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Singh, Ashna. "The Changing Domestic Architecture of Kathmandu Valley." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553516667916301.
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Ganesh, K. "Numerical modeling of groundwater in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7589.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do AmbienteFoi desenvolvido um modelo numérico tridimensional de fluxo subterrâneo do vale de Katmandu (capital do Nepal) para avaliar o impacto da bombagem de água subterrânea sobre o padrão do fluxo de água subterrânea. Devido à escassez e contaminação da água de superfície, as águas subterrâneas constituem na região a principal fonte de água para abastecimento doméstico, agrícola e mesmo industrial. No entanto, apesar da importância local das águas subterrâneas, a hidrogeologia do vale de Katmandu ainda não se encontra bem estudada. Sabe-se que devido à recarga limitada e à captação não regulamentada de águas subterrâneas, o nível piezométrico da região tem decaído rapidamente, para valores que revelam a não sustentabilidade da captação deste recurso de água. Dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos foram integrados para desenvolver um modelo hidrogeológico conceptual do sistema aquífero do vale de Katmandu, que foi a base para o desenvolvimento do modelo numérico. O sistema aquífero foi modelado numericamente utilizando o programa MODFLOW 4.2, em estado estacionário e definindo três camadas, duas correspondentes ao aquífero da base e ao aquífero mais superficial, e a terceira a um nível de baixa condutividade hidráulica e com um comportamento de aquitardo. Foi utilizado o programa MODPATH para simular os sentidos e direcção preferenciais de fluxo subterrâneo. A área total do modelo é de cerca de 327 km2 e foi dividida em células de aproximadamente 18,330 m2. Os limites do modelo foram delimitados com com base em mapas topográficos e o modelo digital do terreno extraído a partir de uma imagem raster. Os parâmetros hidráulicos do sistema aquífero foram atribuídos com base nos valores de estudos anteriores e foram ajustados durante a calibração do modelo. O mecanismo de recarga foi considerado como principal entrada directa de água no aquífero e dá-se por infiltração da água das chuvas. Utilizou-se o método do balanço hídrico recomendado pela FAO para determinar o valor de recarga anual de água subterrânea. O modelo foi calibrado a partir de valores de níveis água subterrânea medidos nos furos de bombagem e que são monitorizados. A modelação do fluxo subterrâneo em estado estacionário permitiu determinar gradientes hidráulicos, velocidades aparentes e padrões de fluxo no interior da área de estudo. O modelo foi utilizado para simular em regime estacionário as condições de bombagem em 2001 e 2009, pretendendo-se com este exercício demonstrar o impacto da captação de água subterrânea na região. As análises da sensibilidade permitiram determinar quais os parâmetros mais importantes para o modelo e quais aqueles que necessitam de serem melhor estudados. Este modelo de fluxo tem associadas uma série de incertezas resultantes da simplificação de dados de entrada e condições de contorno que foi preciso fazer para poder simular um caso de estudo tão complexo, da utilização de dados com pouca qualidade e da falta de caracterização detalhada das condições hidrogeológicas. É por isso importante ter em conta estas limitações a quando da interpretação e extrapolação dos resultados deste exercício de modelação.
We developed a three dimensional numerical model of groundwater flow in the valley of Kathmandu ( capital of Nepal) to assess the impact of groundwater pumping on the flow pattern of groundwater. The scarcity and contamination of surface water, groundwater in the region constitute the main source of water supply for domestic, agricultural and even industrial. However, despite the importance of local groundwater hydrogeology of the Kathmandu valley is still not well studied. It is known that due to limited recharge and unregulated abstraction of groundwater, the groundwater level in the region has declined rapidly to values that show the unsustainability of the capture of this water resource. Geologic and hydrologic data were integrated to develop a conceptual hydrogeologic model of the aquifer system of the Kathmandu valley, which was the basis for the development of the numerical model. The aquifer system was modeled numerically using the program MODFLOW 4.2, steady state and defining three layers, two corresponding to the aquifer base and the more shallow aquifer, and the third level of a low hydraulic conductivity and with an attitude of aquitard. MODPATH program was used to simulate the sense and direction of preferential groundwater flow. The total area of the model is approximately 327 km2 and is divided into cells of about 18.330 m2. The boundaries were marked with the model based on topographic maps and digital terrain model extracted from a raster image. The hydraulic parameters of the aquifer system were assigned based on values from previous studies and were adjusted during model calibration. The reloading mechanism was considered as the main direct entry of water into the aquifer and occurs by infiltration of rainwater. We used the water balance method recommended by FAO to determine the value of annual recharge of groundwater. The model was calibrated with values measured groundwater levels in boreholes and pumping stations that are monitored. The modeling of groundwater flow in steady state allowed us to determine hydraulic gradients, apparent velocities and flow patterns within the study area. The model was used to simulate steady state conditions of pumping in 2001 and 2009, intending with this exercise to demonstrate the impact of abstraction of groundwater in the region. The sensitivity analysis allowed to determine what the most important parameters for the model and which ones need to be better studied. This flow model has an associated range of uncertainties arising from the simplification of input data and boundary conditions that we had to do in order to simulate a very complex case study, using data with poor quality and lack of detailed characterization of the conditions hydrogeological. It is therefore important to consider these limitations when interpreting and extrapolating the results of this modeling exercise.
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Shrestha, Jaya Krishna. "Problems to prospects for developing transportation in Kathmandu Valley." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18153823.
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Bajracharya, Rijina. "The study on the spatial transformation of traditional towns." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46735033.
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Maharjan, Sacheen. "Impacts of tourism in world heritage site: a case of Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Nepal." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49885558.
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This study focuses on Bhaktapur Durbar Square, one of the monument zone of Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site which lies within a Bhaktapur city, an ancient historic town. Through survey research targeting local people and key informants interviews, this study tried to investigate on the domains of major impacts from the cultural tourism in Bhaktapur Durbar Square from the perspective of local community. The study then explores the different factors serving to generate the impacts from macro and micro level of context. Macro level deals with the international and national context whereas micro level deals with local context. Using data collection methods such as interviews with organizations involved in the management of WHS, tourism, expert interviews, primary and secondary data analysis, which is to explore factors affecting the generation of tourism impacts for the community, is carried out.
By combining the research conducted at the community level and the many influencing factors, the study intends to explain the socio-economic-cultural heritage impacts at the community level in light of the management or governing process of the WHS, the institutional arrangement as well as the interactions between organizations, and in the context of policy – which is reflected in the current legal framework influencing the site. This study finds that cultural tourism in Bhaktapur has contributed significantly to local government’s tax revenue particularly through tourist entry fee which in turn contributed in the conservation of the world heritage properties. However, the study also found that there have been limited positive impacts of cultural tourism for the majority of local people i.e. farmers group. Tourism has not encouraged the growth in the agriculture sector – a sector in which more than 60% of the farmers are involved. The concentrated tourism development at the core area of the city imparts the economic disparity among the people one who live in the core area and one beyond it. This study also found that tourism in Bhaktapur has limited impacts in raising the standard of living, household income, skills and training, infrastructure and public facilities.
In the analysis of factors in the international context, this study argues that the nomination process, guidance from relevant international organizations and development in WHS discourse have influenced the cultural tourism development – although not directly. In terms of the national context, it finds that there is a lack of comprehensive policies and planning for conservation and tourism development which works in separate institutional framework.
Analysis of factors in the local context, problems at the local area, such as decreasing agriculture land, inefficient management plan, lack of political commitment, lack of awareness and education, limited scope of work, lack of community organization, etc contribute to the perceived tourism impacts. This study finds institutional problems such as lack of planning mechanism, difficulties in coordination as well as legal framework that prevent the management system from working together to address local issues.
This study recommends that a strong cooperation and coordination mechanism should be established under the framework of comprehensive community development and management plan in order to develop local economy alongside with tourism and contributing to wider benefits to the local community. A community based tourism strategy is recommended in order to reduce the disparity, directly benefiting the community and encouraging the local community to involve in decision making process. All of these efforts may help to realize at the micro level, the ideal of WHS for development that has been stated by organizations such as UNESCO in the macro level.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning
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Pasakhala, Binaya. "Study on water management at household level in Kathmandu valley, Nepal." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/185220.
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Panday, Arnico Kumar. "The diurnal cycle of air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37361.
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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-230).
This dissertation describes the most comprehensive study to date of the diurnal cycle of air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal -- a bowl-shaped mountain valley of two million people with a growing air pollution problem but little past research. Field measurements and computer simulations were used to study the interplay of emissions and ventilation. From September 2004 through June 2005, CO (carbon monoxide), ozone, PM10 (particles smaller than 10 micrometers), wind speed and direction, solar radiation, temperature, and humidity were continuously measured east of Kathmandu. Sensors towers and mountains measured the diurnal cycle of the vertical temperature structure and stability. A sodar measured the mixed layer height and upper-level winds. Bag sampling provided the diurnal cycle of CO on mountains, passes and around the valley. Winds were measured on a mountain pass and ozone on a mountaintop. Patterns of air pollution and meteorology in the valley showed remarkable day-to-day similarity, with daily twin peaks of CO and PM10, a noon ozone maximum, afternoon westerly winds, and a stagnant cold pool at night. On mountaintops at night, ozone remained high, while CO dropped to regional background levels.
(cont.) The meso-scale meteorological model MM5 was adapted to the Kathmandu Valley for days in February and May 2005. It was able to capture the essential features of the valley's meteorology and was used to address three specific questions: The break-up of the valley's temperature inversion was found to be dominated in February by up-slope winds on the valley rim, plus subsidence over the valley center; in May surface heating of the valley bottom also played a major role. The pathways of pollutant transport out of the valley were found to be up the valley rim slopes in the morning, but out the eastern and southern passes in the afternoons. At night pollutants remained within the valley except near the river outlet. They were lifted off the ground at night and re-circulated in the morning. The eulerian chemistry transport model CAMx, was used in tracer mode, with MM5 meteorology to simulate the emission, transport and removal of CO from the Kathmandu Valley. The simulations were limited by the accuracy of Kathmandu's emissions inventory, especially the spatial distribution of emissions.
by Arnico K. Panday.
Sc.D.
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Wolfe, Andrea N. C. (Andrea Nancy Cornell) 1977. "Microbial contamination in the Kathmandu Valley drinking water supply and Bagmati River." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9016.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-71).
The purpose of this investigation was to determine and describe the microbial drinking water quality problems in the Kathmandu Valley. Microbial testing for total coliform, E.coli, and H2S producing bacteria was performed in January 2000 on drinking water sources, treatment plants, distribution points, and consumption points. Existing studies of the water quality problems in Kathmandu were also analyzed and comparisons of both data sets characterized seasonal, treatment plant, and city sector variations in the drinking water quality. Results showed that 50% of well sources were microbially contaminated and surface water sources were contaminated in 100% of samples. No samples from drinking water treatment plant outflow were microbially contaminated; however almost 80% of samples collected at distribution points had microbial contamination and 60% were contaminated with E.coli. Drinking water quality varied little throughout the city but had significant seasonal variation. Microbial contamination in the Bagmati River was also studied and extremely high levels of microbial pollution were found. Pollution concentrations in the river are increasing over time as the population of the Valley grows rapidly. Wastewater treatment is virtually non-existent and most of the wastewater generated in the City flows untreated into the river. This causes increased pollution concentrations as the Bagmati flows downstream from the sparsely populated headwaters through the heavily urbanized Kathmandu City. Despite the high microbial pollution levels, many people use the river for washing, scavenging, and religious purposes. These activities, as well as contaminated drinking water, threaten the health of the population. Recommendations for drinking and surface water quality improvements can be divided into three areas: regulatory, policy, and technical. Laws and regulations are needed that specify those individuals and agencies who are responsible for water quality and monitoring, set water quality standards, and assign penalties to polluters. Drinking water policy must focus on fully funding programs and educating the public. Technical recommendations include separating drinking water and wastewater pipelines to eliminate leakage between the two and community or household-scale systems for both drinking water and wastewater treatment.
Andrea N.C. Wolfe.
M.Eng.
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Ghimire, Himamshu. "An Assessment of the Environmental Problems in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1221252415.
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Molden, Olivia. "Traditional Infrastructure, Modern Flows: Cultural Politics of Modernization in the Kathmandu Valley." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19320.
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The Kathmandu Valley’s ancient stone spouts system provides a case study to understand uneven processes of urban modernization. Interviews and archival material from fieldwork in the Lalitpur District of Kathmandu provide evidence to understand the role of traditional infrastructure in modernization efforts. Rather than assuming there is something inherently traditional or modern, my research investigates ways in which people position themselves around ideas of tradition and see infrastructure as more than operational. Findings indicate that the labeling of the stone spout system as traditional through modes of use, management, valorization, and modification point to a dissatisfaction with modern development. This research provides a contemporary example of the traditional, demonstrating that despite dominant urban theorizing, urban modernization and the erasure of tradition are an impossible and incomplete process. These findings extend post-colonial urban scholarship by considering cities beyond limiting and universalizing categories of development.
This thesis includes unpublished coauthored material.
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Baniya, Nabarath. "Land suitability evaluation using GIS for vegetable crops in Kathmandu Valley/Nepal." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15826.
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Kathmandu ist ein stark landwirtschaftlich genutztes Tal in der Gebirgsregion Zentral-Nepals. Einst für seine ertragreiche Landwirtschaft berühmt, sind die Erträge in den letzten Jahren aufgrund ungezügelter Verstädterung und hohem Bevölkerungswachstum immer mehr gefährdet. Eine Evaluation des Kathmandu-Tals nach entscheidungstheoretischen Ansätzen im Hinblick auf den Gemüseanbau erscheint unter dem Aspekt einer nachhaltigen Landnutzung und einer erhöhten Gemüseproduktion notwendig. Es ist ein entscheidender Ansatz dieser Arbeit, die verfügbare Anbauflächen im Kathmandu-Tal in verschiedene Eignungsklassen für den Gemüseanbau zu klassifizieren. Informationen über Zustand und Wert der Anbauflächen wurden aus verschiedensten möglichen Quellen zusammengestellt. Grundsätzliche räumliche und nicht-räumliche Daten wurden einerseits mit Hilfe primärer als auch sekundärer Quellen erfasst. Für den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess wurde sowohl ein ”bottom-up”als auch ein “top-down” Ansatz v erfolgt. Die Methode folgte den Vorgaben der FAO (1976) und den nachfolgenden Fassungen mit einer spezifischen Anpassung an das Untersuchungsgebiet. Der analytische Teil beginnt mit der Entwicklung eines Landesinformationssystems (LIS). Die Evaluation der Beschaffenheit wurde in zwei Phasen durchgeführt, namentlich 1) einer Betrachtung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit 2) einer Evaluation der Sozio-ökonomischen Infrastruktur. Gegenwärtig ist keine Region im hohen Maße fruchtbar (S1) und 31 % bzw. 66 % von insgesamt 23.519 ha fallen in die Kategorien S2 respektive S3. 1.33 % sind nicht nutzbar. Eine potenzielle hohe Bodenfruchtbarkeit kann dann erreicht werden, wenn der derzeitige Bodenzustand durch geeignete Managementmaßnahmen verbessert werden kann. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt konnten 17.3%, 38.6% bzw. 42.6% des Gebiets mit Hilfe geostatistischer Analysen potenziell den Bodenklassen S1, S2 und S3 zugeordnet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse wurden weiterhin mit den Ergebnissen ein er sozio-ökonomischen Evaulation kombiniert. Die Umweltbedingungen, sozialen Parameter und ökonomischen Indikatoren beschreiben die Hauptkriterien der Untersuchung und werden in 15 Unter-Kriterien zur Evaluation der 85 LMU im Untersuchungsgebiet unterteilt. Für eine Einschätzung der Gewichtung der Unter-Kriterien wurde ein paarweiser Vergleich mittels eines AHP-Prozesses ausgearbeitet. Als Endergebnis wurden dann thematische Karten des Kathmandu-Tals erstellt. Die endgültigen Ergebnisse dieser Analyse zeigt, dass 90% des Anbaugebietes im Kathmandu-Tal gut für den Gemüseanbau geeignet sein können und damit etwa mehr als 70% des Bedarfs im Kathmandu-Tal decken kann. Abschließend lässt sich sagen, dass die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit nicht nur den Bauern der Region vermittelt werden sollten, damit sie das Potenzial ihres Landes bestmöglich ausnutzen können, sie sollten außerdem ein Werkzeug für Landschaftsplaner für eine bessere Planung der Landnutzung darstellen.Kathmandu is a valley situated in hilly area of central Nepal which is famous for agricultural business but in recent years vegetable production is jeopardized due to rampant urbanization and high population growth. For sustainable land use and better condition of vegetable production in Kathmandu, multi-criteria land suitability evaluation is felt necessary. The research objective is set as to classify available agricultural land area of Kathmandu valley into the order of different suitable classes for vegetable crop cultivation. Field level information has been gathered. Spatial and non spatial data were obtained through primary as well as secondary sources. Both bottom-up and Top-down approach for decision making process were applied. Methodology follows the guidelines prepared by FAO (1976) and later version with site specific modification. Analytical part begins with development of Land information System (LIS). Suitability evaluation was carried out in two different pha ses, namely 1) Physical land suitability evaluation and 2) Socio-economic-infrastructural land evaluation. Currently no land units are highly suitable (S1) and 31 and 66 percent area of 23519ha are falls under S2 and S3 category respectively. 1.33 percent land is unsuitable. If land condition is improved and updated from current physical suitability with appropriate management input, potential land suitability will be achieved. So after appropriate management, 17.3, 38.6 and 42.6 percent area computed under potentiality suitability class of S1, S2 and S3 respectively. This result of physical land suitability is combined for the socioeconomic land suitability evaluation. Environmental condition, social parameters and economic indicators were main criteria of study which were fragmented further into 15 sub criteria for evaluation within 85 LMU of study area. Pair-wise comparison using AHP process was carried out for importance judgment of the sub-criteria. The total out put is portrayed in the thematic maps. Final result of the multi-criteria land suitability evaluation show that more than 90 percent land area in Kathmandu can hold good vegetable cultivation. Together they can meet little above 70 percent demand of the Kathmandu valley. So, the result of this study hast to communicate to farmers to make full use of land potential also to land planners for better land use planning.
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Henderson, David Randolph. "Collected voices : echoes of harmony and discontent in the music of the Kathmandu Valley /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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PANT, MOHAN MOORTI. "A STUDY ON THE SPATIAL FORMATION OF KATHMANDU VALLEY TOWNS-THE CASE OF THIMI." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149798.
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Ghimire, Bhagabati Panday. "Vulnerability to HIV infection among female drug users in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a cross-sectional study." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/189358.
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Chaulagain, Hemchandra. "Assessment of response reduction factor of RC buildings in Kathmandu Valley using non-linear pushover analysis." Master's thesis, Purbanchal University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12681.
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Master of Engineering in EarthquakeThis study addresses the issue of response reduction factor which is used in modern codes to scale down the elastic response of the structure. The level of ductility and overstrength of RC buildings in Kathmandu valley are investigated. The ductility and overstrength factors are estimated by analyzing the buildings using non-linear pushover analysis for 12 engineered designed RC buildings of various characteristics representing a wide range of RC buildings in Kathmandu valley. Finally, the response reduction factor of RC building in Kathmandu valley is evaluated by using the relation of ductility and overstrength factor.
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Ranit, Chatterjee. "Post Disaster Recovery of Formal and Informal Businesses: Case Study of Kathmandu Valley after 2015 Nepal Earthquake." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232443.
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付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラムKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地球環境学)
甲第21242号
地環博第178号
新制||地環||35(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻
(主査)教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 小林 広英, 准教授 西前 出
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Cronin, Shannon. ""We Do Not Wait for the Government": An Evaluation of a Disaster Rebuilding Program in Kathmandu Valley." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707325/.
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Five years ago, a massive earthquake and its subsequent aftershocks rocked the core of Nepal. Recovery from these quakes has been a long and difficult process. This thesis will explore findings from a qualitative evaluation of Lumanti Support Group for Shelter, an NGO in Kathmandu, Nepal that implemented a residential reconstruction program in four peri-urban communities in Kathmandu Valley. These findings are a culmination of 26 semi-structured interviews and document analysis. This research highlights the processes of reconstruction and the forms of resistance that occurred through disaster governance.
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Upreti, Dilip. "Diet and nutritional assessment of people living with HIV/AIDS in Nepal (Kathmandu Valley and Terai Highway)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210142.
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Background Nutrition and food security are important for maintaining a strong immune system and good general heath of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The main aim of this study was to survey the nutritional status, habitual diet, dietary knowledge and demographic characteristics of PLHA in Nepal. A second aim of this study was to explore the voices of PLHA and policy level people on the current and possible future nutrition intervention programmes for PLHA in Nepal. Methods Using mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) research techniques, 601 (M: 314 and F: 287) HIV positive people from the Kathmandu valley and Terai highway regions of Nepal were recruited and completed the study. All participants completed an interviewer administered questionnaire. This questionnaire includes an assessment of habitual food intake using a newly developed and validated 45-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The validity of the FFQ was previously assessed against the 24-h multiple pass dietary recall in a sub-sample of the study population. Socio-economic and demographic information, dietary/nutritional knowledge, height, weight, waist circumferences and skinfold thickness were also collected. Finally, reported food intake was converted into energy and selected nutrient intakes (fat, protein, carbohydrate, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C) by linking with a newly compiled nutrient database of 116 food items for Nepal. Nutritional knowledge and perceptions of the current Nepalese nutritional supplementation and possible alternative interventions were explored using qualitative techniques. Four focus group discussions (FDG) and 11 in-depth interviews were carried out with PLHA and key local stakeholders respectively. Results The newly designed semi-quantitative FFQ can retrospectively assess the group mean intake for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, iron, carotene and vitamin C as there was no significant difference for reported intakes (all p > 0.2), but mean fat intake was significantly lower when determined by the FFQ than the 24-h recall (p < 0.001). The average age of participants was 33.8±6.4 years (mean ±SD) and 29% were classified as underweight (BMI < 18.5kg/m2). The study population typically ate a plant-based diet and intake of animal products was low, the energy intake of men and women was 1960±195 and 1880±261 kcal/d mean (±SD) respectively. Fat, protein and carbohydrate contributed 12%, 10% and 79% to total energy intake respectively. Iron and vitamin A intakes also tended to be lower than recommended, whereas vitamin C intake was satisfactory. Most participants (82%) believed that PLHA need a special diet but less than half of those reported changing their diet after diagnosis. A major reason for this was restricted income: 46% of participants reported being unable to afford sufficient food for the whole year, and 57% of those reported borrowing food for more than four months a year. Participants from FGD and in-depth interviews were not satisfied with the daily food and nutrient intake by HIV positive people. The Nepalese government currently provides a nutritional supplement for PLHA mainly for those who are on anti-retroviral treatment (ART). However, this was not satisfactory with the majority of volunteers reporting suffering negative health effects, including diarrhoea and vomiting, after consuming the supplement. Similarly, poor quality packaging, storage, delivery and lack of nutritional expertise and education were frequently reported problems for the proper implementation of the existing supplement. The participants suggested a nutrition intervention, based on a locally produced supplement, combined with dietary education and were highly motivated to support the development, implementation and evaluation of a new intervention. Conclusion Food and nutrient intakes by PLHA in Nepal were not adequate and did not meet dietary recommendations. Overall, the quality of the current nutritional supplement is poor and not suitable for ensuring maintenance of PLHA health. A nutrition intervention trial based on locally produced fortified mixed grain flour was favoured by PLHA and key stake holders. However, further research is needed to improve the nutritional status of PLHA in Nepal. Therefore, the evidence identified by this study could be used to inform the design of a new intervention. However, further research is recommended to clarify the issues.
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Maharjan, Ramesh. "Climate change and the importance of empowering citizens : Science teachers' beliefs about educational response in Nepal." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90451.
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Educational response to climate change is one of the measures to prepare people to combat climate change. This thesis explores the lived experiences of secondary Science teachers from Kathmandu Valley on the perception of climate change, the way they handled climate change issues in the classroom setting, the problems and challenges they came across in climate change communication in the classrooms and the relevance of existing secondary Science curriculum in relation to climate change. The thesis is built upon the study of secondary Science curriculum, relevant literature on climate change education and the interviews with secondary Science teachers, teaching Science at secondary level in different schools of Kathmandu Valley. The results showed that the teachers were convinced and concerned on the ongoing climate change and stressed on knowledge for climate change actions; they were found to introduce climate change issues contextually and relating to the topics like greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion they teach; lack of resources, exclusion of climate change in the secondary Science curriculum, their own limited knowledge on climate change, the unpractical theory and marks oriented educational system, and shifting of the responsibilities by the students hindered effective climate change communication in the classroom settings. The findings have been discussed in relation to social learning theory and relevant literature.
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Shrestha, Rupak Prasad. "Seasonal Migration and Circular Turmoil: A Geographic Narrative of Brick Factory Migrant Workers in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1438301572.
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Hurtig, Anna Karin. "A study of a service-linkage project between the public and private health sector in tuberculosis control, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395975.
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Chitrakar, Rajjan Man. "Transformation of public space in contemporary urban neighbourhoods of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: An investigation of changing provision, use and meaning." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/88934/1/Rajjan%20Man_Chitrakar_Thesis.pdf.
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This research examined the transformation of public space in contemporary urban neighbourhoods of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The development of neighbourhood public space remains a considerable challenge in the present changing context, with significant consequences for public life and social interaction. The findings will aid policy makers, urban planners and designers in addressing the adverse effects of the current urban growth and change, and in winning back public space for the well-being of the local community.
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Shrestha, Pooja. "Socio-cultural and spatial metamorphosis : a study of public open spaces in traditional urban centre and sprawled area of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2989.
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This thesis investigates the socio-cultural and spatial transformations of public open spaces by comparing such changes in the public open spaces of the traditional urban centre (TUC) and the sprawled area (SA) of the Kathmandu Valley, individually and in respect to each other over time, particularly during the recent period of suburbanisation. The public spaces in the Valley not only shape the image of the Valley but also help maintain the quality of life that is associated with Nepalese society. The urban form of the Valley that exists today is the result of progressive growth in the traditional settlements over different historical periods: Lichhavi, Malla, and Rana. During each of these periods, particular forms of open space developed in the Valley linked to socio-cultural patterns. The low density spread after the Rana period developed into an unprecedented urban growth and expansion in the contemporary period. This thesis examines the extent to which this growth is introducing new meanings in the open spaces. Hence, a mixed methods approach is used that involves a five-phased systematic approach, including archival study, surveys (denominative, perceptive, photographic, and graphical), questionnaires, and interviews for the analysis of public open spaces and their transformations. For this purpose, three different types of open spaces based on different use functions were selected as the case study open spaces in TUC and SA that form part of a wider study. A comparative study of market squares, neighbourhood squares and community squares was carried out in each TUC and SA. Furthermore, the archival study and interviews were conducted with institutional bodies for the analysis of policies on urban growth and open spaces. The research shows that public open spaces in both TUC and SA are undergoing socio-cultural and spatial transformations. The mono-cultural spaces of the past have become multi-cultural spaces. The significances of the spaces in both cases are associated with meanings attached to the physical settings (such as places of religious, commercial, social, and others) and their use, linked to their respective sensory perceptions (visual, smell, and sound) and the patterns of activities. The open spaces in both TUC and SA have structures that were added in recent years due to needs of society. Commercialization seems to be the predominant change in terms of activity in most of the case study open spaces, not common in the past (except market squares). It is also found that the cultures associated with most of the open spaces are still being preserved. The change in user groups, physical changes, and uses have affected the users of public open spaces either positively, negatively or both in TUC and SA. The interviews with the users show that ethnic pluralism has a strong role in the sense of community in both cases. However, a stronger community attachment is found in the users of TUC than SA. Open spaces in TUC and SA are given low priority in relation to infrastructural development in the government institutions. No clear and concrete guidelines or strategies have yet been introduced for preservation or management of existing as well as development of new open spaces at any level of the government due to ambiguous policies, weak co-ordination among different levels of government, and weak institutional capacity. Therefore, this thesis recommends an integrated approach that includes participation of all levels of government, CBOs including local clubs, and private sector for preparing plans and policies for managing open spaces. The method developed in this thesis also gives an opportunity for further research to explore whether similar findings prevail in public open spaces of other SAs of the Kathmandu Valley.
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Juramie, Anne-Claire. "Architecture et iconographie des temples de visnu dans la vallee de kathmandu, nepal." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030027.
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Petit pays coince entre les deux geants que sont l'inde au sud et la chine au nord, le nepal s'etend contre la chaine himalayenne. Situee en son centre, la vallee de kathmandu, centre politique et administratif et berceau intellectuel et culturel du pays, est une zone exceptionnellement riche en monuments (plus de 2 000). Son developpement economique et artistique resulte en grande partie de la position strategique qu'elle occupe - etape incontournable dans le trafic commercial transhimalayen et dont sa population a su tirer profit. Notre propos dans le present travail a ete de recenser et d'analyser un corpus consacre a une meme divinite, en l'occurrence visnu, en l'apprehendant a la fois aux niveaux architectural et iconographique, notre objectif etant de montrer la diversite des monuments et egalement de degager les solutions originales propres a la vallee de kathmandu. Notre etude s'articule en trois volets. Le premier presente la geographie, l'histoire et le panorama religieux de la vallee et replace ainsi les monuments dans un cadre plus general ; le second est constitue par l'analyse architecturale detaillee des cent-huit temples repertories comprenant en particulier une typologie basee sur le plan et sur l'elevation des edifices ; le troisieme enfin s'attache a l'analyse du decor ornemental et de l'iconographie de ces monuments et a leurs specificites.
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Leech, Charles Russell. "Tibetan Buddhist, Newari Buddhist interface in the Kathmandu Valley." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23885788.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves : 188-201).
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Mansberger, Joe R. "Ban Yatra : a bio-cultural survey of sacred forests in Kathmandu Valley." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9807.
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Rainey, Rochelle C. "Solar disinfection of drinking water : effectiveness in peri-urban households in Siddhipur Village, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30312.
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Bhandari, Sushil. "Urban change monitoring using GIS and remote sensing tools in Kathmandu valley (Nepal)." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/2731.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesThe urbanization pattern during the period of 1989 to 2006 of Kathmandu valley was studied using Landsat data. The main aims of the study were to apply Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing tools for the study of land use and land cover classification, change analysis and urban growth model for 2019 of the Kathmandu valley. The study also reviewed population growth and urbanization trends in connection with increasing built up areas leading to the environmental degradation. The population growth and urbanization trend of Kathmandu valley was the highest among other cities in Nepal. Principal component analysis was applied to spectrally enhance images to get the better image classification results. Images were classified in six land use and land cover classes using supervised classification and maximum likelihood algorithm which were then re-classed into built up and non-built up to focus on urbanization. The analysis showed that the built up area had grown up to 134% in 2006 since 1989. The assessed overall accuracies for the classification of three images were between 86 to 89 percentages. Cellular Automata Markov (CA_MARKOV) and GEOMOD modeling programs were used to project the 2006 and then 2019 land use and land cover classes. The 2019 land use and land covers was projected after satisfactory validation of projected 2006 land classes resulting with Kappa more than 0.55 up to 0.75. The future projection of land classes did not show that the urban growth will have significant effects to the designated areas. However, there will be some effects in water bodies. The Landsat images along with other ancillary data proved to be useful for the overall study.
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Baniya, Nabarath [Verfasser]. "Land suitability evaluation using GIS for vegetable crops in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal / Nabarath Baniya." 2008. http://d-nb.info/991230582/34.
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Thapa, Sushil. "Exploring the impact of urban growth on land surface temperature of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/34223.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesKathmandu is experiencing rapid urban growth since last few decades. Cities are expanding across the countryside at the expense of productive land. Such urban sprawl has incurred adverse environmental consequences affecting quality of life of urban residents in the valley. Recently, Kathmandu has been identified to be on the verge of climate change, especially in the context of urban warming. Thus exploring the impact of urban growth on land surface temperature could be an effective means to unveil environmental issues caused by anthropogenic activities. This can be useful for the urban planners in urban planning and management as well as to raise public awareness regarding urban warming effect. Advancement in thermal Remote Sensing, GIS and statistical procedure has enabled monitoring land surface temperature and its correlation to land use and land cover. To analyze such relationship, we performed supervised classification and change detection to determine the spatial trend of land use and land cover change. After that we obtained the spatial pattern of LST using thermal band of Landsat images. Then we applied regression analysis to explore the relationship between surface temperature and land surface characteristics including both land use land cover types and land use and land cover indices. Based upon our analysis, we found that urban area has increased considerably by 259% during the period 1988-2014. The surface temperatures were found to be greater for bare soil and urban land use types. The regression analysis showed positive correlation between urban growth and LST. Finally we found LULC indices based approach better than LULC class for LST prediction.
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K, C. Gaurab. "Why people build the way they build : a study of houses in Dannchhi, Kathmandu Valley." 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1629789.
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Most valued literature on the Nepali built environment draws our attention to the easily definable extremes of vernacular buildings and architecture. These categories are considered pure and exclusive: architecture is considered modern, designed and executed by professionals. Vernacular buildings are built by ordinary people without the help of formal experts such as architects. Vernacular strictly belongs to the place, to its past and untouched by foreign influences, while modern architecture can help transform traditional societies into modern societies that resemble the advanced-west. While these concepts may hold true at the extremes –or in regard to their core values-- most of the built environment belongs to the “gray” area or the liminal space in-between these, and are hybrids with multiple influences. This thesis concerns the production of spaces and building practices by ordinary people, particularly in rural Nepal who are increasingly influenced by western and other modernity. This thesis is an investigation into this ordinary architecture, the “in-between.” It asks what people build, how they build and why? The study, which follows these broad questions, is an inquiry into the lives of the ordinary people in a rural setting and it investigates the nature of ordinary building practices. It attempts to understand how people and their lives connect to the built environment and how the local is connected to the global and other places outside local and national boundaries.Department of Architecture
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kiros, filimon. "Variability of Anthropogenic Gases: Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone and Ammonia in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." 2017. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/514.
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Background: Kathmandu Valley is one of the largest and most polluted metropolitan regions in the Himalayan foothills. Rapidly expanding urban sprawl and growing fleet of vehicles, and industrial facilities such as brick factories across the valley have led to conditions where ambient concentrations of key gaseous air pollutants are expected to exceed Nepal’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards and World Health Organization guidelines.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to quantify the distribution of gaseous pollutants across the valley characterized by different emission sources, and also assess influence of meteorology in the region on the temporal variability and spatial distribution of these gases, including differences at sites upwind and/or downwind of three major cities in the Kathmandu Valley.
Methods: In order to understand the spatial variation of the trace gases in the Kathmandu Valley, passive samples of SO2, NOx, NO2, NH3, and O3 were simultaneously collected from fifteen locations between March and May 2013. A follow-up study during two separate campaigns in 2014 sampled these gases, except ammonia, one site at a time from thirteen urban, suburban and rural stationary sites.
Results: In 2013, urban sites were observed to have higher weekly averaged NO2 and SO2 (22.4 ± 8.1 µg/m3 and 14.5 ± 11.1 µg/m3, respectively) than sub-urban sites (9.2 ± 3.9 µg/m3 and 7.6 ± 2.8 µg/m3, respectively). Regions located within 3 km of brick factories exhibited higher SO2 concentrations (22.3 ± 14.7 µg/m3) than sites at least than 3 km away (5.8 ± 1.1 µg/m3). Increased NH3 levels were observed at sites downstream from polluted rivers (25.8 ± 5.5 µg/m3) compared to upstream sites (19.9 ± 3.6 µg/m3). Increased O3 was observed in rural locations (108.5 ± 31.4 µg/m3) compared to urban sites (87.1 ± 9.2 µg/m3) (ANOVA, p
Conclusions: Parallel to previous studies that found O3 levels that exceeded guideline, these results suggest that ground-level O3, as its levels frequently exceeded guidelines throughout the sampling periods, is an important concern throughout the valley. NH3 near polluted rivers, NO2 near high traffic activity and SO2 around brick factories are also important pollutants that need more intensive monitoring, primarily due to their importance in particulate matter formation chemistry.
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Weiler, Katharina Maria Lucia [Verfasser]. "The neoclassical residences of the Newars in Nepal : transcultural flows in the early 20th century architecture of the Kathmandu Valley / vorgelegt von Katharina Maria Lucia Weiler." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1003793134/34.
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