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1
Mamedov, Alexey V. "Kazakhstan’s Foreign Policy: Adjusting the Priorities." RUDN Journal of Political Science 26, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2024-26-1-121-130.
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Kazakhstan’s foreign policy has been characterized by continuity for a long time. The country has been balancing between Russia, the West and China. In the context of the transformation of world politics and economy, as well as aggravation of relations between the West and Russia, the adjusting foreign policy priorities and its specific content are getting especially important for Kazakhstan. The realization of a special military operation by Russia has greatly impacted Kazakhstan’s foreign policy. Kazakhstan is under strong political pressure from the West. It requires Kazakhstan to change its foreign policy course and join anti-Russian policy. The study is aimed to identify new trends in Kazakhstan’s foreign policy, both in the relations with Russia and the West as well as countries of Central Asia. For this purpose, the statements of the first persons of the state, reflecting the priorities, were analyzed. A special attention was also paid to Kazakhstan’s policy towards Russia, which remains a key partner. In the conclusion, the author identified the key priorities: an intensification of relations with the West, a search for new approaches to cooperation with Central Asian countries and preservation of balancing between Russia and the West.
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Yuneman, Roman А. "Kazakhstan’s Multi-Vector Foreign Policy." Russia in Global Affairs 21, no. 2 (2023): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2023-21-2-141-162.
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The concept of multi-vector policy underlies Kazakhstan’s foreign policy strategy. However the implementation of this strategy in the UN General Assembly has not yet been studied. In this work, the author analyzes voting cohesion of Kazakhstan and Russia, China, the U.S., and Germany in 2007-2022, and also studies Kazakhstan’s behavior when the above countries voted oppositely. Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of voting on more than a thousand resolutions concerning international relations or foreign policy, the author concludes that the main vector of this policy is not Russia, which is formally a key ally of Kazakhstan, but China. Most often Kazakhstan’s foreign policy position is identical to that of China (and least of all to that of the United States). In addition, Kazakhstan avoids offering explicit support to Russia on initiatives related to armed conflicts, including the one in Ukraine.
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Kozhirova, Svetlana, and Aisha Mukasheva. "THE LABOUR MIGRATION INFLUENCE ON KAZAKHSTANCHINESE RELATIONS." Qogam jane Dauir 75, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2022-3.04.
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The article considers the process of Chinese migration to Kazakhstan. The piece analyzes the preconditions, flow, geography, and composition of labor migration; and predicts the possible consequences in the future. The article summarizes the results of surveys and social research conducted in Kazakhstan in different years. The analysis shows that widespread claims about Chinese demographic expansion in Kazakhstan are unfounded. However, it was noted that the uncontrolled expansion of China's economic presence, especially in strategically important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy, could lead to a rapid and large-scale increase in the flow of legitimate foreign migration from China.
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Kurmanguzhin, R., and A. Chebotarev. "Diplomacy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Evolution of Foreign Policy Concepts." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 7 (2023): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-7-74-84.
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During the thirty years of the country’s independence, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan developed several foreign policy concepts. The first document, which established the well-known Kazakh multi-vector approach, appeared in 1995. By that time, Kazakhstan had established constructive cooperation not only with the world major actors (Russia, China, US) and international organizations (EU, NATO, OIC), but also with the neighbors in the Central Asian region. In 1995, the Kazakh leadership took action to remove the Soviet nuclear weapons from its territory. All of the above steps demonstrated that Kazakhstan is a reliable and predictable foreign policy partner, as well as a responsible member of the international community. In 2000, 2005 and 2014, the foreign policy concepts were amended. The necessary amendments were prompted both by domestic developments and the situation in the international arena. In 2019, the Foreign Policy Concept 2020–2030 was adopted. This document was not only part of the election program of the President C.- J. C. Tokayev, it was a concept confirming the continuity of the multi-vector and balanced foreign policy of the “new” and “listening” Kazakhstan. Additionally in this document, Kazakhstan openly declared its intention to secure the status of the “leading state in the region”. Therefore, Kazakhstan’s relations with other countries of Central Asia acquired a strategic character. The Republic of Kazakhstan also called for expansion of multilateral dialogue and cooperation in the region, for strengthening the existing formats of interaction between the Central Asian countries and external partners. The current Foreign Policy Concept is not only a guide to action for Kazakhstan itself, but it also sends clear signals to foreign partners regarding the limits of what is acceptable in relations with the Republic of Kazakhstan. This message seems important in today’s turbulent system of international relations, when new pillars of sustainable development are needed not only for individual countries, but for the entire world.
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Tlemissova, Zh, and A. Mamyrbekov. "Cultural relations of Kazakhstan and Germany: the case of the German diaspora (1991-2020)." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 140, no. 3 (2022): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2022-140-106-121.
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Since independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has been pursuing a multi-vector policy with Western countries. The main directions are aimed at politics, economics, and the cultural and humanitarian sphere. Our country has established relations with Western countries, including Germany. Bilateral cooperation is a priority and enhances mutually beneficial partnerships between the two states. Economic relations and political integration as an impulse of the new time are a model for all states of the modern world. In addition, the strategic partnership between Kazakhstan and Germany is constantly strengthening and expanding, covering almost all areas of activity. Reciprocity and tolerance, as a manifestation of the culture of relations between peoples, are the distinctive qualities of Kazakh-German relations. The coincidence of interests in the main areas of foreign relations will undoubtedly contribute to the harmonization of cultural relations in bilateral friendly relations. A significant part of the contact between Kazakhstan and Germany in the cultural sphere is linked to the German diaspora in Kazakhstan. If we make a historical digression, the Germans have lived throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan since the time of tsarist power. Kazakhstani Germans, preserving their culture and identity, live in close cultural ties with the Kazakh people. Such activities between peoples reach the interstate level, which contributes to the development of cultural ties between Kazakhstan and Germany. The article examines the cultural ties between Kazakhstan and Germany through the example of the German diaspora in our country. The article presents a scientific analysis of the role and influence of Kazakhstani Germans on these relations.
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F., Kukeyeva, Baizakova K., Usen M., and Userova K. "Impact of the new geopolitical conditions on the multi-vector foreign policy of Kazakhstan." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 109, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023hph1/94-109.
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he relevance of the topic of this article is determined by the need to study the multi-vector foreign policy of Kazakhstan in the face of new challenges and risks for the foreign policy of the state. The scientific novelty of the research results is that the theory and practice of conducting foreign policy in transit and in the posttransit period is a little-studied problem in the field of international relations and related scientific disciplines. The article conducted research on modern geo–economic and geopolitical realities and analyzed the adaptability of the theory and practice of the main principle of Kazakhstan's foreign policy - multi-vector approach to the new geopolitical agenda. The multilateral foreign policy of Kazakhstan at the present stage is analyzed through the prism of the theories of geopolitics, rational choice and dependence/interdependence. To study the adaptability of the main principle of the foreign policy strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage, criteria, theoretical approaches were determined in the study of multi-vector, its effectiveness in modern international relations. An analysis of foreign policy risks showed that they are all related to the interdependence of the Kazakh economy and diplomacy with its closest neighbors, in relation to which a multivector approach developed in the conditions of the formation of a multipolar world. New geopolitical realities indicate the expansion of the range of opportunities and at the same time the complication of the political space along the perimeter of the borders of Kazakhstan. A clearly built and conceptually substantiated multivector foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in practice needs constant adjustment. This is due to the more complex global realities, constant turbulence and the transformation of modern international relations
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Nyshanbayev, N. "Features of the new concept of kazakhstan's foreign policy: theoretical analysis." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 72, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-8940.23.
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Kazakhstan's foreign policy is determined by its multi-vector nature. This means that Kazakhstan is developing relations on an equal footing with global and regional powers. Such a foreign policy understanding ensures the independence of Kazakhstan and creates a basis for its equal interaction with other states. On March 19, 2019, the head of state, who has the official status of the “Elbasy” leader of the nation, N. Nazarbayev, resigned and handed over the post of president to the chairman of the upper house of Parliament, Kassym - Jomart Tokayev. In this regard, the state of the main directions of Kazakhstan's.
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Kirilina, E. Yu. "Foreign Policy of Germany towards Kazakhstan." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 18, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2024-02-189-197.
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After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a large number of newly formed states appeared on the geopolitical map of the world, some of which are located in Central Asia. As one of the largest and most influential countries in Europe, Germany sought to establish strong economic, political and cultural ties with these countries. The author pays attention to the stages of development of bilateral relations from the early 90s to the present.Aim. The aim of this study is to identify key aspects of German foreign policy in the region, focusing on relations with Kazakhstan.Tasks. Study the main stages of the development of diplomatic relations between Germany and Kazakhstan. Identify the current state of relations between Germany and Kazakhstan. Explore possible expansion of economic ties and prospects for future cooperation. Show the importance of studying the foreign policy of Germany in relation to Kazakhstan for the Russian Federation.Methods. The research methodology is based on historical analysis, which helped to identify the stages of development of international relations between the two states. The comparative analysis defines the differences in the foreign policy line of Germany towards Kazakhstan at different stages. Regular summit meetings were the objects of event analysis.Results. By examining historical context, economic partnerships, and geopolitical considerations, it is possible to investigate the dynamics shaping German engagement in Central Asia.Conclusions. The genesis of the development of interstate relations was the collapse of the USSR, which served to form sovereign states in the post-Soviet space. The development of bilateral relations is characterized by several stages: some of them were characterized by stagnation, others, by an increase in the attention of Germany to Kazakhstan. The beginning of 2022 served to intensify Germany’s foreign policy in the region. At the present stage, Germany uses a multi-pronged approach that includes diplomatic, economic, cultural and educational components. Germany’s foreign policy in the region is aimed at protecting its national interests. Secondly, the partnership with Kazakhstan is a symbol of Germany’s shared foreign policy goals, emphasizing the importance of cooperation, dialogue and joint development efforts in the heart of Eurasia.
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Chang, Byung Ock. "Foreign Policy and International Relations in Kazakhstan." Journal of international area studies 2, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.1998.12.2.4.27.
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Karassayev, Ganiy M., Kanat A. Yensenov, Bekmurat R. Naimanbayev, Alya A. Oskembay, and Hadisha K. Ermukhanova. "History of regional relations in foreign political activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-2014)." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(3).2021.119-128.
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Lately legal framework of Kazakhstan’s relations with other countries has been formed, the confidence and respect of the world community for the country has increased. This research article examines the regional partnerships of the East Kazakhstan and North Kazakhstan regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2014 on the basis of archival data, documents in collections and analysis of scientific papers. The multifaceted partnerships of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the regions, districts, border areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan distinguished by their importance and effectiveness are studied. Experience in this area shows that such a partnership in foreign policy allows for the full realization of relations, especially in the economic and social spheres. Through such cooperation, it will be possible to deepen interstate relations on the basis of mutual benefit. It will be possible to identify the specifics and bilateral needs of the regions, and further establish contacts on a regular basis. Thus, the purpose of all agreements with foreign countries concluded since the beginning of the 90s of the XX century in economic, cultural, health, education, science and other areas was to involve all regions of Kazakhstan in this relationship. Such activities take into account the provision of cooperation and exchange of experience with countries that have developed through high technical development
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Bashmakov, A. A., H. B. Maslov, and J. Z. Tuleubaev. "Origins of Kazakhstan identity and modernization of public consciousness." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 133, no. 4 (2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-133-4-63-70.
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One of the most important priorities in the formation and development of multinational Kazakhstan as an independent and competitive state was the promotion of the idea of interethnic harmony and stability in the young state. The first President – Elbasy N.A. Nazarbayev has repeatedly emphasized that harmony in society, unity of the people and stability are the main assets that form the basis of Kazakhstan’s statehood. Kazakhstan, being a unique example of interethnic harmony, peace and stability in the Central Asian region and the world space, has managed to attract the attention of public and state figures, scientists from many foreign countries with its achievements in the field of interethnic relations. This is evidenced by various articles and works of many well-known foreign figures who draw attention to the Kazakhstani model of interethnic harmony, rightly called the model of Nursultan Nazarbayev. In this article, the authors tried to find key arguments in favor of the methodological merits of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – N. Nazarbayev’s Kazakhtani model of interethnic harmony and civil unity. Gives the author’s definition and concept of «identity». The authors assigns a special role to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, as the most important institution for instilling Kazakh patriotism among our youth. The authors concludes: «the civilizational choice made by Kazakhstan in favor of preserving cultural diversity turned out to be deeply thought out». He draws an interesting analogy between the concepts of «identity» and the concept of «civilization». Another advantage of this article is the assertion of its author about the indisputable role of N. Nazarbayev’s programmatic article – «Course towards the future: modernization of Kazakhstan’s identity». Today, according to him, the modernization of the consciousness of Kazakhstan is the formation of a modern perception of the world is the most important task. Without the implementation of this presidential task, it is impossible to carry out economic reforms, political modernization and, of course, it is impossible to create the foundations of Kazakhstani identity
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Tatarinova, Lola, Balgyn Torgautova, and Alida Alimbetova. "Analysis of international experience and ways of introducing a model of legal regulation of corporate relations into the structure of the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan." International Relations and International Law Journal 106, no. 2 (2024): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/irilj.2024.v106.i2-010.
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The article discusses the issues and prospects of introducing a model of legal regulation of corporate relations into the structure of the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The positive international experience of corporate law in a number of foreign countries is analyzed. It should be emphasized that the path of a market economy followed by modern Kazakhstan requires the formation and fullfledged legislative consolidation of corporate law institutions, the norms of which will regulate corporate activities. Corporate relations are analyzed and, accordingly, regulated as an object of corporate law. At the same time, corporate law acts as a branch of civil law. There is no doubt about the well-known fact that such a legal institution as the regulation of the activities of legal entities follows from the effectively functioning Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and a possible feature that may be related to the organizational and legal form remains to be regulated by the norms of special Legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Attention is focused on the fact that the process of integration of Kazakhstan, which is currently taking place, poses new tasks to the legislator, one of which is to develop a uniform approach to the legal regulation of corporate relations, including through the improvement of Kazakh legislation. In turn, full-fledged legal regulation of corporate legal relations, which are a structural element of market relations, improvement of national legislation in this direction will have a direct impact on improving the investment climate in Kazakhstan and increasing the attractiveness of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including for foreign investors. This, in turn, can affect the expansion of Kazakhstani business, increase financial flows to the country, create jobs, etc., and as a positive result – increase the welfare of the people.
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Meshcheryakov, Konstantin E. "RUSSIA - KAZAKHSTAN RELATIONS IN THE POST-CRIMEA PERIOD: STAGE OF STABILIZATION." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, no. 1 (2024): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2024-1-31-59.
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The article investigates the evolution of the Russian-Kazakhstani relations at the second stage of the post-Crimea period (August 2016 – March 2019). Based on a wide range of official sources and periodicals, it identifies the main trends and issues of bilateral cooperation in the political, economic, and humanitarian spheres, as well as at the interregional level. It determines the main factors that influenced the interaction between Moscow and Astana. It pays particular attention to the role of the presidents of Russia and Kazakhstan in promoting and strengthening their alliance and strategic partnership. It concludes that the period under consideration was a time for relative stabilization of Russian-Kazakhstani relations, which replaced the powerful turbulence that emerged in the context of the events of the “Ukrainian crisis” and “Crimean Spring”. However, despite the significant results achieved by the parties during the period, they failed to solve their most important challenge, which was the excessive dependence of the system of their interaction on the foreign policy preferences of Russia and Kazakhstan’s national leaders. As a result, the active development of the bilateral cooperation was ensured not so much by objective reasons as by the support provided to the process by Presidents Vladimir Putin and Nursultan Nazarbayev. Therefore, Nazarbayev’s resignation as head of state could result in unpredictable consequences for Russia-Kazakhstan relations.
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Gelvig Svetlana. "MAIN FEATURES OF CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Science Review, no. 3(30) (March 31, 2020): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/31032020/6997.
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Kazakhstan is the largest and most developed state among Central Asian countries, with rich base of natural resources. In its foreign policy, Kazakhstan places the development of good-neighborly relations with China on the first place. In turn, for the People’s Republic of China, Kazakhstan is the second largest trading partner after Russia and the biggest hub for further transportation of goods, which has big positive effect on economic relations between these two countries. The Chinese factor is constantly operating for the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This paper studies economic integration and main features of trade and economic cooperation in China- Kazakhstan relations.
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Vanderhill, Rachel, Sandra F. Joireman, and Roza Tulepbayeva. "Between the bear and the dragon: multivectorism in Kazakhstan as a model strategy for secondary powers." International Affairs 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 975–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa061.
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Abstract Kazakhstan has followed a foreign policy of multivector diplomacy since its independence from the former Soviet Union. While multivectorism was a strategy of necessity in its early years, it has evolved to empower Kazakhstan to effectively protect its independence and negotiate its relationship with the great powers on its borders and further afield. After the 2014 Russian seizure of Crimea it is noteworthy that Kazakhstan has maintained positive relations with Russia while asserting its sovereignty and independent foreign policy. In this article we investigate how Kazakhstan has negotiated the rise of China, taking advantage of the economic opportunities it presents. We trace the foreign policy of Kazakhstan from independence forward, examining its relationships with its Great Power neighbours and its role in international organizations and negotiations. We posit that multivectorism is similar to the strategy of omni-enmeshment and complex balancing seen in south-east Asia. Both are effective methods for secondary powers to protect their sovereignty and to coexist with Great Powers without becoming their client states. Kazakhstan's approach to foreign policy is an exemplar for secondary states. This article contributes to the literature on the strategic decision-making of secondary powers and to the theoretical analysis of the foreign policy of Kazakhstan during a critical moment of transition from the long-time rule of Nursultan Nazarbayev to the presidency of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.
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Saniya, Nurdavletova, and Kyungyon Moon. "Foreign Relations between Kazakhstan and South Korea from the Perspective of Public Diplomacy." Korean Association of Area Studies 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29159/kjas.41.2.201.
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Thirty-one years have passed since diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and South Korea in 1992, and economic, social, and diplomatic exchange and cooperation between the two countries are more active than ever. Korea’s diplomatic strategy for Kazakhstan is at a significant turning point under the Indo-Pacific strategy created amid the Ukrainian war and the U.S.-China confrontation. This paper examined changes in economic, social, and diplomatic cooperation relations after diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1992 under the Korean government's northern policy. From the perspective of public diplomacy, recent changes in the aspect of cooperation between the two countries were tracked. Despite the rapid development of cooperation in public diplomacy between the two countries, this paper concluded that the direction of cooperation is one-sided from Korea to Kazakhstan, and that Korean public diplomacy needs to be improved in the process of being delivered outside the border.
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Cai, Jingqi, Xinkai Xiang, and Haojun Zhang. "Analysis of Kazakhstan’s Foreign Policy under the Russia Ukraine War with Realism——A Comparison of Ukraine." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 21 (February 15, 2023): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3748.
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Kazakhstan is the biggest landlocked country in the world and plays an important role in Central Asia. It used to belong to the USSR like Ukraine, which shares some similarities with Kazakhstan in the aspect of history, the relation with Russia and so on. After the 24th of February in 2022, when the Russia Ukraine war has begun, whether Kazakhstan could be the next Ukraine has become a topic under debate. In this article, the possibility and Kazakhstan’s condition as well as its foreign policy are analysed. Furthermore, realism, one of the three main theories in the international relations is used to explain and predict the behaviour of Kazakh’s government. Result indicates that Kazakhstan is less possible for it to be involved in a war like Russia Ukraine war. However, Kazakhstan may seek a more "multi-vector" way in its foreign policy which can be proved in its cooperation with other countries like China and Turkey in the aspect of economy and military and so on.
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Zhanara, Seriyeva, and Medukhanova Lyazipa. "Sustainability and trade relations of Kazakhstan with central Asian countries and China." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 1 (August 2022): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2022-001004.
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After gaining independence, the issue of regional integration and development of economic cooperation between the countries of Central Asia has been raised several times. The article discusses the dynamics of Kazakhstan's trade relations with Central Asia and the role of major neighboring countries as one of the areas of economic cooperation. It considers the importance of trade turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan with neighboring countries in the region, the existing barriers to trade and opportunities for development. An important factor influencing Kazakhstan's trade relations with regional neighbors is their foreign trade, primarily in Kazakhstan's trade with countries outside the region. This situation is explained by the fact that all Central Asian countries are provided with a high level of natural resources, especially mineral resources. The main results of the study are that Kazakhstan has identified the dynamics of sustainable trade and the structure of trade with Central Asian countries over the past five years. The article provides indicators that allow to determine the individual importance of the republic's foreign economic relations with all countries in the region, as well as with each country - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. It also considers the role of large neighboring countries in trade relations with these countries.
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Saryktkan, Kaster, Zaure Dunbaeva, and Aktilek Akhmetova. "STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION AND SCIENCE SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN AND INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF CHINA AND JAPAN." KAZAKHSTAN ORIENTAL STUDIES 9, no. 1 (May 13, 2024): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.63051/kos.2024.1.42.
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The article aims to study the relationship of Kazakhstan with China and Japan on the basis of a description of the structure and features of the educational and scientific sphere of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, the following tasks are set: The article describes the Republic of Kazakhstan's achievements based on the reforms carried out in education and science in the post-independence period; as well as the specific features and structural conditions of domestic education and science; The latest developments in the field of education and science in Kazakhstan are also included. The article discusses legal and institutional prerequisites, contracts signed at the government level, and multilateral agreements that formed the basis for close relations between Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China. These include economic, cultural educational, and scientific cooperation. These contents are a kind of novelty of the article. The following conclusions can be considered as the main results of the article. First, China's influence on Kazakhstan's education and science system is growing. This can be characterized by the fact that there is an increase in Chinese language learners in Kazakhstan, an increase in Chinese language teaching centers, an annual increase in the number of students visiting China, and the sale of Chinese-language literature in bookstores and libraries in Kazakhstan. Secondly, relations between Japan and Kazakhstan in education and science are only developing, but the development shows excellent prospects. This is because Japan is essential to Kazakhstan's foreign policy and economic cooperation. Therefore, it is concluded that relations between Kazakhstan and Japan in the field of education and culture at the current level have a solid basis.
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Makasheva,, Zhanat, and Assem Kashkinbayeva. "KAZAKHSTAN’S NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP WITH RUSSIA." Qogam jane Dauir 71, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2021-3.06.
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The article examines the main aspects of the definition of Kazakhstani identity in the context of strategic partnership with the Russian Federation, its historical and political analysis at the turn of the XXI century and on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Particular emphasis is placed on the ideological basis for strengthening the independence of Kazakhstan through a well-grounded multi-vector foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its role in the context of strategic partnership with the Russian Federation in the context of the formation of a new world order in the modern system of international relations.
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Nurmagambetov, A. A. "DOES KAZAKHSTAN NEED TO RATIFY THE TOKYO CONVENTION?" National Center for Higher Education Development 3, no. 43 (2023): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59787/2413-5488-2023-43-3-7-15.
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The article considers the importance of further development of the process of internationalization of higher education in Kazakhstan, in particular, increasing the competitiveness of exports of Kazakhstani educational services through integration into the educational area of the Asia-Pacific region (APAC). It is shown that ratification of the Tokyo Convention will contribute to the implementation of one of the indicators of the Concept of Development of Higher Education and Science in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023 - 2029, specifically increasing the proportion of foreign students. Ratification of the Tokyo Convention will give Kazakhstan the opportunity to strengthen diplomatic relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. It will raise awareness of Southeast Asians about Kazakhstan's education system, higher education institutions, educational programmes, the national system of qualifications of higher education, the process of issuing diplomas and certificates. This will help to improve mutual understanding and trust between the countries, as well as promote wider intercultural exchange of knowledge and experience. Ratification of the Convention will strengthen the status of Kazakhstani educational institutions in the educational area in the Asia-Pacific region, thereby attracting international students and researchers. Comparative analysis of the Lisbon and Tokyo Conventions on the Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education shows that joining the Tokyo Convention can make the APAC countries one of the important platforms for the export of Kazakhstani higher education.
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Abdrazakova, Leila, and Zhansaya Zhabina. "Kazakhstani foreign policy elite: conceptual approach and practical activity." Public Administration and Civil Service, no. 1(80) (March 30, 2022): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2022-621.
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The article analyzes the influence of the Kazakhstani foreign policy elite in the context of the geopolitical challenges of the present time. The article reflects a specific case of a geopolitical challenge as a military conflict between Ukraine and Russia, the position and consequences for Kazakhstan. Relying on the idea of neo-Eurasianism since the formation of our country and, accordingly, the priority tasks of the concept of foreign policy, Kazakhstan invariably continues to move along the path of a multi-vector policy. Experts and analysts actively criticized and supported the multi-vector policy in making foreign policy decisions. It is worth noting that the principles formed over 30 years in the country's foreign policy give fruitful results and solutions, but there are difficulties in the foreign economic sphere, while having a huge arsenal for stable implementation, but since our country is an integral part of the system of international relations, any challenge in the international arena affects both our country and all countries of the world. The conclusions and recommendations in this article fully reveal the advantages of Kazakhstan over geopolitical threats and challenges, in no way inferior to the great powers.
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Kozhirova, Svetlana, and Aisha Mukasheva. "CHINA'S FOREIGN POLICY RELATING TO NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES." KAZAKHSTAN ORIENTAL STUDIES 7, no. 3 (June 11, 2024): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.63051/kos.2023.3.62.
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In the article, the strategic goals and positions of China with neighboring countries are analyzed, the peculiarities and advanced principles of foreign policy are studied. China's happy mission in the international arena is to maintain peace on earth and support general development. He was always a supporter of living in peace with his neighbors, and this was the main principle of his country's international relations. The purpose of the article is to analyze China's relations with foreign countries and Kazakhstan-China in the most important areas of cooperation, as well as taking into account the influence of the political and economic agenda of the two countries. The article states that "One Belt One Road" was a turning point in the formation of the current structure of interstate relations between Kazakhstan and China. The work is of great practical importance for researchers in the field of Chinese Studies, International Relations and Political Science. The methodology of the article is structured as follows: a literature review of scientific publications on the research topic was made. In particular, an analysis of the works of Chinese authors who often use statist concepts to theoretically justify bilateral relations, as well as English-language authors who evaluate the "One Belt One Road" initiative through a critical understanding of China's geo-economic strategy is provided. In the article, the periods of relations between Kazakhstan and China are considered individually, according to the changes in the structure of political and economic relations.
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Kucherov, M. Y., I. V. Vokhmintsev, I. D. Kravchuk, V. Y. Andriukhin, M. A. Fedotov, and A. A. Tokarev. "Foreign Policy Preferences of Kazakhstan after 2022." MGIMO Review of International Relations 16, no. 4 (September 19, 2023): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-4-91-72-90.
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The January 2022 protests in Kazakhstan drew global attention to the country's foreign policy orientations. This research investigates the focal states and international organizations prioritized by Kazakhstan during Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's presidency, spanning from March 20, 2019, when Tokayev assumed office, to December 31, 2022, marking the end of data collection. Employing content analysis and discourse analysis as primary methods, this study examines data from diverse sources, including the official website of Kazakhstan's President, his social media profiles, and relevant media outlets. The analysis encompasses mentions of countries, their leaders, and international organizations across three languages: Russian, Kazakh, and English.Key findings include Tokayev's frequent references to Russia (223 mentions) and China (95 mentions), while the United Nations (UN) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) receive the highest number of mentions among international organizations (178 and 102, respectively). Remarkably, Tokayev predominantly communicates in Russian when addressing foreign policy matters.In general, public discourse aligns closely with Kazakhstan's doctrinal discourse. However, notable discrepancies arise. Despite the Foreign Policy Concept's indication of Kazakhstan's intent to strengthen its strategic partnership with the United States, Tokayev's limited mentions of the United States (33 in total) suggest a distinct trend.
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Davydova, Yuliya A., Ekaterina V. Kargapolova, Marina A. Simonenko, and Andrey A. Lezhebokov. "Cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan in Ensuring Integrated Security in the Caspian Macro Region." Journal of Frontier Studies 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v7i3.426.
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The article identifies the main areas of cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Sea region. As the most promising, we see cooperation in fuel and energy industry, military cooperation and humanitarian cooperation in science and higher education. Yet, Russia now has to compete with Turkey and China for the influence in the region, as Kazakhstan tends to promote multi-vector foreign policy. Moreover, the US and the EU share a strong determination to keep Kazakhstan’s fuel and energy industry under their total control, and this is the reason why they maintain sanctions policy in this territory. We conclude that Russia-Kazakhstan relations have a potential for constructive cooperation.
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Gusakov, Nikolai P., and Mariia V. Maslova. "Russia and Kazakhstan: range and dynamics of relations in the conditions of increasing interdependence of national economies." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-3-455-465.
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The article reveals the changing role of Russia in Kazakhstan’s economy, identifies its position in trade, investment and humanitarian assistance to the country. The economic potential of Kazakhstan is described, the sectors of the economy most attractive to foreign investors are presented. The main countries seeking to increase their presence in Kazakhstan are identified, their place and role in trade and direct investment in Kazakhstan are compared. The separation of spheres of influence in the country is revealed. It is noted that the EU countries are the leading trade partners of Kazakhstan, but the largest imports to the country come from Russia, in the first place in investments are the Netherlands, then the United States. The most active humanitarian aid to Kazakhstan is provided by China, which pursues an active social policy. The article also analyzes the dynamics of changes in the role of Russia, it is revealed that the country is gradually losing its degree of influence in Kazakhstan, however, at the moment it still remains its main strategic partner.
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Karasayev, Gani M., Rysgul R. Ospanova, Bekmurat R. Naimanbayev, Kunduzai M. Yerimbetova, and Gulfairuz K. Kairgaliyeva. "History of partnership relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan with far abroad countries (1990-2000)." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(3).2021.109-118.
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The relations with foreign countries, which began to be implemented in the first years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan are of particular importance. It is known that conducting the country's economy in accordance with the requirements of world market relations, receiving investment and financial assistance from these countries, exchange of experience, the establishment of import-export trade relations have become the basis for the future of the country. That is why the establishment of multifaceted relations on an equal footing with foreign countries, whose economies have reached the level of advanced development, is included in the main work plan of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article considers the political, economic and cultural partnership of the Republic of Kazakhstan with Japan, Turkey, South Korea, India, Israel, Mongolia and other foreign countries in the first decade of independence. Data, documentary materials and works of scientists dealing with international politics were used, a scientific analysis of the topic conclusions were made, and recommendations for further study of the case were given
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Karasayev, Gani M., Rysgul R. Ospanova, Bekmurat R. Naimanbayev, Kunduzai M. Yerimbetova, and Gulfairuz K. Kairgaliyeva. "History of partnership relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan with far abroad countries (1990-2000)." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(3).2021.109-118.
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The relations with foreign countries, which began to be implemented in the first years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan are of particular importance. It is known that conducting the country's economy in accordance with the requirements of world market relations, receiving investment and financial assistance from these countries, exchange of experience, the establishment of import-export trade relations have become the basis for the future of the country. That is why the establishment of multifaceted relations on an equal footing with foreign countries, whose economies have reached the level of advanced development, is included in the main work plan of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article considers the political, economic and cultural partnership of the Republic of Kazakhstan with Japan, Turkey, South Korea, India, Israel, Mongolia and other foreign countries in the first decade of independence. Data, documentary materials and works of scientists dealing with international politics were used, a scientific analysis of the topic conclusions were made, and recommendations for further study of the case were given
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Balashova, S. P., and A. P. Devyataykin. "TRADE RELATIONS OF THE ALTAI TERRITORY AND THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE FIELD OF FOOD." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 8, 2023): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202348.
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Currently, the processes of globalization in the international arena are intensifying, and processes of economic integration are taking place. The Russian Federation and the Altai Territory, as its subject, must look for opportunities to develop foreign economic activity, taking into account international tensions associated with political decisions.
The Altai Territory and the Republic of Kazakhstan have long-standing historical ties, which continue today in the sphere of economics and trade. Both territories are located at the intersection of many transport routes, which creates additional opportunities for the development of trade relations. One of the main sectors of the economy of the Altai Territory is agriculture. The Republic of Kazakhstan is also a major producer of agricultural products. In this regard, the prospects for the development of trade relations between the Altai Territory and Kazakhstan in this area are very high. Mutual supplies of products can become the basis for strengthening economic ties between them.
The article analyzes the trends in foreign trade between the two countries and highlights the key problems of the foreign economic partnership between Russia and Kazakhstan, which negatively impact foreign economic, political and cultural relations.
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GAUR, Punit, Anurag TRIPATHI, and Shovan Sinha RAY. "INDIA’S ROLE IN KAZAKHSTAN’S MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.03.
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After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan’s economy was weak since most of the industrial enterprises were located in Russia. To attain economic growth, Kazakhstan crafted a unique foreign policy known as the multi-vector foreign policy, which facilitated an easy inflow of direct foreign investments into the state economy. After economic liberalization in 1991, India took a serious interest in Central Asia, and since then the two nations have come a long way marked by complex interdependence in the international arena. They have demonstrated a successful and sustained upward trend in their bilateral relationship through soft power, trade and long-standing historical connections. Thus, the prospects of mutual cooperation between Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan, and India are quite promising in the near future.
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Men, D., and T. Pak. "MODERN FOREIGN POLICY RELATIONS THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA: 30th anniversary of the foreign relations of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Korea." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 77, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2022-1.1728-8940.03.
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In the article, the authors consider the political aspects of international relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Korea. Political relations and the development of democratic processes in both countries are studied. An interdisciplinary approach has been taken to the disclosure of cooperation over the entire 30-year historical period since the conclusion of diplomatic relations and the transition to a qualitatively new format of partnership in a wide field of interaction. A political approach to the study of the problem of international events in the Asian continent has been developed. The positive role of international relations over the past decades between the countries of Central Asia and Seoul is revealed. For the Republic of Korea, it is a very promising and dynamically developing region with rich natural resources and large transit and transport potential. Recent events have demonstrated the interest of economically developed countries of the world in cooperation with Kazakhstan. The significance of the Korean experience, the main load-bearing structures on which the modern foreign policy model of the Republic of Korea is based for Kazakhstan, requires assessment from different angles, including its interests primarily in the Central Asian region. International cooperation with the Republic of Korea and its experience in organizing an open policy are of considerable importance for Kazakhstan.
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Karassayev, Ganiy, Mukhtarbek Karimov, Gabit Kenzhebayev, Kymbat Baysarina, and Moldir Aldabergenova. "History of Kazakhstan Republic and OSCE Relations (1991-2010)." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University Series Physics 2024, no. 55 (February 5, 2024): 1991–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.54919/physics/55.2024.128sb1.
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Relevance\Purpose. This research article covers the history of relations between the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Republic of Kazakhstan since the early 1990s, the nomination of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the OSCE chairmanship in 2009, and its work during the leadership of this organization and raise of the important issues among the countries of the world, such as peace, security, humanitarian and technical assistance, and joint defense against global threats in 2010.Methodology. Valuable data from the archives of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Archives of the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation were used by the authors for the preparation of research papers on this topic.Results. The works of domestic and foreign researchers, the history of relations between Kazakhstan and the OSCE, and thier significance are defined in the article. Main achievement was the Astana Declaration, entitled �On the Way to Security Community�, which carries a heavy political burden. It first established the concept of �Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian Security Community� said).Conclusions. From now on, the OSCE, along with the Helsinki and Paris Declarations and other founding documents, will make mandatory references to the Astana Declaration�.
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Karimbaeva, G. Zh, A. A. Rakhimbekova, I. D. Ashimova, and M. D. Zhumabaeva. "Export impact in the EEU on the economy of Kazakhstan." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 4 (December 18, 2023): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2023-1-4-9-21.
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The controversy regarding the place of the Eurasian Economic Union in the economy of Kazakhstan has become especially relevant in the current geopolitical conditions. Some economists consider the Union as a booster of the economy, others as a ballast that pulls the development of the economy back. Kazakhstan is a country with an open economy, so export plays an important role in the development of the economy. This article aims to consider the role played by the export of the Republic of Kazakhstan in general, to the EEU and to countries outside the Union, as well as how the Union has influenced the diversification of the economy of Kazakhstan. The authors' review of the scientific literature on this topic showed that the analysis of Kazakhstan's foreign economic relations in the EEU is given enough attention in domestic and foreign scientific literature. However, the authors wanted to present their vision of this problem. We analyzed the impact of exports in the EEU on Kazakhstan's GDP in comparison with the impact of total exports, as well as exports to non-EEU countries. As well as an analysis of changes in the structure of exports to find out whether the Economic Union has contributed to the diversification of the economy of Kazakhstan. The study used methods of comparison, analogy, regression and factor analysis using data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as statistics of the Eurasian Commission. The results can be used in further research.
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Kasyanenko, Aleksandr Vladimirovich. "Military-political Relations Between Russia and Turkey in the Context of the Kazakhstan Crisis of Winter 2021-2022." Международные отношения, no. 4 (April 2022): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2022.4.38984.
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The article examines the current aspects of military-political relations between Russia and Turkey in the light of the events related to the protests and riots in Kazakhstan in January 2022. Building constructive relations with the Central Asian states, primarily Kazakhstan, is a significant vector of the foreign policy line of modern Turkey in the last decade (2012-2022). To implement this vector of its foreign policy, Turkey is working in various areas of interstate cooperation from trade and economic to military-political cooperation. The political crisis in Kazakhstan in January 2022 became a test for the multi-vector foreign policy of the state, due to the weak reaction of Turkey to these events. Russia, was able to respond promptly to the events in Kazakhstan by providing military and political support to President K.Zh. Tokayev. The study identifies Turkey's current interests in the Central Asian region and examines their compatibility with the aspirations of the post-Soviet states of Central Asia. It examines common interests, as well as differences in views between key players in the region. While Kazakhstan and Turkey have found a common language in trade, cultural exchange and arms trade, they have somewhat contradictory positions on political Islam and state sovereignty. Despite the growing influence of Turkey in the Central Asian region in economic and political relations, Russia is neutral about the strengthening of Turkey's position, taking into account the preservation of the dominant Russian presence in the structure of economic and political life of Kazakhstan.
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Rangsimaporn, Paradorn. "KAZAKHSTAN AND ASEAN: THE UNEXPLORED VECTOR IN KAZAKHSTAN’S FOREIGN POLICY." Asian Affairs 51, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1706342.
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Mondal, Bijay. "Interpreting India’s Vision in Central Asia: A Study of India-Kazakhstan Relations." Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, no. 9 (September 25, 2023): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060914.
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Kazakhstan is the largest country in the Central Asian region with its impressive preservation of minerals. For being a highly resource based region, each and every country is trying to set their foothold in this region by establishing a sound foreign relations. Also, the geo-strategic position of Kazakhstan has attracted immense global attention. Due to its vast population and demands, the Government of India has been facing several challenges; and energy security is one of the main challenges among them. India’s increasing demand for energy resources suggests a naturally complementary relationship with Kazakhstan. India has a long history of commercial and cultural relations with Kazakhstan. Recently, the 4th Security Dialogue between India and Kazakhstan has been held on 3rd August 2023 in Astana, Kazakhstan. During this dialogue, both countries have agreed to enhance cooperation on security matters, including in the fields of terrorism, narcotics control, defence cooperation and cyber security. Against this backdrop, the present study will shed light on India’s vision in this region and also evaluate some growing challenges. The author has relied on basically primary and secondary data both to write this research paper. Besides, qualitative and quantitative data have been also used to predict the outcomes.
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Nursultanova, L. N., A. K. Bokayeva, and A. K. Kasymova. "TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN KAZAKHSTAN AND ITALY." Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, no. 1 (61) (March 12, 2024): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2024-1-52-60.
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The article discusses the main directions of strategic cooperation between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Italian Republic in the trade and economic fields. It is emphasized that the strategic partnership between the two countries is based on a solid foundation, and mutually beneficial relations with the Italian Republic, which is the third largest economy in the eurozone, has become a priority of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In August 1992, an agreement was signed between the Italian Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan to establish diplomatic relations. In 2007 the Business Council of Kazakhstan and Italy was created, the Intergovernmental Working Group on Industrial and Economic Cooperation and Exchange also operates.During this period the two states were able to raise the level of bilateral relations to a strategic partnership, went through formation, development and transformation and are looking for reserves to continue effective multilateral cooperation. The need for research is due to a number of factors. Firstly, for Italy, as a country with an open economy, the market of Kazakhstan and Central Asia is an important platform for promoting its goods and services. Secondly, establishing multilateral relations between the two countries is in the interests o f both the European Union and the Eurasian integration. Thirdly, the participation of Italy and Kazakhstan in achieving common goals on the world stage within the UN and the OSCE contributes to an understanding of the goals of foreign policy and constructive dialogue. Kazakhstan is interested in Italy’s experience in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; we are talking about combining efforts in creating new enterprises in various fields.The relevance of the article lies in the fact that Kazakhstan and Italy build their relations on alliance and respect for national interests and understand the importance of strategic interaction, which will only increase in connection with the integration processes taking place in Europe and the Eurasian space. Today large-scale political transformations are being carried out in Kazakhstan. The Head of our state has proposed a program of reforms aimed at modernizing the political system, improving mechanisms for protecting human rights, and building a New Kazakhstan. In this context the dynamic relationship with the Italian Republic makes an important contribution to the implementation and promotion of the reforms carried out in our country.Kazakhstan intends to continue to pursue a foreign policy aimed at comprehensively strengthening and developing the strategic partnership with Italy.
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Nursultanova, L. N., and A. E. Erkin. "POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST: HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL ASPECT." edu.e-history.kz 31, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994_2022_31_3_333-343.
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The modern history of Kazakhstan includes cardinal reforms, socio-economic changes, as well as the transformation of the political system. Kazakhstan is a subject of new geopolitical realities and an active factor in the international arena. The multi-vector course of our Republic's foreign policy allows us to pursue a balanced strategy with the international community.The First President of Kazakhstan N.Nazarbayev defined the long-term goal of forming and maintaining constructive relations with thecountries of the near and far abroad. The institutional reforms carried out allowed the European Union toassign Kazakhstan the status of a country with a market economy. The foreign policy of the Republic ofKazakhstan is aimed at implementing a competitive economy,attracting foreign investments that meetnational interests.Kazakhstan has achieved success in the regional economy and participates in global projects, joined the World Trade Organization, is building fruitful and constructive ties with the European Union, the OIC and other international organizations.Kazakhstan's cooperation with the countries of the Near and Middle East has many aspects. Within the framework of one monograph, it is impossible to explore different issues of relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the BSV, which have many directions. Perhaps this will be the task of further scientific research.
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Demenko, O. "Features of the Formation of the Foundations of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-8.
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The article analyzes the foundations of the formation of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which, first of all, are influenced by the traditions of the historical development of this country, its geopolitical location in the center of the Eurasian continent, transport and communication potential and the presence of large reserves of natural resources. It is emphasized that in modern Kazakhstan there is still no holistic perception of many historical events and processes, in particular those that were hushed up during the imperial and Soviet periods. At the same time, in the scientific discourse of the country, there is a rethinking of national history through criticism of the previous historical experience. It is noted that after the formation in the middle of the fifteenth century. In the Kazakh Khanate, the progressive development of statehood was replaced by a period of struggle against foreign invaders – first the Dzungars, and then the Russian Empire. It ended with the loss of statehood, the struggle for the restoration of which is presented in the form of a teleologically constructed narrative of the heroic struggle for independence, which includes a number of historical events and periods. The process of modern nation-state building in Kazakhstan is based on the consolidating role of the titular nation, which contributes to the growth of interest in historical issues and is accompanied by a gradual loss of the influence of Soviet-Russian narratives in political and historical discourse. A feature of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a multi-vector approach, which has developed historically and is designed to ensure a balance between various geopolitical centers of power.
The priorities of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy are determined: the development of allied relations with the Russian Federation, a comprehensive strategic partnership with the PRC, an expanded strategic partnership with the United States, strategic relations with the Central Asian states, an expanded partnership and cooperation with the European Union.
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Usserova, Karlygash, Farangis Kydyrbek, and Fatima Kukeeva. "KAZAKHSTAN IN EURASIAN REGIONALISM: PROBLEM STATEMENT." International Relations and International Law Journal 106, no. 2 (2024): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/irilj.2024.v106.i2-04.
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This article raises an important issue of Kazakhstan’s potential to transcend the traditional understanding of Eurasian regionalism, which is mainly associated with the post-Soviet space, including the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors question the broadening of the definition of “Eurasian regionalism” and assess new opportunities for Kazakhstan’s participation in the Eurasian regional process within a broader continental context. Approaching Eurasian regionalism from a new perspective allows us to consider Kazakhstan not only as a participant in the post-Soviet space, but also as a key player at the continental level. The article raises the question of Kazakhstan’s capabilities in the context of Eurasian regionalism, given its geopolitical location and economic potential; the limitations of Kazakhstan’s participation in regional initiatives such as the EAEU and SCO compared to global trends and roles in the region. The article examines the new challenge for Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries as maintaining independence in the face of changes in the geopolitical environment; the role of international cooperation and integration for Kazakhstan as a strategic element in its foreign policy and economic development. The necessity of diversity of external relations and strategic partnership for Kazakhstan in the conditions of multi-vector approach is emphasized. The article also points out the importance of Kazakhstan’s active participation in international integration processes and its role in global production chains and infrastructure projects to strengthen the economy and increase the country’s status in the global community.
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TASKYN, Yernar T., and Yerzhan M. BIMOLDANOV. "Characteristics of Criminal Responsibility for the Participation of Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Foreign Armed Conflicts." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.1(31).37.
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The article examines the characteristics of the participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign conflicts as an object of criminal investigation. The mechanisms for the emergence of foreign armed conflicts, as well as the reasons and conditions that facilitate the participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, have been examined. In the course of the study of international legislation and international experience in regulating public relations in this area, specific recommendations and methodology for studying of the participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign conflicts have been developed as an independent research object. Due to the lack of legal means for bringing persons who took part in fighting abroad to responsibility, the criminal liability of citizens for involvement in armed conflicts in the territory of foreign states was introduced in domestic legislation. The authors of the study identified the public danger of the crime, which meant that citizens of Kazakhstan, when returning to their home country, by acquiring a subversive-terrorist experience, could contribute to the commission of crimes directed against the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the findings of the study, successful and effective opposition to the participation of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan in foreign conflicts depends largely on the degree of theoretical development of the considered problem.
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Kukeyeva, F. T., М. А. Аugаn, N. K. Nyshanbayev, and N. I. Aitymbetov. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF KAZAKHSTAN." Adam alemi 92, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.2/1999-5849.13.
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The importance of international organizations has been signifi-cantly changed over the last century. The League of Nations, which proposed by then US President Woodro Wilson has laid foundation to the modern system of international organizations. International organizations these dats one of the main legal and organizational forms of international cooperation in the modern world; voluntary organizations in various spheres of internation-al relations (economic, political, cultural) International organiza-tions play an important role in modern international relations. States consider membership in these organizations as one of the main directions of their foreign economic policies and activities. Such organizations are under the special care of governments: each country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has departments deal-ing with international organizations, membership fees to in-ternational and intergovernmental organizations account for a significant part of the state budget’s foreign policy and foreign economic activity. The importance of this category of interna-tional organizations lies in the formal participation of states and governments in their work. In this article authors analyses the role and impact of international organizations in the foreign policy agenda of Kazakhstan since the independence. Authors strongly believes that international organizations has become one of the important vectors of the foreign policy of Kazakhstan. In order to analyse the role of the International organiztions of the foreign policy of Kazakstans, authors first will discuse con-ceptual definitions about foreign policy and its links with inter-national organizations. Second, authors divide into three group organizations by theirs sphere of interactions with Kazakhstan. At last but not least, will be given a theoretical framework and analyses on the role of the regional, global, specialized interna-tional organizations on the foreign policy of Kazakhstan.
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Lapin, N. S., and K. G. Akanov. "MATERIALS OF THE ARCHIVE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ON THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE 1990S." History of the Homeland 93, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2021_1_51.
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The purpose of the article is analysis of identified documentary sources on the history of Kazakh-Russian relations in the 1990s.The article analyzes the materials of the 75-N fund (“Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan”) of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter – AP RK) to study the history of Kazakhstan-Russian relations in the 1990s. The authors of the article identified and studied 91 documents of the fund 75-N AP RK with a total volume of 212 sheets. Systematization of documents and their analysis made it possible to identify five groups of bilateral cooperation, for which there is an array of identified sources: 1) economics; 2) politics; 3) culture and the humanitarian sphere; 4) regional ties; 5) the activities of the Embassy of Kazakhstan in Russia.Most of the data is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and its usage will contribute to an objective study of the history of Kazakhstan-Russian relations in the 1990s.
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Шукушева, Е. В. "Cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union (historical analysis)." Вестник гуманитарного образования, no. 2(22) (August 9, 2021): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25730/vsu.2070.21.019.
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В статье проанализирована история развития отношений между Казахстаном и Европейским союзом. Исследованы важные вехи их сотрудничества, начиная с установления официальных контактов сторон, заканчивая построением отношений в плоскости стратегического партнерства и переходом на новый уровень двустороннего сотрудничества. Отмечена значимость долгосрочного сотрудничества Казахстана с Европейским союзом, способствующего ускорению процесса включения Казахстана в число развитых стран мира. Обозначена важность исследования отношений Казахстана в европейском направлении как приоритетного направления внешней политики Республики Казахстана. Уделено внимание становлению двусторонних связей в приоритетных сферах взаимодействия. На фоне интеграции в мировое сообщество анализируется заинтересованность Казахстана в развитии конструктивного сотрудничества с Европейским союзом как крупным торговым союзником и серьезным иностранным инвестором казахстанской экономики. Прослежена заинтересованность Казахстана к опыту Европейского союза в его законодательно-правовом и научном развитии, продвижении демократии и улучшении качества жизни граждан, а также модернизации законодательной системы и деятельности органов государственной власти в соответствии с общепризнанными европейскими стандартами. В свою очередь, со стороны Европейского союза проявлен интерес к Казахстану, занимающему обширное географическое расположение в самом центре Евразии на стыке двух крупных держав России и Китая. Подводятся итоги о взаимном стремлении Казахстана и Европейского союза к отрудничеству, предопределившему не только высокую динамику двусторонних отношений, но и прочные позиции Европейского союза в Казахстане. Вместе с тем, возможности Европейского союза по углублению взаимоотношений сторон на сегодняшний день пока еще остаются ограниченными. В этой связи цель статьи – оценить накопленный опыт и дальнейшие перспективы сотрудничества Казахстана и Европейского союза. The article analyzes the history of the development of relations between Kazakhstan and the European Union. The important milestones of their cooperation are studied, starting from the establishment of official contacts between the parties, to the construction of relations in the plane of strategic partnership and the transition to a new level of bilateral cooperation. The importance of long-term cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union, which contributes to the acceleration of the process of including Kazakhstan among the developed countries of the world, was noted. The importance of the study of Kazakhstan's relations in the European direction as a priority direction of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is indicated. Attention is paid to the formation of bilateral ties in priority areas of interaction. Against the background of integration into the world community, Kazakhstan's interest in developing constructive cooperation with the European Union as a major trade ally and a serious foreign investor in the Kazakh economy is analyzed. Kazakhstan's interest in the experience of the European Union in its legislative, legal and scientific development, promotion of democracy and improvement of the quality of life of citizens, as well as modernization of the legislative system and the activities of state authorities in accordance with generally recognized European standards is traced. In turn, the European Union has shown interest in Kazakhstan, which occupies an extensive geographical location in the very center of Eurasia at the junction of two major powers, Russia and China. The results are summed up about the mutual desire of Kazakhstan and the European Union for cooperation, which predetermined not only the high dynamics of bilateral relations, but also the strong positions of the European Union in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the possibilities of the European Union to deepen the relations between the parties are still limited today. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to evaluate the accumulated experience and further prospects of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European Union.
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Kozhirova, Svetlana, Yelena Nechayeva, and Uldanay Zhuzbayeva. "Regional Aspects of the Initiative "Belt and Road"." Adam alemi 94, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.4/1999-5849.10.
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According to the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020- 2030, one of the key priorities in the field of regional and multilateral diplomacy is the further development of a comprehensive strategic partnership with the People’s Republic of China. Currently, China is one of the leading world powers, a strategic partner of Kazakhstan and one of the few countries in the world that can provide feasible financial assistance to our country to restore the economy faced with the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. China’s foreign policy strategies reflect the approach of the country’s leadership to the system of international relations and global governance. China is constantly in the spotlight and arouses constant interest. It should also be noted that an important factor for the PRC determining the development of its relations with Kazakhstan is the intention to create a buffer zone between major world powers.
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Baikushikova, Gulnara, and Gulzada Apsattarova. "NEW APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN KAZAKHSTAN AND UZBEKISTAN." Central Asia's Affairs 85, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2788-5909.2022-1.04.
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The article discusses new approaches to economic relations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, assesses the development of bilateral economic relations at the present stage, tells about the impact of new foreign policy initiatives of the President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev on bilateral relations. In the article, the author reveals a brief evolution of bilateral economic relations from the 2000s to the present. Comparing the policy of the first head of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov and the current President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the author described the level of development of Central Asian integration at this stage. The author believes that Kazakhstan's relations with Uzbekistan are always open and aimed at integration. However, as a result of Uzbekistan's excise policy pursued by Karimov, relations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan were of the nature of mutual understanding, friendship, and the volume of mutual trade developed slowly. For example, if in Karimov's leadership in the 2000s, the annual trade turnover of the two countries amounted to $ 295.4 million, then in 2021, under Mirziyoyev's initiative, four 4 months after Uzbekistan stopped applying excise taxes on transported goods, the bilateral trade turnover for January-April amounted to $ 1.2 billion. This is about 12 times more than in 2000. The author positively assesses not only the dynamics of bilateral trade turnover but also the bilateral joint project being implemented at the present stage, achievements in the transport and logistics sphere.
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Zhildikbaeva*, A., and S. Elemesov. "ORGANIZATION OF LAND USE ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES." Izdenister natigeler, no. 3 (91) (September 30, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37884/3-2021/03.
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In the article the experiences of foreign countries in the organization of land use, such aspects as: forms of ownership, restrictions on the size of land, the development of rental relations in different countries of the world, the opinions of various authors are considered. The minimum and maximum sizes of land use granted to one person in the countries of the world have been analyzed. Direct payments to farmers in European Union (EU) and Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries have been studied. The analysis of the current legislation on land turnover in foreign countries has been presented.
The current restrictions on the size of land plots provided for rent and private ownership to one individual and legal entity are given. The results of the work of the Land Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the identified costs in the process of land reform are presented. The measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to eliminate them by introducing a moratorium for 5 years on the sale of land to private ownership are outlined and the main directions for improving land relations in Kazakhstan are outlined.
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Osinina, D. D. "Elite Groups of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Peculiarities of Making Strategic Political and Economic Decisions During the Transit Period." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 11, no. 5 (January 31, 2022): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2021-11-5-101-105.
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Central Asia is a strategically important region for Russia due to its territorial proximity, logistic potential, and the activation of major foreign policy players. At the same time, relations between Russia and Kazakhstan, as a regional power, are very important for the entire region. In the post-Soviet period, Kazakhstan has become a key partner of Russia in Central Asia due to its consistent political position (gradual development of relations within the framework of integration associations and relations at the level of heads of state). Although today the nature of relations between the countries remains the same, the transit period in which Kazakhstan is located carries certain risks and prospects for revising these relations, which is especially important given the activation of other external players, including China, Turkey, and other countries of the West. Accordingly, Russia needs to have a clear understanding of the elite community composition of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its changes during the transit period. And it is necessary to understand what role specific elite groups play in making strategic political and economic decisions.
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Suleimenov, Tuleutai. "ABOUT THE CREATIVE ROLE OF N. NAZARBAYEV IN CREATING AN EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM IN INDEPENDENT KAZAKHSTAN." Kazakhstan-Spectrum 99, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2415-8216.2021-3.01.
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Kazakhstan at the present stage has the status of a large regional state in the Eurasian space, plays an active role in the system of international relations, occupying a worthy place on the political map of the world. The strategy of independence of N. A. Nazarbayev formed the basis for the vision of modernizing modern Kazakhstani society and strengthening the independence of our country in the new world. The values of our independence: multinationality of a single people, common national interests, education and science, demarcation of state borders, peaceful foreign policy.
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Davydova, Yu A., and E. V. Kargapolova. "Cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan as a Vector of Eurasian Integration." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 16, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2022-02-51-60.
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The study analyzes the areas of cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan within the framework of Eurasian integration.Aim. To identify the presence of factors contributing to the strengthening of relations between Russia and Kazakhstan at the present stage and obstacles hindering the deepening of integration processes.Tasks. To analyze the current state of cooperation between the two countries within the framework of the Eurasian Union, to identify obstacles to deepening integration processes, to show forecast scenarios of interaction between Russia and Kazakhstan. To analyze how these scenarios will affect the relationship between the two countries, and what consequences will be if each of them is implemented.Methods. The article uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach, as well as an empirical method of expert evaluation.Results. The study showed that there are strong relations between the two countries in the economic sphere within the framework of the EAEU. Russia is the main trading partner of Kazakhstan. Projects related to the Caspian Sea are being developed and look very promising. Joint military exercises and supplies of Russian weapons are of great interest to Kazakhstan. Russia acts as a guarantor of Kazakhstan’s security in the region and its main partner in the Eurasian space. The Collective Security Treaty Organization also plays an important role in the relations between the two countries, which proved its effectiveness in the January 2022 events, contributing to the resolution of the political crisis and preventing extremist actions of armed terrorist groups. At the same time, the role of Kazakhstan as its closest neighbor and ally is also important for Russia, especially in the context of escalating international tensions.Conclusions. Both Russia and Kazakhstan are interested in further cooperation in the economic, military and cultural spheres. At the same time, the further deepening of integration processes is hindered by the absence of large joint investment projects and the multi-vector nature of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy. In the context of the information war of the West against Russia and the increasing international tension, it is extremely important to deepen cooperation between the two countries.