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1
Zhifeng, Peng. "Formation and evolution of informal politics in Kazakhstan." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, no. 4 (2023): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-154-164.
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Kazakhstan’s informal politic has experienced a long-term historical development. According to the principle of the organization, the informal politic of Kazakhstan isn’t limited only to clan, political, economic, and other structures, but also manifests itself in the form of «teams». According to the form of the operation, the informal politic of Kazakhstan manifests itself in the form of “patron-client», which includes three forms, such as «blood ties», «promises of the leader» and «pro-presidential parties». The characteristics of Kazakhstan’s informal politic are pluralism-internal mobility, and closeness to ordinary people. The informal politic is a tool of the President of Kazakhstan to overcome the crisis of political transformation, it is an addition to immature formal politics, but it also generated a wave of elite teams fighting and caused doubts in society about its legitimacy. To solve the above problems, the first President of Kazakhstan — N.Nazarbayev tried to implement the “integration” of informal and formal politics, and Tokayev promoted the transition from informal to formal politics through “infiltration”. The organic interaction of the two types of politics has once again stimulated the viability of Kazakhstan’s development as a whole. Tokayev filled a gap in the benign interaction between society and the government and reflected a completely new direction of modernization of the political system of Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, as long as the «infiltration» does not lead to qualitative changes, the complementarity and competition of the two policies will remain the political reality of the country in the long term.
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Kaliyev, Ildar, Meiramgul Altybassarova, Arman Akishev, Amergaly Begimtayev, and Boris Polomarchuk. "Mass media and social networks in the modern politics of Kazakhstan." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University Series Physics, no. 55 (February 5, 2024): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54919/physics/55.2024.58bt6.
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Relevance. Kazakhstan has recently joined the group of countries affected by the concept of "networked social movements". Since 2013, many blogs have started to appear on YouTube and Facebook. Using social networks blogs, political activists have begun to voice their discontent and question the legitimacy of the political regime that has emerged since independence in 1990. While social movements and controversial politics are integral to political systems, autocratic regimes are inherently opposed to controversial collective action because they contribute to the destruction of such regimes. Purpose. The goal of such regimes is to retain power as long as possible. The Internet provides new channels for citizens' voices, minority perspectives and political mobilisation. Methodology. Blogs, online forums, Facebook, and Twitter are already providing citizens with a new form of the public sphere and an alternative source of news and information, which is seen as a new platform for exchanging news. Data from blogs and print media were taken, which reported on the worst civil conflict in the post-Soviet history of Kazakhstan. Consequently, many information sources supported the government's claims. Results. This example demonstrates both the importance of an active online community in Kazakhstan and the government's understanding of the importance of online interaction with its citizens. What can be learned from the Zhanaozen case about the role of social networks on the Internet in political transformation in Kazakhstan? What role does the government of Kazakhstan play in combating political dissent through cyberspace? Conclusions. This study will contribute to a better understanding of current political processes in Kazakhstan and demonstrate the link between the increased use of social networks on the Internet and political activism in Kazakhstan.
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Knox, Colin. "Kazakhstan: modernizing government in the context of political inertia." International Review of Administrative Sciences 74, no. 3 (September 2008): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852308095314.
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Kazakhstan declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and joined the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since then it has witnessed a remarkable economic transformation under the leadership of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Pursuing a policy of `economy first and then politics', Kazakhstan is under growing pressure to engage in political reforms which include a modernization agenda to improve public service provision. Recent constitutional reforms have received a lukewarm reaction from the international community that Kazakhstan is keen to become part of. At the same time a progressive agenda of public services reform is well under way rooted in new public management and a desire to become much more customer focussed in their orientation. This article examines the parallel themes of political reforms and public services modernization in Kazakhstan. Points for practitioners This article offers two key points for practitioners. First, it describes the detail of public sector reforms taking place in a developing country which secured its independence approximately 16 years ago, and the significant progress since then. Second, it poses questions about the political context in which administrative reform can take place. Has the existence of a highly centralized and autocratic form of presidential leadership resulted in a top-down imperative which has helped the pace of public services modernization in Kazakhstan?
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Goldstein, Jeff. "Kazakhstan's Chairmanship of the OSCE: Challenges and opportunities in the human dimension." Security and Human Rights 20, no. 1 (2009): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502309787858075.
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AbstractKazakhstan's 2010 chairmanship of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) has potentially far reaching consequences for Europe's premier international human rights organization and for democratization and human rights in Kazakhstan and other OSCE participating States. Some have argued that Kazakhstan's chairmanship will help tamp down dissatisfaction among some participating states that the organization devotes too much attention to human rights and democracy in the countries of the CIS and the Balkans. Others worry how a Kazakhstani Chairman would react in case of events such as the violence in Andijon in 2005 or the Russian attack on Georgia in 2008. Another significant question is whether the upcoming chairmanship will spur reform in Kazakhstan. To date, unfortunately, the Government of Kazakhstan has failed to deliver the real reforms in promised at the 2007 OSCE Ministerial.
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Amrebaev, Aidar, and Dina Eshpanova. "About Mass Political Consciousness Kazakhstani in the Conditions of Transition From Post-Soviet to «New Kazakhstan»." Adam alemi 93, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48010/2022.3/1999-5849.07.
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The purpose of the article is to study the mass political consciousness in Kazakhstani society. The paper provides a theoretical substantiation of the phenomena of “political consciousness” and “mass political consciousness”, as well as analyzes the materials of sociological surveys. As a result, some characteristic features of the mass political consciousness were revealed. The article notes that in the mass political consciousness of Kazakhstanis, opposite attitudes and guidelines are combined: on the one hand, support for democracy and human rights, and on the other, political passivity and distrust of government institutions, inability to civil self-organization. The real political behavior of citizens is characterized by a high emotional involvement and a low level of real activity. A feature of the mass political consciousness of Kazakhstanis is the alienation of society from politics and power. In this process, the issues of both the transformation of the mass political consciousness of the population itself and the renewal of the strategy of the authorities for managing public consciousness on the basis of certain ideological narratives are extremely relevant. This issue is of applied importance for the conceptualization of the “New Kazakhstan».
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DUISEKINA, Aidana, Kulipa BAISULTANOVA, and Zhanar ASHINOVA. "CHINA AND KAZAKHSTAN: BELT AND ROAD COOPERATION." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.09.
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Throughout its fairly short history, the Belt and Road initiative has demonstrated its good prospects, which explains why the government of Kazakhstan heeds a lot of attention to economic cooperation with China within this project. It has the greatest stake in the initiatives related to further development of cargo traffic routes and pipelines in different directions (primarily, Africa, the Middle East and Europe) and their potential impact on Kazakhstan’s economic health. Comprehensive studies are especially necessary in the current time of crisis, when the active realization of the Chinese initiative has run into certain problems. The authors examine the key ideas of the Chinese initiative to reveal the basic conceptual provisions and trends and analyze the problems and prospects of its realization. It is even more important to consider the ways to coordinate it with the projects of the Eurasian Economic Union and Kazakhstan’s Nurly Zhol (Bright Path) program. The possible threats and challenges that the Chinese initiative may create for Kazakhstan, or the positive effects that will help Kazakhstan realize its national interests should not be overlooked, either. The various processes related to the initiative and its numerous trends should be carefully studied against the background of the current dynamic changes in world politics.
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Aikerim Assylbekovna, Kamaldinova, Nassimova Gulnar Orlenbaevna, Saitova Nina Alekseevna, and Khalikova Shakhnaza Bahitzhanovna. "Development of political culture of Kazakhstani students: Political and cultural determinants." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v2i2.427.
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Nowadays the problem of political activity and political culture of students has assumed some current character. The following article considers the degree of interest and participation of Kazakhstani youth in the politics and their political orientation in accordance with the results of content- analysis. The content-analysis was held within the framework of scientific project "The development of political culture in students of Kazakhstan as a strategic resource of the country ". The research and the analysis were fulfilled on the base of materials and publications in 15 associations with social-political direction registered in social network. The research period is March - May 2015, in the period of preparations and conducting the extraordinary president elections in the RK. According to the results of the research it was revealed that most Kazakhstani students are equally interested in political processes and show interest in social-political life of the country. Also the results let us reveal the level of social state and students' attitude towards different directions of the government policy, the level of possibility of students' protesting mood. In conclusion the author gives recommendations for organs of government authority to think of the system of organisation of social monitoring of Kazakhstani youth's election mood. By organisation it could be realised on the level of helding social interviewing, focus-teaming and expert interviewing, also by content-analysis of communities registered in social network.Keywords: Kazakhstan student youth, political culture, political activity, determinants of youth political culture, elections, modernization.
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Sheryazdanova, G. R. "Impact of digitalization and e-government on good governance: achievements and challenges in Kazakhstan." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series 146, no. 1 (2024): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2024-146-70-81.
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The article examines the achievements and challenges, goals, and objectives of e-government and digitalization within the framework of the theory of information society. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of digitalization and e-government on good governance in Kazakhstan. Namely, it examines how the economy, social relations, management, public service, politics, and democracy based on new electronic information and communication technologies can change governance for the better. Special attention is paid to the modern problems of digitalization in Kazakhstan, key indicators are compared to digital development, such as the e–government Readiness Index (EGDI – e-Government Readiness Index), an indicator of Internet penetration and Internet speed. The article used methods of content analysis of regulatory documents, Internet resources, media materials, and the method of SWOT analysis. The result of the SWOT analysis indicates the strengths and weaknesses of digitalization, as well as challenges dictated by the geopolitical features of Kazakhstan, such as digital inequality, low speed of "Internet penetration", lack of high-quality domestic platforms, and corruption in the implementation of state programs. As a result, we recommend creating new parameters, indicators that will measure the impact of electronic public services on corruption risks in Kazakhstan.
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Orazgaliyeva, Shynar, Zaira Satpayeva, Samal Tazhiyeva, and Gulmira Nurseiytova. "E-government as a tool to improve the efficiency of public administration: The case of Kazakhstan." Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, no. 2 (June 21, 2023): 578–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.53.
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Digitalization contributed to the modernization of public administration, particularly e-government development. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of e-government in improving the efficiency of public administration in Kazakhstan. The research methods are comparative, economic-statistical, and qualitative content analysis. The sources of statistical data were the Bureau of National Statistics, the Committee of public services, the e-government portal, and reports of international organizations and national development institutions. The study determined that e-government is a modern paradigm of public administration that contributes to the efficiency of public administration; its development and efficiency are significantly influenced by financial, economic, technological, and legal factors. Kazakhstan has a high level of e-government development. The e-government development portal in Kazakhstan has contributed to improving public administration, especially during the pandemic. However, e-government requires further development, as its functioning has various issues (low degree of information relevance, insufficient portal filling, and low share of automated functions). At the same time, the readiness of public administration organizations for digital transformation is medium. The study proposes recommendations for Kazakhstan’s e-government development to improve public administration, mainly developing technological infrastructure and digital human capital. The results can contribute to the further e-government development in Kazakhstan and enrich the theoretical base in increasing the efficiency of public administration in the context of digital transformation. AcknowledgmentsThis study is supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant “Priorities and mechanisms of inclusive regional development of Kazakhstan in the context of overcoming the economic recession,” IRN AP09259004).
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Kalkamanova, Assem. "Social media as the platform for political mobilization: case study of Kazakhstan." Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 338 (July 16, 2020): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.338.34.
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This paper focuses on the role of social media in the rise of the protest movements and political mobilization in Kazakhstan. The country has been seeing an increase in the social networks based civil activists since recently. I argue that the emergence of the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan that operates only within the realm of social media platforms promoted political activism and civil protests in the country. Most importantly, I argue that in contrast to the conclusions of the Kazakhstani court’s decision in March 2018, the movement leader’s Facebook blog reveals no violence either towards the government or some specific political elite. Using text mining methods, I analyzed the texts of his Facebook posts from the announcement date in 2017 till the end of 2019: the rhetoric of the position of the Democratic Choice is informational, first, and protest calling, second. Also, the analysis of seven most popular political Youtube bloggers shows that the people’s discontent with injustices and undemocratic polity manifested in the poignant interest towards the creator of this system, Mr. Nazarbayev and his closest circle. The SMM software allowed to find out the areas of Kazakhstani politics that are of most interest to the audience of Kazakhstani political activists.
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Abilmazhinova, Indira. "STATE REGULATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Higher Education in Kazakhstan 1, no. 45 (March 30, 2024): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.59787/2413-5488-2024-45-1-23-31.
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This paper intends to examine the concept of quality assurance and the role of the government in this process and highlights some discourses based on the case study of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan inherited the highly centralized Soviet system regulating the education sphere, which still has some implications for the development of a national model of quality assurance. Kazakhstan has developed the system, which includes three stages of quality assurance: internal and external quality assurance systems and state regulation. The paper's basic argument is that the issue of quality assurance management needs to be critically reconsidered. The paper uses a literature-based analysis to explore the politics of knowledge production in the field of quality assurance and suggests some of the issues that need further research in the area.
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Shylmambetov, Sayan. "THE JADIDS IN KAZAKHSTAN DURING THE REIGN OF TSARIST RUSSIA AND IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE SSSR AND THE RELIGIOUS POLITICS IN THE COUNTRY." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 76, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-4.1728-8940.02.
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The article reviews the historical data on the dynamic work of the jadid movement in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century and the politics of religion under the Soviet government. In addition, the contribution of the Kazakh intelligentsia to the reform of education is reflected in the actual archival data. The place of the representatives of the Jadid school in tsarist Russia in the national intelligentsia was analyzed and clarified with productive arguments. The policy of the Muslim government in Kazakhstan after the establishment of the Soviet government is clearly stated in the archives. The article covers the period from the beginning of the XX century to the rapid implementation of the repressive policy of the Soviet authorities. As a result of studying the historical data show that Jadid schools and madrassas made a significant contribution to the formation of a strong political outlook in Kazakh society.
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Vendina, Olga I., and Mikhail S. Karpenko. "Toponymic Landscape of the Kazakhstan-Russia Borderland: Cultural Sovereignty and Renaming Policies." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 4 (November 17, 2023): 277–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i4.507.
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The authors consider the toponymic landscape as a “space of meanings” that reflects the power relations and the dominant ideological positions its time. The concept of “cultural sovereignization” is used to describe the state politics aimed to prevent imaginary or real threats to territorial integrity from irredenta diaspora living in the borderland and in close contact with a neighboring parent country. By the procedure of toponymic re-naming, states not only demonstrate the power of control over their territories, but also project a certain social order to subjected space, and shaping identities. To analyze the changes in the toponymic landscape of the north-Kazakhstani borderland in the post‑Soviet years, authors compare the actual toponymic map of the region with that which existed at the late Soviet era. The dynamics of renaming was considered in the context of the legislative activities of the Kazakhstan government regarding the linguistic and historical policies; toponymic data were compared with ethno-demographic statistics and population dynamics. The authors conclude that the cultural sovereignization policy produced controversial effects on the north-Kazakhstani borderland: erasing “unwanted” toponyms the political actors erase their symbolic meaning and yet eliminate the traces of large-scale historical processes. As a result, the most urbanized and economically developed region looks on the maps like natural area and isolated province. It also causes the social splits in society, alienating a significant part of the local population from historical memory and familiar environment. New environmental context hinders the complementarity between territoriality of the local border communities and Kazakhstni national identity, and mobilizes the ethnic particularism. The article is intended for specialists in the border and frontier studies.
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Gulbrandsen, Lars H., François Sammut, and Jørgen Wettestad. "Emissions Trading and Policy Diffusion: Complex EU ETS Emulation in Kazakhstan." Global Environmental Politics 17, no. 3 (August 2017): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00418.
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This article examines the roles of international policy diffusion and domestic politics in shaping the design of an emissions trading system (ETS) in Kazakhstan. We find that although the overall framework for the Kazakh ETS and many of its design elements are based on the EU ETS, domestic political factors were central mediating variables in the diffusion process. The system was initiated at the highest levels within the government, but the fast-tracked nature of the implementation process did not provide sufficient notification to the donor community to mobilize much-needed technical support until the pilot phase had been completed. Implementation of a fully operational system was postponed until 2018 due to industry mobilization against the system and unresolved legal and technical issues. The findings indicate that the longer-term outcome of a diffusion process can be policy divergence, not convergence, as domestic interest groups influence policy and as governments learn from their own implementation experiences.
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Kanapyanov, Timur, and Naubat Kaliyev. "INTERACTION OF PARLIAMENTS WITH EXECUTIVE BRANCHES IN POST-SOCIALIST ROMANIA AND KAZAKHSTAN: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 3 (September 19, 2015): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.655.
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Studies on legislature-executive relations have gained a crucial place in the field of comparative politics. However, the most intriguing challenge for comparative political studies has been investigating the collapse of socialist regimes and development of new institutions in post-communist and post-Soviet countries. Accordingly, this article compares legislative-executive relations in Kazakhstan and Romania, in a longitudinal perspective, from the time of communism’s collapse. These relationships have evolved somewhat differently in Romania compared to Kazakhstan, despite both countries having semi-presidential systems. A comparative analysis helps us to better understand the role and place of the parliament in each of the respective countries. The authors identify similarities and differences of legislature-executive relations in post-communist Romania and post-Soviet Kazakhstan, while making some inference about the strength of legislatures. The article concludes with a summation that the frequent cases of no-confidence votes in Romania has resulted in an unstable government and, often, governmental crises, but at the same time, this indicates a relatively powerful parliament, whereas the non-existence of such practices in Kazakhstan has contributed to a strong, stable, and unanimous cabinet, but with a weak and subservient parliament.
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Palazuelos, Enrique, and Rafael Fernández. "Kazakhstan: Oil endowment and oil empowerment." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.02.004.
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Kazakhstan became a petro-state in the 1990s, after signing important oil production agreements with several transnational companies. In recent years, Kazakhstan’s government has imposed the revision of former agreements on these corporations. This article contends that said revision has allowed the national players, government and the state oil company, to extend rent-seeking, but that the changes have not been deep enough to attain national oil empowerment. This means that national players do not control the oil cycle – from upstream to export trade – and are unable to secure continued expansion in the oil sector. Both key issues remain in the hands of the foreign companies, although their prominence has diversified following the entry of large Chinese and Russian companies.
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Eschment, Beate. "The Chechens and Kurds of Kazakhstan between Historical and Second Homelands." Central Asian Affairs 8, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 346–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22142290-12340012.
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Abstract Almost all minority ethnic groups in Kazakhstan are immigrants. This means that in addition to their current place of residence, Kazakhstan (their “Second Homeland”), they also have a place of origin (their “Historical Homeland”). The leadership of the country has approached this situation, which offers opportunities as well as dangers, by explicitly exhorting the official ethnic representations of minorities to nurture contacts with their Historical Homelands. In this article the examples of the Chechens and Kurds will be used to show how the representations of both ethnicities actively and politically pursued this task. For both groups, representing a nation without an independent state, a fourth actor must be added to the “triangle nexus” familiar from diaspora studies, respectively Russia and Turkey, whose positions the Kazakhstani government cannot simply disregard. What emerges from the study is the strong emotional link of both minorities’ representatives with Kazakhstan as their Second Homeland.
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Kassen, Maxat. "Building digital state." Online Information Review 43, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 301–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-03-2018-0100.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review and illustrate historical milestones and evolutionary stages of public sector reforms in such a typical transitional society as Kazakhstan through the prism of existing e-government development strategies, implementation models and institutional regulations. Design/methodology/approach The research is mostly based on a retrospective analysis of technology-driven public sector reforms and content analysis of various e-government strategies and platforms implemented by national and local executive authorities in Kazakhstan for the last two decades. Findings The results of the analysis has confirmed previously made assumptions that typical developing states tend to adopt different non-linear and multidimensional implementation strategies in advancing e-government reforms in comparison with developed countries. As it turns out, the continuity of actual stages or levels of such development not always corresponds in a consecutive manner to the formal phases of the most popular e-government maturity models proposed previously in academic literature. Research limitations/implications One of the fundamental limitations of the case study is that its findings and recommendations could relate only to a limited number of countries that have similar political, socioeconomic and administrative contexts. Taking into account the fact that Kazakhstan is not only a typical developing economy but also a transitional post-communist and post-totalitarian society that has its own unique political and socioeconomic features of governance, the results of case study could not be generalized and extrapolated to all developing countries, presumably narrowing them only to a very limited number of similar states, mostly, in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. Practical implications The main practical contribution of the article is that it provides a close review of e-government politics in Kazakhstan that could be helpful for policy makers and practitioners in evaluating, learning and improving the work of various technology-driven public sector projects in the area, especially from a regulatory point of view. Originality/value This inherently ethnographic narrative, which is based on the analysis of e-government legislation and implementation strategies derived from diverse administrative practices, could be interesting for those who seek to understand an ever-changing truly evolutionary nature of technology-driven public sector reforms in a typical transitional society.
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Mashanova, Samal A. "The current stage of financing social protection in Kazakhstan." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 9, no. 203 (September 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-9-203-9-17.
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The Kazakhstan government consistently declares the priority of social goals in politics and economics. The country ranks only 33rd in the international ratings on the size of the average pension among 38 European states. The development of financing for the social protection system in Kazakhstan is in line with the current scientific and practical issues. In the XXI century, the republic is facing problems of a slow economic growth, population aging, and globalization challenges. An attempt to provide answers to some of them is this study. Its purpose is to evaluate results of the process of creating a social protection system in Kazakhstan, as well as to develop proposals aimed at its further development. The research was carried out using methods of economic statistics and mathematical modeling. The first laws in Kazakhstan were aimed at the social security. Currently, 12 legislative acts have been adopted that define the institute of social security in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Social insurance is currently inferior to social security in terms of financial flows, at the same time its institutional formation is complete. Social security, assistance and benefits are financed from the budget system and prevail as part of the financial flows of social protection. In a developing economy, this can lead to financial instability of the entire system of protecting the population from social risks.
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Haytoğlu, E., and A. Zh Arkhymatayeva. "Justification of politics during the Soviet Stalinist era in Kazakhstan from a historical point of view." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-132-3-68-83.
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The main aspects in historical development of the Republic of Kazakhstan were Stalin’s s policy in the 20 – 30s of the twentieth century which was famous as “the Great Repression”. The article was written on the basis of different researches and the historical record. It provides information on eliminating the traditional structure in Kazakhstan by the Soviet government in Stalin’s time, measures to weaken the social and economic forms of the traditional agriculture of the Kazakh people, the country’s industrialization policy, mass collectivization and creation of collective and State farms, the policy on confiscation of the wealthy peasants’ property and challenges related to the population decline. To establish the socialist structure based on the ideology of economy, the political structure and the culture in the Soviet time was carried out with unprecedented extent in the mentality of Kazakh society and consequences of ambiguity which have not occurred in the past .It is significant to realize general trends in the social transformations of the Eurasian multicultural space, the modernization and the culture in order to study this unique experience. The current situation analysis of the scientific knowledge requires understanding Kazakh history from a conceptual viewpoint and clarifying a number of events of selected period. Kazakhstan passed the difficult path in restructuring of a new policy, the economy and the social culture as part of the Soviet Union.
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Rudnev, V. V., and О. Kungurova. "2021-2022 жылдардағы АҚШ-тың бұқаралық ақпарат құралдарындағы Қазақстанның бейнесі («The Washington Post», «The New York Times», CNN материалдары негізінде)." Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. JOURNALISM Series 143, no. 2 (2023): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7174-2023-143-2-137-147.
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The article focuses on various interpretations of the concept of «image of the state» and the practice of using its synonymous terms. The concept of image in the media space is described in detail and the role of the media in building the image reputation of the state in foreign media is revealed. Based on a wide empirical material, the image of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the publications of three well-known US media corporations for 2021-2022 is shown. All image markers and components are given in a detailed qualitative and quantitative dimension, which allows you to detect sustainable trends and problematic issues, and identify possible ways to resolve them. The article concludes that the image of Kazakhstan, formed in these media, is generally not attractive. The interest of the American audience in Kazakhstan is not great, but it noticeably increases during periods of serious political and social events, which could be seen during the introduction of the state of emergency in the Republic of Kazakhstan in January 2022. The negative evaluative context prevails in the coverage of the activities of government institutions, domestic politics, democratic elections, while the positive one prevails in materials about sports, culture, and tourism.
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Mukayev, Amangeldi, Zaira Satpayeva, Dana Kangalakova, Gulashar Doskeyeva, and Eugenia de Matos Pedro. "Assessment of the population’s quality of life in Kazakhstan during COVID-19: The effectiveness of public policy." Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, no. 3 (July 12, 2023): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.06.
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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Kazakhstan’s public policy during the pandemic related to healthcare, education, and the financial situation of the population by assessing the population’s quality of life (QoL). The study proceeded from the assumption that the effectiveness of state measures can be assessed through the manifestation of citizens’ reaction to the ongoing public policy, i.e., satisfaction with its results. The source base was the Bureau of National Statistics and the Adilet information and legal base covering 2020–2021. During the pandemic, the population’s satisfaction with their material provision, health, education, and living conditions decreased but not critically. The population’s QoL in Kazakhstan is satisfactory. Satisfaction among rural residents with their life (70.7%) and conditions (63.7%) is higher than among urban residents (56.1% and 49.8%, respectively). One-third of the population reported improved well-being and only 6.5% reported a deterioration. The high number of citizens satisfied with their QoL indicates the effectiveness of Kazakhstani public policy. It is the result not only of the implementation of temporary anti-crisis measures of government through program, organizational, and economic mechanisms during the pandemic but systematic work on modernization of the social, medical, and educational systems from 2019. The practical value of the study is the development of recommendations for the development of public policy in the field of improving QoL and the development of anti-crisis management in Kazakhstan. AcknowledgmentsThis study is supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (targeted funding program BR10965247 “Study of factors, features and dynamics of demographic processes, migration, urbanization in Kazakhstan, development of digital maps and forecasts”).
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Alpyspaeva, Galia А., and Gulmira Zhuman. "Islamic discourse in the state confessional policy of the Soviet government in Kazakhstan in the 1920 - 1930s." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 138, no. 1 (2022): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2022-138-1-7-24.
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The article considers the social and political aspects of the Soviet state policy towards the Muslims of Kazakhstan in the 20- the 30s of the XX century. Documentary materials from the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan represent the source study base of the research. Based on the analysis of archival sources, the transformation of state-Muslim relations is shown as the Soviet power strengthened: from a tolerant attitude towards Islam in the first years of the victory of the Bolsheviks to the complete secularization of the rights and freedoms of Muslims in the following decades. The author gives a characteristic of the forms and methods of the anti-religious struggle of the Soviet state, substantiates the thesis about its harmful influence on the spiritual life of Muslims that, under conditions of the most severe administrative pressure and total restriction, took the form of a semi-legal existence. The policy of the Soviet state in relation to Islam was built considering the political situation in the country. The loyalty of politics in the early years of Soviet power to a certain extent contributed to the temporary revival of the religious movement. It was due to the desire of the latter to receive political support from a huge number of Muslims of the former Russian Empire, including Kazakhstan. At the same time, loyalty did not exclude the conduct of anti-religious propaganda aimed at limiting Islam. As the Soviet power strengthened, the anti-Islamic doctrine became tougher, acquiring the character of an uncompromising struggle aimed at closing the objects of a religious cult and spiritual education, limiting, and then eliminating the Muslim clergy, etching the religious worldview from the minds of the masses, and imposing communist ideology. The declared “class struggle against the enemies of socialism,” which included the Muslim clergy, became the political underpinnings of the tightening of confessional policy. Public organizations made their contribution to whipping up the atmosphere of intolerance towards religion, to the destruction of the spiritual foundations of society: the Union of Militant Atheists of Kazakhstan, Anti-religious, the Union «Koshchi».
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Yeraliyeva, Aruzhan, Galiya Dauliyeva, Gulmira Andabayeva, and Biken Nurmanova. "Effectiveness of public administration of the digital economy in Kazakhstan." Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, no. 3 (July 20, 2023): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(3).2023.10.
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The digitalization of the economy has become one of the modern concepts in many countries and added urgency for governments to embark on a new path for effective digital and data governance. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of public administration of the digital economy in Kazakhstan, focusing on the policies, regulations, and strategies implemented by the government to support the development of this sector. The paper also explores the challenges faced by the government and the private sector in implementing these policies and regulations, including issues related to infrastructure, human capital, and the regulatory environment. It uses interdisciplinary, analytical, and systemic approaches, as well as desk research, analysis of materials of international organizations, and analysis of legal documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan and data from expert surveys. Thus, the results indicate the main scientific categories of the digital economy. Modern trends in the development of the digital economy in the world and the Republic of Kazakhstan have been identified. The results also show key performance indicators of public administration, assess the effectiveness of public administration of the digital economy in Kazakhstan, and offer directions for improving the efficiency of public administration of the digital economy. The study concludes by offering recommendations for policymakers to enhance the effectiveness of public administration of the digital economy in Kazakhstan.
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Galyamov, Ruslan, and Alua Amirbekova. "Participation Constraints in the WTO Dispute Settlement: Considering Kazakhstan." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 2 (March 1, 2016): 335–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016016.
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This study examines participation constraints faced by developing countries and the impact of wealth and power (the power hypothesis) or economic and legal capacity (the capacity hypothesis) of a Member State on its decision to file a legal complaint against a specific other member at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Empirical research of 486 WTO disputes filed between 1995 and 2014 indicates that legal capacity matters more than power considerations in the WTO members’ legal dispute settlements. This study is based on the premise that Kazakhstan does best when using the WTO dispute settlement system (after its accession to the WTO) against its main trading partners. Moreover, it attempts to predict the maximum gross domestic product (GDP) levels of Kazakhstan’s potential defendants. The main findings are that under the legal capacity theory, Kazakhstan’s economic features (such as GDP per capita, international trade position, government efficiency, military and non-military government spending, and others) are sufficient to proceed with legal claims against the Netherlands, Austria, Romania, Portugal, and Belarus.
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Akpar, Aizhan. "HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE FORMATION OF THE PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE SOVIET PERIOD." Alatoo Academic Studies 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.213.30.
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In the early years of Soviet pedagogy, the general goal of practice was formulated. Reflecting the interests of the masses and the needs of the new society, Soviet pedagogy contrasted individual ideas of bourgeois pedagogical theory with individualism, nationalism, politics and other great ideas of human thought: humanism, collectivism, internationalism, democracy, the need for all-round development of the individual. The combination of productive work with education as a prerequisite and condition ... These ideas are clearly reflected in the well-known state documents of historical significance "Regulations on a unified school of labor" and "Basic principles of a unified school of labor." These documents confirmed and pedagogically substantiated the ideas of humanism and democracy in upbringing and education, school self-government and innovative educational relations between students and teachers.
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Ashirbekova, Laura, Khalima Sansyzbayeva, Aknur Zhidebekkyzy, and Anna Janus. "Managing the pandemic crisis: population-based survey to assess state support measures." Economics & Sociology 16, no. 3 (September 2023): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-3/17.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, a global crisis of unprecedented scale, has profoundly affected societies worldwide, transcending political, economic, cultural, and social boundaries. Kazakhstan, like many countries in the world, faced multifaceted challenges stemming from the pandemic, which revealed vulnerabilities in its governance systems. This study explores the impact of the pandemic on income levels and employment in Kazakhstan and evaluates the effectiveness of government support measures in enhancing the population's well-being. Methodologically, the study employs a population survey conducted over two quarters in 2021, encompassing 7,475 respondents. The survey data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25. Utilizing both qualitative and quantitative analyses, the research is based on statistical estimations, correlation assessments, and visual representations. The results offer significant insights into the pandemic's effect on the income and employment levels of citizens and their assessment of the government's policy actions in Kazakhstan. A notable proportion of respondents reported an income decrease, while employment changes varied across regions and sectors. Furthermore, the study assesses the impact of government support measures, revealing a varied awareness of these measures among the population. The effectiveness of these measures in improving well-being is examined, highlighting the need for enhanced public awareness and implementation strategies. In conclusion, this research contributes valuable insights into the socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan for evidence-based policymaking in the future.
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Knox, Colin, and Saltanat Janenova. "The e-government paradox in post-Soviet countries." International Journal of Public Sector Management 32, no. 6 (August 2, 2019): 600–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-08-2018-0173.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the emergence of e-government in post-Soviet countries using Kazakhstan as a case study. Extant research on e-government in developing countries highlights significant benefits including improved public services, reduced corruption, and more open and inclusive government. The paper asserts the presence of an e-government paradox which limits its potential to improve public services. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected from a number of sources: 6 focus groups with central government agencies, local authorities and civil society organisations; 25 structured and semi-structured interviews; and participant observation. Findings The research finds evidence of an e-government paradox in five forms: an emphasis on technological development; transactional services are faster but have displaced attention from core public services; petty corruption has been reduced but grand corruption remains; isomorphic mimicry; and greater participation by citizens has been limited. Research limitations/implications The focus of the research is Kazakhstan. Applying the lessons learned to other post-Soviet countries has limitations given their different stages of development since independence. Practical implications The key practical implication of this research is that countries can become absorbed by e-government technology without questioning the fundamental business model which underpins how public services are delivered. Ultimately, this impacts on the social value of e-government. Originality/value While existing research has examined how e-government has been implemented in developing countries, this paper focusses on Kazakhstan as an authoritarian state with wider implications for post-Soviet countries.
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Dlimbetova, Gaini, Rakhat Kurmanbayev, Dina Akimish, Gulzhas Toktaganova, and Botagoz Zharmenova. "The effectiveness of socio-economic mechanisms in environmental education of young people in Kazakhstan." Economic Annals-ХХI 203, no. 5-6 (June 14, 2023): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v203-07.
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The contemporary ecological crises demand innovative approaches to environmental education, particularly among young people, who are pivotal in shaping future ecological perspectives. Kazakhstan, with its unique socio-economic and environmental landscape, provides an intriguing context for examining the effectiveness of socio-economic mechanisms in environmental education. This study aims to assess the impact of these mechanisms on the environmental awareness and behavior of the youth in Kazakhstan. By integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies, this research offers a comprehensive analysis of the current state of environmental education in Kazakhstan and its socio-economic underpinnings. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining statistical analysis of survey data with in-depth interviews and case studies. It critically evaluates the existing socio-economic mechanisms, such as government policies, educational programs, community initiatives, and media campaigns, in fostering environmental consciousness among the youth. The quantitative analysis hinges on a structured survey administered to a diverse group of young individuals across various regions of Kazakhstan. This survey assesses their environmental knowledge, attitudes, and practices, thereby quantifying the effectiveness of the existing educational frameworks. The qualitative aspect involves a series of interviews with educators, policymakers, and young environmental activists. Additionally, case studies of successful environmental projects and initiatives provide a nuanced understanding of the practical implications of socio-economic mechanisms in environmental education. These methodologies synergize to unveil the multifaceted dynamics of environmental education in the context of Kazakhstan’s socio-economic environment. Results reveal a complex interplay between socio-economic factors and environmental education efficacy. The findings underscore the significance of culturally and contextually relevant educational materials, the role of socio-economic incentives, and the impact of participatory and community-based approaches in enhancing environmental awareness among the youth. This study also identifies gaps in the current system and proposes strategic improvements. In terms of scientific novelty, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on environmental education by providing empirical evidence from a Kazakhstani perspective. It bridges the gap between socio-economic studies and environmental education, offering insights into how economic and social policies can be leveraged to strengthen environmental education. The practical significance of this study lies in its potential to guide policymakers, educators, and environmental organizations in designing and implementing more effective environmental education programs. By highlighting the socio-economic determinants of successful environmental education, this research paves the way for more targeted and impactful educational strategies in Kazakhstan and similar contexts globally.
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Seidin, Nurlan. "NEW KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS AND RESULTS OF POLITICAL REFORMS." Qogam jane Dauir 76, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2022-4.03.
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The article analyzes the course and first results of political reforms systematically carried out in the country in recent years. The coordination and sustainable development of democratic institutions and civil society is one of the most important factors that directly affect the future of the state and its prosperity. The principle of "first the economy, then politics" and the restrictions and accumulated problems in the political life and economy of the country for many years have a negative impact on the sustainable development of the state and cause crisis phenomena. The article systematically examines the course, scale and features of the political reforms that the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K. Tokayev has been gradually implementing in the country since 2019. In the course of the political reform, priority areas and adopted documents were comprehensively considered, analyzes and analyzes of their impact on the development of individual institutions and their positive results for society were carried out. The article analyzed from a new point of view the processes of implementing political reforms, the historical mission of the National Council of Public Trust and the National Congress, their place in society and the work they perform, new changes in the political party system and the division of powers between the branches of government as a result of the constitutional reforms carried out. . The article concludes that the course of comprehensive political reforms carried out in the country in recent years will contribute to the sustainable development of the country, the strengthening of democratic institutions and civil society, and will provide great opportunities for political competition in the future.
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Evseev, V. V. "AUTHORITARIANISM IN THE CENTRAL ASIA (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY KAZAKHSTAN)." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(32) (October 28, 2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-101-107.
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In the article the problem of formation and transformation of an authoritarian style of governance in Central Asia has been considered. Its author claims that the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches of government are not really divided. The executive branch remains the force which determines the main development trends in society. Consequently, reforms in region have superficial nature. Among the main reasons of authoritarianism, established in Central Asia, the author emphasizes on the maintenance of tribal (clan) society structure, strengthening of conservatism and influence on the part of Islam, weak civil society institutions and the formation of local elite based on old party nomenclature. As it was established in the article, the political parties in Central Asia, as a rule, don`t have an ideological platform, and their formation is dominated by regional, clan and tribal interests. Their support from voters is determined by the attitude towards the party leader. As an example of Kazakhstan the author examines the major stages of its political system development for the last twenty years. It was suggested that an authoritarian setback took place amid the high politico-social tensions in 1993-1995. After, the process of authoritarian modernization began in the context of “large privatization”. As a result, polycentrism, when a clan became a prevailing form of elite grouping, was formed. In 1998-2004, the political system of Kazakhstan was built on basis of “managed democracy” model. An idea of improving system`s stability through strengthening of presidential power with simultaneous development of institutional elements of democracy forms its basis. A present stage of Kazakhstan’s political development is marked by that the authoritarian style of government amid the substantial economic progress and social stabilization has become to discourage the business and civic engagement activities. The situation demanded the liberalization of political life and the ruling elite had to make concessions.
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Tuyakbaev, O., A. Zhirenov, and U. Kydyrbaeva. "THE ROLE OF STATE PROGRAMS IN THE STUDY OF WRITTEN HERITAGE." Qogam jane Dauir 81, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2024-1.06.
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Recent scientific studies often note that as technocratic political processes intensify in the world, the process of globalization and unification of cultural space are gaining momentum. In the context of threats from globalization, national culture, values, and national code have been chosen as the main guidelines in the field of domestic politics, culture and ideology in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to study, develop and establish them in the country, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted several state programs and allocated large funds for the study of national culture and history in all its diversity and grandeur and its use for the benefit of the future of the country. Today, this policy is continued by the Archive 2025 project, within the framework of which representatives of the social and human sciences and specialized specialists are mobilized for scientific research. Healing art is one of the cultures that has become widely developed and intertwined with the culture, lifestyle and worldview of the peoples of past centuries at the junction of civilizations. The article seeks answers to questions about how steppe culture, including medicine, developed, and what place it played in the cultural exchange between peoples and states in past centuries. The article reviews “Tansuk-name Ilkhani”, “Asrar al-Atibba” as bright sources of steppe medicine, identified as a result of research within the framework of government programs, the problems of their research.
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Tazhigaliyeva, Gulzira, Gulnar Askeeva, Tatyana Rezvushkina, and Bagysh Gabdulina. "Children, career, life: where is a woman with many children in politics?" Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University Series Physics, no. 56 (January 23, 2024): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54919/physics/56.2024.18sun9.
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Relevance. Women in large families most often face various difficulties in providing for the family and employment. The problem of the economic crisis has affected various regions of Kazakhstan by the lack of effective social policy of the government, which has led to unmet needs of the family unit and deterioration of the quality of provision of both private and public life of a modern woman with many children. Purpose. The research aims to analyze measures of state support and protection of mothers with many children in various spheres of their life activities. Methodology. The following methods were used to achieve the research aims: structural-functional, interview, and comparative. Results. The research result determined that the lack of justice in the distribution of responsibilities for the home and upbringing of offspring caused serious tension in the family structure, and also limited the economic opportunities of mothers with many children and their professional realization. It becomes necessary to create spaces in which the country participates in the harmonious organization of family and personal structures based on cooperation, orientation, and equality. The contribution of women with many children in the labor market is a contribution to society, but this does not necessarily imply a functional reorganization in the family as a result of the lowering of the social value of domestic work. Conclusions. For the government to effectively develop medium- and long-term plans that integrate family members, care for, protect, and develop all members, not just offspring, it is necessary to create social, economic, and educational support, which is currently scattered or almost non-existent. The system of government support must pass through the educational model and the legal system without limiting the ability of women with many children to own and control economic, social, and political resources. Keywords: social policy; state support; poverty; employment; economics
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Litvinov, A. I. "POLITICS OF CONTEMPORARY “SILK ROADS”." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(49) (August 28, 2016): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-4-49-176-180.
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Recently in mass media we can find the idea about a new Silk Road or the concept of "Silk Road Economic Belt" which has been formulated by the Chinese PresidentXi Jinping on September 7,2013, during his official visit to Kazakhstan. This project is not only the creation of a transport, power and trade corridor, and also the project which will promote development of tourism in the region and to strengthening of cultural exchanges of China with the countries of Central Asia, it also includes construction of a network of high-speed fiber-optical networks. The economic strip of the Silk Road will begin in China and pass across the Central and the Southern Asia, part of branches across the territory of the Russian Federation and to leave to Europe. This international investment project assumes creation of a continental transport way. For implementation of overland part of "A great Silk Road is a three railway corridors (northern, central have to be constructed and southern) They have form a basis for development of other means of transport, including automobile subsequently. Construction of these three railway corridors acts as the most important and necessary stage of implementation of the project. The government of China declares that creation of an economic belt of the Silk way is a revival of once prospering trade-transport and cultural corridor from Asia to Europe which will promote activization of a friendly exchange between the people of the different countries. Further all this has to connect trade and economic space of Europe and Asia in a whole that has to serve implementation of deeper economic cooperation, between the countries participating in him, to increase in a trade turnover and expansion of scientific and technical exchanges between them.
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Nagimova, A. "Islamic Capital in Kazakhstan." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 2 (2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-2-100-108.
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Over the last decades Islamic Finance has been expanding its role in the global economy, including in the Post- Soviet Area. Who are the key players of Islamic Finance market? What are their investment strategies here? This paper considers above questions by investigating more than 250 deals involving Islamic investors over the period 1991–2020 in Kazakhstan Republic. The data on deals gathered from two main sources: i) M&A database Zephyr (Bureau van Dijk), and ii) open sources (information agencies, company annual reports, press-releases, presentations, interviews). We are analyzing the growth of the Islamic Finance industry in Kazakhstan, and dependency on two key investors – Islamic Development Bank and Abu Dhabi Government. Then We study the structure of Islamic Finance investments by the type of investors. We found that despite the small share of Islamic banks and Islamic leasing (ijara) companies they have become an important factor of the financial sector in Kazakhstan. We saw that the potential for issuing sukuk and developing Islamic insurance (takaful) have not yet been realized but Islamic Finance became one of the six pillars of the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC). In addition, we have identified several factors critical to further Islamic Finance market development in the Central Asia. In conclusion there is a question whether Kazakhstan financiers and policymakers will be able to apply creative approach to Islamic Finance that not only allow to adopt the experience of other countries, but also bring something new. Acknowledgements. This study is funded by RFBR, project number 19-310-60002 “Islamic Finance in the Post-Soviet States: challenges and opportunities for investment growth in the CIS countries”.
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Kim, Tae Kyung. "The Introduction of Compulsory Medical Insurance in Kazakhstan: Applying Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework." Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University 26 (February 28, 2023): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.26.167.
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In November 2015, Kazakhstan introduced the “Compulsory Social Health Insurance System (the System) in the social insurance format,” first among the Central Asian countries, including Russia. By introducing the system, the country shifted from the previous government-led medical insurance system that had originated from the era of the former Soviet Union to that in the “social insurance format.” Under the new system, every citizen pays health insurance premiums and bears the collective responsibility for public health. The process of introducing the System was quite abrupt, which was possible because Kazakhstan is an authoritative nation where the president of the country exerts enormous power. In this regard, this study alters and modifies Kingdon's multiple streams framework model, which is useful for analyzing such an abrupt process of policy change by period, and applies the revised version as the analysis framework. The analysis period was classified into three periods based on the national mood, the presence and direction of policies, etc. In addition, the intensity of the three streams(problems, politics and policies), and the extent of the policy entrepreneur’s role were set as the specific components of the analytical framework. As a result of the analysis, the policy change succeeds in the third period(Jan. 2014-Jan.2020). The results confirmed that when the aforementioned model is applied, policy entrepreneurs played the most important role in the policy change process in Kazakhstan for the introduction of the compulsory social health insurance system. Nazarbayev, a policy entrepreneur, first recognized the necessity of improving the public health budget indicators, which had been deteriorating since 2010, from the perspective of the flow of policy problems. Based on his realization, Nazarbayev tried to strengthen the country's financial soundness by resolving the identified policy problems and further, he intended to achieve the advancement and modernization of the country. Aggressive and enthusiastic efforts and firm and decisive willingness of the policy entrepreneur finally led to the successful policy change. Consequently, the System was established and implemented nationwide in Kazakhstan from January 2020, starting with partial implementation in July 2017.
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Doszhan, Raigul, Aygerim Nussyupayeva, Gulnara Baimakhambetova, Laura Ashirbekova, and Yuriy Bilan. "Qualitative assessment of the development of creative industries in emerging countries: The case of Kazakhstan." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(3).2022.28.
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The creative industries sector is snowballing, and many developing countries see it as a tool for national and local development. Given the regional specificity, political narratives adopted in developed countries may not apply in economies under transition. This paper aims to evaluate the current state of creative business in emerging countries such as Kazakhstan. Adopting the design of a qualitative method, 34 semi-structured interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs and owners of small and medium-sized businesses in Kazakhstan’s creative industries. The Nvivo 10 qualitative data analysis software was used for processing the data. The interviews help to understand better the factors affecting the development of the creative industry. In general, results indicate insufficient support from government agencies, lack of accessible resources to support entrepreneurs (65% of respondents used their capital, while 17% of them were forced to apply for loans from a bank), information availability, and skills shortage. Shortage of skills is also related to the creative brain drain in Kazakhstan. One of the main problems is access to materials and technology since most of the resources are foreign-made and imported. AcknowledgmentThe authors appreciate the grant funding for young scientists Scientific and (or) in the years 2020–2022 the MES science project number AR08052483 “Creative Industries: methodological aspects of classification and quantitative measurements in the Republic of Kazakhstan” in the framework of the budget program 217 “Development of science”.
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Öge, Kerem. "Elite preferences and transparency promotion in Kazakhstan." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 50, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.05.006.
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This paper evaluates the factors that shape the establishment of transparent institutions in resource-rich countries with a specific focus on Kazakhstan. Specifically, it draws upon indepth interviews and analysis of key institutions to understand the pace and intensity of transparency reforms in the Central Asian state. It argues that external transparency promotion can lead to institutional reform only when it is matched with strong elite incentives in favor of reforms. Kazakhstan has had few incentives to comply with Western-initiated norms before 2014, an era of relative economic security. As a consequence, the political elite often stalled the successful implementation of reforms. However, the economic turbulence following the fall of oil prices and Russia’s annexation of Crimea have motivated the Kazakh government to embrace the norm of transparency in order to attract foreign investment.
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Pogorelskaya, A. M., E. F. Troitskiy, and V. S. Pakulin. "Higher Education Internationalisation in Kazakhstan (2022-2023): Course Continuity or Change in the Focus?" Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 33, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2024-33-1-68-86.
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The research aim is to evaluate the changes in Kazakhstan policy of higher education internationalisation due to the international relations transformation since February 2022. The research tasks are to identify the peculiarities of higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan and to detect its main trends before and after 2022. Based on the definitions of higher education internationalisation formulated by J. Knight, P.G. Altbach et al., authors outline relatively successful attempts of Kazakhstan to follow world trends in higher education. However, research literature analysis suggests that there are still many problems in Kazakhstan higher education the Government is still unable to overcome due to the lack of resources.The authors confidently analyse the legal framework of higher education reform in Kazakhstan and decisively use event-analysis to identify the key characteristics of higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan since its independence, during 1991-2023. The conclusion was that the country has been on a course of internationalisation since the 1990s, but that until 2010 it had been a point-by-point process. At the same time, a model of importing higher education services, mainly from Russia, was spontaneously formed. Since 2010, the second stage of internationalisation has begun, characterised by a large borrowing of Western models and practices, although the Western direction of interaction in higher education complemented, but did not replace, the Russian one. In 2022, Kazakhstan made an accelerated transition to the third stage of internationalisation of higher education, characterised by distancing itself from Russia, combining imports and ambitions to export higher education, and increasing competition with Russia for applicants.
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Mouraviev, Nikolai, and Nada K. Kakabadse. "Legal and regulatory barriers to effective public-private partnership governance in Kazakhstan." International Journal of Public Sector Management 28, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-09-2014-0116.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of legal and regulatory impediments to effective governance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Kazakhstan. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative study develops propositions from the PPP literature and then tests them against findings from in-depth interviews. Interviewees have been selected by a purposeful sampling from PPP projects in Kazakhstan as well as from national and regional PPP centres. Findings – The identified barriers to effective PPP management include irregularities in the PPP legal framework, such as lack of legal definition of a PPP and controversy with the government guarantee’s legal status for its long-term payments to partnerships; bureaucratic tariff setting for partnership services; non-existent opportunity for private asset ownership; and excessive government regulation of PPP workers’ wage rates. Practical implications – The partners’ opposing perspectives on a number of PPP issues show that management needs to identify and carefully reconcile stakeholder values in a partnership in order to achieve more effective PPP governance. Practitioners, particularly those in the public agencies, have to be concerned with ways to reduce the government overregulation of the private operators, which is likely to result in greater PPP flexibility in management and, ultimately, higher efficiency in delivering the public services. Originality/value – By elucidating multiple examples of overregulation and PPPs’ inefficiency, the paper demonstrates that the government dominance in PPP management is conceptually inappropriate. Instead, the government should adopt the concept of co-production and manage its relations with the private sector partner in a collaborative fashion.
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SAIDOVA, Sayyora. "Secular statehood and its specific aspects." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 03, no. 03 (October 1, 2022): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/os/vol-01issue-03-16.
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the secularism of the state as the second main principle of the relationship between politics and religion has long been conceptually formed and, perhaps, has not yet been completed. For the first time, France officially declared its secularism at the end of the 18th century. After the Great Revolution, the French government abandoned the previous system of relations between politics and religion, declaring the secular (secular) character of the new state. However, if for the XVIII century, such a phenomenon was an exception and revolutionary innovation, then in modern conditions, secularism has become a civilizational norm of the position of the state in relation to religion. Today, the political and legal principle of a secular state is proclaimed in the constitutions of Russia, France, Angola, Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Congo, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, and others. Although there is no direct statement in this regard in the constitutions of certain states, there is talk of a non-religious nature and a characteristic state system. However, the list of countries traditionally considered secular is much wider. This usually includes most European countries, the USA, Canada, etc. However, if the declaration of secularism today has become a generally accepted norm in modern countries, then it is by no means clear to understand the political content of the principle of secularism.
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Digel, Ivan, Dinara Mussabalina, Marat Urdabayev, Nurbakhyt Nurmukhametov, and Aigul Akparova. "Evaluating development prospects of smart cities: Cluster analysis of Kazakhstan’s regions." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 4 (October 20, 2022): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(4).2022.07.
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This study aims to study Kazakhstan’s regions and identify places with the best potential for developing smart cities based on cluster analysis. To analyze the differentiation by the level of development, 17 regions of Kazakhstan are grouped according to 2020 data from the statistical bulletin of the National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The formation of groups of regions with different values of indicators was carried out based on agglomerative clustering using the single linkage, complete linkage, and Ward’s clustering methods. In agglomerative clustering, the algorithm groups regions based on observations into clusters, and indicators determine each area’s innovative development level. The instrument to build clustering is the “RStudio” software package. As a result, regions with their essential characteristics were identified, and an assessment of their prospects was obtained with the most significant potential for developing and managing “smart cities” – Atyrau region, Almaty city, and Astana city. The remaining clusters include regions where favorable conditions for the development of innovations have not yet been formed, which require more resources and efforts to build “smart cities.” Therefore, they should not be the first to implement this concept. They need a more balanced, integrated approach, ideally supported by experience in implementing the idea in more promising regions. In a sense, clustering also allowed for identifying potential (or even existing) innovation clusters in regions of Kazakhstan. The study results can be used in developing government programs to form smart cities and further study the potential of smart cities.
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Talgat, Mekebayev, Yrysbek Omarbayev, and Kumganbayev Zhandos. "Activities of the Passport Bodies of the Bolshevik Government in Kazakhstan in the 1920s." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2019.1646951.
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Köppen, Bernhard. "The production of a new Eurasian capital on the Kazakh steppe: Architecture, urban design, and identity in Astana." Nationalities Papers 41, no. 4 (July 2013): 590–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.767791.
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In December 1997, the Republic of Kazakhstan officially proclaimed that the city of Astana would be its new capital. The decision to transfer the seat of government from the city of Almaty in the south to the more centrally located Astana was connected to the process of nation building in a multi-ethnic society where the titular nation represents little more than half of the population. Efforts to transform the rather remote regional center, Akmola (later renamed Astana) into a modern capital city have been underway since the late 1990s. One important component of this transformation is the idea of building a “metabolic” and sustainable “Eurasian” city. As the symbolic center of the whole country, this new capital would function as a showpiece of Kazakh culture and identity. The city would also become a symbol of economic prosperity and the regime's geopolitical vision. While the government's intensions are expressed rather openly, it remains unclear to what extent these politically verbalized leitmotivs are actually being realized through contemporary architecture and structure. This article offers a critical assessment of what has been achieved to date and argues that the production of the new Kazakhstani capital has often failed to translate rhetoric into reality.
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Kuandykov, Nurzhan, Yerlan Abil, Arman Utepov, Aisulu Nurkey, and Aisulu Abenova. "Investigating the relationship between tax culture and tax communication in Kazakhstan." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(3).2021.17.
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The study demonstrated the level of tax culture as the basis for tax compliance. In turn, the formation of a strong tax culture depended on certain factors. Therefore, there were statements that the degree of such a culture depends on the level of tax communication. To show this connection, this paper analyzed the content of text arrays and products of communicative correspondence by keywords income and asset declaration in the Google search system (content analysis). Results of the analysis demonstrated more than 160 news articles and numerous social media posts. Moreover, the study contains the analytics of social media powered by YouScan artificial intelligence platform. This paper also presents the analysis and results of the sociological survey, in which more than a thousand people participated in the two biggest cities in Kazakhstan. The data of the survey were analyzed by the software Statistica 10 – the statistical data analysis system. The survey showed low tax awareness of citizens, almost 72% of respondents did not know about the introduction of the declaration of income and welfare. The results obviously demonstrated that there is a positive correlation between investigated issues, and poor utilization of information and communications technology by the government. In this way, this paper explored the relationship between tax culture and tax communication, where the awareness of citizens could be a huge step in the formation of honest taxpayers and increase confidence in government institutions.
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Uzakova, Shynar, Serik Beimenbetov, and Yerlan Shildibekov. "Value-oriented approach in Kazakhstani regional development projects." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.28.
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Sustainable regional development projects are a challenge for all countries, regardless of their geographic location, cultural differences, or level of economic development. Kazakhstan is also facing this challenge and tries to counteract this process by actively implementing regional development projects and programs. However, project effectiveness and project value remain bottlenecks as these projects are aimed to improve lives and work in rural areas and eliminate inequality; therefore, managing such projects is a complex issue. This study seeks to obtain data that will help to address these research gaps and to identify value aspects of such projects from the end-users’ perspectives – local communities. This can help to understand how to select projects with high value and enhance their effectiveness.For this purpose, in 2020, a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews of end-users of regional development projects implemented in local communities were conducted. 301 respondents from main mining towns included in the regional development program of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been surveyed and 18 deep interviews have been conducted. The results show that Kazakhstani regional development projects appear to have a low level of value from the perspective of main stakeholders and beneficiaries – local communities. Project value evaluation has also revealed that a concept of value is different for local government authorities, project teams, and local communities. The study expands knowledge on the management of regional development projects, revealing the importance of understanding the value for such projects to achieve success and enhance their effectiveness.
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Sembekov, Amir, Nurlan Tazhbayev, Nazar Ulakov, Galiya Tatiyeva, and Yeraly Budeshov. "Digital modernization of Kazakhstan’s economy in the context of global trends." Economic Annals-ХХI 187, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v187-05.
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An academic interest in the topic of digital economy is caused by the ever increasing digital technology possibilities as a new production factor. In digital production, added value is obtained as a result of information procession using digital technology, the final products of which are new products and services. Digital economy contributes to the rethinking of existing economic relations and formation of new pure digital economy sectors as the basis for a new information economy. In this paper, we analyze theoretical aspects of the evolution of the «digital economy» concept; examine various scientific and expert opinions and views on current issues. The authors’ approach to the definition of «digital economy» concept follows from the economic theory of «productive forces and production relations,» and is based on the premise of «new production relations». This paper critically rethinks the state of digitalization in Kazakhstan, the implementation of the Digital Kazakhstan Program, which really showed the impact of the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic on digitalization, especially within healthcare, education, and public administration. The results of the study suggest that at present, digital knowledge and digital literacy skills are becoming an urgent need for most citizens to improve their efficiency of work and the employee qualification. A comparative analysis of the digital economy’s development level across leading and developing countries has shown a number of significant factors that hinder digitalization in Kazakhstan, such as the lack of a fullfledged digital infrastructure (IT capacity, limited technological capabilities, etc.).As a result of the study, we have determined a lag in both implementation of digital communication technologies and development of digital business in Kazakhstan. Simulation results show that the effective digital economy development in Kazakhstan requires ensuring a positive dynamics of such key digital growth indicators, as the availability of digital communication technologies and the volumes of digital business, which have a positive correlation with the development of digital literacy, and the level of e-government. Mathematical methods we used in writing this paper have allowed us to develop a predictive model of the digital economy development in Kazakhstan in the medium term. We have made specific conclusions and recommendations for the development of the digital economy in Kazakhstan for the near future.
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Epkenhans, Tim. "Regulating religion in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Some remarks on Religious Association Law and 'official' Islamic institutions in Tajikistan." Security and Human Rights 20, no. 1 (2009): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502309787858183.
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AbstractAlthough Tajikistan is a participating state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and has acceded to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), religious associations are under increasingly scrutiny limiting the freedom of conscience. Tajikistan's government follows a similar policy as her Central Asian neighbors Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. While a restrictive and contradictory religious association law limits the public space for religious associations, the government successively strengthens 'official' Islamic institutions and therefore directly interferes in internal religious affairs. Considering the diversity of Islamic beliefs in and practices in Central Asia and Tajikistan in particular, this policy could generate further friction among religious communities.
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Kalyuzhnova, Y., O. Khlystova, and A. Imayo. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry evidence from Kazakhstan." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.3.66.3.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had an overwhelmingly negative effect on the music industry in Kazakhstan. Music events had to close or cancel their performances, rendered unable to operate as usual. This sector has been struggling to cope with the pandemic because of the lack of the government support, digital skills, and difficulties in accessing software to record concerts or perform online. Given the need in the literature for surveys of music industry representatives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in different geographic areas, this study utilised the survey approach. During the period of February-June 2021, we approached 102 representatives of the music industry across Kazakhstan. We have collected data on what impact the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the music industry in Kazakhstan. The results of the survey demonstrate that the music industry stakeholders have lost a significant amount of income due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study has several policy implications that could be considered when developing the recovery strategy for the music industry in Kazakhstan. The policy makers need to consider the development of financial schemes to support artists in the time of the pandemic. It would be helpful to create grants to support the creative artists who are particularly struggling from the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results have demonstrated that it would be necessary to unite academics and musicians in associations that could advise them on the possibilities of obtaining grants and special support from state and independent foundations.
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Nadirova, Gulnar, Шынар Калиева, and Джанетта Сейтметова. "Women’s Leadership in Kazakhstan as a Driver of Social Maturation." Journal of Social Policy Studies 20, no. 1 (April 23, 2022): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2022-20-1-125-136.
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Studies of women’s leadership in Kazakhstan suggest that there are informal leaders who are firmly associated with real activities aimed at solving specific problems of society, especially in the social sphere. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors, characteristics and specific forms of informal female leadership that have influenced the maturation of civil society in Kazakhstan in recent decades, defining the strategies that they use to establish cooperation with decision-making government agencies and individuals. Our hypothesis is that the participation of women activists expands the opportunities and scope of the civil sector in providing assistance to the most vulnerable members of the community, if they use strategies and tools that change the attitudes and approaches of state structures to these social problems. During our case study, as research methods we used observation and analysis of the activities of several women leaders, initiators of social and charitable movements. The primary and secondary sources used were interviews, media materials, and reports on performance results, ongoing projects, as well as official information on a number of issues affecting our theme. We tested the theories of transformational and adaptive leadership, as well as the concept of social capital, put forward by foreign scientists to practice female leadership in Kazakhstan, and concluded that they can be applied with certain adjustments for local conditions. We believe that in certain areas, the activities of non-governmental organizations led by women leaders are becoming more effective than the work of official bodies, which indicates an increase in the potential of civil society.