
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Abbasi, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Wasif Khan, and Farida Panhwar. "Language Use and Ethnic Identity of Young Migrant Kashmiri Speakers in Karachi, Pakistan." Journal of English Language, Literature and Education 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2022): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/jelle.2022.0402129.
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Pakistan is home to several indigenous communities. However, life in cities is much more challenging than in under-developed areas. Due to social mobility, economic uplift, and better educational and health opportunities; communities migrate from their local towns to cities. Hence, each province reflects a diverse population and cultural groups speaking their mother tongues, practicing different religions, and following their cultural norms independently. Therefore, this study aims to explore the case of young migrant Kashmiri speakers who are residing in different urban parts of Karachi. As the focus is to identify the language use and identity patterns of young Kashmiri speakers in the presence of dominant languages and cultures. Consequently, the qualitative case study has been undertaken using purposive sampling to know about the scenario of young Kashmiris. For this purpose, data were collected from 05 participants using semi-structured interviews and the responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings of the study show that the young Kashmiris use the Urdu language in different domains like home, market, education, and friends because of upward social mobility and lingua franca. As a result, it is being used in their ancestral hometowns as well. While the Kashmiri language has been restricted and it is only used for fun and interaction with only relatives. Similarly, the linguistic identity is predefined by being proud of the Kashmiri language, its association and affiliation with the Kashmiri land, and geography. Overall, although the language patterns showed a shift, the linguistic identity is preserved by a high ethnolinguistic vitality among the young generation in cities.
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Koka, Nisar Ahmad, Mohammad Nurul Islam, Mohammad Osman, Javed Ahmad, and Syed Mohammad Khurshid Anwar. "Sociolinguistic Implications of Language Contact Situation and the Development of Kashmiri-Arabic Common Lexicon." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 9 (September 25, 2022): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.9.9.
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Sharing lexicon is a direct outcome of a language contact situation. When two or more languages exist side-by-side while serving the communicative requirements in a particular social situation, they grow in an envelope and environment of linguistic exchange, and sharing of lexicon among them becomes a natural process. In a language contact situation, the speakers of one language are bound to incorporate linguistic items from their contact languages into their language to satisfy their communication needs. In the linguistically heterogeneous and multilingual situation of the Kashmiri Speech Community, Kashmiri, a member of the Indo-Aryan family, and Arabic, a language of the Semitic family of languages, are two significantly dominant contact languages. The side-by-side existence of these two languages while serving different sociolinguistic purposes and the assignment of different roles to them in various domains of the social life of the Kashmiri speech community have resulted in a linguistic amalgamation at a very large scale. This linguistic amalgamation has, in turn, resulted in the transfer of an enormously huge stock of lexicon from Arabic into Kashmiri, thereby paving a smooth path for the development of an extensively large amount of lexicon common to them. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to demonstrate various Kashmiri-Arabic language contact situations and the subsequent transfer of the Arabic lexicon into the Kashmiri language. The paper also considers the impetus and inspiration behind this Arabic-Kashmiri linguistic flow in detail. The influence of some sociolinguistic factors and linguistic implications of the Kashmiri-Arabic common lexicon has also been explored in the study. In the paper, an effort has been made to throw light on the hospitality of the Arabic language in donating an enormously huge amount of word treasure to Kashmiri and the receptivity of the Kashmiri language in accepting this vocabulary treasure from the Arabic language.
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Hassan, Sheeba, and Samah Abduljawad. "Institutionalization of Global English in Media in Multilingual Countries." International Journal of English Linguistics 13, no. 4 (July 29, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v13n4p59.
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Studying the areas where minority languages can be strengthened through their use and promotion as functional languages is crucial right now. The purpose of the current research is to examine the institution of media in multilingual communities. Multilingual, multicultural, and multiethnic populations can be found in Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory of India, particularly in the region of Kashmir division. In addition to the linguistic diversity, there are two non-indigenous languages—Urdu and English serving various practical domains at present. This essay aims to provide a thorough explanation of how media is crucial in forming the linguistic repertoire of Kashmiri multilingual society. And to what extent does the media influence Kashmiri society’s shift in linguistic preferences and cultural paradigms? The statistical analysis of the data demonstrates the perceptual shift in the direction of language preferences by three different age groups in favour of three languages: English, Urdu, and Kashmiri. This demonstrates how Urdu and English are progressively replacing native languages in the media, especially among young people in Srinagar.
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Koka, Nisar Ahmad, Mohammad Nurul Islam, Mohammad Osman Abdul Wahab, and Javed Ahmad. "Studying the Role of Media in the Diffusion of English Words Into the Kashmiri Language: A Linguistic Overview." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 1056–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1204.22.
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Studying the predominant occurrence and existence of English lexicon in other languages in contact with English has emerged out to be of immense interest among the researchers of sociolinguistics and theoretical linguistics. The present study is devoted to demonstrate various English-Kashmiri language contact situations and the subsequent diffusion/ flow of English words into the Kashmiri language. The study attempts to explore the significant role of media in its different forms in enhancing and determining the transport of English words into the speech of Kashmiri speakers. The study seeks to address the motivation and inspiration of Kashmiri speakers behind the English-Kashmiri linguistic shift, and the influence of the prevailing circumstances on this English-Kashmiri linguistic diffusion. The liberality of the English language in handing over such an enormously huge amount of word treasure to the Kashmiri language, and the receptivity of the Kashmiri language in accepting this vocabulary treasure from English at a very large scale has been thrown light on in the study. In the present study, an attempt has been made to display a comprehensive list of English words used in various domains of social life of the Kashmiri speech community.
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Muhammad Sheeraz, Muhammad Awais Bin Wasi,. "“THE STRATEGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF RESISTANCE IN A CONTEMPORARY KASHMIRI NOVEL IN URDU”." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 5135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2070.
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The sociopolitical milieu of post-1989 Kashmir heavily influenced the creative imagination. Multiple literary narratives have recounted the everyday life in Kashmir which is often seen as South Asia’s nuclear flash point.Severalliterary works have also been brought out in the Urdu language. In this paper, drawing uponBarbara Harlow’s framework of resistance literature and Jeanette Lawrence and Agnes Dodds’s theorization of the psychology of resistance, we argue that Nayeema Ahmad Mehoor’s Urdu novelDahshat Zadiis an example of Kashmiri resistance literature.Thepaper is also an attempt to understand how the contemporary Kashmiri writing in Urdu is linked with the broader resistance movement in Kashmir. Reconciling the representative strategy of resistance literature, as proposed by Harlow and others, with those employed by a Kashmiri writer, the study suggests that the patterns and purposes of resistance are often similar across the linguistic and geographical divides.
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Lone, Nawaz Ali, Kaiser J. Giri, and Rumaan Bashir. "Natural Language Processing Resources for the Kashmiri Language." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 15, no. 43 (November 20, 2022): 2275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v15i43.1964.
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Tilwani, Shouket Ahmad. "Narrative Ideology and Repercussions: Representation of the Kashmir Conflict in Modern Literature." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 7 (December 29, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n7p346.
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The research aims to explore the Kashmir conflict that has fractured the lives of the Kashmiri people. In the current times, the Kashmir conflict has been remarkably engaging literate circles all over the world. The conflict has been in the news worldwide for the last three decades because it may cause modern-day warfare betweenIndia, Pakistan, and China. Hence, people all over the world want to know about the situation in the region. The historical, sociological, and moral approaches by Wilbur Stewart Scott are used to grasp the context of the selected novelsThe Collaborator (2012) and Book of Gold Leaves (2015). Mirza Waheed, as an eyewitness, sketched the novels on the sufferings of Kashmiris, engaging daily with a god of death because of the conflictual situation. This situation has been routined since the invasion and occupation of the land by the three nuclear armament-holding neighbors, India, Pakistan, and China, immediately after the emancipation of the first two from their British colonial masters in 1947. The political scenario of Jammu and Kashmir became murkier in 1988 and onwards when India intensified its military operations to quell the armed resistance movement for “Azadi” (freedom) of land. The modern Kashmiri literature roots out the sentiment of freedom; India gave impunity to any draconian tactics in the name of rules that justified any inhuman treatment of custodial killing, torture, rape, etc. As a result, more than three lac women are dead, approximately 10000 are missing, and thousands are languishing in jails.
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Ud Din, Hafiz Fareed, and Muhammad Shahid. "U-7 The argumemt of Ahadith by Syed Anwar Shah Kashmiri in his book “Khatamannbiyeen”: A Research Study." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u7.v5.01(21).97-110.
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Syed Anwar Shah Kashmiri was a great Islamic Scholar of Sub-Continent. He was born in 1875 in Kashmir. When he was sixteen years old, he went to Darul Uloom Deoband for Islamic Education from Shaikh ul Hind molana Mahmood Hasan. In the age of nineteen, initially he start teaching in Kashmir and then he perform service as Shaikh ul Hadith in Dar ul uloom Deoband. He died in 1933 and buried in Deoband. Many books of Religion written by him in Arabic and Persian languages. “Khatamannbiyeen” is the most important and last book of his life in Persian language against the Verse Al-Ahzab: 40. In this book Syed Anwar Shah Kashmiri discussed Qadiyani’s Believes, Claims (Zilli, Burozi Prophethood) and refutate the arguments of Mirza Gulam Ahmed Qadiyani in the light of Quran, Hadith and Arabic Grammar. He gave argument from Ahadith and proof that there is no prophethood after Hazrat Muhammad ﷺ.
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Munshi, Sadaf. "Contact-induced language change in a trilingual context." Diachronica 27, no. 1 (June 2, 2010): 32–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.27.1.02mun.
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This study provides a description and analysis of contact-induced language change in a dialect of Burushaski spoken in Srinagar (India). I present a unique situation in which contact outcomes are reflected via interplay of various sociolinguistic factors involving simultaneous contact with two languages — Kashmiri and Urdu, each affecting the language in a specific way: lexical borrowing from Urdu and structural borrowing from Kashmiri. The effects of contact are examined in a trilingual context where the contact languages are placed in a dominance relationship with Urdu occupying the top of the language hierarchy while Burushaski and Kashmiri are competing at the bottom. Data indicate that lexical borrowing and structural borrowing are two different types of contact phenomena which can occur independently of each other. The two processes are influenced by different sociolinguistic factors which may interact in different ways in different contact situations resulting in different types of contact outcomes.
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Dutta, Abhijit. "A Different Imagination: Authenticity and Inauthenticity of Narrating Kashmir." Chinese Semiotic Studies 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2012): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2012-0010.
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Abstract More than two decades of violent conflict has earned Kashmir international fame as the most militarized place on earth and a nuclear flashpoint. Within India, the discourse on Kashmir is a polarizing force, with contesting meaning systems co-existing in parallel. Each of these meaning systems is cultivated through a complex of vested inter-textual narratives, including literature and film, and marketed as “authentic” interpretations of Kashmir via incestuous cross-referencing. In the absence of access to the “real” Kashmir in any direct way, these narratives serve as the only sources for Indians to construct their imagination of this troubled land. This paper uses the example of Kashmiriyat - a differently interpreted ethno-social construct - to illustrate the structural divisions in the narrativization of Kashmir. This is done via a Peircean reading of specimen texts that conform to three general categories - Hindu Indian nationalist, Muslim Indian nationalist of Kashmiri origin, and resident Kashmiri Muslim - and mapping their meaning using the trichotomy of Interpretants. In conclusion, it is proposed that any hope of a resolution of the Kashmir conflict needs to locate the discrete meaning systems illustrated by the paper in a “philosophical space” (Poole, 1972) - a space that allows a more inclusive and meaningful imagination, a different imagination of Kashmir.
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DR. MUHAMMAD YOUSAF and DR. AMBREEN KHAWJA. "Influence of Literary Figures on Urdu Poetry of Azad Kashmir: A Study." DARYAFT 16, no. 01 (June 26, 2024): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/daryaft.v16i01.392.
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The study of the influence of literary figures on the poetry of Azad Kashmir shows that there are influences of Sanskrit, Kashmiri, Persian, Arabic, Urdu and other regional languages as well as classical and modern poetry on the literature of Azad Kashmir. There are intellectual and artistic influences on the poetry of Azad Kashmir from to the present period. Some thought is prominent, some artistic imitation is visible. There is similar style; there is also the use of similar tone. However, all these influences despite this, the poetry of Azad Kashmir have its own individuality and its own style. Azad Kashmir's poetic capital, while being a part of the poetic tradition of Urdu language, has interesting, unique experiences and individual characteristics in terms of theme, theme, style innovation, new symbols, techniques, untouched and unique creative experiences and many other aspects. Azad Kashmir's own regional symbols and some unique experiences give its distinctive color to the poets of Azad Kashmir. Happily, the influence of movements, ideologies and personalities in the footsteps is less visible in the new generation. The poets of the new generation are actively and diligently engaged in creating their own special point of view, their own tone, their own style, and their own color. In spite of the influence of literary movements, critical schools, literary theories, poetic styles and poet personalities in the poetry of Azad Kashmir, its own color and harmony exist with all the beauty, rather, the colors and styles of the poets of Azad Kashmir are different from those of many other regions.
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Stroński, Krzysztof, and Saartje Verbeke. "Shaping modern Indo-Aryan isoglosses." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 56, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 529–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2020-0017.
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AbstractSince the pioneering paper by Emenau (1956) there have been many attempts (cf. Masica 1976, 2001; Ebert 2001; among many others) to select areal features which are shared among languages spoken in South Asia. However, there has been little consent on the number of such features and the possible direction of their spread.In this paper we are focusing on two selected isoglosses, namely alignment and constituent order. Both of them have been used to define the Indo-Aryan linguistic area: alignment is one of the key elements to distinguish western from eastern Indo-Aryan (Peterson 2017) and word order is one of the innovations which differentiates some of the “Outer” languages from “Inner” Indo-Aryan languages (Zoller 2017: 15).This article focuses on two languages which are said to determine these isoglosses: Awadhi and Kashmiri. Our study of Awadhi shows that the isogloss delineating ergative or accusative case marking zones is situated in the area where the so-called Eastern Hindi dialects (among them Awadhi) are spoken. As we will demonstrate, this specific isogloss is substantially supported by diachronic evidence. The second language under consideration, namely Kashmiri, is an example of an “Outer” language with a quite stable V2 feature. Both Awadhi and Kashmiri are compared with Pahari, a language branch which functions as a link between the two of them. Our comparison of Kashmiri with certain Western Pahari Himachali languages shows that there is no clear borderline between two language groups supported by word order. We conclude from these case studies that the study of isoglosses is by definition a study of fluid boundaries, and qualitative, historical studies of one language can prove or disprove hypotheses based on synchronic similarities between languages.
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Khushu-Lahiri, Rajyashree. "Europeans on Kashmir:." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v3i1.387.
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This paper proposes to study the enabling impact of the Western translation of Kashmiri folklore on the Kashmiri literature and culture. It will contest the popular and largely valid perception that the translation of Indian literary texts into English by the British colonizers was an Orientalist enterprise and had a definite agenda which was to give the Western readers a feel of the Indian mystique and to enable the colonizers to administer India. Further, the Western translators had a patronizing/colonizing attitude to the source language text that according to them was being ‘improved’ by translation. This paper will contend that Kashmiri literature (oral as well as written) has gained immensely by the interventions of the western translators of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Scholars like J. Hinton Knowles, Aurel Stein and George Grierson have played a pioneering and seminal role in documenting and perpetuating the folk literature of Kashmir. Their interest in this enterprise was purely academic and to date, the folktales translated by J. Hinton Knowles and Aurel Stein are considered to be standard and the starting point of any study of Kashmiri folklore.
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Shah, Akhter Habib. "Mapping the Cultural Landscape of the Homeland: A Semiotic Analysis of Agha Shahid Ali’s Poetry Collection." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1401.33.
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The widely renowned and exhaustively researched Kashmiri-American diasporic poet, Agha Shahid Ali, has received acclaim for his portrayal of themes such as loss, longing for the homeland, nostalgia, hyphenated identity, hybridity, and dislocation, among others. However, within the purview of new historicism, this paper intends to examine the interplay of literature, culture, and history. Using Clifford Geertz's framework of "thick description," the paper analyzes Agha's poetry as a cultural artifact with ethnographic value. Through a semiotic analysis of select poems based on Bakhtin's notion of chronotopes, the paper aims to unravel themes of fragmented identity, cultural memorialization, and the preservation of imaginary homelands. The paper also attempts to explore that Agha Shahid Ali, actively engaged with the socio-political turmoil in his homeland. He sought to reconcile the tensions between different traditions and religious communities, envisioning a personal utopia rooted in his privileged position. His poetry reflects his historical context, facilitating a symbolic exchange between the fragments of Kashmiri culture. Through intertextual references, religious symbols, and social emblems, Ali constructs a significant and experimental narrative about Kashmir.
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Zubair Farooq and Dr. Premchandar P. "THE INFLUENCE OF LAL DED'S POETRY ON KASHMIRI CULTURE AND LITERATURE." International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS) 3, no. 3 (June 7, 2023): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v3i3.933.
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This research article delves into the profound influence of Lal Ded's poetry on Kashmiri culture and literature. Lal Ded, a renowned 14th-century Kashmiri poet and mystic, holds a significant place in the literary and spiritual traditions of the region. Her verses, known as vatsun, have not only enriched the Kashmiri literary landscape but also left an indelible mark on the cultural ethos of the Kashmiri people. This study aims to explore the multifaceted impact of Lal Ded's poetry by analyzing its role in shaping Kashmiri language, spirituality, social dynamics, and artistic expression. Drawing upon a range of scholarly works, literary analysis, and historical context, this article sheds light on the transformative power of Lal Ded's poetry and its enduring legacy in Kashmiri culture
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Wani, Sajad Hussain. "Kashmiri to English Machine Translation: A Study in Translation Divergence Issues of Personal and Possessive Pronouns." Indian Journal of Multilingual Research and Development 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijmrd2111.
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Machine translation (MT) as a sub-field of computational linguistics represents one of the most advanced and applied translation dimensions as a research field. Translation divergence occurs when structurally similar sentences of the source language do not translate into sentences that are similar in structure in the target language" (Dorr, 1993). The sophistication in the domain of MT depends mainly on the identification of divergence patterns in a language pair. Many researchers in MT field including Dorr (1990, 1994) have emphasized that the best quality in MT can be achieved when an individual language pair in a particular context is described in detail. This paper attempts to explore the divergence patterns that characterize the translation of Kashmiri pronouns into English. The analysis in this paper has been restricted to the class of personal and possessive pronouns. Kashmiri has rich inflections and pronouns are marked for case, number, tense and gender and show complex agreement patterns. The paper identifies and outlines a wide variety of divergence patterns that characterize the Kashmiri English language pair. These divergence patterns are identified and summarized in order to improve the quality of the MT system that may be developed for Kashmiri English language pair in the near future and can also be utilized for other language pairs that are similar in terms of their structure and typological features.
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Ahmed, Musavir. "Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A Study of Burushos of Srinagar." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/51.
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The study reports the findings of a survey undertaken to comprehend the factors that have enabled a group of around 350 Burushos to maintain their ethnic identity including their language after 125 years of their immigration to Kashmir in Jammu and Kashmir State of India. The group has been able to resist the assimilatory forces and has maintained itself as a distinct entity vis-a-vis the dominant Kashmiri host society. The study has drawn upon the empirical tool of ethnolinguistic vitality as a reflection of the group’s sustainability as a collective entity in terms of their ethnic as well as linguistic identity. The study also reveals the attitude of native Kashmiris towards the group as perceived by group members. This perceived attitude of the group members has been explained in terms of its bearing on the vitality and identity of the group. The study is based on 50 semi-structured questionnaires and four unstructured interviews. The questionnaire has been partly developed on the basis of six factors identified by UNESCO (2003) in the evaluation of ethnolinguistic vitality. The paper concludes that an ethnically small immigrant group can survive the assimilatory forces and maintain their ethnic identity even if the ethnolinguistic vitality of the group is quite low on most of the measurable factors.
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Pandita, S. N. "AN INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS KASHMIRI NUMERALS (A LINGUISTIC CONTRIBUTION TO KASHMIRI LANGUAGE DURING THE DOGRA PERIOD)." International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 10, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v10i03.043.
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Kaur, Gagan Deep. "Linguistic mediation and code-to-weave transformation in Kashmiri carpet weaving." Journal of Material Culture 25, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 220–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183519862585.
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This article describes the process of transforming a symbolic code into weave actions of weavers in Kashmiri carpet weaving and how a trade-specific language features crucially in this transformation. The designs in Kashmiri carpet weaving are encoded in a symbolic code, called talim, which the weavers decode while weaving the design. This transformation from code-to-weave is achieved by subjecting the code to various interpretative frameworks, that is, modality and linguistic, and weaving actions are aligned in accordance with them. The transformation remains similar in single and multi-weaver settings, with an exception that, in the latter, the code is read aloud in practice-specific trade language among the team of weavers.
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van Craenenbroeck, Jeroen. "Verb Movement and the Syntax of Kashmiri." Lingua 113, no. 3 (March 2003): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(02)00065-7.
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Stephenson, Jackson Barkley. "Ornament of Reality: Language Ideology in a Tantric Śākta Text." Religions 14, no. 4 (March 28, 2023): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14040456.
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The Mahānayaprakāśa of Śitikaṇṭha is an understudied text within Kashmir Śaivism, notable for its rich description of the inner structure of consciousness vis-à-vis the body and the natural world, and esotericization of Left-Handed Tantric Practice. Furthermore, it is also significant in its form; like the Buddhist dohākoṣas it consists of Apabhraṃśa verses with accompanying Sanskrit commentary. However, in the sporadic scholarship on this text it is consistently portrayed as an early attestation of “Old Kashmiri,” and siloed off into obscurity. This article demonstrates that these verses are definitively composed in Apabhraṃśa, and argues that they should be examined alongside their Buddhist counterparts, which also articulate a mystical cosmology of the sacred realm Uḍḍiyāna located within the body. Afterwards the fourth chapter of this text is translated and presented, in which the human body takes center stage as the pīṭha, the pilgrimage destination and practice space of Tantric ritual. Ultimately this article argues that within medieval Tantric traditions the Apabhraṃśa verse form served as a privileged vehicle of esoteric teachings, and that it commands a unique linguistic value by indexing mystical states of consciousness.
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Piech, Magdalena. "Regionalism in the Virtual Era." Politeja 16, no. 2(59) (December 31, 2019): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.59.13.
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The symbolic concept of kashmiriyat, dated back to 16th century, generally covers most of the aspects of Kashmiri Muslims’ culture perceived as traditional. However, in the modern era of globalization and rapid growth of the media, particularly the Internet, the world is changing really fast, together with local cultures and identities. The budding influence of social media on the culture of participation, opens a new field for artistic activity. It is especially the younger generation, prone to rebel against the existing reality, who make use of those aims to express oneself. One of the most alluring means to do so is music. It stimulates people’s awareness and tends to unite people beyond boundaries by its universal language. Thanks to its emotional potential, popular music recently gathered its momentum among Kashmiri Muslims as well. The paper presents the examples of two young Kashmiri musicians, MC Kash and Ali Saffudin, as the carriers of Kashmiri Muslim cultural identity. Pointing out the traditional symbols, how they are being reinterpreted and mixed with the elements of current reality and Western culture, I will try to show some aspects of this identity, focusing on the place of regionalism in it.
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Ashaie, Sameer, and Loraine Obler. "Effect of Age, Education, and Bilingualism on Confrontation Naming in Older Illiterate and Low-Educated Populations." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/970520.
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We investigated the effects of age as well as the linked factors of education and bilingualism on confrontation naming in rural Kashmir by creating a culturally appropriate naming test with pictures of 60 objects. We recruited 48 cognitively normal participants whose ages ranged from 18 to 28 and from 60 to 85. Participants in our study were illiterate monolinguals(N=18)and educated Kashmiri-Urdu bilinguals(N=30). Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that younger adults performed better than older adults(P<0.01)and the age effect was quadratic (age2). It also showed Age X Education and Age X L2 Speaking interactions predicted naming performance. The Age X Education interaction indicated that the advantages of greater education increased with advancing age. Since education is in the second language (L2) in our population, this finding is no doubt linked to the Age X L2 Speaking interaction. This suggests that L2 speaking proficiency contributed more to first language (L1) naming with advancing age.
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Bury, Dirk. "Verb Movement and the Syntax of Kashmiri (review)." Language 77, no. 3 (2001): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0133.
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Verbeke, Saartje. "Some linguistic features of the Old Kashmiri language of the Bāṇāsurakathā." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 3 (September 2018): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2018.71.3.7.
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Manetta, Emily. "The Shape of the Causative Verbal Domain: Evidence from Kashmiri." Syntax 17, no. 3 (June 2, 2014): 235–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/synt.12017.
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Tikoo, Minakshi. "The 1989–90 Migration of Kashmiri Pandits: Focus on Children." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.259.
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Analysis of personal interviews from a sample of 42 Kashmiri Pandit families living in large community halls indicated the migration affected the intra- and interfamily interactions. In trying to keep their ethnic identity, they also had to adapt to their new environment. For the Kashmiri Pandits the sense of being uprooted was felt very strongly as there was a complete change in ecology and loss of status, property, and prestige. The community had taken over the role of socialization. The younger children (4–11 years) expressed enjoyment of communal living more than the older group (12–18 years). Children reported being closer to their mothers. Incidence of child abuse was reported as higher since migration. Girls disliked camp living more than boys. Most of the children were performing above average at school. Children preferred to speak in their native language at home.
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Kogan, Anton. "On the language of the Bāşāsurakathā poem and its relation to Kashmiri." Journal of Language Relationship 16, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2019): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2019-163-412.
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Hook, Peter. "Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: of lag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu." Lingua Posnaniensis 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-011-0010-9.
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Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: <Verb-Left> of lag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu This paper examines possible motivations for departures from canonical clause-final word order observed for the finite verb in Hindi-Urdu and other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Depiction of speaker attitude in Premchand's novel godān and the imperatives of journalistic style in TV newscasts are shown to be prime factors. The emergence of V-2 word-order in Kashmiri and other Himalayan languages may have had a parallel history.
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Manetta, Emily. "Wh-Expletives in Hindi-Urdu: The vP Phase." Linguistic Inquiry 41, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2010.41.1.1.
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This article addresses wh-displacement and wh-expletive constructions in Hindi-Urdu, accounting for parametric variation in terms of the properties of the phase-defining heads C and v. This analysis provides an understanding of a systematic set of contrasts between Kashmiri and Hindi-Urdu that suggests that crosslinguistic variation may follow from properties of specifically the phase-defining functional heads. It is then possible to construct a unified account of the various strategies of forming long-distance wh-dependencies in the two languages.
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Bhardwaj, Vivek. "An experimental framework of speaker independent speech recognition system for Kashmiri language (K-ASR) system using Sphinx." International journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 04, no. 07 (July 31, 2017): 5348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i7.07.
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Ramzan, Muhammad, Ibrahim Oteir, Misbah Afsheen Khan, Abdullah Al-Otaibi, and Sameena Malik. "English learning motivation of ESL learners from ethnic, gender, and cultural perspectives in sustainable development goals." International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies 12, no. 3 (August 3, 2023): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5019.v12i3.4840.
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The aim of this study was to examine the English language learning motivation of Pakistani students by viewing ethnicity, gender, and culture because Pakistan is multi-ethnic and cultural country with wide dimensions. The study was examined with reference to UN directed 17 sustainable development goals, with special reference to Goal No 4 related to education. A sample of 602 participants from 39 Pakistani public and private sectors’ universities was taken as participants of this research. The research was done by adapting a questionnaire as a research tool, and L2 motivational self-system was taken as a theoretical framework. The collected data via questionnaire response was statistically analyzed by using SPSS 26 software. The results indicated that in Pakistan, all four types of internal motivational structure, i.e., immediate achievement, learning situation, intrinsic interest, and personal development, existed in students of English as second Language learners’ motivation. The highest value among the four factors of motivation was 2.57 in personal development factor, and the lowest mean value was in learning situations. There is no significant statistical variation among gender in all four types of motivational structures. In English learning motivation, urban students were comparatively higher motivated in all motivational internal factors. Furthermore, only Pathan and Kashmiri students had a significant variation, and the motivation of Pathan ethnicity was higher than Kashmiri in all motivational aspects. This research would be a useful insight for English teachers and students in an intracultural environment infused with ethnicity and multi-gender student population.
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ATLAMAZ, Ümit. "Differential Object Marking and Nominal Licensing." Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi 34, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18492/dad.1213001.
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This paper presents a novel account of Differential Object Marking as an instance of case assigned by a post-syntactic Agree-Case operation that transduces agreement relations established in the syntax by marking the goal rather than the probe. In this sense, it is a modern interpretation of Nichols' (1986) Head-Marking and Dependent Marking dichotomy. Analyzing the intricate details of Differential Object Markin in Kashmiri, I show that not all but some nominals need licensing under well defined syntactic configurations. Expanding on Kalin's (2018) observation that Person Case Constraint (PCC) and Differential Object Marking occur in similar configurations, I argue that PCC is observed in languages that do not have an Agree-Case mechanism.
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Atiya Faiz Baloch. "Research And Critical Review Of Insha's Experiments." Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v2i1.14.
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"Syed Insha is a famous Urdu poet and prose writer. He was born in Murshidabad, India. His father's name was Mir Mashallah Khan. Syed Insha's grandfather was Mir Noorullah Hakim. Belonging to a scholarly and literary family, he spoke Turkish, Hindi, Arabic, Persian, European, Pashto, Punjabi, Kashmiri and Bengali fluently. Thanks to this linguist, he worked in prose. In prose Syed Insha wrote two stories. In both of them, he had two different experiments. In the story of Rani Ketki, Insha did not use any words of Persian and Arabic. For him Urdu is a separate language apart from these two languages and without the use of these two languages, excellent writing can also be written in Urdu. In Silk -e- Gohar he used words that not have dots that is, he wrote the story with pointless words. Both these experiences of Syed Insha are valued in Urdu literature. Because no other literature has adopted this style."
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Khan, Muhammad Tayyab, and Abdul Hameed Khan Abbasi. "کشمیر میں مطالعۂ قرآن کا ارتقاء: تحقیقی مطالعہ." FIKR-O NAZAR فکر ونظر 58, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 9–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52541/fn.v58i2.1089.
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A Kashmiri scholar, Yousuf Teng, has recently discovered a manuscript of the Qur’ān along with its Persian translation by Fathullah Kashmiri which dates back to 1237 A.D., indicating that the study of the Qur’ān had begun in Kashmir even before the advent of Islam there. A number of Kashmiri scholars, thereafter, have contributed to the field of Qur’ānic studies in languages such as Arabic, Persian, English, Urdu, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Pahari, and Gojri. However, despite the abundance of material on the subject, there have been very little academic works dedicated to its growth in Kashmir. This articles attempts to outline the evolution of Qur’ānic studies in Kashmir by tracing the written material on the subject from the past seven centuries.
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Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. "Brahmi’s children." Written Language and Literacy 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 303–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.00057.gna.
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Abstract A survey of modern descendants of Brahmi shows that the letter forms and various other features of the scripts vary, but the use of an inherent vowel and of dependent, satellite signs for other vowels is remarkably stable. Comparison is made to other scripts invented in the same geographic region, Thaana and Sorang Sompeng, and to the Arabic script as used in Arabic, Persian, Sorani Kurdish, Uyghur, and Kashmiri. Arabic scripts maintain uniform letter forms but vary considerably in their treatment of vowels. Cultural factors may explain the visual diversity of Brahmic scripts as compared to Arabic scripts. The stable combination of inherent vowel and satellite vowels derives from the decodability of simple aksharas into pronounceable syllabic units in the acquisition of reading. This akshara advantage is related to the psychological grain size theory of reading, with the additional claim that the syllable has special status because it is pronounceable.
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Sattar Malik, Dr Abdul. "The Justification of Urdu Letters with Similar Sounds and Diacritics." Noor e Tahqeeq 8, no. 01 (March 31, 2024): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2024.08012155.
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Urdu script is derived from the Arabic script but Urdu differs from Arabic in its nature and unlike Arabic some sounds are pronounced like each other. Due to that some experts object to Urdu script and suggest the removal of letters with similar sounds. But the removal of these letters can create many complexities and difficulties which cannot be resolved. These eight specific sounds of Urdu are common to Pakistani languages such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Kashmiri, and other local languages. How is it possible to exclude these words from all these languages? These sounds are the valuable capital of world languages like Persian and Arabic. With this collaboration, Urdu emerges as a great global and scientific language. By removing these letters, Urdu will suffer a great loss in terms of knowledge. There will be an encounter, which cannot be compensated. In short, this change is not feasible in context with Urdu historical background and present linguistic geographical condition. The Urdu script is non- diacritical in its nature and diacritics in Urdu are not arranged in the same way as in Arabic. However, it is necessary to organize the essential diacritics in the basic textbooks. This article argues and analyses the justification of Urdu letters with similar sounds and diacritics in detail.
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Rafay Khan, Abdul, and Ghazala Kausar. "Case Valuation in Transitive Clauses: A Comparative Study of Punjabi and English Syntax." Linguistics and Literature Review 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.71.01.
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Case is a morphological realization on a noun phrase (NP) to represent the NP's grammatical relationship with the main verb of the clause. With respect to case, languages, in many cases, can be broadly divided into two alignment systems, i.e., ergative-absolutive and nominative-accusative. In the former type of languages, e.g., Punjabi, the subjects usually receive an ergative post position in transitive clauses (with perfective aspect) while in the latter type of languages, e.g., English, the subject, i.e., in nominative case receives, no post position. There has been a widespread controversy on whether ergative is a structural case or a lexical/inherent case and how the arguments are, i.e., subject and objects valued case in case of ergative clauses. With this ongoing debate in the background, this study aims to compare the marking of case on the arguments, i.e., subjects and objects in the transitive clauses of English and Punjabi. The study is conducted under the minimalist framework of Chomsky (2008), who emphasized on Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT): language provides the best possible solution to the interface conditions imposed by other systems of the human mind, i.e., related to meaning and sound, which interact with language through their interfaces Conceptual Intentional (C-I) and Sensori-Motor (SM) respectively. In this framework, a feature valuation mechanism is induced by the probes, i.e., C and v*. The study finds that in split ergative languages (the languages which take both case patterns, i.e., nominative and ergative) like Punjabi, the EA, i.e., subjects of perfective transitive clauses are assigned the ergative case by the functional heads v* at [Spec-v*] while the IA, i.e., objects are valued accusative case by the same functional head v* under Agree operation. A consequence of this finding concludes that T has default agreement in such languages, which is possible because Punjabi (like its other South Asian counterparts, e.g., Urdu-Hindi, Bengali, and Kashmiri) is a pro-drop language. So, it is easy to assume that EPP and Agree features of T are an option
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Digby, Simon. "Flower-Teeth and the Bickford Censer: the Identification of a Ninth-Century Kashmiri Bronze." South Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (January 1991): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.1991.9628422.
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Muhammad Ahmed Awan and Abdul Khalique. "An Analytical Study Of Aagha Hashar's Poetry." Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 4, no. 3 (November 5, 2023): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v4i3.142.
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Aagha Hashar Kashmiri is a renowned poet and dramatist. He is considered one of the pioneers of Modern Urdu theater and his work is known for his poetic language in his dramas. He also wrote many poems i.e. "Shukariya Europe", Moj-e-Zam Zam, Eid Mubarak, Sultan tipu and so on. His poetry has Romanism, socialism, alcoholism, sarcasm, humour and vulgarity. Romanticism was inherent in his poetry and beauty was part of his nature. That is why his poetry is full of romanticism. The essence of speech is prominent in his poems and songs. Imagination, figure carving, subtle elegance, informality, creativity, similes and metaphors are the distinguish characteristics of his Ghazals. He also uses vulgar and immortal words in his poetry but his poetry contains hope and philosophy of life. Aagha Hashar had a lasting impact on Urdu.
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Arif, Mohammad, Mandeep Singh, and Rajdavinder Boparai. "Emotion detection on cross platform languages." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.18 (June 5, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.27.10783.
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Internet has changed the course of our living. It has become the most beneficial antecedent or source of information. Today almost everything is found on internet. Everyday millions of people post their ideas, reviews, stories about the services, products or other persons. The size of data is increasing tremendously. It is very difficult to analyze that amount of data and figure out the emotions or sentiments posed by people. Emotion detection is such a technique where we can judge people’s ideas and extract the emotion towards an entity or service. We have used subjective lexicon-based approach to bench the emoticons expressed by the ideas of the people. The data set that we have mainly focused is very cross and noisy. We have used Facebook data in Urdu and Kashmiri language. Both languages are very cross domain. These languages can be written in English alphabet that makes them more challenging to analyses. Our approach resolves the challenge to the maximum possible way. The results shown by our method on this kind of data set are better than any other approach. Our analysis on this type of dataset will help the local businessmen of these areas to grow and flourish. The analysis will give some insights what the local feel about the entity or product so that the manufacturers can design or build it that way and try to enhance its qualities.
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Mir, Shahid Hussain, and Ayaz Afsar. "The pronunciation constraints of syllable stress-coloration in Pakistani English." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 5, no. 1 (February 18, 2024): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/5.1.2.
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Pakistani English speakers struggle with pronunciation issues due to unfamiliarity with the morphological and phonological aspects of the English language. The challenging aspect of teaching English pronunciation in an ESL environment in Pakistan is pronunciation. The study looks at Pakistani ESL students' pronunciation problems and aims to pinpoint Pakistani English speakers’ pronunciation issues in an ESL setting. This is a descriptive study, and information from ten ESL students is acquired through recording. The study uses the PRAAT as a framework for data analysis and points to the syllable break and stress marking in PE. Based on L1, the speakers were chosen, and only Kashmiri speakers of Pakistani English were included. The study concludes that studying English helps ESL students speak effectively with people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, promoting intercultural understanding and fostering international collaboration. The lack of excitement, self-doubt, willingness, shyness, and language proficiency are the main causes of pronunciation problems. L1 also affects English pronunciation. According to the study, students’ L1 influences lead them to struggle with stress marking, syllabification, and transcription of English words. Additionally, epenthesis, the insertion of a short vowel at the beginning, and improper stress marking were prevalent issues.
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Lysenko, Viktoria. "The Problem of Expressibility of the Inexpressible: Speech-Sound, Consciousness and Reality in Indian Thought." Ideas and Ideals 15, no. 3-1 (September 28, 2023): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2023-15.3.1-179-199.
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For traditional Indian philosophy, which tends to establish its identity on the basis of the rationally incognizable Absolute (Ātman, Brahman), the verbal expressibility of the latter is one of the central issues. In fact, what is at stake here, is an attitude to language, trust or distrust in its capacity to be a tool for transmitting the experience of reality, which for the Indian tradition is of the highest soteriological and metaphysical value. Namely, it is the experience characteristic of the culminating transpersonal states of meditation and yogic practices, as well as at the moment of unio mystica (between a believer and the personal God). The best way to point to such states is to demonstrate their radical otherness in comparison with everyday speech behaviour (vyavahāra) and discursive ways of reporting it. That is why, the apophatic approach is used, meanwhile, that does not exclude the applicability of its cataphatic opposite. In the first part of the paper, the author emphasizes a tendency to privilege the apophatic approach (‘not that, not that’) to the definition of Brahman on the example of some mahāvākya (‘great sayings’) from the Upaniṣhads. In the second part, the author elucidates a phenomenon of phonocentrism, characteristic of traditional Indian culture, taking as example an incarnation of the goddess Vāk (Speech) in Vedic literature and in Tantrism. The third part is devoted to Bhartṛihari’s (ca.V century A.D.) concepts of ‘linguistic monism’ (śabda-advaita), and of the three-part speech, and their culmination in Kashmiri Shaivism. The author shows that in Bharitṛhari and Kashmiri’ s expressibility and inexpressibility of vocalized speech does not presuppose the recognition of a separate reality of object referred to by it (correspondence principle), but varied within the boundaries of the word (śabda) itself as identical to the dynamic nature of Brahman constituted by potencies (śakti).
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Dr Ghulam Rasool Khawar. "AN REVIEW OF THEATRE'S SERVICES IN THE PROMOTION OF URDU COUPLETS." Tasdiqتصدیق۔ 4, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56276/tasdiq.v4i2.111.
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Doha is something like “Matla” –an opening couplet 0f a ghazal- characterized by spontaneity set in a particularly simplistic and pastoral life. Both of its lines rhyme with each other and they balance in weight. Doha enjoys a peculiar field of relevance. A definite form, specific inference, and dedicated language make integral parts of a Doha. This beautiful genre of literature flourished in the hands of religious enthusiasts like Sofis, Sunnats, and Sadhus. However, this progress of Doha is heavily indebted to an all-times-active institution of our society called theatre proper. Starting right from “Inder Saba” by Amanat to the works of Agha Hashar Kashmiri, we find indelible traces of Doha in these works. This article sifts out those traces of Doha in the works of our illustrious Dramatists. Besides a brief history of Urdu Theatre, this article will afford a short introduction to the great veterans whose works will be discussed here in Literature for Children. It made the history of children’s literature.
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Krylova, Anastasiya. "А. И. КОГАН. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения языка кашмири [Anton KOGAN. The problems of comparative-historic study of Kashmiri language], 2016." Journal of Language Relationship 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2017): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2017-141-211.
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Mumtaz, Murad Khan. "‘Patch by Patch’: Devotional Culture in the Himalayas as Seen through Early Modern Kashmiri Paintings of Muslim Saints." South Asian Studies 34, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 114–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1517427.
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G, Suganya, and V. Vijayalakshmi. "Postmemory Among the People of Kashmir Through the Novel “The Collaborator”." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 5 (April 7, 2023): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n5p284.
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Partition of India and Pakistan has provided a great legacy on the Indian Subcontinent. Since partition, the separation of two states has deeply wounded the people of Kashmir. The psychological and physical departure of the Kashmiris due to conflict has remained a dark historical event which has changed the social fabric and cultural values of the people practiced for centuries. War has captured the land since Independence, 1947. As the issue between Kashmir and Pakistan prevails for years together its impact has started to pass on from generation to generation. The saga of Kashmir carries mythological narration, the stories of war, conflict, loss of life, loss of home which passes along with the history of Kashmir. The people of Kashmir have experienced numerous psychological problems like anxiety, depression, suicides, loss of their home, loss of their loved once, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and so on. The depression that is in disguise is Post memory that passes through generation, which is traumatic and that appears in the form of stories which is inevitable in the life of Kashmiris. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the traumatic experience of the people in Kashmir due to war and conflict. This paper examines the concept of Post memory, through the novel The Collaborator by Mizra Waheed. Finally, the article concludes, in light of the descriptive study, the people of Kashmir under goes serious traumatic experiences due to war and the memories narrated by their ancestors through stories for generations which made the future generation to be stuck in the past.
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MUNSHI, SADAF, and MEGAN J. CROWHURST. "Weight sensitivity and syllable codas in Srinagar Koshur." Journal of Linguistics 48, no. 2 (June 8, 2012): 427–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000096.
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This paper describes and analyses the pattern of word stress found in the standard dialect of Koshur (Kashmiri) spoken in Srinagar. The significance of Koshur for studies of stress lies in that taken together, its pattern of stress assignment and a pervasive pattern of syncope conspire to produce a four-way syllable weight distinction that has sometimes been expressed as the scale CVːC>CVː>CVC>CV. The interesting feature of this type of scale is that closed syllables, CVːC and CVC are preferred as stress peaks over open syllables with vowels of the same length. Other researchers have noted that in languages with this scale, or the abbreviated ternary version CVː>CVC>CV, CVC syllables behave ambiguously with respect to stress. They seem to be heavy in relation to CV when CVː syllables are absent. In a stress clash context however, CVC defers to CVː. ‘Mora-only’ accounts of other languages with this scale have interpreted the ambiguous behaviour of CVC as evidence that CVC syllables are bimoraic where their behaviour seems to group them with CVː but monomoraic elsewhere (e.g. Rosenthall & van der Hulst 1999, Morén 2000). To account for the CVːC>CVː effect, mora-only accounts have been forced to assume that CVːC are trimoraic. We show that a mora-only analysis does not offer a satisfying account of the Koshur facts, and we argue instead that the origin of the CVC>CV and CVːC>CVː effects is the presence of a coda that branches from the final mora of a syllable, making the closed syllables more harmonic as prosodic heads. Under this view, branchingness emerges as another dimension of the mora, along with moraic quantity and the quality of segments linked to moras, which contributes to syllable prominence.