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Journal articles on the topic 'Katanga Province'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Mwembu, Donatien Dibwe dia. "La réharmonisation des rapports entre les Katangais et les Kasaïens dans la province du Katanga (1991-2005)." Anthropologie et Sociétés 30, no. 1 (October 24, 2006): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013831ar.

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Résumé La République démocratique du Congo a connu des conflits interethniques graves qui ont failli amener le pays à la balkanisation. « Père » de la nation zaïroise, le président Mobutu s’est vu traiter de metteur en scène parce que tout le monde savait pertinemment qu’il était l’instigateur des divisions internes entre différentes populations congolaises, en particulier du conflit qui créait pour la deuxième fois un fossé entre les originaires du Kasaï et ceux de la province du Katanga. Dans cette étude, nous tentons de passer en revue les différents mécanismes mis sur pied par les institutions publiques, par des organisations non gouvernementales et des associations socioculturelles pour amener les deux communautés antagonistes katangaise et kasaïenne à créer un espace de négociations et de médiations en vue relire ensemble leur passé commun, de reconnaître leurs fautes, de s’amender, de réharmoniser leurs rapports et de rétablir la paix dans la province du Katanga et en République démocratique du Congo.
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Yakovlev, Roman V. "New species of Acosma Yakovlev, 2011 (Lepidoptera, Cossidae, Zeuzerinae) from the Democratic Republic of Congo." Ecologica Montenegrina 35 (October 8, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2020.35.1.

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3

Cornips, Leonie, and Vincent de Rooij. "Katanga Swahili and Heerlen Dutch: A sociohistorical and linguistic comparison of contact varieties in mining regions." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2019, no. 258 (August 27, 2019): 35–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2019-2028.

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Abstract This article compares sociolinguistic and structural outcomes of language contact processes in two mining areas on two different continents, namely the Katanga region in the southeast of what is now the DR Congo, Africa and Heerlen as centre of the former Eastern Mine District in the southeastern province of Limburg in the Netherlands, Europe. Several similarities between these two regions make this comparison interesting. Both in Katanga and Heerlen, the natural copper and coal resources were located in border regions that were peripheral to central seats of government. In both regions, the exploitation of these resources, the growth of mining industries and rapid urbanization, began in the same period, the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. Despite being located on different continents – Africa and Europe – similar social conditions of language contact were responsible for the genesis of the language varieties underground and above ground. The language contact situations in Limburg and Katanga both resulted in structural innovation of Dutch and Swahili respectively. The most interesting innovation we identify in both cases can be characterized as the regularization of grammatical properties, and the expansion of aspect marking.
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Aitzetmüller, Kurt, Edouard Ngoy-Kihuya, and Irène Kitwa-Kabila. "Sumbi oil from Katanga and South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Lipid - Fett 100, no. 7 (July 1998): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4133(199807)100:7<308::aid-lipi308>3.0.co;2-#.

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HÄCKEL, MARTIN. "A contribution to the knowledge of the subfamily Panagaeinae Hope, 1838 from Africa. Part 2. Revision of the Craspedophorus leprieuri and C. regalis groups (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Zootaxa 4236, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.2.1.

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Afrotropical species of the Craspedophorus leprieuri and Craspedophorus regalis groups are revised. C. clasispilus (Alluaud, 1915) and C. guineensis Basilewsky, 1987 are considered as subspecies of C. leprieuri (Laporte de Castelnau, 1835); the synonymized C. peringueyi Csiki, 1929 (=laticollis Péringuey, 1904) is restated as subspecies of C. leprieuri, and it is described C. leprieuri zambianus (DR Congo: Katanga Province; Zambia); C. pseudofestivus Burgeon, 1930 is considered subspecies of C. merus Péringuey, 1904, and it is described C. merus lundanus (Angola, DR Congo: Kasai-Oriental and Katanga Provinces); C. bouvieri imperialis Burgeon, 1930 is considered to be a separate species of C. bouvieri (Rousseau, 1905), and C. bouvieri dux Basilewsky, 1951 is transferred to C. imperialis. The synonymized C. sayersii (Hope, 1842) is considered to be a good subspecies of C. regalis. C. bouvieri crampeli (Alluaud, 1915) is removed from C. bouvieri, and transferred to C. reflexus (Fabricius, 1781) in the C. reflexus species group (Häckel 2016). In this group C. uelensis Burgeon, 1930 is considered to be a subspecies of C. reflexus; and C. bozasi Alluaud, 1930 is synonymized with C. reflexus uelensis Burgeon, 1930. C. arnosti Häckel 2016 is synonymized with C. reflexus crampeli (Alluaud, 1915), C. ethmoides Alluaud, 1930 is synonymized with C. impictus (Boheman, 1848), and C. lebaudyi Alluaud, 1932 is synonymized with C. stanleyi Alluaud, 1930.
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Kabamba Ngombe, Léon, Roger Ngatu Nlandu, Dieudonné Kazadi Sha Ngombe, Benjamin Kabyla Ilunga, Stanislas Wembonyama Okitotsho, Jean-Baptiste Kakoma Sakatolo, Oscar Luboya Numbi, and Brigitta Danuser. "Respiratory health of dust-exposed cement carriers in Haut-Katanga province, D.R. Congo." Environnement Risques Santé 18, no. 6 (December 2019): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/ers.2019.1372.

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Kwete, Gabriel Kwete Woto, Ekra Yao, and Jacques Kyungu Wa Numbi. "Measles Outbreak Investigation in Pweto Health Zone—Haut-Katanga Province, DR of the Congo, 2018." OALib 07, no. 11 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106863.

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8

Burlet, C., Y. Vanbrabant, H. Goethals, T. Thys, and L. Dupin. "Raman spectroscopy as a tool to characterize heterogenite (CoO·OH) (Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo)." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 80, no. 1 (October 2011): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.03.007.

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9

Stephens, Jay, David Killick, Edwin Wilmsen, James Denbow, and Duncan Miller. "Lead isotopes link copper artefacts from northwestern Botswana to the Copperbelt of Katanga Province, Congo." Journal of Archaeological Science 117 (May 2020): 105124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105124.

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10

Martin, MWENZE MINZA, and KALAMA KASEBA Odon. "Le réchauffement climatique à l’ère de la covid-19 dans la Province du Haut-Katanga." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 8, no. 2 (2021): 226–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2021-2-226.

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11

Shchelkanov, M. Yu, V. G. Dedkov, I. V. Galkina, N’F Magassouba, N. Zoumanigui, G. A. Shipulin, A. Yu Popova, and V. V. Maleev. "DIVISION INTO DISTRICTS OF AFRICAN NATURAL FOCI PROVINCE IN THE RELATION TO FILOVIRIDAE-ASSOCIATED FEVERS." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 72, no. 5 (September 12, 2017): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn804.

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The review presents the following division of the African natural foci province into districts: I. Upper Guinea natural focus region includes the following individual natural foci: I.1. Kazamans; I.2. North Guinea; I.3. Volta; I.4. Adamawa; I.5. Sao Tome. II. Central Africa: II.1. Southern Guinea; II.2. Katanga; II.3. Congo; II.4. Azande; II.5. Ruwenzori. III. South-Eastern Africa: III.1. Mafungabusi; III.2. Drakensberg; III.3. Comoros; III.4. Madagascar; III.5. Seychelles; III.6. Mascarenes. For each natural focus the article describes the characteristic landscapes and species list of fruit-bats (Chiroptera, Megachiroptera) which are natural reservoir for viruses belonging to Filoviridae family, the types of epidemic outbreaks and the intensity of filovirus circulation. Possible explanations of narrowness of filoviruses areal in comparison with fruit-bats areal in Africa are discussed.
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Shah, Gulzar Hussain, Raimi Ewetola, Gina Etheredge, Lievain Maluantesa, Kristie Waterfield, Elodie Engetele, and Apolinaire Kilundu. "Risk Factors for TB/HIV Coinfection and Consequences for Patient Outcomes: Evidence from 241 Clinics in the Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105165.

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(1) Background: In resource-limited countries, patients with tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfection commonly face economic, sociocultural, and behavioral barriers to effective treatment. These barriers manifest from low treatment literacy, poverty, gender inequality, malnutrition, societal stigmas regarding HIV, and an absence of available care. It is critical for intervention programs to understand and assist in overcoming these barriers and any additional risks encountered by patients with TB/HIV coinfection. This study analyzes variation in TB/HIV coinfection and risks of negative outcomes among patients with TB/HIV coinfection compared to those without coinfection. (2) Methods: This quantitative study used data from 49,460 patients receiving ART from 241 HIV/AIDS clinics in Haut-Katanga and Kinshasa, two provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were performed. (3) Results: Significantly higher proportions of patients with TB/HIV coinfection were men (4.5%; women, 3.3%), were new patients (3.7%; transferred-in, 1.6%), resided in the Kinshasa province (4.0%; Haut-Katanga, 2.7%), and were in an urban health zone (3.9%) or semi-rural health zone (3.1%; rural, 1.2%). Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for demographic and clinical variables, TB/HIV coinfection increased the risk of death (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.26 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.94–2.64)) and LTFU (AOR, 2.06 (95% CI: 1.82–2.34)). TB/HIV coinfection decreased the odds of viral load suppression (AOR, 0.58 (95% CI: 0.46–0.74)). (4) Conclusions: TB/HIV coinfection raises the risk of negative outcomes such as death, LTFU, and lack of viral load suppression. Our findings can help HIV clinics in Democratic Republic of Congo and other African countries to customize their interventions to improve HIV care and reduce care disparities among patients.
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Craig, Adrian JFK, Michel Hasson, Kurt Jordaens, Floris C. Breman, and Michel Louette. "Range extension of the Lufira Masked Weaver Ploceus ruweti, endemic to Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Ostrich 82, no. 1 (March 16, 2011): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2010.523018.

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Mwenze Minza, Martin. "Facteurs explicatifs de la faible mobilisation des recettes du secteur minier dans la province du Haut-Katanga." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 7, no. 1 (2020): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2020-1-154.

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15

Wang, Duanyong, and Pei Zhao. "Mismatching Structures: A New Explanation for the “Unsatisfactory” Labor Conditions in Chinese Mining Companies in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Chinese Journal of International Review 01, no. 01 (June 2019): 1850005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630531318500051.

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Ever since the Minerals-for-Infrastructure Deal valued at $6 billion was signed between Chinese companies and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Government in 2008, there have been criticisms on both the agreement itself and the working conditions for Congolese and Chinese workers in Chinese mineral enterprises in the DRC. Based on our fieldwork in Katanga Province of the DRC and interviews with dozens of local Chinese workers and managers in Chinese-run mining companies as well as staff working at the civil society organizations and governmental departments there, this research tries to investigate the real working conditions in Chinese mining companies. This paper concludes with three points. First, the so-called “wage gap” always asserted by the local workers is rather a phenomenon of employment structure than discrimination. In non-English-speaking African countries, a gap has actually emerged between the insufficiency of local human resources and the lack in localization capabilities of the Chinese multinational enterprises. Second, the compliance dynamics and mechanism of Chinese-run mining companies in the field of labor conditions were driven by local pressure groups including legislation, governments and NGOs, rather than by Chinese government or legislative system. What is interesting is that the rigid discipline of local laws and the abuse of discretion in the process of implementing laws have created a special pressuring structure and resulted in some complex consequences. Third, many Chinese-run mining companies in the DRC have quite different business structures from their branches in China. This is because of their financial investment aims and for the ease of enterprises’ transition. Therefore, it has led to their different perspectives of labor conditions and human resources strategy from mature MNCs. In summary, the research cannot draw a conclusion that the labor conditions are really terrible in Chinese-run mining companies in Katanga Province. However, it reveals that the Chinese government and Chinese enterprises are still not fully prepared for direct investment abroad, although “Going-out” strategy was raised 13 years ago.
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Kalonda, Dominique Mudimbi, Arsène Kabamba Tshikongo, Fridolin Kodondi Kule-koto, Oscar Luboya Numbi, Christian Kasongo Busambwa, ominique Kabundi Kalonda, Yves Kisunka Bwalya, Hervé Musola Cansa, Albert Longanga Otshudi, and Zet Lukumwena Kalala. "Impact of mining on water of the rivers Shinkolobwe, Lwisha and Kansonga in the province of Katanga (DRC)." Journal of Medical Research 3, no. 2 (April 2017): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2017.3209.

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Sas, Miriam A., Marc Mertens, Jean G. Kadiat, Isolde Schuster, Célestin P. S. Pongombo, Alois G. K. Maloba, and Martin H. Groschup. "Serosurvey for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections in ruminants in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 8, no. 6 (October 2017): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.07.001.

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Fox, S., S. Witter, E. Wylde, E. Mafuta, and T. Lievens. "Paying health workers for performance in a fragmented, fragile state: reflections from Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Health Policy and Planning 29, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs138.

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19

Musa Obadia, P., J. Pyana Kitenge, T. Kayembe-Kitenge, J. Billen, G. Kalenga Ilunga, T. Carsi Kuhangana, V. Haufroid, et al. "Dysfonction érectile secondaire chez les travailleurs du secteur minier de la province du Katanga, République Démocratique du Congo." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 69 (June 2021): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2021.04.079.

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Gobbers, Erik. "Ethnic associations in Katanga province, the Democratic Republic of Congo: multi-tier system, shifting identities and the relativity of autochthony." Journal of Modern African Studies 54, no. 2 (May 13, 2016): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x16000185.

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ABSTRACTThis article unravels the world of ethnic associations in Katanga that emerged as a result of rural–urban migration. These associations constitute a multi-tier system reflecting ethnic, provincial and national identity levels. Primarily meant to organise mutual aid and foster cultural values, they have behaved as interest groups since democracy was re-established in the 1990s. Representing ethnic communities, they try to influence the distribution of spoils through lobbying activities, emphasising the right of ‘autochthons’ to be prioritised regarding employment and development. Political and socio-economic changes trigger identity shifts and ethnic associations adapt by inventing alternative ‘autochthony’/‘allochthony’ dichotomies, causing friction between communities. The multi-tier system provides forums where ethnic differences can be negotiated and ethnic communities can integrate. In its current manner of functioning it is only effective at mitigating acute crises. In order to resolve more complex political issues, it would benefit from a preventive approach within a permanent framework of consultation between associations and authorities.
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Cuvelier, Jeroen. "Work and Masculinity in Katanga's Artisanal Mines." Africa Spectrum 49, no. 2 (August 2014): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971404900201.

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This article, based on 16 months of anthropological fieldwork between 2005 and 2012, examines the relationship between work and masculinity among artisanal miners, or creuseurs, in Katanga, the southeastern province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It argues that men's involvement in artisanal mining should be considered not only as an economic survival strategy but also as an attempt to experiment with new ways of being a man in a context of economic crisis and changing gender relations. Furthermore, the article criticizes the tendency to downplay or underestimate the complexity and diversity of processes of masculine identity construction in Africa's artisanal-mining areas. In order to do justice to the intricacy of these processes, the article proposes using concepts and insights from the field of masculinity studies and distinguishing between a levelling and a differentiating trend in artisanal miners’ masculinity practices.
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Rubbers, Benjamin. "When Women Support the Patriarchal Family: The Dynamics of Marriage in a Gécamines Mining Camp (Katanga Province, DR Congo)." Journal of Historical Sociology 28, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/johs.12050.

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Vinckel, Sandrine. "VIOLENCE AND EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN KATANGESE AND KASAIANS: MEMORY AND ELECTIONS IN TWO KATANGA CITIES." Africa 85, no. 1 (January 23, 2015): 78–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000197201400076x.

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ABSTRACTSince the mass violence committed by Katangese against non-natives – mostly Kasaians – in the early 1990s in the Katanga province (Democratic Republic of Congo), Katangese and Kasaians have eschewed subjects relating to the past violence in their daily interactions. However, during the November 2011 presidential and legislative election period, expressions linked to the past violence, such as ‘This time, you will go back home by foot’ or ‘This time, you will not drive us out. We will fight’, were common. The paper documents and analyses how Kasaians and Katangese dealt with the memory of the violence during this election period, in Likasi and Kolwezi, two cities particularly affected by violence. Based on qualitative fieldwork research conducted between November 2011 and January 2012, the paper understands the November 2011 election as being a crisis situation informed by the fear of a violent outbreak in the event of the victory of Etienne Tshisekedi, leader of the opposition and a Kasaian. This crisis situation led to the simplification and polarization of collective identities: whether friend, neighbour or colleague, a person was perceived only as a Kasaian or a Katangese. In such a context, routine practices of coexistence based on self-censorship and avoidance tended to disappear.
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Emina, Jacques B. O., Henry V. Doctor, and Yazoumé Yé. "Profiling malaria infection among under-five children in the Democratic Republic of Congo." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250550.

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Introduction In 2018, Malaria accounted for 38% of the overall morbidity and 36% of the overall mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed to identify malaria socioeconomic predictors among children aged 6–59 months in DRC and to describe a socioeconomic profile of the most-at-risk children aged 6–59 months for malaria infection. Materials and methods This study used data from the 2013 DRC Demographic and Health Survey. The sample included 8,547 children aged 6–59 months who were tested for malaria by microscopy. Malaria infection status, the dependent variable, is a dummy variable characterized as a positive or negative test. The independent variables were child’s sex, age, and living arrangement; mother’s education; household’s socioeconomic variables; province of residence; and type of place of residence. Statistical analyses used the chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) model and logistic regression. Results Of the 8,547 children included in the sample, 25% had malaria infection. Four variables—child’s age, mother’s education, province, and wealth index—were statistically associated with the prevalence of malaria infection in bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis (CHAID and logistic regression). The prevalence of malaria infection increases with child’s age and decreases significantly with mother’s education and the household wealth index. These findings suggest that the prevalence of malaria infection is driven by interactions among environmental factors, socioeconomic characteristics, and probably differences in the implementation of malaria programs across the country. The effect of mother’s education on malaria infection was only significant among under-five children living in Ituri, Kasaï-Central, Haut-Uele, Lomami, Nord-Ubangi, and Maniema provinces, and the effect of wealth index was significant in Mai-Ndombe, Tshopo, and Haut-Katanga provinces. Conclusion Findings from this study could be used for targeting malaria interventions in DRC. Although malaria infection is common across the country, the prevalence of children at high risk for malaria infection varies by province and other background characteristics, including age, mother’s education, wealth index, and place of residence. In light of these findings, designing provincial and multisectoral interventions could be an effective strategy to achieve zero malaria infection in DRC.
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Muzembo, Basilua Andre, Lukuke Hendrick Mbutshu, Nlandu Roger Ngatu, Kaj Francoise Malonga, Masamitsu Eitoku, Ryoji Hirota, and Narufumi Suganuma. "Workplace violence towards Congolese health care workers: A survey of 436 healthcare facilities in Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Occupational Health 57, no. 1 (January 2015): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.14-0111-oa.

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Carsi Kuhangana, Trésor, Caleb Kamanda Mbayo, Joseph Pyana Kitenge, Arlène Kazadi Ngoy, Taty Muta Musambo, Paul Musa Obadia, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Célestin Banza Lubaba Nkulu, and Benoit Nemery. "COVID-19 Pandemic: Knowledge and Attitudes in Public Markets in the Former Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 7441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207441.

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Background. Public markets were exempted from the restrictive regulations instituted to limit the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In the early stage of the pandemic, we assessed people’s knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on public markets towards COVID-19. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study from 16 to 29 April 2020 among sellers and customers frequenting the food sections of ten public markets in three large cities (Kolwezi, Likasi, and Lubumbashi) and one small town (Lwambo) of the former Katanga province. We administered a questionnaire on knowledge (about clinical characteristics, transmission and prevention) and on attitudes in relation to COVID-19. We also observed prevailing practices (hand-washing and mask-wearing). Results: Of the 347 included participants (83% women, 83% sellers), most had low socioeconomic status and a low level of education. Only 30% of participants had correct knowledge of COVID-19. The majority of the respondents (88%) showed no confidence in the government’s ability to manage the upcoming pandemic crisis. Nearly all respondents (98%) were concerned about the associated increase in food insecurity. Preventive practices were rarely in place. Conclusion: For an effective implementation of measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Africa, appropriate health education programs to improve knowledge and attitudes are warranted among the population frequenting public markets.
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Kalonda, Dominique Mudimbi, Arsène Kabamba Tshikongo, Fridolin Kodondi Kule Koto, Christian Kasongo Busambwa, Yves Kisunka Bwalya, Hervé Musola Cansa, Jean-Louis Kahambwe Tambwe, Zet Lukumwena Kalala, and Albert Longanga Otshudi. "Profil des métaux lourds contenus dans les plantes vivrières consommées couramment dans quelques zones minières de la province du Katanga." Journal of Applied Biosciences 96, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): 9049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v96i1.2.

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Merten, Sonja, Claire-Lise Chaignat, Bruno Lapika, Mitchell Weiss, Raymond Hutubessy, Cele Manianga, and Christian Schaetti. "Sociocultural Determinants of Anticipated Vaccine Acceptance for Acute Watery Diarrhea in Early Childhood in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 3 (September 4, 2013): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0643.

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Bomolo, Olivier, Saliou Niassy, Auguste Chocha, Baboy Longanza, David M. Bugeme, Sunday Ekesi, and Chrysantus M. Tanga. "Ecological diversity of edible insects and their potential contribution to household food security in Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." African Journal of Ecology 55, no. 4 (April 28, 2017): 640–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12400.

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Lukamba-Muhiya, J. M., and E. Uken. "The electricity supply industry in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i3a3261.

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The electricity supply industry of the Democratic Republic of Congo is reviewed, from the formation of the Societé National d’Electricité (SNEL) in 1970 until today. The DRC government established a national utility, because electricity is a key element in the socio -economic development of a country. Due to the national monopoly of SNEL, hydropower plants could be constructed such as Inga1 and Inga2. They supply power to mining in the Katanga province, and to a steel company in Maluku, not far from Kinshasa. Currently, Inga1 and Inga 2 are not operating at full capacity. Many hydropower and thermal plants are located in different provinces and need to be refurbished to increase their capacity of electricity for the DRC. Due to technical problems, SNEL only generates 1150 MW. The electrification programme in urban and rural areas across the DRC caters for less than 10% of the 60 million inhabitants. In 1980, the government implemented a policy called Plan Directeur de SNEL for electrification, but the policies never reached their objectives. No Energy White Paper exists which outlines the entire policy framework for energy supply and demand. Power sector reform has also not been implemented in the electricity sector. This paper outlines future government options in the electricity sector. Accordingly, the Public Private Partnership model could play a major role in attracting private partners to invest in the electricity sector in order to have different hydropower and thermal plants refurbished.
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Longombe, Lambert, Celestin Banza, Karen Cowgill, and Ben Nemery. "Respiratory effects of charcoal and firewood on producers and urban-rural users in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2012-2015." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (August 20, 2016): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.219.

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Bwapwa, Joseph K. "Impact of effluents from a copper–cobalt processing plant in the environment." Water Supply 19, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.074.

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Abstract The new concentrator of Kipushi (NCK) in Katanga province is located in the southeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This processing plant produces a concentrate of copper and cobalt, and it also generates a large amount of effluents equivalent to 2,500 m3/h. The complex nature of these effluent has become a threat to human lives, vegetation, as well as to freshwater resources in the surrounding areas. During this investigation, it was found that NCK effluents have high turbidity and high levels of sulphates compared with EPA standards. These sulphates originate from acid mine water used as one of the components for the flotation process. Also, high chlorides compared with EPA standards and hardness levels due to high concentrations of calcium and magnesium were recorded. Furthermore, the effluents contain heavy metals such as zinc, copper, cobalt, lead, ion, cadmium, and arsenic. Water used during flotation and downstream processes to produce copper and cobalt concentrates was a mixture of raw water from Kamalenge pond and acid mine water from Kipushi mine in a volume ratio of 70/30 respectively. However, it was found that the mine water is the major contributor to the effluent contamination.
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Okombe Embeya, Victor, Jean-Baptiste Lumbu Simbi, Caroline Stévigny, Sandrina Vandenput, Célestin Pongombo Shongo, and Pierre Duez. "Traditional plant-based remedies to control gastrointestinal disorders in livestock in the regions of Kamina and Kaniama (Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo)." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 153, no. 3 (May 2014): 686–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.027.

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Decrée, Sophie, Étienne Deloule, Gilles Ruffet, Stijn Dewaele, Florias Mees, Christian Marignac, Johan Yans, and Thierry De Putter. "Geodynamic and climate controls in the formation of Mio–Pliocene world-class oxidized cobalt and manganese ores in the Katanga province, DR Congo." Mineralium Deposita 45, no. 7 (July 22, 2010): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0305-8.

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Shongo, Mick Ya-Pongombo, Mimi Mujing Yav, Olivier Mukuku, Gaston Kankolongo, Kumel Kasongo Kumelundu, Aubin Ndjadi Wembonyama Kasongo, Augustin Mulangu Mutombo, et al. "Melioidosis and sickle cell disease: Description of a rare association." Theory and Clinical Practice in Pediatrics 3, no. 1 (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/tcpp.2021.01.002.

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Melioidosis and its germ are increasingly reported on the African continent and particularly in Central Africa, probably due to the increased awareness of clinicians and microbiologists and the growing recognition of the organism. It is called "Great Mimicker" because it produces a wide range of clinical characteristics such as would be found in patients living with sickle cell disease (SCD) in particular. However, to date, no publication presents this association between melioidosis and SCD. The authors describe here 3 clinical cases presenting this very rare association between melioidosis and SCD. These are 3 children with SCD (homozygous SS) residing in Lubumbashi in Haut-Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. One patient presented with sepsis as a clinical form of the disease. All 3 had presented a pulmonary form. Only one patient was treated specifically after the diagnosis of melioidosis; for the other two, this diagnosis was confirmed after their death. Thus the death rate is 66.67%. This article describes, through these 3 clinical cases, a very rare first association between melioidosis and SCD. This association requires research to establish whether, like Thalassemia, SCD can be considered a risk factor for melioidosis. A screening of cases of melioidosis in the general population should allow us to focus on this.
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Boniface, Tambwe Ndjakanyi Pierre, Lakula Niclette, Kataka Zabadi, Wetchi Ongona, Kasongo Pembi Christian, J. M. Sunolide Mabo, Kaki Khang Mariette, et al. "Violation of the Rights of the Children of the Street of Lubumbashi and Kipushi in the Province of Upper Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo." OALib 04, no. 05 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103460.

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Inocencio da Luz, Raquel, Delphin Mavinga Phanzu, Oscar N’lemvo Kiabanzawoko, Eric Miaka, Paul Verlé, Anja De Weggheleire, Philippe Büscher, Epco Hasker, and Marleen Boelaert. "Feasibility of a dried blood spot strategy for serological screening and surveillance to monitor elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): e0009407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009407.

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In recent years, the number of reported Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases caused by Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense has been markedly declining, and the goal of ‘elimination as a public health problem’ is within reach. For the next stage, i.e. interruption of HAT transmission by 2030, intensive screening and surveillance will need to be maintained, but with tools and strategies more efficiently tailored to the very low prevalence. We assessed the sequential use of ELISA and Immune Trypanolysis (ITL) on dried blood spot (DBS) samples as an alternative to the traditional HAT field testing and confirmation approach. A cross-sectional study was conducted in HAT endemic and previously endemic zones in Kongo Central province, and a non-endemic zone in Haut Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Door-to-door visits were performed to collect dried blood spot (DBS) samples on filter paper. ELISA/T.b. gambiense was conducted followed by ITL for those testing positive by ELISA and in a subset of ELISA negatives. In total, 11,642 participants were enrolled. Of these, 11,535 DBS were collected and stored in appropriate condition for ELISA testing. Ninety-seven DBS samples tested positive on ELISA. In the endemic zone, ELISA positivity was 1.34% (95%CI: 1.04–1.64). In the previously endemic zone and non-endemic zone, ELISA positivity was 0.34% (95% CI: 0.13–0.55) and 0.37% (95% CI: 0.15–0.60) respectively. Among the ELISA positives, only two samples had a positive ITL result, both from the endemic zone. One of those was from a former HAT patient treated in 2008 and the other from an individual who unfortunately had deceased prior to the follow-up visit. Our study showed that a surveillance strategy, based on DBS samples and centralized testing with retracing of patients if needed, is feasible in DRC. ELISA seems well suited as initial test with a similar positivity rate as traditional screening tests, but ITL remains complex. Alternatives for the latter, also analyzable on DBS, should be further explored.
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Blay, S. Kwaw Nyameke. "Changing African Perspectives on the Right of Self-Determination in the Wake of the Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples′ Rights." Journal of African Law 29, no. 2 (1985): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300006653.

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In the history of modern Africa the issue of self-determination has always been of special significance. For a better part of a century and in some cases more, almost the entire continent was subject to colonisation by various European powers. The end of the Second World War and the subsequent adoption of the United Nations Charter, incorporating the principle of self-determination, heralded a new phase for the African colonies in international relations. Defined in its simplest terms, self-determination is the principle by virtue of which a people freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Selfdetermination is in essence the right of self-government. A territory exercises the right by either opting to establish itself as an independent state, associating with an existing state or by accepting to be integrated into an existing state. Self-determination so defined was thus used as the basis for decolonisation in Africa and provided the foundations for equal statehood for the former colonies of Africa in international relations.After decolonisation, the issue of self-determination still persists in Africa attracting sentiments and implications well exemplified by the conflicts Over Biafra and Katanga in the 1960s and currently in Eritrea, the Tigray province of Ethiopia and the Southern Sudan. The very successful propagation of self-determination as the right of every people to self-government by African nationalists during the colonial days seems to have left behind a legacy of a question for post-independence Africa—is the ideal of self-determination
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39

Siddiqui, M. Ruby, Andrew Willis, Karla Bil, Jatinder Singh, Eric Mukomena Sompwe, and Cono Ariti. "Adherence to Artemisinin Combination Therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." F1000Research 4 (February 24, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6122.1.

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Between 2011 and 2013 the number of recorded malaria cases had more than doubled, and between 2009 and 2013 had increased almost 4-fold in MSF-OCA (Médecins sans Frontières – Operational Centre Amsterdam) programmes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The reasons for this rise are unclear. Incorrect intake of Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) could result in failure to treat the infection and potential recurrence. An adherence study was carried out to assess whether patients were completing the full course of ACT.One hundred and eight malaria patients in Shamwana, Katanga province, DRC were visited in their households the day after ACT was supposed to be completed. They were asked a series of questions about ACT administration and the blister pack was observed (if available).Sixty seven (62.0%) patients were considered probably adherent. This did not take into account the patients that vomited or spat their pills or took them at the incorrect time of day, in which case adherence dropped to 46 (42.6%). The most common reason that patients gave for incomplete/incorrect intake was that they were vomiting or felt unwell (10 patients (24.4%), although the reasons were not recorded for 22 (53.7%) patients). This indicates that there may be poor understanding of the importance of completing the treatment or that the side effects of ACT were significant enough to over-ride the pharmacy instructions.Adherence to ACT was poor in this setting. Health education messages emphasising the need to complete ACT even if patients vomit doses, feel unwell or their health conditions improve should be promoted.
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Siddiqui, M. Ruby, Andrew Willis, Karla Bil, Jatinder Singh, Eric Mukomena Sompwe, and Cono Ariti. "Adherence to Artemisinin Combination Therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." F1000Research 4 (April 8, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6122.2.

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Between 2011 and 2013 the number of recorded malaria cases had more than doubled, and between 2009 and 2013 had increased almost 4-fold in MSF-OCA (Médecins sans Frontières – Operational Centre Amsterdam) programmes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The reasons for this rise are unclear. Incorrect intake of Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) could result in failure to treat the infection and potential recurrence. An adherence study was carried out to assess whether patients were completing the full course of ACT.One hundred and eight malaria patients in Shamwana, Katanga province, DRC were visited in their households the day after ACT was supposed to be completed. They were asked a series of questions about ACT administration and the blister pack was observed (if available).Sixty seven (62.0%) patients were considered probably adherent. This did not take into account the patients that vomited or spat their pills or took them at the incorrect time of day, in which case adherence dropped to 46 (42.6%). The most common reason that patients gave for incomplete/incorrect intake was that they were vomiting or felt unwell (10 patients (24.4%), although the reasons were not recorded for 22 (53.7%) patients). This indicates that there may be poor understanding of the importance of completing the treatment or that the side effects of ACT were significant enough to over-ride the pharmacy instructions.Adherence to ACT was poor in this setting. Health education messages emphasising the need to complete ACT even if patients vomit doses, feel unwell or their health conditions improve should be promoted.
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41

Patrick, Mukonki May, Muhota Kawinda Augustin, and Freddy Bokwala Bonkeka. "Strategic Mine Planning Approach Applied to Large Scale Copper open Pit Mines by Comparing The Impact of three Different Bloc Models of the Same Deposit, On the Long Term Mine Plan." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.2.01.

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The Kamoto Oliveira Virgule (KOV) open pit mine is located at 300Km from Lubumbashi, second largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the mineral rich province of the Lualaba (EX-Katanga province).KOV pit is located 10Km south of the Kolwezi town and it is essentially constituted of sedimental rock, in a major portion of the so called “Lambeau Geologique de Kolwezi”, which is a part of the well-known copperbelt mineralization. In 2006, a joint venture of Glencore, Gecamines (the DRC State owned Company), and Simco, took over the open pit mine, which was previously owned by Gecamines, and formed the Kamoto Copper Company (KCC).KOV open pit mine is classified as a large scale open pit mine due to his dimensions (approximately 2.5km East-West and 3Km North-South).the mine has also a high strip ratio ranging from 8 to 10 in some areas. At his initial stage (Prefeasibility study), SRK released a bloc model which is still be used by the Kamoto Copper Company (KCC), but since the geology department addressed the issue about grade control model ore discrepancies, when comparing it to the SRK model, the management hired another contractor that constructed another bloc model. Internal adjustments using the grade control model data to better predict tonnes and grades have been also implemented but reported very poor results .since reserves have been officially reported to the market in 2014 to the TSX, the reserve report had to remain consistent with the 2014 report, despite that the issue has been fixed ,it still for a matter of interest to conduct a comparative analysis, to check on the impact of the other bloc model on the life of mine and the mine schedule .since we know by comparison that the other model (OBM) has a difference in its 3D distribution of ore and waste material. This paper will be focused on determining the impact on the life of mine and the mine schedule of the KOV pit with regards of those differences, between the bloc models.Index Terms: Mine planning, mine scheduling, mine optimization, life of mine, ultimate pit.
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42

Kennedy, Kirsten, and Nicholas Eyles. "Subaqueous debrites of the Grand ConglomÉrat Formation, Democratic Republic of Congo: A model for anomalously thick Neoproterozoic: “Glacial” diamictites." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 935–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.51.

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ABSTRACT Very thick (> 1 km) successions of matrix-supported conglomerates (diamictites) are a very distinctive component of many Neoproterozoic basins. Classically interpreted as glacially deposited sedimentary rocks, their thickness has been seen as requiring exceptional depositional conditions such as world-wide “panglacial” climates. The Neoproterozoic Grand Conglomérat Formation (GC) of Katanga Province, southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, is a 1.8-km-thick diamictite succession hosting one of the world's largest stratiform copper deposits. Examination of more than 300 km of recently acquired large diameter (up to 4 inches, 10.2 cm) core identifies the diamictites of the GC as debrites that accumulated as part of a deep-water “mass-transport complex” in a tectonically active and volcanically influenced anoxic rift basin. Detailed sedimentological descriptions of debrite facies and their lateral and vertical variability permits new insights into processes of debris-flow formation and transport, and their wider paleoenvironmental and paleotectonic significance. A genetic model is herein presented that highlights the importance of slumping and subaqueous downslope mixing of basin-margin fan-delta gravels, fault breccias, volcanic debris from contemporaneous basaltic fissure eruptions with basinal muds, and the downslope ponding of flows in narrow fault-bounded depocenters. Preservation of such an exceptionally thick subaqueously deposited debrite-dominated mass transport complex lacking any evidence of shallow-water deposition, requires rapid subsidence. Any direct sedimentary evidence of a glacial influence on sedimentation in the wider basin hinterland (if present) has been destroyed and homogenized by mass flow. Indirect evidence of a cold-climate setting is possibly expressed as lonestones in laminated turbidite facies dropped by either glacial or seasonal ice, and by exceptionally rare scratched clasts that may have been striated subglacially. Descriptions and interpretations presented here provide clues to the origin of other unusually thick debrite and turbidite successions elsewhere in other Neoproterozoic basins; their primary paleoenvironmental significance is that they appear to record ponding and focusing of mass flows in narrow, rapidly subsiding fault-bounded depocenters, rather than any unique glacial paleoclimate.
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43

Al-Yacoub, Ghassan A. Ali, Murtatha Y. M. Al-Abbad, and Dhia K. Kareem. "REDESCRIPTION OF SCORPIO KRUGLOVI (BIRULA, 1910) (SCORPIONES, SCORPIONIDAE) FROM THI QAR PROVINCE, SOUTH OF IRAQ." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 16, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2021.16.3.0389.

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Information on the scorpions' fauna of Iraq is limited especially in Thi Qar Province. The scorpion specimens of the present study were collected from the desert area which is located between the provinces of Thi Qar and Al-Muthana (Al-Kata'a region). The Scorpio kruglovi (Birula, 1910) redescribed in this study was found in this area.The diagnostic characters are given and the important features are figured.
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Addo, O. Yaw, Lindsey M. Locks, Maria Elena Jefferds, Simeon Nanama, Bope Albert, Fanny Sandalinas, Ambroise Nanema, et al. "Combined infant and young child feeding with small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation is associated with a reduction in anemia but no changes in anthropometric status of young children from Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo: a quasi-experimental effectiveness study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa170.

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ABSTRACT Background Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) are efficacious in controlled settings; data are scarce on the effectiveness utilizing health care delivery platforms. Objective We evaluated the impact of an infant young child feeding (IYCF)–SQ-LNS intervention on anemia and growth in children aged 6–18 mo in the Democratic Republic of Congo following a quasi-experimental effectiveness design. Methods An intervention health zone (HZ) received enhanced IYCF including improved counseling on IYCF during pregnancy until 12 mo after birth and daily use of SQ-LNS for infants 6–12 mo; the control HZ received the standard IYCF package. We analyzed data from 2995 children, collected in repeated cross-sectional surveys. We used adjusted difference-in-difference analyses to calculate changes in anemia, iron and vitamin A deficiencies, stunting, wasting, and underweight. Results Of mothers, 70.5% received SQ-LNS at least once in the intervention HZ, with 99.6% of their children consuming SQ-LNS at least once. The mean number of batches of SQ-LNS (28 sachets per batch, 6 batches total) received was 2.3 ± 0.8 (i.e., 64.4 ± 22.4 d of SQ-LNS). The enhanced program was associated with an 11.0% point (95% CI: −18.1, −3.8; P &lt; 0.01) adjusted relative reduction in anemia prevalence and a mean +0.26-g/dL (95% CI: 0.04, 0.48; P = 0.02) increase in hemoglobin but no effect on anthropometry or iron or vitamin A deficiencies. At endline in the intervention HZ, children aged 8–13 mo who received ≥3 monthly SQ-LNS batch distributions had higher anthropometry z scores [length-for-age z score (LAZ): +0.40, P = 0.04; weight-for-age z score (WAZ): +0.37, P = 0.04] and hemoglobin (+0.65 g/dL, P = 0.007) and a lower adjusted prevalence difference of stunting (−16.7%, P = 0.03) compared with those who received none. Conclusions The enhanced IYCF–SQ-LNS intervention using the existing health care delivery platform was associated with a reduction in prevalence of anemia and improvement in mean hemoglobin. At endline among the subpopulation receiving ≥3 mo of SQ-LNS, their LAZ, WAZ, and hemoglobin improved. Future research could explore contextual tools to maximize coverage and intake adherence in programs using SQ-LNS.
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Yellen, John E. "Behavioural and Taphonomic Patterning at Katanda 9: a Middle Stone Age Site, Kivu Province, Zaire." Journal of Archaeological Science 23, no. 6 (November 1996): 915–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0086.

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46

Ewetola, Raimi, Gulzar H. Shah, Lievain Maluantesa, Gina Etheredge, Kristie Waterfield, Astrid Mulenga, and Apolinaire Kilundu. "Disparities in HIV Clinical Stages Progression of Patients at Outpatient Clinics in Democratic Republic of Congo." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105341.

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Context: In this era of patient-centered care, it is increasingly important for HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs to customize their services according to patients’ clinical stage progression and other risk assessments. To enable such customization of HIV care and treatment delivery, the research evidence explaining factors associated with patients’ clinical stages is needed. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to produce such scientific evidence by analyzing the most recent data for patients at outpatient clinics in the provinces of Kinshasa and Haut-Katanga and to examine the patient characteristics associated with WHO stages of disease progression. Methods: Using a quantitative retrospective cohort study design, we analyzed data from 49,460 people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 241 HIV/AIDS clinics located in Haut-Katanga and Kinshasa provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. We performed Chi-square and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results: A small proportion (i.e., 4.4%) of PLHIV were at WHO’s clinical progression stage 4, whereas 30.7% were at clinical stage 3, another 22.9% at stage 2, and the remaining 41.9% were at stage 1, the least severe stage. After controlling for other demographic and clinical factors included in the model, the likelihood of being at stage 1 rather than stage 3 or 4 was significantly higher (at p ≤ 0.05) for patients with no tuberculosis (TB) than those with TB co-infection (adjusted odds ratio or AOR, 5.73; confidence interval or CI, 4.98–6.59). The odds of being at stage 1 were significantly higher for female patients (AOR, 1.35; CI, 1.29–1.42), and those with the shorter duration on ART (vs. greater than 40.37 months). Patents in rural health zones (AOR, 0.32) and semi-rural health zones (AOR, 0.79) were less likely to be at stage 1, compared to patients in urban health zones. Conclusions: Our study showed that TB co-infection raised the risk for PLHIV to be at the severe stages of clinical progression of HIV. Such variation supports the thesis that customized HIV management approaches and clinical regimens may be imperative for this high-risk population. We also found significant variation in HIV clinical progression stages by geographic location and demographic characteristics. Such variation points to the need for more targeted efforts to address the disparities, as the programs attempt to improve the effectiveness of HIV care and treatment. The intersectionality of vulnerabilities from HIV, TB, and COVID-19-related hardships has elevated the need for customized care and treatment even more in the COVID-19 era.
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47

Powell, Nathaniel K. "The “Cuba of the West”? France's Cold War in Zaïre, 1977–1978." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 2 (April 2016): 64–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00638.

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This article discusses French support for Zaïrian dictator Mobutu Sese Seko during the Shaba crises of 1977 and 1978. During both crises, “Katangan Gendarmes” based in neighboring Angola invaded Zaire's mineral-rich Shaba Province. Direct and indirect French military interventions, including an airborne assault on the mining city of Kolwezi in 1978, helped to defeat the invaders and save Mobutu's regime. The article shows that French policymakers were drawn to Mobutu because they saw him as a bulwark against Communist expansion in Central Africa. The large Cuban military presence in Angola fueled concerns among French leaders that the Shaba invasions were a Soviet- or Cuban-inspired plot to spread instability and influence into Zaïre and beyond. These fears, which were piqued by alarming reports from French intelligence, were substantially influenced by Mobutu himself, who successfully exploited French fears to gain a de facto security umbrella that allowed him to buck broader calls for reform.
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Ditekemena, John Dinanga, Dalau Mukadi Nkamba, Hypolite Mavoko Muhindo, Joseph Nelson Fodjo Siewe, Christophe Luhata, Rafael Van den Bergh, Antoinette Tshefu Kitoto, Wim Van Damme, Jean Jacques Muyembe, and Robert Colebunders. "Factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): results of an online survey." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e043356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043356.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the level of adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and to identify factors associated with non-adherence.DesignA cross-sectional population-based online survey.SettingsThe study was conducted in 22 provinces of the DRC. Five provinces with a satisfactory number of respondents were included in the analysis: Haut Katanga, Kasaï-Central, Kasaï-Oriental, Kinshasa and North Kivu.ParticipantsThe participants were people aged ≥18 years, living in the DRC. A total of 3268 participants were included in the study analysis.InterventionsBoth convenience sampling (surveyors themselves contacted potential participants in different districts) and snowball sampling (the participants were requested to share the link of the questionnaire with their contacts) methods were used.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe computed adherence scores using responses to 10 questions concerning COVID-19 preventive measures recommended by the WHO and the DRC Ministry of Health. We used logistic regression analysis with generalised estimating equations to identify factors of poor adherence. We also asked about the presence or absence of flu-like symptoms during the preceding 14 days, whether a COVID-19 test was done and the test result.ResultsData from 3268 participants were analysed. Face masks were not used by 1789 (54.7%) participants. Non-adherence to physical distancing was reported by 1364 (41.7%) participants. 501 (15.3%) participants did not observe regular handwashing. Five variables were associated with poor adherence: lower education level, living with other people at home, being jobless/students, living with a partner and not being a healthcare worker.ConclusionDespite compulsory restrictions imposed by the government, only about half of the respondents adhered to COVID-19 preventive measures in the DRC. Disparities across the provinces are remarkable. There is an urgent need to further explore the reasons for these disparities and factors associated with non-adherence.
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Casinga, Clérisse Mubasi, Rudolph R. Shirima, N. M. Mahungu, W. Tata-Hangy, Kalinga Benoit Bashizi, C. Mwitangabo Munyerenkana, Henry Ukany Ugentho, et al. "Expansion of the cassava brown streak disease epidemic in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo." Plant Disease, December 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-20-1135-re.

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Cassava plays a key role in assuring food security and generating income for smallholder farmers throughout central Africa, and particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This status is threatened, however, by cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) which has recently expanded its incidence and range in eastern DRC. The study described here, comprises the first extensive assessment of temporal change in occurrence of CBSD and its causal viruses in DRC, based on surveys conducted during 2016 and 2018. Cassava fields were inspected in Ituri, Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu, Tanganyika and Haut-Katanga provinces within eastern DRC, to record foliar incidence and severity of CBSD. Leaf samples were collected for virus detection and species-level identification. New occurrences of CBSD, confirmed by virus diagnostic tests, were recorded in two provinces (Haut-Katanga and Sud-Kivu) and nine previously unaffected territories, covering an area of > 62,000 km2, and at up to 900 km from locations of previously published reports of CBSD in DRC. Overall, average CBSD incidence within fields was 13.2% in 2016 and 16.1% in 2018. In the new spread zone of Haut-Katanga, incidence increased from 1.7% to 15.9%. CBSD is now present in provinces covering 321,000 km2 which is approximately 14% of the total area of DRC. This represents a major expansion of the CBSD epidemic, which was only recorded from one province (Nord-Kivu) in 2012. Both cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) were detected in Ituri, Nord-Kivu and Sud-Kivu, but only CBSV was detected in Haut-Katanga. Considered overall, these results confirm the increasing threat that CBSD poses to cassava production in DRC and describe an important expansion in the African pandemic of CBSD.
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Pringle, Julia C., Amy Wesolowski, Sophie Berube, Tamaki Kobayashi, Mary E. Gebhardt, Modest Mulenga, Mike Chaponda, et al. "High Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and temporal stability despite control efforts in high transmission settings along the international border between Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Malaria Journal 18, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3023-4.

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Abstract Background While the utility of parasite genotyping for malaria elimination has been extensively documented in low to moderate transmission settings, it has been less well-characterized in holoendemic regions. High malaria burden settings have received renewed attention acknowledging their critical role in malaria elimination. Defining the role for parasite genomics in driving these high burden settings towards elimination will enhance future control programme planning. Methods Amplicon deep sequencing was used to characterize parasite population genetic diversity at polymorphic Plasmodium falciparum loci, Pfama1 and Pfcsp, at two timepoints in June–July 2016 and January–March 2017 in a high transmission region along the international border between Luapula Province, Zambia and Haut-Katanga Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Results High genetic diversity was observed across both seasons and in both countries. No evidence of population structure was observed between parasite populations on either side of the border, suggesting that this region may be one contiguous transmission zone. Despite a decline in parasite prevalence at the sampling locations in Haut-Katanga Province, no genetic signatures of a population bottleneck were detected, suggesting that larger declines in transmission may be required to reduce parasite genetic diversity. Analysing rare variants may be a suitable alternative approach for detecting epidemiologically important genetic signatures in highly diverse populations; however, the challenge is distinguishing true signals from potential artifacts introduced by small sample sizes. Conclusions Continuing to explore and document the utility of various parasite genotyping approaches for understanding malaria transmission in holoendemic settings will be valuable to future control and elimination programmes, empowering evidence-based selection of tools and methods to address pertinent questions, thus enabling more efficient resource allocation.
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