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Journal articles on the topic 'KDP crystals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Zhang, Fei Hu, Shao Long Guo, Yong Zhang, and Dian Rong Luan. "Research on the Material Removal Mechanism in Deliquescent Polishing of KDP Crystals." Key Engineering Materials 416 (September 2009): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.416.487.

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A new ultraprecision machining technology for KDP crystals, deliquescent polishing technology for KDP crystals, is presented. On the basis of analyzing the definitions of deliquescence, the dissolution experiment of KDP crystal’s surface was conducted. Through the experiment, the material removal mechanism in deliquescent polishing of KDP crystals is proposed, and the deliquescent polishing device for KDP crystals is described. Based on the material removal mechanism in deliquescent polishing of KDP crystals, the deliquescent polishing experiment of KDP crystal was carried out, the experimental result has verified the validity, feasibility and effectiveness of the material removal mechanism.

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2

Guo, Shao Long, Fei Hu Zhang, Yong Zhang, and Dian Rong Luan. "Research on Deliquescent Polishing Fluid for KDP Crystals." Materials Science Forum 626-627 (August 2009): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.626-627.53.

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The characteristics and principle of deliquescent polishing technology for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals are introduced, and the performance requirements of deliquescent polishing fluid for KDP crystals are proposed. The main components of the deliquescent polishing fluid for KDP crystals were selected according to these performance requirements. Through uniformity experiment, stability experiment and fluidity experiment, uniformity, stability and fluidity of deliquescent polishing fluid for KDP crystals prepared using the selected components were tested. Through deliquescent polishing experiment of KDP crystal, polishing performance of deliquescent polishing fluid compounded using the selected components was tested. The material removal rate of the KDP crystal in the deliquescent polishing experiment was 6.03μm/min, and the surface roughness of the KDP crystal after deliquescent polishing was 4.857nm. The experimental results show that the compounded deliquescent polishing fluid for KDP crystals has good polishing performance and can reach the requirements.

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3

Zhang, Cheng Long, Ping Fa Feng, Z. J. Wu, and Ding Wen Yu. "Experimental Investigation on Surface Roughness of KDP Crystal Pro-Cessed with Rotary Ultrasonic Face Milling." Key Engineering Materials 499 (January 2012): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.499.223.

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KDP crystal is a good nonlinear optical and electro-optical crystal material. However, KDP crystal is considered to be one of the most difficult machining materials due to its inherent properties. This paper presents a preliminary experimental study on surface roughness of KDP crystal processed with rotary ultrasonic face milling. The study shows that the process variables (spindle speed, feedrate, and milling depth) have significant influence on the surface roughness in processing KDP crystal. It discusses the effects of the mechanical properties of KDP crystal on the processing performance. The experimental investigation reveals that the rotary ultrasonic face milling method can obtain smoother surface, which means the method is available for processing KDP crystals with a proper machining conditions. This preliminary research affords a guiding significance for precision processing KDP crystals.

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4

Phan, Vinh Trung, Anh Thi Quynh Le, and Dat Thanh Huynh. "Growth and characterization of KDP single crystals by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, T4 (December 31, 2017): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1it4.489.

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Pure KDP single crystals were studied extensively since the 1930s because they could be grown easily to reach a large size, of their low cost and piezoelectric property. Since then, many applications of the KDP crystal have been developed such as the electro-optic modulation, the optical switch (Q-Switch) and the frequency of laser converter through the second-, thirdorder nonlinear effects. In response to these applications, the high-quality KDP single crystals are required. The common method of growing KDP crystal is the temperature lowering, in which a KDP seed is placed in a supersaturated solution. The disadvantage of this method is the spontaneous appearance of crystalline clusters at the bottom of the container which retard the growth of the main crystal. Since the 2010s, Sankaranarayanan and Ramasamy have proposed a new method of growing crystal by designing the Y-shaped solution container. In this study, the KDP single crystals were grown by the SR method. These crystals have better quality, fewer defects, higher hardness and density, and especially material saving compared to the ones prepared by the traditional methods.

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5

Zhang, Yong, Ning Hou, Liang-Chi Zhang, and Qi Wang. "Elastic-plastic-brittle transitions of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals: characterization by nanoindentation." Advances in Manufacturing 8, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40436-020-00320-3.

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AbstractPotassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals are widely used in laser ignition facilities as optical switching and frequency conversion components. These crystals are soft, brittle, and sensitive to external conditions (e.g., humidity, temperature, and applied stress). Hence, conventional characterization methods, such as transmission electron microscopy, cannot be used to study the mechanisms of material deformation. Nevertheless, understanding the mechanism of plastic-brittle transition in KDP crystals is important to prevent the fracture damage during the machining process. This study explores the plastic deformation and brittle fracture mechanisms of KDP crystals through nanoindentation experiments and theoretical calculations. The results show that dislocation nucleation and propagation are the main mechanisms of plastic deformation in KDP crystals, and dislocation pileup leads to brittle fracture during nanoindentation. Nanoindentation experiments using various indenters indicate that the external stress fields influence the plastic deformation of KDP crystals, and plastic deformation and brittle fracture are related to the material’s anisotropy. However, the effect of loading rate on the KDP crystal deformation is practically negligible. The results of this research provide important information on reducing machining-induced damage and further improving the optical performance of KDP crystal components.

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6

Aswathappa, Sivakumar, Eniya Palaniyasan, Sahaya Jude Dhas Sathiyadhas, Kalyana Sundar Jayaperumal, Sivaprakash Paramasivam, Arumugam Sonachalam, and Martin Britto Dhas Sathiyadhas Amalapushpam. "Shock wave induced defect engineering on structural and optical properties of pure and dye doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 235, no. 6-7 (July 28, 2020): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2020-0017.

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AbstractBased on the importance of the shock recovery experiments, the authors report the structural and optical properties of pure and 0.001 M dye-doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals for virgin and shock wave loaded samples. Rhodamine B and Methylene blue dyes are selected as dopants to be doped with KDP crystal for the present investigation. The test crystals of pure and doped KDP crystals are grown by slow evaporation technique and cut and polished crystals of (200) face are used for the present investigation. Table-top pressure driven shock tube is utilized for the shock wave generation and the used functional Mach number is 1.7. Virgin and shock wave loaded test crystals’ surface morphology, structural properties and optical transmissions are observed using optical microscope, powder X-ray diffractometer and UV-Visible spectrometer, respectively. Crystalline nature and optical transmission of pure and doped KDP crystals are found to have reduced by the impact of shock waves. It occurs due to the enhancement of defect concentration on the surface of the test crystals. From the observed results, we assert that the pure KDP crystal is relatively more stable to shock wave induced damage compared to doped KDP crystals as reflected by structural and optical studies.

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7

Qin, Mengfei, Xinguang Xu, Guangwei Yu, Bo Wang, and Wenyong Cheng. "Rapid Growth of KDP Crystals in the [101] Direction." Crystals 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10020108.

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KDP crystals have important applications in inertial confinement fusion. However, during the rapid growth of large-sized KDP crystals, inclusion is prone to occur. The existence of inclusion will lead to the reduction of crystal quality and utilization and even the end of the growth process. The generation of inclusion is related to the interaction between the crystal and the liquid flow. In this paper, we changed the hydrodynamic condition around the crystal by changing the crystal growth direction and achieve the rapid growth of [101] direction KDP crystals without inclusion at a low rotation rate. The utilization of the crystal was improved and the crystal has good optical transmittance, crystalline perfection and laser damage threshold. Meanwhile, atomic force microscopy was used to study the characteristics and changes of the micromorphology on (100) and (101) faces under different levels of supersaturation. The analysis results show that under high supersaturation, the uneven distribution of solutes and insufficient flow rate cause local macrosteps, two-dimensional step platforms and two-dimensional cores to form irregular structures with large slopes, thereby reducing the stability of the interface. This study will help to better understand the effect of the interaction between liquid flow and crystals on the formation of inclusion and guide the growth of KDP crystals.

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8

Khan, Imran, S. Kalainathan, M. I. Baig, Mohd Shkir, S. Alfaify, H. A. Ghramh, and Mohd Anis. "Linear-nonlinear optical, dielectric and surface microscopic investigation of KH2PO4 crystal to uncover the decisive impact of dopant glycine." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2018-0073.

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AbstractPresent investigation has been started to perform the comparative study of pure and glycine doped KH2PO4 (KDP) single crystals grown by most commercial slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine their structural parameters. The linear optical studies of pure and glycine doped KDP crystal have been undertaken within 200 nm to 1100 nm wavelength range by means of UV-Vis studies. The enhancement in second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of glycine doped KDP crystal has been determined using a standard Kurtz-Perry powder test. The dielectric measurements have been carried out to explore the impact of glycine dopant on dielectric constant and dielectric loss of KDP crystal. The surface growth habitat and etch pit density of glycine doped KDP crystal have been evaluated using the results of microscopic etching studies. In light of obtained results the suitability of glycine doped KDP crystal for device applications has been discussed.

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9

Salo, V. I. "Rapidly grown KDP crystals." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 3, no. 2 (March 21, 2000): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo3.02.200.

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10

Wang, Jing He, Ming Jun Chen, Shen Dong, H. X. Wang, J. H. Zhang, and Wen Jun Zong. "Critical Cutting Condition for Brittle-Ductile Transition of KDP Crystals in Ultra-Precision Machining." Key Engineering Materials 329 (January 2007): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.329.409.

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In this paper, mechanical characteristics of KDP crystal anisotropy are analysed theoretically. Vickers indentation experiments are adopted to validate the variation rule of hardness and fracture toughness in different orientation of KDP crystal plane (100), and a model to calculate critical cutting thickness of brittle-ductile transition is proposed for the KDP crystals. The result shows that, on the crystal plane (100), the minimum value of critical cutting thickness of KDP crystal in brittle-ductile transition appears in the direction [110], but the maximum appears in the direction [010]. Finally, the ultra-precision machining of KDP crystal is performed, and the results agree well with the theoretical conclusions. Super-smooth surface with a roughness RMS of 6.6nm is reached as machined in the crystal direction [010], and 11.2nm to the direction [110].

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11

Kanagathara, N., and G. Anbalagan. "Growth, Optical and Dielectric Studies on Pure and L-Lysine Doped KDP Crystals." International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/826763.

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Optically good quality single crystals of pure and L-lysine monohydrochloride-doped KDP crystals have been grown by a slow evaporation method. The grown crystals have been subjected to optical and dielectric studies. The UV-Vis spectrum shows the transmitting ability of the crystals in the entire visible region and transmittance percentage is increased for the doped KDP crystals. From the dielectric study, it is found that the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of L-lysine-doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Hence L-lysine-doped KDP crystals are found to be more beneficial from an application point of view as compared to pure KDP crystals.

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12

Chen, Dongju, Shupei Li, and Jinwei Fan. "Effect of KDP-Crystal Material Properties on Surface Morphology in Ultra-Precision Fly Cutting." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090802.

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To study the effect of material properties on the surface morphology of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals, an ultra-precision fly cutting machine tool with a single-point diamond tool was used to perform a cutting experiment on (100) crystal plane of the KDP crystal. The elastic modulus, shear modulus, hardness, and dislocation of KDP crystals are taken into the cutting force model by introducing the strain gradient plasticity theory. Since the size effect and dynamic response will affect the surface roughness during ultra-precision machining, the surface roughness of workpieces in ultra-precision fly cutting is hard to predict. Based on the previously established strain gradient plasticity theoretical model, cutting force model, and the dynamic characteristics of the ultra-precision fly cutting system, a surface morphology prediction model under the influence of KDP crystal material properties was established. Finally, the accuracy of the surface morphology prediction model was verified by ultra-precision fly cutting experiments, and identified the frequency range of the characteristic signal caused by the anisotropy of the KDP crystal from the frequency, thereby verifying the KDP crystal material properties has a significant effect on the surface of the machined workpiece roughness.

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13

Manju, T., and P. Selvarajan. "Growth and Studies of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals Doped With Picric Acid." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.972.

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Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal has been doped with picric acid to alter its physical and chemical properties. Picric acid doped KDP salt was synthesized by adding 2 mole% of picric acid into the aqueous solution of KDP. Using the synthesized salt of picric acid doped KDP and double distilled water, single crystals were grown by solution method with slow evaporation technique. The grown single crystal was subjected to XRD method to find the crystal structure. The functional groups of the sample were found by FTIR method. The elements in the picric acid doped KDP crystal were identified by EDAX and CHN analyses. SHG studies of the sample were done to check the second order NLO property. Dielectric studies for picric acid doped KDP crystal were carried out using a multi-frequency LCR meter. Thermal stability of the sample was found by TG/DTA studies. The microhardness of the sample was also measured at different applied low loads and the results obtained from the various studies are discussed.

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14

PARIKH, KETAN D., DIPAK J. DAVE, and MIHIR J. JOSHI. "CRYSTAL GROWTH, THERMAL, OPTICAL, AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF L-LYSINE DOPED KDP CRYSTALS." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 12 (May 20, 2009): 1589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909019740.

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Single crystals of pure and various amount of L-lysine doped KDP crystals were grown from aqueous solution. The doping of L-lysine was confirmed by CHN analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. Powder XRD was carried out to assess the single phase nature of the samples. The effect of doping on thermal stability of the crystals was carried out by TGA and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of dehydration were evaluated. It was found that as the amount of doping of amino acid, L-lysine, increased the thermal stability of the grown crystals decreased. However, the second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of Nd :YAG laser and UV-vis spectroscopy studies indicated that as the L-lysine doping increased in KDP crystals the SHG efficiency and optical transmission percentage increased. The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of L-lysine doped KDP crystals are lower than the pure KDP crystals. Hence L-lysine doped KDP crystals are found to be more beneficial from an application point of view as compared to pure KDP crystals. The results are discussed.

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15

Lu, Chun Peng, Hang Gao, and Xiao Ji Teng. "Tribological Properties of KDP Single Crystal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.134.

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Scratch tests on (001) face, doubler face and tripler face of KDP crystals are carried out at room temperature. It shows that the friction ceoffcients of different crystal faces are affected seriously by the crystal oritations, their variation periods of (001) face, doubler face and tripler face are 90o, 180o and 180o, their attitudes of relative anisotropy are 50%, 43.8% and 43.8%, and all of them are less than 0.4. The scratch mechanism of KDP crystal consists of four types: elastic and plastic deformation, ploughing, microchip, and surface damage. Differences between elastic and plastic deformation and ploughing are not obvious due to the soft-brittle nature of KDP crystal.

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16

Deepti, P. R., and J. Shanti. "Structural and Optical Studies of Potential Ferroelectric Crystal: KDP Doped TGS." Journal of Scientific Research 6, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i1.16584.

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Triglycine sulphate (TGS), an important ferroelectric material has been widely used in the fabrication of high sensitivity infrared detectors at room temperature. Single crystals of KDP doped TGS was grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature in this study. The grown crystal was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction studies, and ferroelectric studies. KDP doped TGS crystals were found to be highly transparent and full faced. The experimental results evidence the suitability of the grown crystal for optoelectronic applications. Keywords: Crystal growth; KDP-doped TGS; Ferroelectric studies © 2014 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v6i1.16584 J. Sci. Res. 6 (1), 1-9 (2014)

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17

S. Revathi. "Study growth and characterization of chloride doped potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate crystal." Jamal Academic Research Journal : An Interdisciplinary 1, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46947/jarj1120204.

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Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal has been doped with chloride to alter its physical and chemical properties.The pure and chloride mixtured KDP was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The X-raydiffractometry (XRD) analys is shows that the crystalline perfection these optimum conditions is extremely good without having any internal structural grain boundaries and mosaic nature. The lattice parameters have been determined for pure KDP and chloride mixtured KDP from the single crystal XRD. The crystals grown by these optimum conditions show positive effects in the various characterization techniques.

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18

Guo, Shaolong, Feihu Zhang, Yong Zhang, and Dianrong Luan. "Research on the Material Removal in the Polishing of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals Based on Deliquescent Action." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/949012.

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Through the polishing experiments of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals based on deliquescent action, the effect of several major factors, including crystal’s initial surface state, polishing time, and revolution of polishing plate, on material removal was researched. Under certain experimental conditions, the rules of material removal were reached, and experimental results are discussed, which lays the foundation for popularization and application of polishing technology for KDP crystals based on deliquescent action.

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19

Lai, X., K. J. Roberts, L. H. Avanci, L. P. Cardoso, and J. M. Sasaki. "Habit modification of nearly perfect single crystals of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) by trivalent manganese ions studied using synchrotron radiation X-ray multiple diffraction in Renninger scanning mode." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 5 (September 8, 2003): 1230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803014766.

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The X-ray multiple diffraction technique using synchrotron radiation is applied in the preliminary study of the habit modification of KDP samples as induced by incorporation of the trivalent transition metal cation Mn3+. High-resolution Renninger scans of pure and doped KDP were carried out using 400 as the primary reflection, echoing the fact that these impurity species were segregated in the {100} growth sector. The analysis of the Renninger scans of the doped KDP crystals is consistent with the presence of the impurity species chemically bound within the KDP crystal structure, as confirmed through the suppression of the huge observed peak asymmetry, characteristic of perfect crystals. In addition, an extra Renninger-scan peak measured for the doped material is indicative of the impurity atoms occupying interstitial crystallographic sites in the lattice, a result consistent with X-ray standing-wave measurements. Renninger-scan reflection curve widths and lattice parameter measurements reveal the decrease in crystalline perfection (increased mosaic spread, η) and lattice contraction ofca0.4% in theaandclattice directions at the surface plane for the Mn3+-doped KDP samples in comparison with the undoped crystals.

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20

Guo, Decheng, Xiaodong Jiang, Jing Huang, Fengrui Wang, Hongjie Liu, and Xiaotao Zu. "Effect of UV Laser Conditioning on the Structure of KDP Crystal." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/451048.

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Multiparametric raster scanning experiments for KDP crystals are carried out to study the laser conditioning efficiency as a function of laser fluence, fluence step, and pulse sequence by using ultraviolet (UV) laser irradiation with pulse duration of approximately 7 ns. It indicates that damage resistance of KDP can be enhanced after conditioning process. And laser conditioning efficiency depends on the maximal fluence which is below the damage threshold. Raman spectra and photothermal absorption have also been studied on KDP crystals before and after multiparametric laser conditioning. Photothermal absorption data reveal that absorbance of conditioned KDP crystal decreases with the increase of laser fluence and the damage threshold of low absorption area is higher. Raman analysis reveals that the effectiveness of laser conditioning relies mainly on the individual mode of PO4molecule.

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21

Javidi, S. "Influence of Ca2+ ions on the habit of KDP crystals." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo14.02.179.

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22

Zhong, De Gao, Bing Teng, Ming Li, Qing Guo Wang, Yan Shuai Zhao, Fei You, Hui Xu, and Shi Ming Zhang. "In Situ Observation of the Growing Surface Morphology of KDP Crystals by Microscope." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 2023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.2023.

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A kind of in-situ crystal growth observation system for solution temperature reduction method was designed. The growth surface morphology of KDP crystal was observed by this system. Dislocation hillocks with elliptical shape were clearly distinguished on the {100} face. The dynamics process of morphology evolvement on growth surface of KDP crystals was recorded and analyzed. The growth velocity of the step trains generated from dislocation hillocks was about ~10-4.

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23

Zhang, Xu, and De Xiang Jia. "Kinetics of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Single-Crystal Growth Mapped by the Chemical Bond Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.31.

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A chemical bond simulation was proposed to quantitatively calculate the growth rate from the kinetic model of the crystal-solution interface. When this approach was applied to the cases of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals grown from the solution with different surpersaturation, the growth behaviors of KDP crystals were predicted and the calculated results were consistent with the experimental data. These results demonstrate that regulating the distribution of the chemical bonds between the crystal and solution interfaces can effectively control the crystal morphology. Seeding experiments with the chemical bond simulation may have significant potential towards the development of shape-controlled growth with defined conditions.

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24

Zaitseva, N., and L. Carman. "Rapid growth of KDP-type crystals." Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 43, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8974(01)00004-3.

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25

Smolski, I., J. J. De Yoreo, N. P. Zaitseva, J. D. Lee, T. A. Land, and E. B. Rudneva. "Oriented liquid inclusions in KDP crystals." Journal of Crystal Growth 169, no. 4 (December 1996): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(96)00481-2.

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26

Fuchs, Baruch A., P. Paul Hed, and Phillip C. Baker. "Fine diamond turning of KDP crystals." Applied Optics 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1986): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.001733.

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27

Litov, Elie, and Carl W. Garland. "Ultrasonic experiments in KDP-type crystals." Ferroelectrics 72, no. 1 (March 1987): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150198708017936.

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28

Li, Weidong, Guangwei Yu, Shenglai Wang, Jianxu Ding, Xinguang Xu, Qingtian Gu, Duanliang Wang, and Pingping Huang. "Influence of temperature on the growth and surface morphology of Fe3+ poisoned KDP crystals." RSC Advances 7, no. 28 (2017): 17531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25710k.

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29

Wen, Ji Long, Bing Teng, De Gao Zhong, Jian Geng, and Qing Sun. "KDP Crystals Grown in Defined Crystallographic Direction." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.321.

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KDP crystals are restrained to grow along (100) direction by a new designed platform. Compared to conventional method, it enables us to grow KDP crystals with higher optical utilization and less labor costs in fabrication process of optical components. The size of the grown crystals is 20×20×10mm3. Its quality has been analyzed by UV-vis spectral, chemical etching and high resolution X-ray diffraction. The FWHM of diffraction curves is 32 and 36 arc s. The transparency measured by UV-vis spectrometer is up to 80%. The results from various characterization studies indicate that the optical quality is almost as same as the conventionally grown crystals.

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30

Lu, Chun Peng, Hang Gao, Ben Wang, Qiang Guo Wang, Xiao Ji Teng, and Bi Ling Wang. "Anisotropic Analysis on Processed Surface of KDP Single Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.223.

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Strong anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals significantly affects surface quality during processing the samples. Different processing direction, along [100], [110], and [120] crystallographic orientations, are chosen on (001) crystal plane in order to evaluate the anisotropic characterizations on the processed surface. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) is employed to observe the machined surface damage, defects and profiles. At the same time, surface quality is measured by Zygo surface profiler to estimate the processed surface quality. The results show that the machined surfaces along three different orientations under the same processing conditions behave quite differently from each other. Strong anisotropy and complex slip system of KDP crystals lead to several different asymmetric damages on the machined surface. Surface roughness (Ra) values along [100] are the smallest, that along [120] are in average, and that along [110] are largest. Moreover, many illustrations are given to understand the anisotropic nature during processing, including slip system, mechanical properties during processing, and technical parameters, etc.

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Mingxia Xu, Mingxia Xu, Zhengping Wang Zhengping Wang, Bo Wang Bo Wang, Baoan Liu Baoan Liu, Xun Sun Xun Sun, and Xinguang Xu Xinguang Xu. "Study on optical property of rapid growth KDP and DKDP crystals." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s1 (2012): S11602–311605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s11602.

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32

Zhou, Guang Gang, Gui Wu Lu, Chong Wu, Wen Qi Huang, and Hong Yang. "Study on the Structure and Surface Acoustic Wave Properties of KDP and ADP Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.66.

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The geometry structure, band structure and density of states of KH2PO4 (KDP) and NH4H2PO4 (ADP) single crystals were investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) method. Parameters including the phase velocity, electromechanical coupling factor and power flow angle (PFA) were calculated for KDP and ADP at X, Y, Z cuts, respectively. Our calculated data are in good agreement with the experimental results. Compared with quartz, KDP and ADP crystals are of lower phase velocities. Considering PFA, electromechanical coupling coefficients and phase velocity, it was concluded that the propagation direction of 60 of X-cut and Y-cut possess superior SAW performance for both KDP and ADP crystals.

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33

Parikh, K. D., D. J. Dave, B. B. Parekh, and M. J. Joshi. "Vickers Microhardness Studies of Pure and Amino Acids Doped Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals." Journal of Advanced Physics 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jap.2017.1287.

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Vickers microhardness study was carried out to understand the mechanical behaviour of pure and different amino acids (L-arginine, L-lysine, L-alanine) doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. Indentations were made on smooth {100} plane of pure and different amino acid doped crystals for loads varying from 0.298 N to 0.98 N. Vickers microhardness decreased as doping level of amino acid was increased. Indentation size effect (ISE), Kick's law, Hays and Kendall's law and Proportion specimen resistance (PSR) model were verified for pure and different amino acids doped crystals. The values of the load independent hardness and Newtonian pressure were higher in pure KDP crystals than the amino acids doped KDP crystals. It was found that as doping concentration of amino acids increased the load independent hardness and Newtonian pressure decreased. The results indicated that the doping of amino acids made KDP crystals softer.

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34

Lu, Yinghui, Kültegin Aydin, Eugene E. Clothiaux, and Johannes Verlinde. "Retrieving Cloud Ice Water Content Using Millimeter- and Centimeter-Wavelength Radar Polarimetric Observables." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 3 (March 2015): 596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0169.1.

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AbstractScattering properties of a large collection of pristine ice crystals at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths are calculated using the generalized multiparticle Mie method. Millimeter- and centimeter-wavelength radar observables are also calculated by employing particle size distributions (PSDs) that ensure the bulk properties (e.g., ice water content and total number concentration) fall within physically realistic ranges. The relationships between radar reflectivity Z and ice water content (IWC) are shown to be sensitive (from one to two orders of magnitude in variability) to the PSDs used and are thus not recommended for IWC retrievals. The relationships between IWC and specific differential phase KDP are less dependent on PSDs. Simple relationships between IWC and KDP at different radar elevation angles and wavelengths are given. If only the general crystal type is known (i.e., planar vs columnar), IWC retrieval errors based on KDP mostly fall within 30%. If more detailed ice crystal type is known, the retrieval errors are reduced to mostly within 10%. These results are similar to earlier reports in the literature but are based on a more extensive collection of model ice crystals and electromagnetic-scattering computations at four wavelengths: X, Ku, Ka, and W bands. The applicability of KDP in retrieving IWC is limited by the measurement accuracy of KDP, which usually requires averaging over several kilometers in range. Given the same noise level, the shorter wavelengths may have relatively smaller fractional errors than the longer wavelengths in KDP-based IWC retrievals and are promising wavelengths for further investigation.

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35

Ge, Pei Qi, Wen Bo Bi, Meng Ran Ge, Yang Jiao, and Chang Hou Lu. "Simulation Research for the Effect of KDP Crystal Defect and Initial Internal Stress on Sawing Stress." Materials Science Forum 874 (October 2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.9.

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KDP (KH2PO4) crystal is a kind of excellent nonlinear optical crystals, which has been widely used in nonlinear optical and Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) engineering. KDP crystal with the characteristics of low hardness, high brittleness, easy deliquescence and temperature-sensitive is easy to crack during the crystal growth, taken out from crystallizer, and the process of slicing. Stress concentration caused by the initial internal stress redistribution and the growth defect in KDP crystal is an important reason of KDP crystal cracking during sawing process. The numerical simulation model of the KDP crystal containing spherical cavity defect and sawing with fixed abrasive wire saw is established by finite element method in this paper. The effects of initial internal stress, spherical cavity defect on sawing stress are investigated. The maximum tensile stress near the defect during the sawing process is simulated and analyzed. The results show that sawing stress changes smoothly during sawing process, and the fixed abrasive wire saw slicing belongs to low stress cutting way. The sawing stress at sawing kerf is increased obviously. The crystal defect leads to local stress concentration during sawing process. The coupling effect of sawing stress with initial internal stress and the effect of stress concentration are enhanced when the sawing kerf approaches to the defect.

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36

Dave, Dipak J., Ketan D. Parikh, and Mihir J. Joshi. "Vickers Micro-Hardness Studies of Amino Acids (L-Histidine, L-Threonien and DL-Methionine) Doped KDP Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 665 (February 2013): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.665.172.

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Pure and various amino acids (L-histidine, L-threonine, DL-methionine) doped KDP crystals were grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The doping of amino acids was confirmed by C, H, N analysis, FTIR spectroscopy and paper chromatography .Pure and doped KDP crystals were subjected to Vickers microhardness studies. Indentations were made on smooth (100) as grown faces of pure and doped crystals. The Vickers indenter loads were varied from 0.298 N to 0.981 N in order to study the effect of load on microhardness. A number of indents were made at each load and the mean diagonal length (d) was used in calculating the Vickers Hardness Number (HV). The Vickers micro-hardness decreased as amino acid doping level was increased indicating that the KDP crystals became softer after doping. The Indentation size effect (ISE) the Kicks law as well as PSR model was verified for all samples. The values of the load independent hardness and the Newtonian pressure (W) were higher in pure KDP crystals than the amino acids doped KDP crystals. It was found that as the doping concentration of amino acids increased the values of load independent hardness and Newtonian pressure decreased. Hays and Kendall law analysis was also applied to the hardness data.

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37

Mao, Jianhui, Wenjun Liu, Dongfang Li, Chenkai Zhang, and Yi Ma. "The Strain Rate Sensitivity and Creep Behavior for the Tripler Plane of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystal by Nanoindentation." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040369.

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As an excellent multifunctional single crystal, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) is a well-known, difficult-to-process material for its soft-brittle and deliquescent nature. The surface mechanical properties are critical to the machining process; however, the characteristics of deformation behavior for KDP crystals have not been well studied. In this work, the strain rate effect on hardness was investigated on the mechanically polished tripler plane of a KDP crystal relying on nanoindentation technology. By increasing the strain rate from 0.001 to 0.1 s−1, hardness increased from 1.67 to 2.07 GPa. Hence, the strain rate sensitivity was determined as 0.053, and the activation volume of dislocation nucleation was 169 Å3. Based on the constant load-holding method, creep deformation was studied at various holding depths at room temperature. Under the spherical tip, creep deformation could be greatly enhanced with increasing holding depth, which was mainly due to the enlarged holding strain. Under the self-similar Berkovich indenter, creep strain could be reduced at a deeper location. Such an indentation size effect on creep deformation was firstly reported for KDP crystals. The strain rate sensitivity of the steady-state creep flow was estimated, and the creep mechanism was qualitatively discussed.

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38

Zheng, Zi Wen, Hao Feng Chen, Yi Fan Dai, Hang Gao, Gui Lin Wang, and Xiao Ping Li. "A Vacuum Sucking Approach to Preventing Chips from Attaching to Machined Surface in Cutting of KDP Crystals." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.573.

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Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are used for the key components in high power density solid-state laser for Inertial Confinement Fusion. KDP crystals are mainly machined in the dry cutting condition to avoid ‘Fogging’ of the crystals. The main difficulty identified in dry machining of KDP is chip removal from the machined surface. A vacuum sucking device based on venturi vacuum pump is used to suck the chips during cutting, and the relationship between level of vacuum in cutting zone and the comply air pressure was established. An empirical model for chip emission during turning processes is used to analyze the influence of cutting parameters on the chip emission. The influence of cutting parameters on the removal of chips is investigated. Finally, a face turning of KDP crystals is carried out with the turning parameters of feed rate 1um/rev, depth of cut of 0.8 um/rev and the cutting speed from 1.82m/s to 3.9m/s. A super-smooth surface with chips free in the whole sample is achieved, having the surface roughness of 2.994nm (Ra) measured by AFM. The surface quality achieved satisfies the requirements of KDP crystals implemented in high power lasers.

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39

CHEN JIN-CHANG, HUANG YI-SEN, and WEI PEI-ZAI. "DISLOCATIONS IN POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE (KDP) CRYSTALS." Acta Physica Sinica 34, no. 3 (1985): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.34.377.

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40

Orlandi, Didier, and Patrick Simon. "Proton order in monoclinic KDP-type crystals." Ferroelectrics 125, no. 1 (January 1992): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199208017110.

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41

Zaccaro, Julien, Jérôme Debray, Sabine Douillet, and Alain Ibanez. "Origin of Crazing in Deuterated KDP Crystals." Crystal Growth & Design 14, no. 12 (November 17, 2014): 6581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg501491x.

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42

Zhou, Hai-Liang, Qing-Hua Zhang, Bo Wang, Xin-Guang Xu, Zheng-Ping Wang, Xun Sun, Fang Zhang, Li-Song Zhang, Bao-An Liu, and Xiang-Xu Chai. "Raman gains of ADP and KDP crystals." Chinese Physics B 24, no. 4 (March 31, 2015): 044206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/24/4/044206.

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43

Mitrović, M. M. "Growth rate dispersion of small KDP crystals." Chemical Physics Letters 265, no. 3-5 (February 1997): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(96)01453-4.

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44

Tominaga, Yasunori, Yoshimi Kawahata, and Yuko Amo. "Hydrogen modes in KDP/DKDP mixed crystals." Solid State Communications 125, no. 7-8 (February 2003): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(02)00812-8.

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45

Mitrović, M. M., A. A. Žekić, and Lj S. Petruševski. "Growth rate dispersion of small KDP crystals." Journal of Crystal Growth 198-199 (March 1999): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(98)01199-3.

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46

Suvorova, E. I., and V. V. Klechkovskaya. "Transmission electron microscopy study of KDP crystals." Ferroelectrics 144, no. 1 (July 1993): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199308008650.

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47

Romanjuk, M. O., V. Yo Stadnyk, and M. M. Romanjuk. "The piezooptic properties of KDP polydomain crystals." Journal of Physical Studies 7, no. 4 (2003): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/jps.07.449.

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48

Sun, X., X. G. Xu, Z. P. Wang, Q. T. Gu, S. L. Wang, Y. P. Li, C. S. Fang, and Z. S. Gao. "Scatter Centers in Rapidly Grown KDP Crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 37, no. 11 (November 2002): 1208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4079(200211)37:11<1208::aid-crat1208>3.0.co;2-f.

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49

Velikhov, Yu, I. Pritula, I. Ganina, M. Kolybayeva, V. Puzikov, and A. N. Levchenko. "Growth and properties of dyed KDP crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 42, no. 1 (January 2007): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200610765.

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50

Orbán, K., G. Pártay, A. Lukács, L. Vannay, and J. Sárközi. "On the tapering of KDP single crystals." Crystal Research and Technology 24, no. 6 (June 1989): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170240607.

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