Relevant bibliographies by topics / Kaunda

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Kaunda'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Kaunda"

1

Kydd, Jonathan. "Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010454.

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In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to find and use foreign exchange.– Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister, replying to a question in the National Assembly, August 1986.Zambia's cardinal mistake was to subsidise consumption for a long time, thereby delaying diversification.– Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, May 1986.The economic reform programme has begun to succeed: devaluation has stimulated exports.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1936, Opening the 21st U.N.I.P. National Council Meeting.It was not socialist principles which ruined the Zambian economy, but unfavourable economic terms which the North has imposed on the South…I have no power…we agreed to the IMF reform programme much against out better judgement.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1986, interviewed by Swedish, West German, and Cuban journalists.
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2

Kirkman, W. P. "Kenneth Kaunda: a forward-looking internationalist." Round Table 110, no. 4 (July 4, 2021): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2021.1956750.

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3

SCHLER, LYNN. "DILEMMAS OF POSTCOLONIAL DIPLOMACY: ZAMBIA, KENNETH KAUNDA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST CRISIS, 1964–73." Journal of African History 59, no. 1 (March 2018): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000731.

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AbstractThis article examines Zambia's engagement with the Middle East conflict from 1964–73 as a window into the political strategies and ideological ambitions of Kaunda's government in the first decade of independence. At the start of independence, Kaunda's domestic agenda led him to establish ties with Israel and to advance a program for cooperative development based on Israeli technical assistance. However, broader international concerns, filtered through the struggle against white minority regimes in southern Africa, ultimately led Kaunda to embrace a leadership role in international protests against Israel's policies towards its neighboring states. Zambia's foray into Middle East diplomacy in the first decade of independence enables a focused examination of Kaunda's presence in the international arena, while also revealing the compromises he made in the face of conflicting interests. Zambia's role in the Middle East conflict highlights this era as a time of confidence and claim-making by African leaders, but also one of concessions.
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4

Kanduza, Ackson M. "Steve Biko and Kenneth Kaunda: Sampling youth in history." New Contree 62 (November 30, 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v62i0.346.

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The paper examines history from the perspective of the youth as a marginalized social group in most societies. They are young, lacking influential skills and preparing for imagined futures. The paper argues that youth do not often use the democratic power embedded in numbers. The paper advances to show that history as selected speculation, fails to empower the youth in not explaining that major historical eras emerged from political challenges that the youth initiated and led. The author take the case of Steve Biko from South Africa and Kenneth Kaunda from Zambia to demonstrate the historical foundations of changes that came later in their respective states. During their youth Biko and Kaunda entered politics and precipitated changes of an enduring nature. When borrowing from Kaunda, Biko argued that respect for human dignity and freedoms laid foundations for struggles that improved social values and justice by rejecting colonial systems. It is further argued that comparative studies of people during their youth could improve quality of historical studies or learning, and appeal to young people to develop interest in history, and historical research.
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5

Scarritt, James R. "President Kenneth Kaunda's Annual Address to the Zambian National Assembly: a Contextual Content Analysis of Changing Rhetoric, 1965–83." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1987): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00007655.

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Most writers on Zambia are agreed that President Kenneth Kaunda has grown more powerful over the last two decades by having learned to deal with changing circumstances, and that he has developed a unique position as an able and trusted mediator among political factions. There is also a consensus among those authors, however, that Kaunda's powers are rather severely constrained by the bourgeoisie-in-formation, by the weakening of the governing United National Independence Party (U.N.I.P.), by a declining economy, and by a difficult international environment, and that these limitations are growing stronger as time passes despite his ideological initiative in formulating what is known as ‘Zambian Humanism’.1
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6

Tembo, Mwizenge S., and Patrick Wele. "Kaunda and the Mushala Rebellion: The Untold Story." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 23, no. 3 (1989): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485212.

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7

Wilson, Donald. "Kaunda and Southern Africa: image and reality in foreign policy." International Affairs 69, no. 2 (April 1993): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621696.

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8

Dixon-Fyle, Mac, and Munyonzwe Hamalengwa. "Class Struggles in Zambia and the Fall of Kenneth Kaunda." International Journal of African Historical Studies 26, no. 2 (1993): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219556.

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9

Zaffiro, James J., Stephen Chan, Richard J. Payne, and Paul-Henri Bischoff. "Kaunda and Southern Africa: Image and Reality in Foreign Policy." African Studies Review 38, no. 1 (April 1995): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/525493.

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10

Anthony, Kanu, Ikechukwu. "Kenneth Kaunda and the Quest for an African Humanist Philosophy." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/114.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kaunda"

1

Simakole, Brutus Mulilo. "Political autobiography, nationalist history and national heritage: the case of Kenneth Kaunda and Zambia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5572_1375971963.

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The research for this thesis started off as a long academic essay that sought to review a 1970s biography of Kenneth Kaunda.1 In its original focus, the study aimed at evaluating the work on the narrations of Kenneth Kaunda&rsquo
s life from a theoretical and critical perspective. Specifically it sought to evaluate the biography for its theoretical and methodological approaches, its attention to issues of sources, archives, narrative and history. In addition, it aimed at locating the biography in relation to debates over biography and history in South Africa. As I began my research for the long essay, it soon became apparent that the biography of Kenneth Kaunda ended its narration in 1964 and yet it was published ten years later in 1974. By ending its &lsquo
coverage&rsquo
of the narrations of Kenneth Kaunda&rsquo
s life in 1964, it seemed obvious that its coverage was in many ways similar to his autobiography that was published in 1962.2 The ending of the biography&rsquo
s coverage in 1964 thus seemed rather abrupt as it precluded any representations of the subject in the post 1964 period in which he had become President of Zambia. Kenneth Kaunda was 
resident of Zambia for nearly three decades (1964-1991) having led the &lsquo
final&rsquo
phase of the nationalist struggle for Independence through the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Surely, I surmised, the meanings of Kenneth Kaunda&rsquo
s life as nationalist leader, as presented in most of his biography, would differ from those of him as 
President? Upon evaluating the biography, it seemed to be a largely chronological and descriptive rather analytical account of the subject&rsquo
s life. However, what made it profound to me was the ways in which it entwined the narratives of Kenneth Kaunda&rsquo
s life with the events, dates 1 The biography of Kenneth Kaunda by Fergus Macpherson was the subject of the long essay. See Fergus Macpherson, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia: The Times and the Man (Lusaka: Oxford University Press, 1974). 2 Kenneth D. Kaunda, Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann Educational Books 
td, 1962). and activities of the history of the Zambian nation. Some accounts inadvertently referred to this interconnection by referring to Kenneth Kaunda as the &lsquo
founder of Zambia&rsquo
. My 
 
exposure to various other debates around the production of history in the public domain such as through museums and national heritage sites or monuments prompted me to consider undertaking a study of the post-1964 historiography of Kenneth Kaunda. Rather than attempting to fill Kenneth Kaunda&rsquo
s post-1964 historiographical gap with a chronological account of his political life, I wanted to trace the narratives of Kenneth Kaunda&rsquo
s life in connection with the production of history in different domains in Zambia. This thesis thus aims at examining the political auto/biographical narrations of Kenneth Kaunda in relation to the production of nationalist history and national heritage in Zambia in the years following the country&rsquo
s Independence in 1964.4 One of the key questions that this study sought to engage with was: how did the &lsquo
representations&rsquo
of Kenneth Kaunda influence the ways in which Zambia&rsquo
s post-independence nationalist history and national heritage were produced? In seeking to provide an answer to the question, the study evaluated the auto/biography of Kenneth Kaunda itself, as well as how it reflects in the history texts utilised in Zambian schools and in history in the public domain through national heritage sites or monuments and museum exhibitions. The thesis will show that in Zambia, the auto/biography of Kenneth Kaunda has acquired significance through history as school lesson and as history in the public domain, through the production of national heritage sites and museum exhibitions.

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2

Pistorius, Zelma. "Entrepreneurship competence of economic management science teachers in the Kenneth Kaunda District / Pistorius Z." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7274.

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The disproportionately high unemployment figures for the youth highlight the importance of finding alternative ways of increasing youth participation in the economy. According to the Western Cape Youth Report there are four major factors that have been identified as having a significant influence on the entrepreneurial environment in South Africa, especially as this relates to the youth, namely education and training; social and cultural norms; access to finance and the regulatory environment. Recent data compilations show that many poor and non–poor people in many developing countries face a high degree of financial exclusion and high barrier in access to finance. Although access to finance is a perennial problem for all small businesses, the youth are particularly vulnerable to this limitation. Many extremely poor households operate their own businesses, but do so without ample means. A particularly pernicious problem is that the school system is not producing functionally literate students. For many years financial literacy has been neglected. There was also general agreement that people should be equipped with social skills, but financial literacy was not necessarily included as one of these skills. Many school–leavers do not have sufficient literacy, numeracy and livelihood skills to be able to participate actively in the economy. Pilot initiatives revealed that students often enter university with little knowledge of how to work out a weekly budget or manage money. Many of them in receipt of bursaries and other financial support soon run out of money and lead a hand–to–mouth existence. A comprehensive and well co–ordinated approach to youth entrepreneurship is needed to increase the chances of success for start–ups as well as the chances of existing businesses to progressing from “micro” to fully–fledged small and medium–sized entities. The main objective was to research the entrepreneurship competencies, skills and knowledge of the EMS teacher who will be instrumental in promoting entrepreneurship under the youth of the country. To meet the research objectives a qualitative approach was selected and a questionnaire was used as the survey instrument. A new questionnaire was developed to assess respondents’ perceptions of the importance of entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and training in teaching EMS. The responses received were analysed and assessed and the findings are embodied in the recommendations and proposals of this dissertation. This study is of interest to policy makers, educational institutions and schools as well as to the Department of Education. The results of the study are intended to encourage the Department of Education to make a serious effort to promote entrepreneurship competence, knowledge and skills of primary school teachers.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Diedericks, Melvin. "A proposed water sector plan for the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality / M. Diedericks." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9647.

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The recent reform of potable water service provisioning by means of the promulgation of the Water Services Act 108 of 1997 and the National Water Act 36 of 1998 in South Africa has started a process of addressing the imbalance that existed in regard to how the national resource was being distributed. Water is now recognised as a scarce resource that belongs to all the people of the country. Consequently, it should be managed in an integrated way for social and economic development – including future growth (Fuggle & Rabie, 2005:293; Reimann, Chimboza & Fubesi, 2012:446). What is required is an attitude that incorporates a sensitivity in the careful cognisance and management of ―the aggregate of surrounding objects, conditions, and influences that impact on the life and habits of man, or any other organism or collection of organisms (South Africa, 1989). The provision of potable water by water services authorities (WSAs) is an important basic service that faces a number of challenges, such as the use of an outdated infrastructure, the lack of skilled and knowledgeable people, improper planning, and the booming population that places overt pressure on the demand for service delivery. This study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate how a municipality – which is forced to obtain its potable water supply from nearby surface and groundwater catchments, could manage this supply in a more effective, efficient, equitable, economic and sustainable manner by means of improved co-operative governance and intergovernmental relations. The key motivation was thus to develop a plan that would manage water resources more effectively on strategic, tactical and operational levels within government structures and to assist in realising integrated water resources management (IWRM). The proposed plan could be used to develop a shared vision for the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality (Dr KKDM) municipal area of responsibility; and to provide an overview of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats regarding the management of water resources. A qualitative research design was used to conduct the study, which included a literature review, semi-structured interviews, data sampling and scientific analysis of responses. Furthermore, a case-study approach was followed by the researcher, with Dr KKDM as the unit of analysis (the locus).
Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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4

Bezuidenhout, Sharon Sylvia. "Guidelines for the implementation of performance appraisal in clinics in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District / Bezuidenhout S.S." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7330.

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The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 (SA, 1996) makes provision for all citizens to receive quality health care. Legislation such as the White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service of 1995, (SA, 1995a), the White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery (Batho Pele) (SA, 1997b), the Public Service Act 103 of 1994, as amended (SA, 1994), the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (SA, 1995b) and the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (SA, 1998) enshrines this right for all citizens by ensuring that health authorities put measures in place to improve the performance of nurse employee (NE), and thus ensuring quality health care. NE are only able to improve the quality of their performance, if their performance is systematically appraised and their potential for development is identified. However, researchers, for instance Du Plessis (2002:116), Nkosi (2002:37–44), Narcisse and Harcourt (2008:1154), Thompson et al. (1999:139), Fletcher (2001:473) studied the perceptions and experiences of employees and managers of performance appraisal (PA) and these studies indicated that there is a gap in the implementation of PA. The Performance Management and Development System (PMDS) policy (Policy no. NWPG 13) was implemented in the North West public health sector in clinics and hospitals in 2004 to provide guidelines for the implementation of PA. This policy is reviewed annually since it was first drafted. However the researcher’s personal experience with PA in practice was that there is a gap between the process provided by the PMDS policy (Policy no. NWPG 13) and the implementation thereof in the North West public health sector. This led to the following research questions: how is PA implemented from the perspectives of nurse line managers (NLM) and NE in clinics in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District (KKD) and what guidelines can be developed to improve the implementation of PA in clinics in the KKD? The study aimed to develop guidelines to improve the implementation of PA in clinics in the KKD. The study had a cross–sectional quantitative design with exploratory, descriptive and contextual research strategies. Two questionnaires: one for NLM and the other for NE were developed from section 13.4.4 and 13.4.5 of the PMDS policy (Policy no. NWPG 13 amendment approved for 2008–2009 performance cycle) (SA, 2007), to explore and describe the perceptions of NLM and NE on the implementation of PA in clinics in the KKD. Twenty–three problems were identified from the empirical research with regard to communication, feedback and participation in PA, which served as the evidence base towards developing guidelines to improve the implementation of PA in clinics in the KKD. The guidelines were developed using inductive and deductive reasoning and were based on the ten–point plan of Juran. Finally the research was evaluated, limitations were identified and recommendations were formulated for practice, education, management, research and policy.
Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Van, der Westhuizen Anje. "Documentation of medicine logistics in primary health care clinics in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district / van der Westhuizen A." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8184.

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Health systems throughout the globe face challenges with rising drug costs, decisions regarding the implementation of new drug therapies or using conventional drug therapies, access to drugs across different income groups and geographical barriers (Govindaraj et al., 2000:5; Wiedenmayer et al., 2006:6). South Africa is an upper middle income developing country with an estimated population of 50.59 million, facing major challenges in the health sector (WHO, 2011:170; Engelbrecht & Crisp, 2010:18; Stats SA, 2011:2; Dambisya & Modipa, 2009:4). In South Africa the second largest expenditure item in the health system is medicine (DOH, 2011:68). Managing drug supply is essential and managers should focus on procurement, selection, distribution and use to ensure uninterrupted supply. The general objective of this study was to investigate the current documentation systems in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district regarding medicine logistics. A mixed method study was done to record information using survey forms and doing observations in primary health care clinics and community health care centres within the DKK district. The research period was from 1 January 2010 until 31 March 2012. The results revealed that the availability of pre–selected essential drugs within PHC clinics were above 80% except for ibuprofen tablets that were only available in 68% of the clinics. Clinic managers indicated that the majority of the required services are rendered within clinics in the DKK district. Twenty seven of the thirty four services mentioned in the research study were provided in 77% of the clinics. Daily clinic registers are used in 55% of the clinics to capture patient information. According to the results, 53.85% administration clerks, 42.31% professional nurses and 7.7% health councillors are responsible for completing patient registers upon entering the clinic. The results revealed that recorded patient information is used for statistical purposes (67%) and DHIS (25%). The results revealed that professional nurses within the DKK are responsible for dispensing medicines, and SOP?s for dispensing are used in 70% of these clinics. The results also revealed that 80% of registered nurses are responsible for maintaining the Abstract (continued) ii medicine room. According to the results, medication is stored in the medicine rooms (30%), consulting rooms (27%) and store rooms (5%). Results revealed that 75% of clinics used standard operating procedures to order their medicine stock and are managed by 23% of sub–district pharmacists, 35% of professional nurses and 40% of clinic managers. The results revealed that minimum and maximum drug estimations, stock cards, frequent stock checking and limiting access to medicine/store rooms to ensure optimum stock levels. The results also revealed that 88% of the clinics in the DKK district had no computer systems. Sub–district pharmacists play an essential role in monitoring budgets, supplying essential medicine, improving quality of care, managing expired stock and visiting clinics on a routine basis. The limitations for this study were stipulated and recommendations for further research regarding medicine logistics were also made.
Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Tšeole, Molise Paul. "Performance management systems implementation challenges in South African municipalities :|bthe case of Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality / M.P. Tšeole." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9709.

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In the accomplishment of good governance South African municipalities need to develop measurable objectives related to performance measures and targets that capture strategically important aspects of performance. This allows performance to be easily monitored and aligned with municipal Integrated Development Plans (IDPs). Performance information should be used in conjunction with strategic planning, budgeting, policy analysis and evaluations, organisational reviews and performance appraisals for the managers. This is necessary in order to improve performance and for assuring the public that they are receiving value for money. A Performance Management System (PMS) is the principal management mechanism intended to determine outcomes and impact of municipal service delivery on the communities they are commissioned by legislation to service. The PMS measures should always be relevant, meaningful and informative to political and administrative decision-makers. The data gathered from the PMS should be presented in a balanced, comprehensive and credible manner. The aim of this study is to analyse the challenges that influence the implementation of the local government PMS in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. The analysis entails identifying the challenges, evaluating them and then suggesting possible solutions to the challenges.
Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Brazer, Peter Jacobus. "Institutional capacity of the South African Police Service for disaster risk reduction in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district municipality / Brazer, P.J." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6985.

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The South African Police Service's (SAPS) main responsibility, according to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, is to protect and safeguard the inhabitants of South Africa. The SAPS had to adjust to different regime changes as occurred both before 1994 and after 1994. The main aim of the previous dispensation was to deliver a service to a minority of the population. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, Act 57 of 1996 changed the face of Government. The new dispensation brought on after 1994 was that every person in this country has a right to receive service from National, Provincial and Local Government. The change from the old dispensation to the new caused a vacuum between the different Government departments in terms of disaster risk reduction. To bridge this gap, the Cabinet in 1997 established the Inter–Ministerial Committee on Disaster Management (IMC). This resulted in a Cabinet resolution to follow international trends and take a new look at the whole concept of civil protection. The Inter–Ministerial processes consulted a wide array of stakeholders in South Africa and this led to the publishing of the Green Paper on Disaster Management in February 1998. The Green Paper, which highlighted the need for a holistic mechanism for the management of disasters in South Africa, was followed in the following year by the White Paper process and in January 1999, for the first time, South Africa had a national policy on the management of disasters. The newly elected democratic government resolved to move away from traditional thinking that nothing could be done to prevent disasters. They developed strategies in line with global trends by integrating risk reduction methodologies into development initiatives, to build resilience in households, communities and areas known to be at risk. The SAPS role in the Civil Protection Act, Act 67 of 1977, was limited merely to giving help and assistance as requested by National, Provincial and Local Government. The Disaster Management Act, Act 57 of 2002, emphasises the multi–disciplinary and multi–sectoral role of disaster risk management in South Africa. The South African Police has had to adapt to these changes. Local Government and all relevant role–players and disaster risk management structures' main responsibility is to protect and safeguard South African citizens. The SAPS' role and responsibility must be incorporated into existing disaster risk management structures, yet the application of disaster risk management within the SAPS itself is also crucial. The purpose of the study was to explore what is expected from the SAPS in terms of disaster risk management, and to compare it with what is actually happening at the frontline. The SAPS can only fully participate in disaster risk management functions if the SAPS understands its own role and functions itself. This study's aim was to identify any shortcomings internally which prevented the SAPS from achieving its rightful place in the disaster risk management realm using the geographical area of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality as the focus area of the research. The qualitative research focus of this mini–dissertation necessitated that the researcher use semi–structured interviews (face–to–face or telephonically) in order to explore, define and obtain the data relevant to the research. Interviews with officials who are daily deployed on the frontline revealed information about their needs and frustrations experienced with the present approach to disaster risk management in the SAPS. Information collected from the interviews was grouped and analysed, key concepts were identified and received attention. Constant comparisons were drawn between the experience received from the frontline officials in the SAPS and the theory underlying this study. The research found that the SAPS in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality area is not up to standard in its approach to disaster risk management and its needed institutional capacity. The SAPS spends most of its time, funds, and resources on its primary function. Disaster risk reduction and institutional capacity development for disaster risk management will become part of the SAPS' duties in its daily activities. Structures and policies are needed in the SAPS to achieve such success. The research recommends that if the SAPS wants to establish itself as a role–player in the disaster risk management realm, attention must be given to the development and establishment of structures and policies. Structures and policies will bring all the SAPS disaster risk management role–players into line with the requirements of the disaster risk management legislation and policy, and will lead to a uniform approach to disaster risk management in the SAPS within the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. Mr Mandela (1994: 202), in his inauguration speech as the first democratically elected black President of South Africa emphasised: “The truth is that we are not yet free; we have merely achieved the freedom to be free, the right not be oppressed. I have walked a long road to freedom. But I discovered that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom come responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended”. Disaster Risk Management in the SAPS can be seen as one of these processes which never will be for finalised, but needs constant focus and effort to be successful.
Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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8

Van, der Merwe Carla. "Die stand van sportafrigting in prioriteitsportsoorte by skole in die Dr. Kenneth Kaunda streek van die Noordwes Provinsie / C. van der Merwe." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9226.

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Professionalism in sport and the standard of world-class performance is on the rise. The development of a country's sporting potential therefore is crucial (Martindale et al., 2007:187). In South African schools, sport is widely regarded as the basis of elite sport (Rajput & Van Deventer, 2010:159). Teacher-coaches are in most cases responsible for the development potential of this sport. These coaches are often not properly trained, while the most knowledgeable coaches are used at elite level (SASKOK 2011b:12). The aim of this study was to determine the current state of teacher-coaches’ sport-specific training and playing- and coaching experience regarding sport coaching. Fifty four (54) schools om the Kenneth Kaunda district in the North-West Province of South Africa were available for this study. Questionnaires by Vosloo (2007) and Camire (2012) were adapted for use in this study. One hundred and forty-four (144) questionnaires were used in the compilation of the results. The Epi-info program was used to capture the data. For analysing the data, frequency tables and cross-tabulations were used to obtain statistical (p≤0.05) and practical (Cramer’s V-value) significance. Only six (6) of the twelve (12) priority sports codes have a significant amount of sport-specific trained teacher-coaches. Most sport-specific training was completed more than five (5) years ago. In most sports codes the majority of teacher-coaches have less than 10 years’ combined coaching- and participation experience. The transfer of quality coaching knowledge between coaches is questionable. It is mostly teacher-coaches with less than 10 years’ experience that do not attempt to improve their coaching skills. Teacher-coaches in general also use few methods to improve their coaching skills. Sport-specific training is needed in all types of schools (especially township- and farm schools) and in all priority sports codes. These teacher-coaches also require quality coaching mentors as well as exceptional and current sport-specific information.
TheThesis (MSc (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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9

Dipale, Floyd Modikwe. "The relationship between participation in sport and academic achievement in grade 10 and 11 learners in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District / F.M. Dipale." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4710.

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The purpose of this research was to determine whether adolescents who participate in sport perform better academically in comparison to their non–participating counterparts. An availability sample of 210 learners between 14 and 24 years from a secondary school in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District took part in this research. The participants were assessed by a Biographical Questionnaire adapted from Mpshe (1996); an adapted version of The Physical Activity Index of Sharkey (1979); the General Scholastic and Aptitude Test (GSAT)(Claassen, De Beer, Hugo & Meyer,1998); The revised two–factor Study Process Questionnaire: R–SPQ–2F of Biggs (1987a, 1987b); The Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale (RSES), Rosenberg (1965); an adapted version of The Self–concept and Motivation Questionnaire of Bester (2003), and The Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) Scales of Ryff (1989). To obtain an overview of the participants’ academic performance, averages obtained in the June 2010 examinations in the four compulsory learning areas, i.e. Setswana First Language, English First Additional Language, Life Orientation and either Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy, were calculated. A significant relationship between sport participation and academic performance was yielded by a cross–tabulation with a practical significance of 0.09. Univariate regression models with academic performance as dependent variable and the following variables as independent variables were calculated as separate models, namely: IQ, Deep approach and Surface Approach as dimensions of the R–SPQ–2F, Motivation, Self–esteem and Psychological well–being. Only self–esteem was found to significantly predict academic performance. A further analysis using an interaction between sport participation and self–esteem did not yield a significant finding. It was concluded that it is important that Educational planners should take cognisance of the literature and research findings of this study. In future studies bigger samples can be used and the interaction between cognitive, non–cognitive and sociodemographic variables in the prediction of academic performance can be studied.
Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Paul, John Mussa. "Analysis of community-based coping and adaptation strategies to climate variability and change for sustainable rural livelihoods : a case study of Kaunda Village in T/A Simlemba, Kasungu District, Malawi." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012322.

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Rural communities in Malawi are experiencing adverse climatic hazards which are attributed to climate variability and change. The frequent events being experienced include floods, dry spells and seasonal droughts. Rural livelihoods are severely affected because of their sensitivity to these phenomena. The research has analyzed community-based coping and adaptation strategies for sustainable livelihoods among the rural poor in Kaunda village, T/A Simlemba in Kasungu district, Malawi. The research data was collected from groups of male and female participants which also included a group of traditional leaders living in the area. The study used Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods such as Focus Group Discussions using the associated tools of resource mapping, transect walks, timelines and livelihood ranking to collect the data. The research findings have revealed that the major climate events experienced in Kaunda village are seasonal droughts and dry spells which have significantly impacted agriculture as a major livelihood activity in Malawi. The study has also revealed the community-based coping and adaptation strategies employed by the people. Recommendations made in this study have highlighted the need to support vulnerable rural communities with resilient and secure livelihoods.
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Books on the topic "Kaunda"

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Brownrigg, Philip. Kenneth Kaunda. Lusaka: Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1989.

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Mwanakatwe, J. M. End of Kaunda era. Lusaka, Zambia: Multimedia Zambia, 1994.

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Chan, Steve. Kaunda and Southern Africa. London: British AcademicPress, 1992.

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Wele, Patrick. Kaunda and Mushala rebellion. Lusaka: Multimedia Publications, 1987.

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Chisala, Beatwell S. The downfall of President Kaunda. Lusaka, Zambia: B.S. Chisala, 1994.

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Chan, Stephen. Zambia and the decline of Kaunda, 1984-1998. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.

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Copperbelt University. Institute of Consultancy, Applied Research, and Extension, ed. Land policy and reform: The Moses Kaunda memorial lectures. Kitwe, Zambia: Copperbelt University, Institute of Consultancy, Applied Research & Extension Studies, 2001.

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A, Ranganathan M. The political philosophy of President Kenneth D. Kaunda of Zambia. Lusaka: Kenneth Kaunda Foundation, 1986.

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Hamalengwa, M. Class struggles in Zambia, 1889-1989 & the fall of Kenneth Kaunda, 1990-1991. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1992.

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Utrio, Kaari. Bella Donna: Kaunis nainen kautta aikojen. Helsinki: Tammi, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Kaunda"

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Adebajo, Adekeye. "Kenneth Kaunda: Farewell to Zambia's Founding Father." In Global Africa, 68–71. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032667218-15.

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Warmer, Christoph, and Sören Weber. "kaufDA." In Mission: Startup, 129–42. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06653-6_9.

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Herics, Werner. "I glaub, daitsch kauna net gschait, oba Fuaßboll spüln kauna!" In Vom Kommen und Gehen, 195–99. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205212775.195.

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Sauthoff, Patricia. "Kaula." In Hinduism and Tribal Religions, 1–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_547-1.

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Sauthoff, Patricia. "Kaula." In Hinduism and Tribal Religions, 765–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1188-1_547.

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Amery, Rob. "Revitalization of Kaurna." In The Routledge Handbook of Language Revitalization, 330–41. New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315561271-42.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "kaudal, auch: caudalis, caudale." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 296. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5558.

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Pflitsch, Andreas. "Kaunī, Ibrāhīm al-." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_1532-1.

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Pflitsch, Andreas. "Kaunī, Ibrāhīm al-: al-Maǧūs." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–2. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_1533-1.

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Modery, Ulrike, and Muhammet Karatas. "Praxiseinblick: Die KAUSA-Servicestelle Region Stuttgart." In Integration im Sozialraum, 355–68. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28202-8_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Kaunda"

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Garcia, Johan, Emmanuel Conchon, Tanguy Pérennou, and Anna Brunstrom. "KauNet." In the 1st international workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1247721.1247726.

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Brazienė, Agnė, Jonė Venclovienė, Audrius Dėdelė, and Rūta Babarskienė. "KIETŲJŲ DALELIŲ POVEIKIS ARTERINĖS HIPERTENZIJOS PAŪMĖJIMUI." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.01.

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Aplinkos oro tarša kietosiomis dalelėmis yra aktuali ir vis didėjanti šių dienų problema, tikėtina, susijusi su arterinio kraujo spaudimo padidėjimu bei arterinės hipertenzijos išsivystymu. Tyrimas atliktas Kaune 2009–2011 m., analizei naudota paros kietųjų dalelių ≤10 μm koncentracijos, meteorologiniai rodiklių bei Kauno miesto greitosios medicinos pagalbos iškvietimų į namus dėl arterinės hipertenzijos paūmėjimo duomenys. Paros kietųjų dalelių vidurkiai buvo nustatyti naudojant Kauno regiono aplinkos apsaugos departamento ir miesto savivaldybės ekologinio monitoringo stočių duomenis. Tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti aplinkos oro taršos poveikį kietosiomis dalelėmis arterinės hipertenzijos paūmėjimui, atsižvelgiant į iškvietimo laiką. Naudojome daugiaveiksnę Puasono regresiją, kietųjų dalelių poveikis vertintas standartizuotu rizikos santykiu su 95 % pasikliautinaisiais intervalais, kontroliuojant sezoniškumo, savaitės dienos, oro temperatūros, drėgmės, slėgio ir, vėjo greičio įtaką. Padidėjus vidutinei praėjusios savaitės po iškvietimo kietųjų dalelių koncentracijai 17 μ/m3 (interkvartiliniu rangu), iškvietimo dėl arterinės hipertenzijos paūmėjimo popietinėmis valandomis rizika padidėjo 1,04 karto (RS = 1,04, 95 % PI 1,00-1,08 p = 0,047). Esant dviejų parų vidutinei kietųjų dalelių koncentracijai virš 25 μ/m3, minėtos koncentracijos padidėjimas 17 μ/m3 sietinas su iškvietimo dėl arterinės hipertenzijos paūmėjimo naktį rizikos padidėjimu 1,05 karto (RS = 1,05, 95 % PI 1,01-1,09).
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Simaityte, J., J. Augutis, and E. Uspuras. "Kaunas hydropower system management." In RAVAGE OF THE PLANET 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rav060491.

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Manić, Samir. "KAUZA UGOVORNE OBAVEZE." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.147m.

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The paper discusses the impact of the reasons for the commitment on the validity of the contract. Due to the fact that most institutes of modern law find their origin in Roman law, the paper begins by presenting the role of the cause of obligation in Roman law. The author then analyzes the causal and anti-causal views of legal theory, all in order to emphasize the fact that the cause of the contractual obligation is theoretically a very controversial institute of the law of obligations. The last part of the paper is dedicated to the cause of contractual obligation in our contract law. Starting from the fact that the Law on Obligations accepts with its provisions the subjective and objective conception of the cause of the contractual obligation, the author points out that the objective conception of the cause of the contractual obligation, accepted through art. 51. ZOO, is a redundant institute that has no greater practical significance and which is successfully replaced by other institutes of law of obligations.
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DAPKIENĖ, Midona, Laima ČESONIENĖ, and Tomas PILIPAUSKAS,. "COMPARISON OF OPERATION OF KAUNAS AND KLAIPĖDA WWTPS DIGESTERS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.042.

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The article provides comparison of operation of digesters for 2014, installed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of two Lithuanian cities Kaunas and Klaipėda. It was established that the temperature and decomposition degree of organic materials had impact on biogas discharge in digesters of both wastewater treatment plants. Increase of these technological parameters resulted in increase of biogas output. Actual output of biogas of Kaunas wastewater treatment plant digester was by 5.8 % less than theoretical output, in Klaipėda WWTP anaerobic reactor – by 4.2 %. After comparison of biogas discharge generated from 1 m3 of sludge in Kaunas and Klaipėda WWTPs it was established that the efficiency of Klaipėda WWTP digester exceeded the efficiency of Kaunas WWTP reactor by 7 %.
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Karols, Martynas, and Laima Česonienė. "KAUNO MARIŲ POVEIKIS NEMUNO VANDENS BŪKLEI." In 24-oji jaunųjų mokslininkų konferencijos „Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis“ teminė konferencija APLINKOS APSAUGOS INŽINERIJA. Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universitetas, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2021.13.

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Nagrinėjama Kauno marių poveikio Nemuno vandens būklei problema. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Kauno marių vandens būklę ir Kauno marių poveikį Nemuno upės vandens kokybei. Paviršinio vandens būklė vertinama pagal hidrocheminius rodiklius, kurie buvo imti iš 16 skirtingų Kauno marių vietų 4 skirtingais metų sezonais. Buvo vertinama ekologinio potencialo klasė pagal biocheminį deguonies suvartojimą (BDS7) ir bendrojo azoto (Nb) koncentracijas. Nustatyta, kad pagal BDS7 vertes Kauno marios atitinka geros ekologinio potencialo klasės vertes. Pagal Nb visose vietose Kauno marios neatitinka geros ekologinio potencialo klasės vertės. Nustatyta neigiama Kauno marių įtaka Nemuno upės būklei pagal BDS7 vertę, bendrojo azoto koncentraciją ir amonio azoto koncentraciją. Rezultatai rodo, kad Kauno marios daro neigiamą įtaką Nemuno paviršinio vandens būklei.
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TAPARAUSKIENĖ, Laima, and Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ. "DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.059.

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This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.
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Perennou, Tanguy, Amine Bouabdallah, Anna Brunstrom, Johan Garcia, and Per Hurtig. "IP-level satellite link emulation with KauNet." In 2009 International Workshop on Satellite and Space Communications (IWSSC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwssc.2009.5286348.

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Burds, Luke Thomas, Harry M. Jol, Richard James Mataitis, Joeseph D. Beck, Richard A. Freund, Paul Bauman, Alastair F. McClymont, and Philip P. Reeder. "THE MASS GRAVE AT KAUNAS FORT VII, LITHUANIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306770.

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Ališauskienė, Žaneta, Laima Česonienė, and Daiva Šileikienė. "KLIMATO KAITOS ĮTAKA KAUNO RAJONO PAVIRŠINIO VANDENS BŪKLEI." In 24-oji jaunųjų mokslininkų konferencijos „Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis“ teminė konferencija APLINKOS APSAUGOS INŽINERIJA. Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos Universitetas, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2021.01.

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Darbe nagrinėjama klimato kaitos įtakos paviršinio vandens būklei problema. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti klimato kaitos poveikį Kauno rajono paviršinio vandens būklei. Atliekant tyrimą buvo vertintos vidutinės metinės temperatūros ir kritulių kiekio dina-mika 1949–2020 m. Kauno rajone (Kauno meteorologijos stoties duomenimis). Įvertinus vidutinės metinės temperatūros dina-miką, nustatyta vidutinės metinės temperatūros didėjimo tendencija (R2 = 0,30). Labiausiai temperatūra didėjo kovo (R2 = 0,20), liepos (R2 = 0,11) ir rugpjūčio (R2 = 0,16) mėnesiais. Vidutinio metinio kritulių kiekio tiesinės didėjimo tendencijos nenustatyta (R2 = 0,01). Labiausiai kritulių kiekis didėjo sausio (R2 = 0,20) ir spalio (R2 = 0,20) mėnesiais, mažėjo balandį (R2 = 0,12) ir rugpjūtį (R2 = 0,11). Paviršinių vandens telkinių būklės tyrimai Kauno r. savivaldybės teritorijoje atlikti 30-yje vandens telkinių 2008–2020 m. Pagal BDS7, bendrojo fosforo ir bendrojo azoto vertes vandens telkiniai Kauno rajone dažniausiai atitinka viduti-nes ekologinės būklės klasės vertes. Norint įvertinti klimato sąlygų ir vandens kokybės rodiklių ryšį, apskaičiuoti koreliacijos koeficientai. Rezultatai rodo, kad kuo didesnė vidutinė metinė temperatūra, tuo mažesnės pH vertės (vanduo rūgštesnis), dides-nės NH4, N ir suspenduotų medžiagų vertės vandenyje. Kuo didesnis iškritusių kritulių kiekis, tuo didesnės NH4 vertės vande-nyje, mažesnis ištirpusio deguonies kiekis. Rezultatai rodo, kad klimato kaita daro neigiamą poveikį paviršinio vandens būklei.
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Reports on the topic "Kaunda"

1

van Ameijden, Erik, Emmy Koster, Rianne de Gelder, Laurens van Buren, and Arpana Verma. Health Profile: Kaunas, Lithuania. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/171723.

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Alarcón, Valente, Agustina Suaya, Monserrat Bustelo, Veronica Alaimo, Diego Diestra, and Claudia Alfaro. Potenciar las habilidades digitales de las microemprendedoras: lecciones del piloto Emprender Conectadas en Chile. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005356.

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En respuesta a la aceleración de la digitalización impulsada por la pandemia de COVID-19, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el Ministerio de la Mujer y Equidad de Género de Chile y Laboratoria/Kaudal lanzaron Emprender Conectadas entre 2020 y 2022. Este programa piloto, diseñado para fortalecer las habilidades digitales de las microemprendedoras en Chile, se convirtió en una respuesta esencial al desafío global.
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Toivonen, Tuuli, Aina Brias Guinart, Johanna Eklund, Matti Hästbacka, Tatu Leppämäki, and Jussi Torkko. Muutokset luontovierailuissa ja mobiilien massadatojen mahdollisuudet kävijäseurannassa : Raportti MOBICON-hankkeen työpajasta Helsingissä 28.9.2023. Digital Geography Lab, University of Helsinki, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/2024.030502.

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Changes in nature visitation and the potential of mobile big data for visitor monitoring -työpaja järjestettiin Helsingissä 28.9.2023. Työpaja toteutettiin osana Koneen Säätiön rahoittamaa viisivuotista MOBICON-tutkimushanketta (Mobile Big Data for Understanding People in Nature - Detecting short and long term changes and their implications for biodiversity conservation). Työpajan tavoitteena oli kartoittaa asiantuntijoiden kanssa luonnon virkistyskäytön muutoksia, seurannan tietotarpeita, sekä pohtia erilaisten uusien tietolähteiden mahdollisuuksia näihin tietotarpeisiin vastaamiseen. Paikalla oli kahdeksan luonnon virkistyskäytön asiantuntijaa eri organisaatioista (Metsähallitus, Helsingin kaupunki, Uudenmaan virkistysalueyhdistys Uuvi ja Suomen Latu r.y.). Heille oli ennakkoon lähetetty kysely päivän teemoista. Keskustelu eteni kyselyn tuloksista syvällisempään keskusteluun aihealueittain. Alla käymme aihealueitten keskeiset tulokset läpi teemoittain. Luonnon virkistyskäytön nähtiin olevan muutoksessa. Virkistyskäyttö yhtäältä lisääntyy ja sen ajalliset rytmit muuttuvat. Toisaalta kävijäkunta monimuotoistuu yleisen yhteiskunnan monimuotoistumisen seurauksena ja uudenlaisten ihmisten löytäessä luonnon äärelle. Myös aktiviteetit ja tavat olla luonnossa moninaistuvat. Keskustelussa muutoksia lähestyttiin neljän megatrendin kautta (yhteiskunnalliset, ympäristölliset, poliittiset ja teknologiset muutokset). Näistä yhteiskunnalliset ja ympäristölliset muutosajurit nähtiin tärkeimmiksi. Yhteiskunnallisissa muutoksissa tunnistettiin erityisesti ikääntymisen ja luontokävijöiden moninaistumisen tuoma muutos. Ympäristöllisistä tekijöistä ilmastonmuutos oli ilman muuta merkityksellisin, sekä luontoa, että ihmisten toimintaa muuttavana tekijänä. Poliittisista muutosajureista keskustelussa nousi esiin yhteiskunnan polarisaation lisääntyminen. Toisaalta jokaisenoikeuksiin, biodiversiteetin suojeluun ja virkistyskäyttöön ohjattaviin resursseihin liittyvät poliittiset päätökset nähtiin tärkeinä. Teknologiset muutokset nähtiin osana laajempaa teknologistumista. Yhtäältä yleinen teknologisoituminen lisää mahdollisuuksia tiedonsaantiin ja -jakoon. Toisaalta terveyteen ja liikkumiseen liittyvä mittauskulttuuri vaikuttaa myös virkistyskäytön määriin, kun ihmiset tavoittelevat askel-tai kilometritavoitteitaan yhä enemmän luonnossa. Organisaatioiden tietotarpeista todettiin, että tietoa tarvitaan yhtäältä virkistyskäytön kehittämiseen ja toisaalta oman toiminnan perustelemiseen ja kolmanneksi käyttäjien informointiin. Lisää tietoa kaivattiin kävijävirroista ja niiden alueellisesta ja ajallisesta jakautumisesta. Toisaalta tieto kävijöistä itsestään nähtiin tarpeelliseksi erityisesti kävijäkunnan monipuolistuessa. Huolta kannettiin myös niistä, jotka eivät käy virkistysalueilla: miten saada paremmin tietoa heistä sekä mahdollista käyntiä rajoittavista tekijöistä. Kävijätiedon keruu nähtiin kalliina ja aikaa vievänä, ja siksi ja uudenlaisten datalähteiden löytäminen nähtiin hyödylliseksi. Mobiilidata arvioitiin kiinnostavaksi tietolähteeksi ja sen eri puolia pohdiskeltiin SWOT-analyysin kautta. Selvää kuitenkin oli, että operatiivisessa käytössä tiedon tulee olla luotettavaa ja helposti saatavilla. Mobiilidatan osalta juuri pitkäkestoinen saatavuus pohditutti osallistujia. Tilaisuuden järjestivät Aina Brias Guinart, Matti Hästbacka, Tatu Leppämäki, Jussi Torkko ja Tuuli Toivonen. Johanna Eklund osallistui työpajaan äitiysvapaalta. Lisää tietoa tilaisuudesta tai tutkimuksesta hankkeen verkkosivuilta tai sähköpostilla hankkeen tutkijoille: mobicon-project@helsinki.fi. MOBICON-hanke toimii vuosina 2022-2026 ja sitä rahoittaa Koneen Säätiö. Verkkosivu: https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/digital-geography-lab/projects/mobicon.
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Nevanlinna, Heikki, Tapani Kivinen, Jussi Paatero, Mirjam Kellinsalmi, Tiera Laitinen, Yrjö Kivinen, Tuulia Hongisto, Meri Pajunpää, and Pyry Pajunpää. Nurmijärven geofysiikan observatorio 70 vuotta 1952–2022. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361768.

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Ilmatieteen laitoksen Nurmijärven geofysiikan observatorio aloitti toimintansa syksyllä 1952. Observatorion päätehtävä oli ylläpitää jatkuvia magneettisia rekisteröintejä muualla Suomessa tehtävien magneettisten kartoitustöiden tueksi. Ilmatieteen laitoksen johdolla tehty magneettinen kartoitustyö saatiin päätökseen vuonna 1930, mutta yli kaksikymmentä vuotta myöhemmin tarvittiin magneettisen kartta-aineiston päivitys. Työhön saatiin Sodankylän geofysiikan observatorion johtaja Eyvind Sucksdorff (1899–1955) vuonna 1945. Sucksdorff oli jättänyt Sodankylän observatorion sen tuhouduttua Lapin sodassa 1944. Hänet nimitettiin Ilmatieteen laitoksen geofyysikon virkaan. Eyvind Sucksdorff aloitti kartoitustyöhön tarvittavat magneettiset maastomittaukset vuonna 1946 ja samaan alkoi myös Nurmijärven observatorion suunnittelu. Observatorion havaintorakennukset saatiin valmiiksi 1951 ja ensimmäinen kokonainen havaintovuosi oli 1953. Magneettisten rekisteröintien ohella observatorio oli Ilmatieteen laitoksen sääasema. Eyvind Sucksdorffin työt magnetismin alalla jäivät kesken, kun hän kuoli yllättäen vuonna 1955. Töiden jatkajaksi tuli Eyvindin poika Christian (1928–2016). Nurmijärven observatorion havaintojen ylläpito saatiin vakinaisemmalle kannalle, kun observatorioon saatiin pysyvää henkilökuntaa ja päärakennus toimisto- ja asuintilaksi. Observatorion paikallisjohtajaksi nimitettiin FM Matti Kivinen (1924–2010) vuonna 1957. Hänen johtajakautensa kesti vuoteen 1988 saakka. Kivisen jälkeen observatorion johtajuutta hoiti FT Kari Pajunpää (1956–2022) vuoteen 2018 saakka. Kansainvälisen Geofysiikan vuoden (IGY, 1957–1958) aikana Nurmijärven observatorion havaintotoiminta laajeni, kun sinne perustettiin Posti- ja lennätinhallituksen ionosondi ionosfäärin luotauksiin kaukomaille suunnattujen radiolähetyksien tueksi. Luotaukset jatkuivat vuoteen 1987 saakka. Vuonna 1961 Helsingin yliopisto perusti observatorion alueelle seismologisen havaintoaseman osana maailmanlaajuista maanjäristyksien havaintoverkkoa. IGY:n aikana Ilmatieteen laitos käynnisti revontulien valokuvausrekisteröinnit usealla asemalla Lapissa. Revontulikuvaukset jatkuvat edelleen uudemman sukupolven kameroilla. Vuonna 1959 observatoriossa aloitettiin ilma- ja sadevesinäytteiden radioaktiivisuuksien analysointi, kun ilmakehässä suurvaltojen toimesta tehtyjen ydinräjähteiden jäljiltä radioaktiivisen säteilyn määrä oli kohoamassa maassammekin selvästi yli luonnollisen tason. Ilmatieteen laitos piti osaltaan yllä säteilyn valvontaan liittyviä mittauksia ja tutkimusta. Toiminnan alkuaikoina pääosan radioaktiivisuuteen liittyvistä töistä teki FM Rolf Mattsson (1933–). 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla Nurmijärven observatorion operatiiviselle vastuulle perustettiin useita eri maiden rahoittamia havaintolaitteita. Tärkeitä toimijoita olivat Saksan Max-Planck-Instituutti ja Alaskan yliopisto. Edellinen ionosfääriluotaimen kautta ja jälkimmäinen magneettisten pulsaatioiden osalta. Yhteistyö Oulun yliopiston ja Sodankylän geofysiikan observatorion kanssa oli tiivistä. 1970-luvulta lähtien käynnistyi havainto- ja rekisteröintijärjestelmien automatisointi ja siirtyminen digitaalisiin laitteisiin. Observatorion alkuajoista lähtien toimineet analogiset magneettiset rekisteröinnit uusittiin moderneilla digitaalisilla laitteilla 1990-luvulla, jolloin valokuvausperiaatteella toimineet rekisteröinnit voitiin lopettaa. Magneettiset absoluutti-instrumentit korvattiin samoihin aikoihin uusilla ajanmukaisilla laitteilla. Samoja magnetometrejä hankittiin myös magnetometriverkon IMAGE käyttöön eri puolilla Suomea. Nurmijärven magneettiset rekisteröinnit liitettiin vuonna 1991 kansainväliseen INTERMAGNET-verkkoon, jolloin observatorion magneettiset datat ovat reaaliajassa käytettävissä maailmalla esimerkiksi avaruussään monitorointiin. Magnetismin alalla uutena toimintamuotona käynnistyi 1990-luvulla magneettinen testilaboratorio, missä voitiin kalibroida erilaisia magneettikenttää mittavia laitteita. Laboratorio erikoistui myös avaruuteen lähetettävien mittalaitteiden magneettisen puhtauden määrityksiin. Työtä tehtiin muun muassa yhdessä ukrainalaisen avaruustutkimuslaitoksen kanssa. Magneettinen testilaboratorio akkreditoitiin (MIKES) vuonna 2007, mutta sen toiminta on keskeytynyt. Kaikkiaan Nurmijärven observatoriossa on ollut toiminnassa 15 erilaista geofysikaalista rekisteröintijärjestelmää. Niistä osa on ollut ulkomaisten yhteistyötahojen havaintolaitteistoja, mutta merkittävä yhteistyökumppani havaintojen alalla on ollut Sodankylän geofysiikan observatorio. Nurmijärven observatorion rekisteröintien automatisointi ja havaintojen liittäminen tietoliikenneverkkoihin vähensi tarvetta ylläpitää observatoriolla vakinaista henkilökuntaa, koska tarvittavat huoltotoimet ja mittaukset voidaan pääasiassa tehdä Helsingistä käsin. Samalla tarpeettomiksi käyneet asuinrakennukset ja käytöstä poistuneet vanhentuneet mittauskopit voitiin purkaa.
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