Journal articles on the topic 'Kasua language'

LABURPENA xx. mendeko azken aldian, euskarak gainbehera sakon batean sartu zen Nafarroako ipar-ekialdean eta inon baino nabariagoa izan zen Erronkariko Ibaxan. 1980-1990 hamarkadetan erronkariko uskararen azken hiztunak hiltzen ziren bitartean, bi komunitate hauen arteko harremana gainbeheran sartu zen. Landa-lan honetan, mugaren bi aldeetako biztanleei egindako elkarrizketei esker, egungo egoera zein den aztertuko da. Komunitate hauek gordetako ondare materiala eta ez-materiala aintzat hartuko dira. Honekin batera, etorkizunerako erronkak aztertu egingo ditugu herri hauek betidanik izan duten lotura galdu ez dadin eta mugaz gaindiko harremanak sustatzeko proiektu desberdinak planteatuz. RESUMEN A finales del siglo xx el uskara experimentó un serio declive que concluyó con la desaparición de sus últimos hablantes en las décadas ochenta y noventa del siglo pasado. Mientras estas personas conocedoras de la lengua vernácula del lugar morían, las relaciones con el otro lado de la muga comenzaron a debilitarse. En este trabajo de campo, mediante una metodología cualitativa basada en las entrevistas realizadas a personas de ambos lados de la muga, se analiza cuál es el estado actual de dichas relaciones. El patrimonio inmaterial y material guardado por estas personas será tenido en cuenta. Asimismo, se analizarán los retos y oportunidades de estas comunidades para el futuro de sus relaciones. ABSTRACT At the end of the 20th century, «uskara» experienced a serious decline which ended with the disappearance of the last Basque speakers in the 1980-90’s. While these people, the last true speakers of the vernacular language, died, relations with the other side of the border began to weaken. In this paper through a qualitative methodology based on interviews done with people from both sides of the border, we analyze what the current state of the mentioned relations is like. In addition, opportunities and challenges faced by these communities will be analyzed to assess their posible future relations. The material and intangible cultural heritage maintained by these persons will be taken into account.

AbstractIn this paper I present the types of nominalization in Kakua, a language spoken by a group of hunter-gatherer peoples from the small Kakua-Nukakan family, inhabitants of the Vaupés area in eastern Colombia. I argue that the nominalization strategies in Kakua have developed from a traceable typical Kakua-Nukakan strategy, into a more Vaupés-like profile of expressing nominalizations, where Kakua had added more nominalization strategies in order for the language to adapt to the types of nominalizations found in many of Kakua’s neighboring languages in the Vaupés area. For this, I will first give a description of the nominalization strategies in Kakua, to later compare them to the nominalization strategies in Nukak, Kakua’s sister language spoken outside of the Vaupés area. The paper concludes with a comparison of nominalization in Kakua and the nominalization strategies found in the surrounding languages.

LABURPENA Lan honetan -ko erlazio-atzizkia duten sintagmen kokapena (izenaren aurrekoa eta izenaren ostekoa) aztertzen da ikuspuntu diakronikotik. atzizkiaren funtzioa izenen modifikatzaileak sortzea da, adberbioetatik, leku kasua, instrumentala edo postpo-sizioa duten izenetatik eta izen-multzoetatik. Helburua da hitz-ordenaren bariazioa deskribatzea eta erabileran eragina zuten faktoreak identifikatzea. Proposatzen da izen osteko -ko modifikatzaileak sortu zirela erlazio-atzizkia zuten sintagma batzuk adjek-tibo bezala lexikalizatu zirelako, eta adjektiboari zegokion kokapenean hasi zirela jar-tzen, hau da, izenaren eskuinean. RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se analiza la posición de los sintagmas que contienen el sufijo de relación-ko(pronominal o postnominal) desde un punto de vista diacrónico. Mediante dicho sufijo se crean modificadores adjetivales a partir de adverbios, sintagmas nomina-les o sustantivos dotados con casos locativos, instrumentales o posposiciones. El objeto del trabajo esdescribir la variación existente en el orden de las palabras e identificar los factores que influyen en el uso de unas u otras variantes. se propone que los modificado-res con-kopostnominal fueron creados tras la lexicalización como adjetivos de algunos sintagmas dotados del sufijo relacional; en concreto, su posición sintáctica cambió a la del adjetivo, pasando de ser pronominales a postnominales. ABSTRACT This paper deals with the relational marker -ko, which derives adjectival modifiers from a wide range of phrases: adverbs, local-case- or instrumental-marked nouns, postpo-sitions and determinerless nPs. More specifically, the goal is to describe the constitu-ent order variation from a diachronic perspective. There are two options: the modifier might be prenominal (default in the modern language) or postnominal. My proposal is that postnominal -ko modifiers appeared because some -ko phrases lexicalized as adjec-tives and started to be placed after the noun, in the position where canonical qualitative adjectives go in Basque.

Language in everyday life has a very important role in communicating. At present there has been a decline in interest in the use of Javanese as a communication tool for the �Z� generation, namely the generation born in 1994-2012. The aim of this study is to find out the intensity of the use of regional languages, especially the Javanese language by the �Z� generation, what is the impact of the loss of regional languages, especially the Javanese language for the identity of the region and how the generation of �Z� language attitudes to local languages are specifically Javanese . From this study it was found that, �Z� generation has the ability that is very lacking in communicating using Javanese. The things that affect their mastery in language include their buccal background originating from the Javanese, the lack of use of the Javanese language as a daily communication tool and the lack of innovation in Javanese language learning methods. From this, innovation in learning is needed as well as increasing the intensity of the use of Javanese as a daily communication tool. Parents and teachers in the school have a role in mastering the Javanese language in communicating.

The social interaction in multilingual societies and the availability of multiple languages requires each speaker to have the ability to precisely choose the language or variety of languages which appropriate to the communication situation. By raising the case of language selection patterns based on language events and age categories in the language selection of Bugis ethnic in Donggala Regency, this study aimed to (1) describe the pattern of language selection in family domain of Bugis ethnic based on the language event and age category, and (2) analyse the factors underlying the selection of languages based on the language event and age category. The method used is a sociolinguistic approach with questionnaires, interviews, observations, and recording techniques, then the data had been analyzed based on the percentage pattern of the language selection. The result indicated that Bugisnese ethnic in Donggala Regency still chooses Bugisnese language as their communication tool n based on the event of language and age category. The Age of 28-49 and 50 years and above strongly maintain and choose to use Bugisnese language, while among the 11-15 years old and above the use of Bugis language are beginning to decline.

(Title: A Forensic Linguistic Study Case: Hoax of Recorded Voice Who Was Allegedly From Gatot Nurmantyo). This study aimed to describe the comparison between languages on Gatot Nurmantyo's Similar Voice Sample (SVS) recording with language on Gatot Nurmantyo's Original Voice Sample (OVS) recordings. The data source were one SVS record and three OVS records (OVS01—OVS03). Data were collected through observation, copying, and recording. The instrument for data collection was in the form of human, researcher himself with the recording devices and stationery. The analysis was carried out comprehensively with a review of various aspects including Phonology, Sociolinguistics, Discourse, and Stylistics. The results of the study were as follows. First, there were significant differences between languages on SVS and language on all three OVS recordings in terms of Sociolinguistic, Discourse and Stylistic aspects. Second, on the Phonological aspect there was a tendency for the similarities between language on the SVS recording and language on all three OVS recordings in several parts including the duration of word utterance, the energy intensity of the word utterance, and the sound of the words. Therefore, it could be concluded that on a Classical Likelihood Scales, the SVS and OVS recordings were not from the same speaker. Keywords: forensic linguistic, comprehensive, recording, Praat

Abstract: The objective of this study is (1) to describe the choice of using foreign and local languages on the bussiness banners and advertisements in Banjarbaru and Martapura; and (2) to explain the reasons or the cause of using those languages. Data is obtained from purposive samples of business sign board found in Banjarbaru and Martapura city. Data analysis is using descriptive approach; it was describing the error from the sample. This research uses the rule of Indonesianization of foreign words and terms and AIDA theory (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action). The results of this research are (1) many Banjar and foreign languages are used in one business sign board; (2) three reasons of using foreign and local language: 1. latest icon are used to attract consumer’s attention to goods and services even though the icon is not relevant to Indonesian Language. 2. Using different languages deviate from grammar and uncommon word choice to attract consumer’s attention to the advertisement of product or business. 3. The use of local language is familiar to consumers of detail and services. This research shows that local phrases or terms are used to evoke consumer’s feeling. On the other hand, the use of English gives an educated impression to advertisers.

The success of obtaining a second language and subsequent languages is influenced by many factors, both those involving from within individuals and those from the environment. Thus, research should not only focus on assessing the success of an individual in obtaining language but must also relate how the individual's language learning background is related to the achievement of language acquisition. This article will focus on the discussion of written language production with the subject of jasmine, which is a native speaker of Mandarin. By reviewing the background of the subject's bilingualism, it is expected to be able to provide an overview and answer the question "how is the achievement of someone who learns a foreign language if he learns a second language after passing a critical period, then takes education to obtain language (nurture), and a coordinate billingualism, if measured after study the language for five years and four months? "the results of the research show that Melati has the following language skills (1) in terms of readability, able to write with the appropriate complexity for college level students (2) able to build relationships between words, sentences, and paragraphs but at the word level there are still some problems (3) which tend to produce difficult sentences to understand when writing more complex sentences.Keberhasilan pemerolehan bahasa kedua dan bahasa berikutnya dipengaruhi banyak faktor, baik yang menyangkut dari dalam diri individu maupun yang berasal lingkungan. Penelitian mengenai bahasa kedua seharusnya tidak hanya berfokus pada menilai keberhasilan dari seorang individu dalam memeperoleh bahasa tetapi juga harus menghubungkan bagaimana latar belakang belajar bahasa individu dalam kaitannya dengan pencapaian pemerolehan berbahasanya. Artikel ini akan fokus pada pembahasan produksi bahasa tulis dengan subjek melati, yaitu seorang penutur asli bahasa Mandarin. Dengan meninjau latar belakang bilingualisme subjek diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran dan menjawab pertanyaan “seberapa pencapaian seseorang yang belajar bahasa asing bila ia belajar bahasa kedua setelah melewati critical period, kemudian menempuh pendidikan untuk memperoleh bahasa (nurture), dan seorang yang coordinate billingualism, bila diukur setelah mempelajari bahasa selama lima tahun empat bulan?” hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Melati memiliki kemampuan bahasa sebagai berikut (1) secara keterbacaan, mampu menulis dengan kerumitan yang sesuai untuk pelajar tingkat perguruan tinggi (2) mampu membangun hubungan antar kata, kalimat, dan paragraf namun pada tataran kata masih ditemukan beberapa masalah (3) cenderung menghasilkan kalimat sulit dipahami saat menulis kalimat yang lebih kompleks.

This research discusses language maintenance and language shift among children from intermarriage family. It could be found in a society that many children who grow up from intermarriage family have bilingual and multilingual. But in some cases, this condition also become the factors that cause them losing their cultural identity due to their parents do not introduce and teach them their mother tongue language. This condition will be affected the existence of those local languages because it could make them appear or even the worst thing that it could make them become death. Those effects have been found in many local languages in Indonesia in which many local languages have extinct and some of them are going to be extinct. The aims of this research are to describe the phenomenon that appears within the students of English Language and Literature Adab and Humanities Faculty UIN STS Jambi who have intermarriages family’s background. Besides that, it also aims to find out the role of parents to decide the language choice used by their children. Since this research lay down from the previous researchers that find out parents are the important role in deciding language choice for their children. Observation and questionnaire are the techniques used in collecting the data. The results show that parents have a role that causes the shift and the maintenance of local languages. In addition, the factors such as bilingual, language’s choosing and using at home and migration are the causes of language shift found in English Language and Literature students. But the researcher found that code switching and code mixing are only used by the students for a specific situation where they should elaborate their language with their listeners.

The term "contrastive analysis" (CA) can be defined as how to compare two or more languages in synchronic not diachronic analysis including phonetic elements, morphemic, syntactic, and discourse for the sake of teaching and translation discourse. CA purpose is to look for similarities and differences between two or more languages as the object of study. Benefit from the findings of CA can be used as one of the basic considerations in developing language teaching syllabus and in selecting appropriate translation pattern. This practical method of analysis of language has experienced the ups and downs from time to time which in turn gave birth to two powerful streams (strong version) and weak (weak version). Nevertheless, CA is still needed in the world of foreign language teaching does not turn a blind eye to the weaknesses and strengths. Basically there is no single approach that perfect language, so the use of comprehensive methods are a good choice can therefore complement each other. Implications of CA will give influence to teachers, subject matter, and syllabus. Through this analysis, a language teacher can display methods, materials and cargo with special and specific ways. While, the subject matter may be submitted with varying intensity through the CA of the findings of aspects of equality and difference. Syllabus based CA can determine the design of the learning and acquisition targets with existing time allocation.

This study aims to describe the language phenomenon of online motorcycle taxi drivers in Jakarta related to the choice of language in conversations on social media. The method used is descriptive qualitative. Data is obtained through observation techniques on the conversations of Go-send online motorcycle taxi riders via the WA group messaging application. Based on the results of the study, it was found that Gosend motorcycle taxi drivers chose a variety of languages when interacting in the WA group. Most drivers start using and creating new languages, and use English when communicating. This phenomenon is influenced by the language created and used by drivers. They feel more comfortable when communicating in the WA application. Therefore, they choose other language codes, for example Indonesian or foreign languages. In addition, a similar incident resulted from the development of several new languages so that the Go-send motorcycle taxi drivers were nicknamed ninja turtles. Various new vocabulary or terms have sprung up among them, such as drivers, scans, cancel, orders, blur, WD, gacor, sherloc, nopon, telephone, opang, and others that were viral in the WA group application conversation. Without hesitation they choose the vocabulary or term in communicating with their interlocutors who may actually rarely meet. This is the reality of cross-cultural communication on Go-send motorcycle taxi drivers that occur in big cities like Jakarta. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan fenomena kebahasaan pengendara ojek online di Jakarta terkait pemilihan bahasa dalam percakapan di media sosial. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui teknik simak pada percakapan pengendara ojek online Gosend melalui aplikasi pesan grup WA. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa pengendara ojek online Go-send memilih beragam bahasa dalam berinteraksi di grup WA. Sebagian besar para pengendara mulai memakai dan menciptakan bahasa baru, serta menggunakan bahasa Inggris saat berkomunikasi. Fenomena ini dipengaruhi oleh bahasa yang dikreasikan dan dipakai oleh para pengendara. Mereka merasa lebih nyaman saat berkomunikasi di aplikasi WA tersebut. Oleh karena itu, mereka memilih kode bahasa yang lain, misalnya bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa asing. Selain itu, kejadian serupa sebagai akibat berkembangnya beberapa bahasa baru sehingga pengendara ojek Go-send ini mendapat julukan kura-kura ninja. Berbagai kosakata atau istilah baru pun bermunculan di kalangan mereka, seperti driver, scan, cancel, order, blur, WD, gacor, sherloc, nopon, rekpon, opang, dan lainnya yang kemudian viral di percakapan aplikasi grup WA. Tanpa sungkan mereka memilih kosakata atau istilah tersebut dalam berkomunikasi dengan lawan bicaranya yang secara nyata mungkin jarang bertemu. Inilah realitas komunikasi lintas budaya pengendara ojek online Go-send yang terjadi di kota besar seperti Jakarta.Kata Kunci: komunikasi, lintas budaya, pemilihan bahasa, pengendara ojek gosend

AbstractThis paper focusses on case marking in informal Namibian German (so called Namdeutsch). Whilst the use of nominative and accusative case is stable and similar to Standard German, there is a considerable amount of variation with regard to the dative case. This phenomenon is analysed in detail using corpus and questionnaire data. Multifactorial analyses reveal that several sociolinguistic and grammatical factors have a significant impact on the language use in this particular domain. Subsequently, the results are compared with other extraterritorial varieties of German and various similarities are found. This supports the idea that there are variety/language overarching principles at work.

The language harmony in this study is oriented to the idea of the awakening of sincronized or similar object, concept, definition and term in relation to the terms adoption strategy by a general translation from one language to another (donor by recipient language). Terms are important pillars in the science systems that they must have the same meaning for everyone using it so the information exchange will obtain a good result. Thus, through a general consensus on meanings, names and specific terms along with the usages consistently will result in the uniformity of a special vocabulary containing the standard concepts, terms and definitions. The data collecting method is by browsing electronic library (e-lib) with data source taken as samples such as (1) Phonological adaptation of borrowed terms in Duramazwi reMimhanzi, (2) Translation journal of translation procedures, strategies and methods, (3) Are there connections between English and Romanian terminology in Medicine?, (4) Third-year students’ difficulties in translating computing terms from English into Arabic, (5) Studying Loanwords and Loanword Integration: Two Criteria of confirmity. The analysis is conducting by observing phonological aspects phenomenon (concerning pronunciation system) and orthographic aspect (concerning writing system). Based on these data, it is shown that the technical term equivalence strategy is conducted through the adjustment of sound and the foreign writing system (donor language) with changes based on the phonological system according to the pronunciation and the orthography system of a language (recipient language). The strategy is an attempt to maintain the full meaning of the concept contained in the terms of a language which meaning is not revealed in other languages in order to establish harmony or similarity of vision in the context of the use of the term to build language harmony among language speakers or users. Abstrak Istilah merupakan sendi penting di dalam sistem ilmu pengetahuan, harus mempunyai makna yang sama bagi semua orang yang menggunakannya, agar pertukaran informasi memperoleh hasil yang baik, maka melalui kesepakatan umum tentang makna, nama dan istilah khusus serta penggunaannya secara konsisten akan menghasilkan keseragaman suatu kosa kata khusus yang memuat konsep, istilah, dan definisinya yang baku. Artikel ini merupakan hasil kajian bidang penerjemahan tentang suatu pendekatan yang terkait dengan peristilahan, khususnya istilah teknis (technical terms). Sejumlah pendekatan yang dapat disajikan adalah sebagai alternatif dengan mengacu pada prinsip-prinsip kesamaan konsep antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa target (donor and recipient language). Data dalam kajian ini diperoleh melalui akses internet (online) untuk memperoleh jurnal, artikel dan referensi lain yang mengkaji masalah peristilahan dan aspek-aspek linguistik secara tekstual yang berorientasi pada bidang penerjemahan. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk interakasi di antara berbagai bahasa dalam bidang penerjemahan, khususnya menyangkut istilah teknis dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan penyesuaian aspek kebahasaan atau kaidah linguistik bahasa donor menurut aspek atau kaidah kebahasaan bahasa penerima (recipient language). Hal ini dilakukan adalah sebagai upaya untuk mempertahankan makna konsep yang dimiliki bahasa donor di satu sisi, dan upaya menyesuaikan aspek atau kaidah linguistik menurut bahasa penerima di sisi lain. Dengan demikian, harmoni bahasa dapat terbangun bagi penutur atau pengguna bahasa di antara komunitas bangsa itu sendiri.

This study aims at describing the discourse of Friday sermons in the city of Surakarta. This study is a sociolinguistic study with qualitative research method. The language based code shows Indonesian language is used dominantly because the object of study is in Surakarta. Arabic is widely used because the Friday sermons are one kind of worships in Islam. Javanese language is used because of the speech location and cultural backgrounds. English only slightly appears and is influenced by the speakers’ background. The code based on the variations can be divided into the standard and non standard languages. Intra-sentential code switchings take the forms of words, reduplication, word repetitions, and phrases. This is due to attitudinal and linguistic factors. Inter-sentential code switchings are permanent and temporary. The determining factors are speakers, interlocutors, topics or subject matters, special speech functions/ends, and changes in circumstances. The functions of code switching in the Friday sermons are to express gratitude, purify God, glorify God, honor someone, express amazement, prohibit, sound prestigious, express permission, beg for forgiveness, beautify utterances, change the subject, pray for someone, declare an appointment, mention terms, express doubts, and regret something.

Extracurricular activities are additional activities in schools, where through this activity, students can add or explore the skills of students in self-development efforts. One of the extracurricular activities is foreign language extracurricular activities, covering 5 languages ​​namely Arabic, English, German, Mandarin, Japanese. In knowing students' interest in extracurricular activities, a study was conducted on the level of interest in extracurricular activities, namely foreign languages, students at the Vocational School Health Analyst Abdurrab. In predicting the level of interest in foreign languages ​​by the process of data mining using the C45 Algorithm method. C45 algorithm is a group of Decision Tree Algorithms. From this research, the school can find out the extent of interest in foreign languages ​​in students and schools can increase extracurricular activities and students can develop their interest in foreign languages ​​as they wish.

In the aspect of social life, the function of language is traditionally as a verbal medium and also as a communication tool to convey thoughts of ideas and concepts, If in a society it consists of various regions with different language uses, language contacts and language interference will arisebetween the first language and the second language, that's why the researchers chose the title of interference that occurs between the languages first language (Madurans language) with the second language (Arabic language). In this research there are two formulations of the problem studied, the first is how is the form of interference used by students of syaichona cholil state, the second is how to speak the correct pronunciation of Arabic after interference. The formulation are intended to find out the various forms of interference that are often used and to provide knowledge on how to pronounce the correct language.This research uses descriptive qualitative research with the method of collecting data through three types, interviews, observation, and documentation with using the miles analysis model.The results of this research concluded that the occurrence of phonological and morphological interference was categorized into three typesfirst, elemental interference,interference is which occurs because of the inclusion of the morphological elements of the Madurans language into Arabic-like morphology, affixesthe example of the word astaghfirullah becomes poralla and syaitan becomes satan and others. Second, the interference pattern is morphological interference in the form of the use of the Madura language morphological process patterns in the formation of Arabic words the example of la ba’tsa( لابأس ) becomes la madza madza (لا ماذا ماذا. )Third, combination interference is the occurrence of elemental interference and interference patterns in one sentence like the word قلب قلب (be careful).

Passive sentence is a sentence subject to accept or subject to action. There are two languages which also have passive sentences, namely Javanese and Old Javanese. Before the Javanese language developed, it was known as Old Javanese. Old Javanese as one of the derivatives of Austronesian languages is a language that has very old literature. By studying the Hariñjiŋ A, B, C Inscriptions as one of the proofs of the use of Old Javanese language, the research was carried out with contrastive analysis, namely comparing it with Javanese. The problem is how do passive constructs in Old Javanese language (the case study of Hariñjiŋ A, B, CInscriptions) and Javanese when viewed using contrastive analysis? The purpose is to describe passive construction in Old Javanese (a case study on the Hariñjiŋ A, B, C Inscriptions) and Javanese inscriptions and compare the two sentence patterns. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative by using a descriptive comparative contrast method which aims to provide an overview of passive sentences and find differences. The conclusions are that the construction of passive sentences in Old Javanese (in the writing of the Hariñjiŋ A, B and C Inscriptions) has a transitive passive and intransitive passive form which is the same as Javanese. The passive form is indicated by a kiks prefix, a combination of affix-in, a combination of affixes, a combination of ma-affixes, and infix -in-. Whereas the Javanese language is only known to be a prefix, di- -ni, and di-confix, or to be deunned. It can be concluded also that passive sentence Javanese is not derived from Old Javanese but rather has an influence from Malay which is the forerunner of Indonesian. Kalimat Pasif merupakan sebuah kalimat subjek menerima atau dikenai aksi. Terdapat dua bahasa yang juga memiliki bentuk kalimat pasif, yaitu bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Jawa Kuna. Sebelum bahasa Jawa berkembang, telah dikenal adanya bahasa Jawa Kuna. Bahasa Jawa Kuna sebagai salah satu turunan dari bahasa Austronesia adalah bahasa yang mempunyai kesusastraan yang sangat tua. Dengan mengkaji Prasasti Hariñjiŋ A, B, C sebagai salah satu bukti adanya penggunaan bahasa Jawa Kuna, penelitian dilakukan dengan analisis kontrastif yaitu membandingkannya dengan bahasa Jawa. Adapun permasalahannya adalah bagaimanakah konstruksi pasif pada bahasa Jawa Kuna (studi kasus Prasasti Hariñjiŋ A, B, C) dan bahasa Jawa apabila dilihat dengan menggunakan analisis kontrastif? Adapun tujuannya untuk mendeskripsikan konstruksi pasif dalam bahasa Jawa Kuna (studi kasus pada Prasasti Hariñjiŋ A, B, C) dan bahasa Jawa serta membandingkan kedua pola kalimat tersebut. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif kontras yang bertujuan memberikan gambaran tentang bentuk kalimat pasif serta menemukan perbedaannya. Adapun kesimpulannya adalah konstruksi kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Jawa Kuna (dalam penulisan Prasasti Hariñjiŋ A, B, dan C) memiliki bentuk pasif transitif dan juga pasif intransitif yang sama dengan bahasa Jawa. Bentuk pasifnya ditandai dengan prefiks ka-, kombinasi afiks -in- -an, kombinasi afiks -in- -akan, kombinasi afiks ma- -akĕn, dan infiks -in-. Sedangkan bahasa Jawa hanya diketahui prefiks di-, konfiks di- -ni, dan konfiks di- -ne, atau dipun- -aken. Dapat disimpulkan juga bahwa kalimat penanda pasif bahasa Jawa bukan diturunkan dari bahasa Jawa Kuna melainkan mendapat pengaruh dari bahasa Melayu yang merupakan cikal bakal bahasa Indonesia.

This research aims to reveal language skills among students. To answer the research question, it was conducted using a questionnaire technique. The questionnaire (which contained 11 questions) was distributed to 40 FPP students, Diponegoro University, Semarang via online (ms team). Data were analyzed using PUEBI and Indonesian language standard grammar. The result, (1) the average respondent answered correctly at 54.54%; (2) respondents who answered correctly about number 1 by 87.50%; (3) for question number 2 as much as 0% (4) for question number 3, respondents who answered correctly were 2.5%; (5) for question number 4, amounting to 67.59%; (6) for problem number 5, amounting to 85%; (7) for question number 6, amounting to 62.50%, (8) for question number 7, amounting to 97.50%, (9) for question number 8, amounting to 6%, (10) for question number 9, amounting to 67 , 50%; (11) for question number 10 only 40%, and (12) for problem number 11 all respondents answered incorrectly.Keywords: Mistakes; language; Undip students.IntisariPenelitin ini bertujuan mengungkap kemampuan berbahasa di kalangan mahasiswa. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian tersebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik angket. Angket (yang berisi 11 pertanyaan) dibagikan kepada 40 mahsiswa FPP, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang melalui daring (ms team). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan PUEBI dan tata basa baku bahasa Indonesia. Hasilnya, (1) rata-rata responden menjawab benar sebesar 54,54%; (2) responden yang menjawab benar soal nomor 1 sebesar 87,50%; (3) untuk soal nomor 2 sebanyak 0% (4) untuk soal nomor3, responden yang menjawab benar sebesar 2,5%; (5) untuk soal nomor 4, sebesar 67,59%, (6) untuk soal nomor 5, sebesar 85%; (7) untuk soal nomor 6, sebesar 62,50%, (8) untuk soal nomor 7, sebesar 97,50%, (9) untuk soal nomor 8, sebesar 6%, (10) untuk soal nomor 9, sebesar 67,50%; (11) untuk soal nomor 10 hanya 40%, dan (12) untuk soal nomor 11 semua responden jawabannya salah.Kata kunci: Kesalahan; berbahasa; mahasiswa Undip

There are many ways that could be done to introduce unique culture of a country to the international world; one of them is through translation works. This can be seen through Japanese literary works, which are translated into other languages. Botchan is one of the best literary works from Natsume Soseki that was translated into several languages, including Indonesian language, with the title of the translation Botchan Si Anak Bengal by Jonjon Johana. This novel tells the story about the life of Botchan, a teacher, who faces several conflicts. In this novel, there are many cultural terms so that when they are translated, they would trigger some difficulties because some of the terms still do not have equivalences in target language. The material cultural terms include foods, clothes, houses and their parts, places, and means of transportation. They can be found in the words geisha, kimono, soba, and so on. This research analyzed the equivalence in the translation with the informant as the benchmark to know whether the message in the target text is equivalent with the source text. This method is based on dynamic equivalence concept by Nida and Taber (1974:12). Based on the informant, the methods and techniques used by translator in maintaining the equivalence of message were analyzed. The used theory was the translation methods for cultural terms by Newmark (1988) and translation techniques by Catford (1965) and Hoed (2006).The research showed that the cultural terms were not easy to translate since they were related to the context of culture in the source language. It can be seen from the existing translation data showing two characteristics of equivalent translation that can be achieved through several methods, the understanding of language and culture of source language and target language; the use of suitable translation procedure and technique (transference, cultural equivalence, descriptive translation, transposition, modulation, additional explanation, and standard translation); and the right choice of word based on the intention of the author of novel.

This study discusses Riyadlul Ulum Wadda’wah Condong Islamic boarding school’s best practice in learning foreign languages and adopting modern values in its education management system. The experience of this Islamic Boarding School which is known also as Pondok Pesantren Condong, Tasikmalaya, is considered important to be shared to others due to its new policy which blended three existing education systems in the country in spite of the fact that many scholars have overlooked it. The boarding school retained the curriculum of traditional pesantren, adopts the modern Islamic boarding school system of Darussalam Gontor, and applies also general education systems for junior and senior high school system. Using a descriptive-analytic method, this study examines how Condong Islamic Boarding School carried out its modernization program both in learning foreign languages (Arabic and English language) and in coverging three models of education -curriculum of traditional pesantren, Darussalam Gontor’s modern, and general education system for its education program and governance. In so doing, the main data of the study were collected from observation and experience of the writers while i was a student of this pesantren for six years 2007-2012. The study finds that Condong Islamic Boarding School has successfully transformed its boarding school from passive traditional Islamic boarding school to progressive and modern one. It also finds that the application of new learning foreign languages and of modern values in Condong Islamic boarding school affects significantly to the progress and transformation of students to achieve their and the school’s expected outcomes.

Masyarakat Jawa memiliki perspektif tersendiri mengenai Bahasa nonverbal (BN) karena latar belakang budayanya. Kajian BN ini menggunakan teori etnopragmatik dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data adalah warga masyarakat Umbul Harja, Yogyakarta. Data berupa tuturan yang didukung BN. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeskripsikan wujud BN, fungsi BN, dan makna pragmatik BN. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan lewat observasi, wawancara, dan perekaman. sedang analisis data melalui langkah identifikasi data, klasifikasi, dan interpretasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adalah sebagai berikut. (1) Wujud BN bahasa Jawa meliputi bahasa dinamis yang berupa gerakan kepala dan bagaian-bagiannya, gerakan tangan dan bagian-bagiannya; wujud BN statis meliputi postur tubuh, warna kulit, warna rambut, bentuk hidung, bentuk bibir, dan status social. (2) Fungsi BN adalah untuk menggerakkan, menyetujui, menolak, mengkritik, menyuruh, meminta, menjaga penampilan, memberi penekanan atas kepuasan, memberi ucapan selamat jalan, menunjukkan status sosial, dan menjaga kehormatan. (3) Makna pragmatik BN dinamis mencakup persetujuan, perintah halus, penolakan tidak langsung, penolakan langsung, senyuman lamis. Di pihak lain, BN statis makna pragmatiknya adalah menunjukkan status sosial, menjaga penampilan , memberi kritik secara tidak langsung, dan menyampaikan pujian. Kata kunci: bahasa nonverbal, pragmatik, konteks, etnopragmatik JAVANESE COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES ON THE USE OF NONVERBAL LANGUAGE: A CASE STUDY OF ETNOPRAGMATICS AbstractJavanese people have their own perspectives on Non-verbal Language (NvL) because of their cultural backgrounds. This NvL study uses the ethnopragmatic theory in qualitative descriptive methods. Data sources are residents of the East Celeban community, Umbul Harja, Yogyakarta. Data are in the form of speech supported by NvL. The purpose of the study is to describe the form of NvL, the function of NvL, and the pragmatic meaning of NvL. Data are collected through observation, interviews, and recording. The data analysis steps include data identification, classification, and interpretation. The results of the study show that (1) the manifestation of the Javanese NvL includes dynamic languages, including head movements and parts and hand movements and parts. Static NvL manifestations include body posture, skin color, hair color, nose shape, lip shape, and social status; (2) NvL functions include moving, approving, refusing, criticizing, ordering, asking, maintaining appearance, emphasizing satisfaction, saying goodbye, showing social status, and maintaining honor; and (3) pragmatic meaning of dynamic NvL includes approval, subtle commands, indirect rejection, direct rejection, and dynamic smiles. Meanwhile, the static NvL pragmatic meaning is showing social status, maintaining appearance, giving criticism indirectly, and expressing praise. Keywords: nonverbal language, pragmatics, context, ethnopragmatics

Variations may occur in the speech community that has two or more languages. Variations of these languages is the diversity of language and reflect the cultural diversity in the area Majenang. Of course, the diversity of language variation contained in Majenang background underlying the occurrence of a Varied language. Variations in language that will be displayed in this study is the language variation that occurs in the realm of social market, a market in which there Majenang. The purpose of this study is to describe the background of the realm of language variation terjadiya social Majenang said. This study is a qualitative approach to social and use the case study method. Collecting data in this study is observation, interview, tapping techniques, and study the documents. The validity of the data used in this study using triangulation 3, the triangulation of sources, methods, and theory.Keywords: Background, Language Variation, Social Sphere, Majenang LATAR BELAKANG VARIASI BAHASA RANAH SOSIAL MASYARAKAT TUTUR PERBATASAN JAWA TENGAH-JAWA BARAT DI MAJENANGAbstrakVariasi bahasa dapat terjadi pada masyarakat tutur yang memiliki dua bahasa atau lebih. Variasi bahasa tersebut merupakan keberagaman bahasa dan mencerminkan keberagaman budaya di daerah Majenang. Tentunya keberagaman variasi bahasa yang terdapat di Majenang mempunyai latar belakang yang melandasi terjadinya suatu variaasi bahasa. Variasi bahasa yang akan dipaparkaan dalam penelitian ini merupakan variasi bahasa yang terjadi dalam ranah sosial yakni pasar, pasar yang terdapat di Majenang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan latar belakang dari terjadiya variasi bahasa ranah sosial masyarakat tutur Majenang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik dan mengggunakan metode studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah teknik observasi, wawancara, teknik sadap, dan studi dokumen. Validitas data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 3 triangulasi, yakni triangulasi sumber, metode, dan teori.Kata Kunci : Latar Belakang, Variasi Bahasa, Ranah Sosial, Majenang

<span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Understanding</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">image of</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> the center </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Semarang</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> city </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">can be done</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">by knowing the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">spatial cognition</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> of </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers. Spatial cognition</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU"> of </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observer</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">describes how</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">obtain</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">organize</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">store</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and recall</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">information</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">about</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the location</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">distance</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">arrangement</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">within</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">environment</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">. Spatial cognition of observers have the basic concepts Imageability and legibility. </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">This research used a</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">descriptive</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">approach</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">is</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">to describe</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">interpret</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the object of observation</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">in accordance</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">with what it is. </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">The objective </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">of this research</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">was to determine</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the level of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">spatial cognition</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">ability of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">observers</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">in understanding image of the city. The results of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the research</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">suggests that the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">image of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the center of Semarang city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">can be understood</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">if</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">the</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">city</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">has the clear character</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">shape</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">pattern</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, clear </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">structure</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">and elements of</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">clear signs</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">, because it is necessary to provide an understanding of the oriented and identification for the observer.</span>

Modern Islamic Boarding School of Gontor, commonly called Pondok Gontor, is the pioneer of language teaching among pondok pesantrens– islamic boarding schools- in Indonesia. Its reputation is well known nationally and internationally. There have been many researches on its education systems, yet no particular concerns have been given to the study of language used among santris (students of pesantren). For this concern, this paper aims to study the internal condition of language used daily by santris in their daily life. This paper focuses on semantic changes, which occur in santri’s daily language. Due to the usage of Arabic—the language that is the most commonly used by santris— the main focus of this paper is lexical semantic changes in Arabic language. In additions, this paper analyzes the problems in using words. This paper finds that semantically some words are used incorrectly. For example, some nouns are used as verbs, and some other as adjectives. The semantic changes occur amongst santris seem to be influenced by their first language or their mother tongue. Deeper study needs to be conducted in order to get a whole description of the usage of language by the santris.

Penelitian bahasa merupakan bidang yang menarik bagi mahasiswa dan pengajar di Fakultas Sastra. Artikel ini mencoba menggambarkan berbagai metodologi riset dalam bidang bahasa dengan cara yang sederhana. Metodologi riset ini mencakup experimental research, quasi experimental research, etnografi, dan studi kasus. Artikel ini juga membahas konsep metode riset kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Masalah validitas dan keabsahan sebuah laporan riset dibahas secara singkat.

Teenagers language is considered as variant of Indonesian language which socially mark that the social group who uses such language are teenagers. In various contexts, the using of teenagers language shows different forms. The using of Indonesian language in rubric “Deteksi” Jawa Pos brings particularity, syntactic, and lexicon level. This article aims to describe the language attitude of teenagers with using not standardized indicator of Indonesian language in rubric “Deteksi” Jawa Pos. The data in this research is in using Indonesian language in the forms of words, phrases and sentences. The method used in this research is qualitative method. Data collection was conducted by using observation method and taking note technique. The data analyzing applied distributional method. The research result shows that (1) there are some not- standardized indicators in rubric “Deteksi” Jawa Pos such as interferences, code mixing, and unexamined spelling in writing forms and (2) teenegers language attitude in term of the awareness of language norm.AbstrakBahasa remaja dipandang sebagai varian bahasa Indonesia yang secara sosial menandai bahwa kelompok sosial yang menggunakan varian itu adalah kaum remaja. Dalam berbagai konteks, pemakaian bahasa remaja memperlihatkan wujud yang berbeda. Pemakaian bahasa Indonesia dalam rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos menampakkan kekhasan, baik pada tataran fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, maupun leksikon. Artikel ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan sikap bahasa kaum remaja dengan melihat indikator ketidakbakuan pemakaian bahasa Indonesia dalam rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos. Data penelitian ini adalah kesalahan pemakaian bahasa Indonesia berupa kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat yang dimuat di rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode simak melalui teknik catat. Analisis data menggunakan metode agih. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) Beberapa indikator ketidakbakuan dalam rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos antara lain interferensi, campur kode, serta ketidakcermatan ejaan dalam bentuk tertulis dan (2) sikap bahasa remaja ditinjau dari kesadaran akan norma bahasa.

Teenagers language is considered as variant of Indonesian language which socially mark that the social group who uses such language are teenagers. In various contexts, the using of teenagers language shows different forms. The using of Indonesian language in rubric “Deteksi” Jawa Pos brings particularity, syntactic, and lexicon level. This article aims to describe the language attitude of teenagers with using not standardized indicator of Indonesian language in rubric “Deteksi” Jawa Pos. The data in this research is in using Indonesian language in the forms of words, phrases and sentences. The method used in this research is qualitative method. Data collection was conducted by using observation method and taking note technique. The data analyzing applied distributional method. The research result shows that (1) there are some not- standardized indicators in rubric “Deteksi” Jawa Pos such as interferences, code mixing, and unexamined spelling in writing forms and (2) teenegers language attitude in term of the awareness of language norm. Abstrak Bahasa remaja dipandang sebagai varian bahasa Indonesia yang secara sosial menandai bahwa kelompok sosial yang menggunakan varian itu adalah kaum remaja. Dalam berbagai konteks, pemakaian bahasa remaja memperlihatkan wujud yang berbeda. Pemakaian bahasa Indonesia dalam rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos menampakkan kekhasan, baik pada tataran fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, maupun leksikon. Artikel ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan sikap bahasa kaum remaja dengan melihat indikator ketidakbakuan pemakaian bahasa Indonesia dalam rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos. Data penelitian ini adalah kesalahan pemakaian bahasa Indonesia berupa kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat yang dimuat di rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode simak melalui teknik catat. Analisis data menggunakan metode agih. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) Beberapa indikator ketidakbakuan dalam rubrik “Deteksi” Jawa Pos antara lain interferensi, campur kode, serta ketidakcermatan ejaan dalam bentuk tertulis dan (2) sikap bahasa remaja ditinjau dari kesadaran akan norma bahasa.

Starting from the treaty agreement from national agreement to international agreement, with the existence of the development of the time of course there are many developments including in the development in the field of agreement. in this journal the author explains about how should the implementation of Article 31 of Law Number 24 Year 2009 concerning about Flags, Languages, and Symbol of Country and National Anthem should be applied in Indonesia. the authors raise this issue using case studies on decision number 450 / Pdt.G / 2012 / PN Jkt.Bar where PT Bangun Karya Pratama Lestari sued Nine AM Ltd. to cancellation agreements that only use the English language without using the Indonesian language. in this case the panel of judges decides that the agreement is null and void because it violates Article 31 of Law Number 24 Year 2009 because the judges consider the agreement to violate Article 1320 Paragraph (4) of the Civil Code which reads "a lawful cause" this article of judges misinterpreted the exclusion of the law on the promulgation of the treaty. in the old legal books says that is not to violate the law is to the purpose of making a treaty not on the written evidence of a covenant that is only evidence when there is a dispute between the covenant makers. a covenant is not a written matter but the treaty itself is an agreement executed and agreed upon by both parties to fulfill the agreed agreement.

In the process of learningnew language, language learner will experience language contact and then cause language interference. This study aims to determine (1) Forms and type of Indonesian interference found in Arabic language among class X MAN 1 Sragen; (2) factors causing language interference; and (3) solution to reduce language interference. The study used a qualitative research design. The data were collected through listening and recording method. Data were analyzed using Hubung Banding technique. The results of the study revealed that (1) language interference occurs in 214 cases contained phonological, morphological, and syntactic interference; (2) the causes of interference are bilingualism, differences on language structure between L1and L2, and lack of vocabulary; (3) solution to reduce language interference are teacher may speak Arabic pronunciation clearly, correcting learner errors immediately, doing imla’ lesson and classroom activities that help learners improve their language skill.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of figurative language in English children's fairy tales by Brothers Grimm with titled Hansel and Gretel, Rapunzel, and Snowdrop. This study specifically addresses the style of figurative language contained in English children's fairy tales. Style of figurative language are examined in this study includes metaphor, personification, simile, and hyperbole, in terms of form, meaning, function, and particularities in English children's fairy tales. Advanced Research is a qualitative research produces descriptive data in the form of the written word. This study did not use statistical data in the form of numbers, but rather to describe the form, meaning, types, functions, and uniqueness of figurative language in English children's fairy tales. The results showed that in the style of figurative language metaphor based on Haley’s hierarchy in nine metaphors, the metaphors in the three fairy tales are being, cosmos, energy, terrestrial, object, animate, and human. Personification in this research are inanimate personification and non-human personification. Simile in this research includes abstract (being), objects, cosmos, terrestrial, plants, and animals. Hyperbole in this research is hyperbole that state a thing and hyperbole that state a situation. Function of figurative language in the fourth type of style are; reveal the beauty in the style of figurative language, declare an abstract in a concrete way to give a clear image, stating things that are not captured by human senses, and cause freshness or emphasis the words, to give emphasis to a statement or situation, to intensify and enhance the impression and impact of the intent to deliberately overstate the thing and circumstances. Uniqueness found in the using of vehicle from the figurative language in the form of terrestrial, cosmos, and animal. Through this study it can be concluded that children in Europe, the reader or the audience of this tale, is expected to know the figurative language style.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Keterampilan membaca yang baik diperlukan untuk membuat skripsi. Mahasiswa tidak hanya diharapkan bisa membaca bibliografi berbahasa Inggris, tetapi juga bahasa Jepang. Akan tetapi bagi mahasiswa pemelajar bahasa Jepang yang berasal dari negara yang beraksara <em>non-kanji</em>, membaca bahan bacaan otentik seperti buku, koran, ataupun dokumen lainnya bukanlah hal yang mudah (terutama untuk pemelajar tingkat menengah). Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah <em>mutual activity</em> yang terjadi di kegiatan membaca berkelompok dan penggunaan <em>prior knowledge</em>. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa dapat menangkap isi bacaan otentik dalam bahasa Jepang di atas level kemampuannya. Dengan membaca dalam kelompok, mahasiswa bisa saling menggunakan sumber daya yang mereka miliki sehingga mereka bisa mengerti isi bacaan lebih dalam. Dengan menggunakan bahasa ibu, mahasiswa dapat dengan mudah menggunakan <em>prior knowledge</em> untuk memahami isi bahan bacaan, dan dapat saling bertanya dan memberikan pendapat secara bebas.</p><h6 align="center"> <strong>Abstract</strong></h6><p style="text-align: justify;">To write a good thesis, students must have good reading skills. In the Japanese Language learner case, he/she will be required to be able to read not only textbooks or other written sources in Indonesian language and English, but also materials in Japanese. But, to Japanese language learners that come from non-kanji countries, reading authentic materials such as books, news papers, documents, etc., is not easy (more especially for intermediate level learners). The focus of this study is the mutual activity that occurs and the use of prior knowledge on group reading.The outcome of this research is that students are able to grasp authentic reading content in Japanese that is in a level that is beyond their actual ability level. By reading in groups, students can one another use resources that they each have so that their understanding towards the reading content is deeper. By using the mother language, students are easily able to raise and use their prior knowledge to understand reading materials, can ask questions towards one another, express opinions and freely have a debate.</p>

The virtual assistant is basically a series of programming languages based on NLP (Natural Language Program) that allow users to talk and get responses in the form of replies from applications in the same way as what happens to other individuals. The purpose of this research is to know the form of implementation of virtual assistants in the field of customer service in Telkomsel. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by collecting data through interviews and literature studies. The results of this study explain the implementation of chatbot and AI technology in the Telkomsel virtual assistant. Even so, aspects of human resources still play a role in training AI to understand what is written by customers. The Telkomsel virtual assistant uses the Facebook Messenger, Line and Telegram social networks, and has been implemented on the Telkomsel website and the myTelkomsel application. The form of development that will be carried out is to add WhatsApp, make improvements to AI, migrate technology from version one to version three and collaborate with Google Assistant. Asisten virtual pada dasarnya merupakan serangkaian bahasa pemograman dengan basis NLP (Natural Language Program) yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk berbicara dan mendapatkan respon berupa balasan dari aplikasi dengan cara yang sama halnya dengan apa yang terjadi pada individu-individu lainnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bentuk implementasi asisten virtual dalam bidang pelayanan pelanggan di Telkomsel. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang implementasi teknologi chatbot dan AI pada asisten virtual Telkomsel. Walaupun begitu, aspek sumber daya manusia masih berperan dalam melatih AI untuk memahami apa yang dituliskan oleh pelanggan. Asisten virtual Telkomsel menggunakan jejaring sosial Facebook Messenger, Line dan Telegram, serta sudah terimplementasi pada situs web Telkomsel dan aplikasi myTelkomsel. Bentuk pengembangan yang akan dilakukan yaitu menambah WhatsApp, melakukan peningkatan pada AI, migrasi teknologi dari versi satu ke versi tiga dan melakukan kolaborasi dengan Google Assistant.

Pembahasan infleksi tidak dapat dilepaskan dari sintaksis karena membicarakan infleksi berarti membicarakan morfosintaksis. Penelitian perilaku sintaksis verba infleksional ini merupakan pelengkap hasil-hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Berdasarkan kajian perilaku sintaksis verba infleksional bahasa Indonesia teridentifikasi bahwa verba infleksional bahasa Indonesia memiliki perilaku sintaksis (1) dwitransitif yang memerlukan tiga nomina sebagai argumen sebagai argumen yang merealisasikan kasus agen, benefaktif, dan pengalami, (2) ekatransitif yang memerlukan dua nomina sebagai argumen untuk merealisasikan kasus agen dan objek, (3) verba tak transitif berpelengkap manasuka yang membutuhkan kehadiran nomina sebagai realisasi kasus agen dan pengalami, (4) verba taktransitif berpelengkap wajib yang juga membutuhkan dua nomina sebagai realisasi kasus agen dan pengalami, (5) verba taktransitif takberpelengkap yang membutuhkan kehadiran satu nomina sebagai realisasi kasus pengalami.ABSTRACTDiscussion on infl ection could not be separated from syntax since it is related to morphosyntactic.This research in syntactic category of infl ectional verbs is conducted as an addition to complete the previous researches. Based on the research, the syntactic category of the infl ectional verbs are identifi ed (1) ditransitive with three nouns as arguments and realization of agent case, benefactive,experiencer, (2) transitive with two nouns as arguments and realization of object and agent case,(3) arbitrary complemented intransitive verbs with nouns as the realization of agent and experience case, (4) complemented intransitive verbs also with two nouns as the realization of agent and experience case, (5) noncomplementary intransitive verbs with one noun as the realization of experiencer case.

The issue of sexuality is always interesting to be discussed,which is very much the language contained in the discourse.Included is incest, which in Indonesian society are consideredand reworded as illness, irregularities, and enter the realm ofcrime. Settlement of the issue of incest in Indonesia curative.The new issue decided upon its completion after it happened inthe middle of them. One is through the imprisonment ofperpetrators of incest, in this case the father intercourse with hisbiological child. In this incest problem is not only to show thatthere is repression against the perpetrators of the body only,but there are mechanisms of repression through languageinherent in the subject (people). This has encouraged the subjectto blame or stigma given to life, as perverts, sinners, and so on.Besides language stating that the discussion of incest inparticular or in general sex is taboo, making this issue difficultto unfold and always hidden. Because such talk is forbidden tothe public, because it was considered unethical. So while thereis repression either through natural language in the subjectunconscious or physically massive and evolving, but theincidence of incest continues to exist.Keywords: Language, Repression, Incest, Subject, Promiscuity,Structure

The large number of addresses that do not response make people confused to find their destination addresses with ease. So often someone getting lost or wrong destination in the search for addresses. Banda Aceh became one of the cities with high visitor levels in Aceh. Of course not everyone can know all the addresses of government offices, hospitals and schools in Banda Aceh. By looking at the problems that have been found above, can be given a solution with builds an Android-based application that serves as a medium of information to search for the destination address. It needs a system that can accommodate any type of address it into one, so that when someone wants to find the destination address, it can easily find detailed information, with quick, precise, and accurate. Simply by typing in keywords in a Search engine's search menu that becomes available, then the system will process the database to match the right keywords so found and according to the expectations of the users. This application is formed above the JAVA programming language as the algorithms and data structures and XML programming language as the language of the form interface or layout application. The exchange of data on the application form the above JSON using PHP programming language later in the java programming language captures the results of a data comes from the database in the form of JSON. Expected with the search applications this address can make it easier to seek and find the destination address with ease. Keywords : Address, Android, JAVA, JSON, PHP

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Amasis MT','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-AU">Urbanization is not a new phenomenon anymore, yet the ongoing worldwide urbanization now, seen from its dimension, acceleration, and complexity, is incomparable to the previous one. In many Asian countries, most people believe that creating a city as an economic growth machine is the only way to overcome the problem of urbanization development. This trend has pushed the cities away from their primary function as a human habitat which is built based on the coexistence among social groups that live there. One of the factors which likely aggravates the social situation, if the economic crisis happens, is the weakened social relation among the society due to the occurrence of global economic. In this paper discusses the three processes which serve as a catalyst to the process of city restructuring that are commodification, privatization and commercialization. The result of the development is that the city functions as a social institution is increasingly ignored and worsens the social inequality.</span>

For children with autism spectrum disorderwho typically experience communication problems, communication skillsare often considered a significant indicator for their development. Information concerning language and communication skills, and a history of the language interventions that a child has received is important information for planning further interventions as the child enters his/ her teenage years. Unfortunately, research on communication and language problems for teenagers with autism receive little attention. This study intends to fill that gap. Based on interviews with two teenagers with autism in Yogyakarta this research seeks to understand theproblems and challenges faced by teenagers with autism. The research also examines the efforts of parents and/or teachers in developing language and communication skills.Data collection was conducted from September-December 2014. The primary participants of this research were a 19 year old girl and 16 year old boy with autism; both were attending a specialautism school in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research also involve the participants’ significant others, namely the parents and the teachers. The resultsshowed that: 1) the communication skills of the two participants is far below that of their age cohort and; 2) interventions received by the participants significantly improved their communication and language skills, yet did not totally diminish their communications problems.[Kemampuan berkomunikasi merupakan salah satu aspek yang perlu diperhatikan dalam perkembangan penyandang autisme remaja. Informasi mengenai perkembangan kemampuan bahasa dan komunikasi pada penyandang autisme, serta riwayat intervensi komunikasi yang pernah diterima merupakan informasi yang penting sebelum menentukan dan melaksanakan intervensi lanjutan bagi para remaja autis. Penelitian mengenai hambatan komunikasi dan metode pembelajaran komunikasi pada penyandang autisme remaja belum banyak dilakukan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran kasus hambatan komunikasi pada penyandang autisme remaja. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga akan melihat usaha-usaha yang telah dilakukan oleh orangtua maupun sekolah dalam meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi pada remaja autis. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus.Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan analisa dokumen. Proses pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan September-Desember 2014. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari dua orang penyandang autisme remaja. Subjek pertama berusia 19 tahun dan berjenis kelamin perempuan. Subjek kedua berusia 16 tahun dan berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Keduanya merupakan siswa dari sebuah sekolah lanjutan autis di Yogyakarta. Selain kedua orang subjek, peneliti juga melibatkan significant others, yaitu orang tua dan guru.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Kemampuan komunikasi penyandang autisme remaja yang menjadi subjek penelitian berada jauh di bawah usia kronologisnya, dan (2) Intervensi yang diberikan kepada subjek sejak masa kanak-kanak hingga remaja berperan dalam mengembangkan kemampuan komunikasi subjek, namun belum dapat menuntaskan hambatan komunikasi yang dialami subjek. Hasil penelitian didiskusikan lebih lanjut.]

<p>This research examines the genetic relationship and separating time of language used by generation of Arab in Pasar Kliwon Surakarta along Arabic language. The data source of this research is Hadramy community in Arabic Department Universitas Sebelas Maret and group of pupils of Hadramy generation studying in SMA Islam Diponegoro Surakarta. The collecting data was done by talking technique and calling up the questions, and continued by noting and recording data. The analyzing data used phonetic equalizing method. The results of the research reveal, first, Pasar Kliwon’n language has historic relationship to Arabic language. The research finds 136 couple words that have genetic relationship among 200 Swadesh used vocabularies, or 68% among them. It clear to be concluded that relationship occurred between two variants of that language. Second, the separating time of language was predicted taking place in 1011 to 1207 (counted from 2017).</p>

Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis penyimpangan prinsip kesantunan berbahasa dan penyebab penyimpangannya. Sumber data dari studi kasus ini adalah beberapa tuturan siswa dalam kelas dan guru bahasa Indonesia dalam interaksi belajar mengajar bahasa Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi kasus ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Studi kasus ini difokuskan pada permasalahan prinsip kesantunan berbahasa di dalam kelas yang dikaji secara pragmatik. Hasilnya menunjukkan beberapa hal berikut. (1) Jenis penyimpangan prinsip kesantunan berbahasa terdiri dari penyimpangan tunggal dan penyimpangan ganda. Penyimpangan tunggal meliputi penyimpangan maksim kearifan, penyimpangan maksim kedermawanan, penyimpangan maksim pujian, penyimpangan maksim kerendahhatian, penyimpangan maksim kesepakatan, dan penyimpangan maksim kesimpatian. Penyimpangan ganda meliputi penyimpangan maksim kearifan dan maksim kedermawanan, penyimpangan maksim kearifan dan maksim pujian, penyimpangan maksim kedermawanan dan maksim pujian, penyimpangan maksim pujian dan maksim kesepakatan, penyimpangan maksim kerendahhatian dan maksim simpati, penyimpangan maksim kesepakatan dan maksim simpati, penyimpangan maksim kearifan, maksim kedermawanan, dan maksim pujian, dan penyimpangan maksim pujian, maksim kerendahhatian, dan maksim kesepakatan. (2) Penyebab penyimpangan prinsip kesantunan berbahasa dalam interaksi belajar mengajar bahasa Indonesia siswa di dalam kelas meliputi penyimpangan disebabkan penutur sengaja menuduh lawan tutur, sengaja berbicara tidak sesuai konteks, protektif terhadap pendapat, dorongan rasa emosi penutur, kritik secara langsung dengan kata-kata kasar, dan mengejek. ABSTRACTSchool is a formal institution that has a strategic function to educate the future generation in using Indonesian language profi ciently, correctly, and politely. However, there are many students found not applying the politeness principles eventhough the teachers have taught it in the class. Based on that background, this research is conducted to fi nd out the types of the politeness principles in the teaching and learning interaction. Source of the data is the students and the Indonesian language teacher speeches in the class. The research uses descriptive qualitative research. Focus of this research is the language politeness using the pragmatic approach. The result indicates that (1) the violation of politeness principles in the teaching and learning interaction are happened in tact,generositiy, approbation, modesty, agreement, and symphaty maxims, (2) the cause of the violation of the politeness principles in the class interaction are the speaker accused the hearer in purpose,giving no sympathy, protective to assumption, direct critics using harsh words, and mocking.

<em>This research aims to describe and explain: (1) the conversation structure in the classroom interaction of Indonesian language subject between teachers-students and among students and (2) the language function of the teachers' language and students' language in the classroom interaction. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 2 Sragen. The subjects of this study were the use of language the teacher and students in Indonesian language course. The data in the form of sentences and discourse were analyzed by Sinclair &amp; Cotlthard (1975) theory and Halliday (1973) theory. This research belongs to qualitative research using case study methods. The results of this study are; first, in the teachers-students conversation structure and the students-students conversation structure found new actions, namely, repeat. Both of the sequences of the conversation structure unit are from the largest to the smallest, namely: lesson, transaction, exchange, move, and act. Second, the language functions in the teachers’ language and students’ language, namely: the instrumental function, the regulatory function, the interaction function, the representational function, the personnel function, and the heuristic function.</em>

Paper waste is the most produced waste in the field of education. No exception with the visual language courses held at STSRD VISI. In one semester, the visual language course requires a lot of paper use, where the paper is only used once. From these problems, visual language courses then apply the blended learning model whose method combines face-to-face and online methods using Google Classroom to deliver material and assignments. The results of implementing this blended learning model significantly reduce the number of paper used in visual language courses.

The problem discussed in this study is the variety of sentences, especially in children aged 4 years, This study aims to describe how the various sentences of children at the age of 4 years. Language is a means to communicate between one another. In children language has been formed since the child is still in the womb. Sentences are part of the language, many opinions about the variety of sentences in children, the opinions of the experts developed to follow the times. In this study the range of sentences used is the variety of sentences according to Gorys Keraf. This study aims to describe the variety of sentences in children aged 4 years, research method used is descriptive qualitative research. The data in this research is data which is tangible words, phrases, and sentences that emerged from the speech of 4 year old child, especially from Annisa Lailatul Rochmah as research object. Data were analyzed using descriptive method. After the data were collected and analyzed, there were eighty-six data from three sentences, ie, minimal versus long sentences, minor versus major, and core versus transformational sentences.

This complaint system implemented at the Bondowoso District Inspectorate uses the form stipulated in the regent's regulation. In this system what is done is that the party making the complaint fills out the form by bringing evidence related to the reporting and must go to the Bondowoso Inspectorate office both this complaint individually or from an institution or non-governmental organization. The advantage of this system is that the inspectorate can interact directly with the party making the complaint so that when there is something less clear about the complaint, it can be asked directly to the applicant. But apart from all the advantages of the current system, the inspectorate still has to make a good inventory of complaints files, not to mention making assignments that must be done with a manual system so that it takes more time and takes up space. To overcome these problems, the authors feel the need to do an analysis to model the complaints system so that later the making of the complaints system can be well structured and meet the general description of the system needed. The design of this complaints system uses an object oriented method that can describe the behavior of objects related to the system. From the results of this modeling it was found that the complaints system modeling can accommodate problems that have occurred so far and facilitate the interaction of the reporter and the handling of reported cases.

AbstractThe purpose of darma students come to Indonesia was to learn the language and culture of Indonesia. In the context of Indonesian disrup students of darma students are still experiencing difficulties because Indonesian is a foreign language for them. The purpose of this research is to describe the error of composing sentence of darma students of Diponegoro University in 2017. Samples taken in this research was darma students. This research focuses on language errors, especially writing skills. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data source of this research is the writings of advanced students of Diponegoro University in 2017. Data collection used purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted by identifying sentence errors and then classifies by mistake. The result of the research showed that the errors found are the use of affixes, the use of conjunctions and prepositions, the arrangement of sentences is too long, the sentence structure is incomplete, the improper use of diction, the errors of spelling, and the use of the word redundant.IntisariTujuan mahasiswa darma siswa datang ke Indonesia yaitu belajar bahasa dan budaya Indonesia. Dalam mempelajari bahasa Indonesia diduga mahasiswa darma siswa masih megalami kesulitan karena bahasa Indonesia merupakan bahasa asing bagi mereka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kesalahan penyusunan kalimat mahasiswa darma siswa Universitas Diponegoro tahun 2017. Sampel yang diambil dalam penelitian ini mahasiswa darma siswa tingkat lanjut. Penelitian ini memfoluskan pada kesalahan berbahasa terutama keterampilan menulis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini berupa tulisan mahasiswa darma siswa Universitas Diponegoro tingkat lanjut tahun 2017. Pengambilan data menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi kesalahan kalimat kemudian mengklasifikasikan berdasarkan kesalahanmya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan yang ditemukan yaitu kesalahan pemakaian afiks, pemakaian konjungsi dan preposisi, susunan kalimat terlalu panjang, struktur kalimat tidak lengkap, pemakaian diksi yang kurang tepat, kesalahan pemakaian ejaan, dan pemakaian kata mubazir

hyperstartle syndrome is interesting to research using psycholinguistic study. This research electorates the linguistic form of language of the residents in Jalan Garu III, Medan Amplas, Kota Medan. The qualitative data are words and sentences that used in behavior in Jalan Garu III, Medan Amplas, Kota Medan. The result of the research is the description of the linguistic forms of talkative behavior in the form of words and sentences, including: (1) coprolalia talkative behavior, (2) ecolalia talkative behavior, (3) autoecolalia talkative behavior, (4) automatic obedience talkative behavior. This research discovers some language functions: (1) self expression, (2) interactional function, and (3) personal function.