Journal articles: 'Kenya : Economic Geography'

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Li, Qing, Peter Magati, Raphael Lencucha, Ronald Labonte, Donald Makoka, and Jeffrey Drope. "The Economic Geography of Kenyan Tobacco Farmers’ Livelihood Decisions." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 12 (January 25, 2019): 1711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz011.

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Abstract Introduction The narrative of prosperous economic livelihood of tobacco farmers in Kenya as alleged by the tobacco industry deserves challenge as evidence increasingly suggests that smallholder tobacco farmers are making little or no profits. Article 17 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control encourages viable alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers. There is little evidence, however, on how tobacco farmers make livelihood choice decisions. Methods A total of 527 purposefully selected smallholder tobacco farmers in Kenya from three main tobacco-growing regions participated in a 2017 economic livelihood survey. Geo-economic data were matched to surveyed farmers’ Global Positioning System coordinates to estimate each farmer’s access to nearby economic centers. Ownership of cell phones or radios was also used to estimate farmers’ virtual access to nearby economic activities to understand better the role of information. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to control socioeconomic status and self-reported activity in nearby economic centers. Results Tobacco farmers rarely live within 10 km of an economic center. Results suggest that the further away farmers live from economic centers, the less likely they are to grow tobacco, but more likely to grow tobacco under contract. Also, farmers owning a cell phone or radio are not only less likely to grow tobacco, but also to not engage in farming under contract if they do grow tobacco. Conclusions Physical and virtual access to nearby economic activities is significantly associated with tobacco farmers’ livelihood choice decision and should be taken into consideration by decision makers while developing interventions for FCTC Article 17. Implications Smallholder tobacco farmers in lower-income countries are making little or no profits, but few studies have been conducted to illuminate what perpetuates tobacco production, with such studies urgently needed to support governments to develop viable alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers. This study suggests that geographic and technological factors that shape farmers’ economic decisions can help policy makers tailor alternative livelihood policies to different regional contexts and should be a focus of future research in this area.

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Ronald Hope, Kempe. "Informal economic activity in Kenya: benefits and drawbacks." African Geographical Review 33, no. 1 (September 18, 2013): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2013.838687.

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Aiyar, Sana. "EMPIRE, RACE AND THE INDIANS IN COLONIAL KENYA'S CONTESTED PUBLIC POLITICAL SPHERE, 1919–1923." Africa 81, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 132–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972010000070.

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ABSTRACTThis article explores the connection between three political movements that broke out amongst Africans and Indians within the public political realm across the Indian Ocean – the Khilafat/non-cooperation movement initiated by Gandhi in India between 1919 and 1922, the ‘quest for equality’ with European settlers amongst Indians in Kenya from 1910 to 1923, and the anti-settler movement launched by Harry Thuku in protest against unfair labour ordinances between 1921 and 1922. Moving away from the racial and territorial boundaries of South Asian and Kenyan historiographies, it uses the Indian Ocean realm – a space of economic, social and political interaction – as its paradigm of analysis. A variety of primary sources from archives in Kenya, India and Britain have been studied to uncover a connected, interregional history of politics, race and empire. In an attempt to highlight the importance of the Indian Ocean realm in understanding the interracial and interregional concerns that shaped the political imaginary of Indians and Africans in Kenya, the article reveals the emergence of a shared public political space across the Indian Ocean that was deeply contested.

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Ngendakurio, John Bosco. "Power and Globalization in Africa: Perceptions of Barriers to Fair Economic Development in Kenya." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 20, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2021): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341583.

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Abstract This article seeks to reveal the primary barriers to fair economic development based on Kenyans’ perceptions of power and globalization. This search was initially sparked by the seeming disinterest of First World scholars to understand the reasons why poor countries benefit so little from the global market as reflected in a subsequent lack of a wide-ranging existing literature about the subject. The literature suggests that global capitalism is dominated by a powerful small elite, the so-called Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC), but how does this relate to Kenya and Africa in general? We know that the TCC has strong connections to financial capital and wealthy transnational corporations. It also pushes neo-liberalism, which becomes the taken-for-granted everyday language and culture that justifies state policies that result in a further class polarization between the rich and poor. Using Kenya as a case study, this article draws on original qualitative research involving face-to-face interviews with Kenyan residents in different sectors who spoke freely about what they perceive to be Kenya’s place in the world order. My interview results show that, on top of the general lack of economic power in the world order, the main barriers to Africa’s performance are neo-colonial and imperialist practices, poor technology, poor infrastructure, general governance issues, and purchasing power.

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Lesorogol, Carolyn K. "Privatizing pastoral lands: economic and normative outcomes in Kenya." World Development 33, no. 11 (November 2005): 1959–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.008.

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Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Interest Rate Reforms, Financial Deepening and Economic Growth in Kenya: An Empirical Investigation." Journal of Developing Areas 43, no. 1 (2009): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.0.0044.

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Magugu, John W., Song Feng, Qiuqiong Huang, and Gilbert O. Ototo. "Socio-economic factors affecting agro-forestry technology adoption in Nyando, Kenya." Journal of Water and Land Development 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0062.

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AbstractAgro-forestry (AFR) technologies are perceived to improve livelihoods and natural resource sustainability of the rural households. Despite their aggressive promotion by multiple national and international agencies, the adoption of AFR technologies has been minimal in Kenya. This study conducted a survey to examine the socio-economic factors that affect the adoption process in Nyando, Kenya. Results revealed that farmers with bigger farms and higher education were more likely to adopt the new technology. Additionally, farmers were quicker to adopt technology if they had an increase in crop yields and had stayed longer in the study area. Generally, wealthier famers tended to adopt more AFR technology than those with less income. Access to information was the only factor strongly correlated with the rest of the independent variables. The results suggest that, adoption would be more enhanced with a clear focus on extension activities, income enhancing AFR practices and soil amelioration technologies. This study may be replicated in other parts of Kenya and East Africa to improve the level of AFR technology adoption for sustainable rural development.

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Plummer, Anita. "Kenya and China's labour relations: infrastructural development for whom, by whom?" Africa 89, no. 4 (November 2019): 680–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000858.

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AbstractThe Kenyan government's long-term development strategy, Vision 2030, has emphasized infrastructural investments, which it believes will lead to sustained economic growth. The government has appealed to China to fund large-scale projects in the transport sector, and as a consequence of this, construction firms from China have emerged as significant employers in the country. While the Kenyan government contends with the ongoing burden of youth unemployment, it must also reconcile the ambiguities of China's role in Africa and its implications for the labour market. This article examines two Chinese-built infrastructure projects in Kenya and their intersection with several issues involving migrant labour and local rumours of Chinese prisoners, as well as the state's vision for industrialization and youth employment. Kenyans utilize both online and interpersonal channels of discourse to critique present-day employment practices in the transport sector, and it is argued that these counter-channels of discourse represent a particular articulation of knowledge used by Kenyans to construct meaning and interpret ambiguous situations. Through a theoretical analysis of rumour, this article illustrates how ordinary Kenyans are pooling their intellectual resources to understand Sino-Kenyan labour relations in the absence of transparency and participatory government processes in the infrastructure sector.

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Hyatt, D. E., and W. J. Milne. "Determinants of Fertility in Urban and Rural Kenya: Estimates and a Simulation of the Impact of Education Policy." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 3 (March 1993): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250371.

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The continuing high fertility rate in Kenya is of considerable concern as the resulting high rate of population growth makes improvements in living standards difficult, if not impossible. In this paper, the determinants of fertility in urban and rural areas of Kenya are examined through estimation of a probit model which includes variables in three categories: economic, biological, and social or cultural. Also simulated is the effect of increasing the levels of female education on the total fertility rate and the total number of births. Results show that improvements in female education can result in a substantial decrease in the number of births in Kenya, thereby suggesting that formulation of government policy in this area is desirable.

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Lewis, Blane D. "THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON MUNICIPAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EMPIRICAL RESULTS FROM KENYA." Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 10, no. 2 (September 1998): 142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940x.1998.tb00092.x.

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Kassam, Aneesa, and Ali Balla Bashuna. "Marginalisation of the Waata Oromo Hunter–Gatherers of Kenya: Insider and Outsider Perspectives." Africa 74, no. 2 (May 2004): 194–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.2.194.

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AbstractThis paper examines how the way of life of a little known group of hunter–gatherers, the Waata Oromo, was brought to an end through British colonial wildlife conservation laws and the creation of national parks in Kenya. Through this policy and that of the containment of ethnic groups to ‘tribal reserves’, the Waata lost their place in the regional economic system and suffered loss of cultural identity. It also meant that when Kenya gained independence, the Waata were not recognised as a distinct entity with rights to their own political representation. Instead, they became appendages of the dominant pastoral groups with which they had been associated. They were thus doubly marginalised, in both economic and political terms. The paper describes how this situation has led some Waata in northern Kenya to claim separate ethnic status. It discusses the problem from the point of view of a Waata social activist and of an anthropologist. These two perspectives raise further issues for the etic/emic debate in anthropology.

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Vandenberg, Paul. "Ethnic-sectoral cleavages and economic development: reflections on the second Kenya debate." Journal of Modern African Studies 41, no. 3 (August 26, 2003): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x03004312.

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The second Kenya debate has prompted a close examination of the role of an ethnic business community – Indians/Asians – in the country's industrial development. While this community does own up to three-quarters of the country's medium and large-scale manufacturing firms, a narrow focus on manufacturing understates the contribution which Africans have made to the economy. A progressive rural business class is more likely to re-invest in profitable farming activities and to branch out into agro-processing, transport and trading than to undertake risky investments in urban manufacturing. As a result, historical ethnic-sectoral cleavages will tend to be reinforced. The article provides new calculations on the extent of African involvement in manufacturing, and reviews an ancillary literature which uses institutional and socio-economic analysis to understand differences in Kenya's business communities.

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Ageyo, Joe, and Idah Gatwiri Muchunku. "Beyond the Right of Access: A Critique of the Legalist Approach to Dissemination of Climate Change Information in Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062530.

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Kenya has strengthened its climate change governance by developing national level instruments. Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration requires countries to ensure that each individual has appropriate access to public environmental information. Kenya has anchored the right to information in its constitution and the 2016 Access to Information Act. However, this legalist approach has left a translation gap since climate change information is availed in a form and language that is largely inaccessible to the public. To address the gap, this study reviewed the effectiveness of dissemination and access to climate change information among Kenyans as a measure of the country’s fidelity to the decisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements, to which it is party. The study, guided by the diffusion of innovations theoretical framework and the encoding/decoding model, adopted a qualitative research design. Desk research and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. Results revealed that the current dissemination practices of climate change information in Kenya were not effectively reaching grassroots communities due to socio-economic and language barriers. The study recommends repackaging the information into vernacular and non-scientific narratives that resonate with the daily experiences of local Kenyan communities.

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Bedasso, Biniam E. "For richer, for poorer: why ethnicity often trumps economic cleavages in Kenya." Review of African Political Economy 44, no. 151 (June 30, 2016): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2016.1169164.

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Frederiksen, Bodil Folke. "PRINT, NEWSPAPERS AND AUDIENCES IN COLONIAL KENYA: AFRICAN AND INDIAN IMPROVEMENT, PROTEST AND CONNECTIONS." Africa 81, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972010000082.

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ABSTRACTThe article addresses African and Indian newspaper networks in Kenya in the late 1940s in an Indian Ocean perspective. Newspapers were important parts of a printing culture that was sustained by Indian and African nationalist politics and economic enterprise. In this period new intermediary groups of African and Indian entrepreneurs, activists and publicists, collaborating around newspaper production, captured fairly large and significant non-European audiences (some papers had print runs of around ten thousand) and engaged them in new ways, incorporating their aspirations, writings and points of view in newspapers. They depended on voluntary and political associations and anti-colonial struggles in Kenya and on links to nationalists in India and the passive resistance movement in South Africa. They sidestepped the European-dominated print culture and created an anti-colonial counter-voice. Editors insisted on the right to write freely and be heard, and traditions of freedom of speech put a brake on censorship. Furthermore, the shifting networks of financial, editorial and journalistic collaboration, and the newspapers’ language choice – African vernaculars, Gujarati, Swahili and English – made intervention difficult for the authorities. With time, the politics and ideologies sustaining the newspapers pulled in different directions, with African nationalism gaining the upper hand among the forces that shaped the future independent Kenyan nation.

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Ross, Stanley D. "The Rule of Law and Lawyers in Kenya." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 3 (September 1992): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0001082x.

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Kenya has for many years enjoyed a reputation for political stability, democratic institutions, lack of corruption, and economic growth, unlike a number of other countries in Africa. The Government has sought to emphasise this image in order to retain and attract foreign investment and aid, and to maintain a booming tourist industry. But for some time a corrosion of the rule of law has been taking place behind the facade of legitimacy, a process so accelerated during 1990 and 1991 that many people have questioned the validity of Kenya's reputation.

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Marmont, Jean-Jacques. "Israel and the Socio-Economic Status of South Africa's Jewish Community." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 1 (March 1989): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015688.

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During a visit to Kenya in June 1987, Yitzhak Shamir defended Israel's relations with Pretoria by claiming that everyone knows ‘our only interest in ties with South Africa is the existence there of a large Jewish community’. Although most analysts might claim that pragmatism and realpolitik are the sole foundations for Israeli–South African ties, the Prime Minister's explanation is in line with similar authoritative statements made in the past, namely: that Israel's national concerns in its relations with South Africa have been influenced by the collective interests of the latter's Jewish population.

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Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul, Thomas Heckelei, and Kathy Baylis. "Aspiration Formation and Ecological Shocks in Rural Kenya." European Journal of Development Research 33, no. 4 (May 27, 2021): 833–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00411-2.

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AbstractAspirations have been shown to affect households’ decisions around productive investments, but little work explores how aspirations are formed or eroded, especially in the face of ecological threats. While ecological threats may erode social and economic capital, there is no consensus on their effect on internal factors such as aspirations. We use the spread of three invasive species as our measure of ecological stressors and shocks. While all three reduce productivity, two of these invasives are slow-moving, and one fast: Parthenium, Prosopis, and Fall Armyworm (FAW), respectively. We ask how exposure to these stressors and shocks affect aspirations about income, assets, livestock, social status, and education as well as an aspirations index. Employing primary data on 530 smallholder households in northern Kenya, we find that ecological stressors, specifically, Prosopis, are correlated with lower aspirations. The effect of ecological stressors on wealth is the mechanism through which this happens. Our findings offer suggestive evidence of the concept of the ‘capacity to aspire’ which hinges on one’s material endowment and relates to the future-oriented logic of development.

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Barber, G. M., and W. J. Milne. "Modelling Internal Migration in Kenya: An Econometric Analysis with Limited Data." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 9 (September 1988): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a201185.

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In this paper the determinants of internal migration in Kenya are analyzed on the basis of a human capital model. Explanatory variables included in the specification are both economic (wage rates and employment rates) and noneconomic (for example, population density and educational attainment). Also incorporated are variables which reflect intervening opportunities. These variables are defined as distance-weighted averages of the variables in all of the districts in Kenya except the origin and destination districts. The econometric results show that destination variables are important determinants of internal migration, as is distance between the districts. Further, the variables for the intervening opportunities add significantly to the explanatory power of the model.

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Hornsby, Charles. "The Social Structure of the National Assembly in Kenya, 1963–83." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 2 (June 1989): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000483.

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The study of elections and parliamentary behaviour in Africa has become a neglected topic. Whilst the emergence of political élites during and after the colonial period has been examined carefully, little attention has been paid to the structure and functioning of the modern one-party state. Emphasis has tended to shift towards the analysis of political economy and of the nature of class relations, partly as a consequence of the close linkages between economic and political relations within developing states. However, studies of post-1969 politics in Kenya are now scarce, and basic knowledge of the operation of the political system is often absent. In order to help redress the balance, this article presents and analyses data about the socio-economic background of the Members of Parliament.

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Peake, Robert. "Swahili stratification and tourism in Malindi Old Town, Kenya." Africa 59, no. 2 (April 1989): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160489.

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The Leisure ClassAt the turn of the century Veblen (1899) wrote on the socio-economic base of the leisure class. He suggested that, in addition to the ‘bourgeois’ and working classes identified in the nineteenth century, there existed an upper strata which was more than a mere anachronistic remnant of the preindustrial aristocracy, but was in fact reproduced by the developed industrial society.

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Aharonovitz, Gilad David, and Elizabeth Kabura Nyaga. "Values, Cultural Practices, and Economic Performance: Theory and Some Evidence from Kenya." World Development 38, no. 8 (August 2010): 1156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.12.012.

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Flynn, Karen Coen. "Urban Agriculture in Mwanza, Tanzania." Africa 71, no. 4 (November 2001): 666–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.666.

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AbstractMany people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture—the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments.

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Greiner, Clemens, David Greven, and Britta Klagge. "Roads to Change: Livelihoods, Land Disputes, and Anticipation of Future Developments in Rural Kenya." European Journal of Development Research 33, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 1044–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-021-00396-y.

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AbstractThis article examines how rural roads relate to differences in livelihood patterns, attitudes toward social change, and land disputes in Baringo, Kenya. Although their direct use is limited for many residents, roads have a highly differentiating impact. While some households orientate themselves toward roads, those relying more on (agro-)pastoralist livelihoods avoid their proximity. Our findings suggest that better-off households are not the only ones that tend to live closer to roads, but that poorer households do as well. Rather than by socio-economic status, households living closer to roads can be characterized by higher degrees of formal education and also appear to be more open to economic and social change. Our data also highlight dynamics of land disputes in the face of ongoing large-scale infrastructural investments in Kenya’s previously marginal northern drylands.

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Kassie, Menale, Jesper Stage, Gracious Diiro, Beatrice Muriithi, Geoffrey Muricho, Samuel T. Ledermann, Jimmy Pittchar, Charles Midega, and Zeyaur Khan. "Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare." Land Use Policy 77 (September 2018): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041.

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Omata, Naohiko. "Contributors or competitors? Complexity and variability of refugees’ economic ‘impacts’ within a Kenyan host community." Migration Letters 16, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i2.608.

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Drawing upon in-depth qualitative research with refugees and host populations in Kenya, this article offers a diverging viewpoint towards refugees’ economic impacts within a hosting area and sheds light on the complexity and variability of such impacts perceived by different members of a host community. Due to the unprecedented numbers of refugees worldwide, assessing the impacts of hosting refugees is currently a ‘hot topic’ in the international community. However, the primary complication for studies that attempt to measure economic impacts are the complex patterns of economic interactions that refugees have with host communities. This means that refugees’ economic impacts may be viewed, experienced and distributed unequally amongst the members of receiving society. Through a case-study in Nairobi’s outskirts, this article demonstrates different patterns of engagement between refugees and the local population in the context of a labour market, and reveals contrasting views towards refugees’ economic impacts within the host community.

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Luke, Nancy. "Confronting the “Sugar Daddy” Stereotype: Age and Economic Asymmetries and Risky Sexual Behavior in Urban Kenya." International Family Planning Perspectives 31, no. 01 (March 2005): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3100605.

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Obegi, B. N., I. Sarfo, G. N. Morara, P. Boera, E. Waithaka, and A. Mutie. "Bio-economic modeling of fishing activities in Kenya: the case of Lake Naivasha Ramsar site." Journal of Bioeconomics 22, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10818-019-09292-2.

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Macharia, Kinuthia. "Slum Clearance and the Informal Economy in Nairobi." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 2 (June 1992): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010697.

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Given the socio-political and economic changes that have taken place since independence nearly 30 years ago, the Kenya African National Union (Kanu) Government has been remarkably slow to acknowledge the significance of those small-scale business activities popularly referred to as ‘Jua Kali’—Swahili for ‘hot sun’, since hardly any enjoy the benefit of either adequate shade or shelter.

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Hogg, Richard. "The new pastoralism: poverty and dependency in northern Kenya." Africa 56, no. 3 (July 1986): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160687.

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Opening ParagraphRecent studies of African pastoralism have come more and more to concentrate on its political economy and to note the increasing social and economic differentiation occurring within pastoral societies. As Swift and Maliki write of West Africa: ‘Since the 1973 drought, there has been an increasing process of proletarianization in the countryside which has particularly affected herders, who are in many places being transformed from independent rural producers into cowboys herding other people's animals on land they no longer control’ (1984: 2). In Kenya this process has become increasingly apparent since independence, as pastoralism has become dominated by a town-based elite (see Dahl, 1979a; Little, 1983, 1985a and b; Ensminger, 1984). In this article I trace the origins of a new kind of pastoralism in northern Kenya, and argue that poverty and dependence is becoming a permanent way of life to many pastoralists.

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Francis, Elizabeth. "Migration and changing divisions of labour: gender relations and economic change in Koguta, western Kenya." Africa 65, no. 2 (April 1995): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161190.

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A case study from western Kenya is used to explore the links between labour migration, rural economic decline and changes in key domestic relationships. Twentieth-century transformations in the regional political economy, together with processes of differentiation, have been closely bound up with changes, and continuities, in relationships within households, and in the ideologies which justify them. A central concept in the analysis is that of divisions of labour, which covers the division of tasks, divisions of spheres of responsibility and authority and contributions to the reproduction of the household. Changes in all these have shaped, and have been shaped, by the trajectory of economic decline in the region. Changing divisions of labour have been slow, piecemeal, non-uniform and non-linear. They have been the subject of intense conflicts within households which have centred on questions of access to and control over resources and in which, as well as power relations, ideas about rights and responsibilities have been crucially important.

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K'Akumu, O. A., and P. O. Appida. "Privatisation of urban water service provision: the Kenyan experiment." Water Policy 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.044.

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One of the services that have been poorly provided in the urban areas in Kenya is water and sanitation. There are many reasons, which can be attributed to poor provision of water and sanitation as undertaken by the local authorities in Kenya. The path to remedy the poor provision of water and sanitation has been charted in privatisation in the form of commercialisation. Commercialisation in Kenya was first implemented on an experimental basis in three urban areas: Nyeri, Eldoret and Nakuru. This involved formation of a publicly owned water company as an agent of the local authority. The companies formed as a result were set up and operated according to the provisions of the Companies Act chapter 486 of the Laws of Kenya. This paper looks at the genesis of privatisation of water services based on the contributions of GTZ, UWASAM and KFW to an experiment in formulating and implementing privatisation in the three urban areas. The outcome of the experiment is then compared to the current on-going exercise of water privatisation by local authorities. Privatisation of water and sanitation services is expected to solve the problem of poor and inadequate service provision that hitherto characterised urban areas. It would do this by achieving its goals of decentralisation and economic viability. However, the outcome of the experiment indicated that privatisation failed to achieve these two fundamental goals. For that matter, privatisation failed to meet its intended objectives of solving the woes of service provision in urban areas. A close examination of the current privatisation indicates that the operation has again failed to achieve its fundamental goals of decentralisation and economic viability. The failure of the current exercise in meeting the objectives of ridding the urban areas of water woes can therefore be predicted on this basis.

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Blunt, Peter, and Merrick Jones. "Managerial Motivation in Kenya and Malawi: a Cross-Cultural Comparison." Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 1 (March 1986): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00006790.

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Managers are increasingly seen as having a critically important rôle to play in development and nation-building,1and doubts concerning the appropriateness of transferring western ideas and practices to third-world countries are assuming urgent significance. Questions are posed about the impact of social and cultural factors on the management of organisations, and about relationships, between managerial thinking and behaviour and the national stage of economic growth. For example, A. Gladstone asserts that management is a key determinant in development in Africa's new nations, and notes that there has been little research and analysis concerning the evolving state of the managerial art in Africa, both in terms of what exists and what is needed … while management training for Africans has developed considerably, is this training the most appropriate? To what extent should traditional African management be discarded… are the various modern Western approaches relevant and effective in the setting up of African enterprises?2

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Atieno, Lucy, and Joseph M. Njoroge. "The ecotourism metaphor and environmental sustainability in Kenya." Tourism and Hospitality Research 18, no. 1 (December 7, 2015): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358415619671.

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While to some extent there is disharmony in defining the term ecotourism, most tourism research agrees that the eco prefix is a definite pointer to environmental or natural resource management as a core value to the concept. However, the inherent gap between theoretical conceptualization of ecotourism as “green practice expected to address adverse outcomes of conventional tourism” and actual environmental impacts of this form of tourism raises the question of whether or not ecotourism in practice complies more closely with its defining criteria. In this regard, this article explores the term ecotourism as a metaphor for pro environmental behavior, uncovering its derivatives as constructed by tourism players in Kenya. The study covered five focal areas for ecotourism identified by the Ecotourism Society of Kenya, analyzing excerpts from hypertexts that operate at the supply side of tourism to read motivations for references to the term. The readings were then compared to The International Ecotourism Society definition of ecotourism which was taken as a neutral position. The findings revealed that environmental sustainability was an insignificant concern, as compared to product promotion and corporate image in informing the concept of ecotourism in focal areas. Consequently, the “eco prefix” metaphor in tourism is informed by economic and social logics, serving stakeholders other interests. The authors recommend a revisit to the practical basis of the concept for actors in ecotourism focal areas, with keen considerations to linguistic adequacies of the term's use.

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Kavoi, M. M., P. O. Owuor, and D. K. Siele. "MINIMUM ECONOMIC FARM SIZE A CASE STUDY OF THE SMALLHOLDER TEA SUB-SECTOR IN KENYA." Agrekon 40, no. 3 (September 2001): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2001.9524960.

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Renner, Julia. "New Power Structures and Shifted Governance Agendas Disrupting Climate Change Adaptation Developments in Kenya and Uganda." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072799.

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Kenya and Uganda are currently two of the fastest growing countries in the East African Community. The political leaderships’ prioritization of sociopolitical and economic development, combined with the wish for a closer integration into the world market, shifted the countries’ governance structures and agenda setting. Undertaken economic projects, including oil explorations, mining and gold extractions, flower farming and intense rice growing, put conservation areas at great risk and led to a decrease of the country’s wetland and forest cover. Accordingly, the impact of climate change on the vulnerability of countries is increasing. The paper critically investigates how particularly recent economic investments by national and international companies question the coherence between the institutional framework on climate policies, especially on a sub-national level of decision-making. Based on two field visits to the area, this paper raises the question of how the institutional frameworks shape climate governance processes in Kenya and Uganda. Looking at both political and climate governance structures from a pragmatic perspective, this paper concludes that the insufficient implementation of existing governance structures hampers the better integration of climate policies. National actors do not consider climate financing as an important issue which results in the fragmentation and undermining of climate policy processes.

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Alene, Arega D., Victor M. Manyong, Gospel O. Omanya, Hodeba D. Mignouna, Mpoko Bokanga, and George D. Odhiambo. "Economic Efficiency and Supply Response of Women as Farm Managers: Comparative Evidence from Western Kenya." World Development 36, no. 7 (July 2008): 1247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.06.015.

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Simson, Rebecca. "The Rise and Fall of the Bureaucratic Bourgeoisie: Public Sector Employees and Economic Privilege in Postcolonial Kenya and Tanzania." Journal of International Development 32, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 607–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3470.

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Juma, Leanard Otwori, and Aniko Khademi-Vidra. "Community-Based Tourism and Sustainable Development of Rural Regions in Kenya; Perceptions of the Citizenry." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 4733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174733.

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Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been pushed as one of the strategies for poverty alleviation and it might enhance the sustainability of marginalized regions and communities. However, tourism has also been argued to carry seeds for its own destruction and therefore presents a great dilemma and developmental paradox. This research sought to establish perceptions of the citizenry towards community-based tourism as a sustainable development strategy for rural regions in Kenya. The study focused on the awareness levels of CBT, and perceived contributions of CBT to the socio-economic and physical sustainability of rural regions in Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted with a sample of 395 respondents. Data collected were collated and analyzed using SPSS 25 and Nvivo 12. Findings revealed that agriculture and other economic activities can be integrated with tourism and hospitality to deliver sustainable development in rural regions given the vast resources and attributes ideal for CBT. The majority of the respondents were noted to have a fair understanding of what CBT entails and thus calling for more capacity building, training and appropriate technical support to unlock the full potential of CBT as a sustainable development strategy. Overall results showed favorable perceptions towards CBT as a tool that can contribute to the sustainability of the socio-economic and physical environments in Kenya’s rural region.

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Price, Neil. "The changing value of children among the Kikuyu of Central Province, Kenya." Africa 66, no. 3 (July 1996): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160960.

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Within demography, high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa was considered until recently to reflect a demand for children firmly rooted in indigenous social institutions, which were resistant to external forces of change. On the basis of findings from recent Demographic and Health Surveys, Caldwell et al. (1992) suggest that many of the institutional supports for high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa—such as lineage-based descent systems, polygyny, bridewealth, extended kinship structures, child fostering, and communal land tenure—are being eroded. This article considers changes in the value of children among the Kikuyu of Central Province, Kenya, and the extent to which the social institutions which have traditionally supported high fertility have persisted. Fieldwork undertaken in two ethnically homogenous communities, one rural and one peri-urban, reveals significant variation in the fertility motives and value of children in the two communities. In the rural community many of the indigenous social supports for high fertility, although modified, cohere. In the context of economic insecurity and lack of access to land (especially for women without sons), manipulation of customary kinship and marriage practices (supported by the persistence of many indigenous religious beliefs and ideologies about fertility) has become strategically important for realising fertility desires. There is, however, unmet demand for modern contraception, due largely to lack of access to and the poor quality of family planning services. In contrast, in the peri-urban community, where access to family planning services is relatively good, there has been effective legitimation of fertility regulation and the use of modern contraception is widespread. There is markedly less economic insecurity: wage labour opportunities are available, and some women have successfully challenged male control over land. Consequently, there is reduced demand for children, although a number of the indigenous cultural supports for high : fertility retain residual importance.

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Geissler, P. Wenzel. "STUCK IN RUINS, OR UP AND COMING? THE SHIFTING GEOGRAPHY OF URBAN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH IN KISUMU, KENYA." Africa 83, no. 4 (October 25, 2013): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972013000442.

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ABSTRACTSince the Second World War, the Kenyan city of Kisumu has been an important site of medical research and public health interventions – on malaria and other vector-borne diseases, and lately on HIV and related infections. This article compares the work and lives of two generations of local workers in public health research, each central to science in the city at their time: staff of the Ministry of Health's Division of Vector Borne Disease (DVBD) in the decades after independence, and temporary employees of the Kenyan Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) in its collaboration with the US government's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the early twenty-first century. Against the backdrop of changes to the city, which stagnated during the 1970s and 1980s, became an epicentre of the East African AIDS epidemic, and underwent an economic boom of sorts from the late 1990s – at least partly driven by HIV research and intervention programmes – the article examines the spaces and movements of health research workers, and their experience of the city in time. The now elderly DVBD workers' accounts are pervaded by memories of anticipated progress and the convergence of life and work in the civic wholes of nation and city; by chagrin about decay; and by nostalgia for lost hopes. Today's young KEMRI/CDC workers' short-term contracts, and the fragmented city they inhabit and study, make for less bounded and predictable spaces and temporalities. Their urban lives and work take shape between remainders and remembrances of past projects, the exhaustion of everyday struggles to make a living and a meaningful life, and the search for new forms of urban order and civic purpose.

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Nilsson, David, and Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga. "Pipes and politics: a century of change and continuity in Kenyan urban water supply." Journal of Modern African Studies 46, no. 1 (January 31, 2008): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x07003102.

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ABSTRACTMajor institutional reforms are currently under way to improve the performance of the public water sector in Kenya. However, a historical perspective is needed in order to achieve sustainable improvements that will also benefit the urban poor. This article seeks to provide such a perspective, applying a cross-disciplinary and socio-technical approach to urban water supply over the last century, in which institutions, organisations and technology are seen to interact with political, economic and demographic processes. Despite a series of reforms over the years, the socio-technical structure of the urban water sector in Kenya has shown a remarkable stability since the 1920s, and into the 1980s. However, the sustainability of the public service systems has been eroded since independence, due to changes in the institutional framework surrounding the systems, while exclusive standards and technological choices have essentially been preserved from the colonial era. Current sector reform must create incentives for addressing technology choices and service standards in order to provide public water services also for the urban poor.

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Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu, Emmanuel Ackom, Festus Victor Bekun, and Phebe Asantewaa Owusu. "Energy–Climate–Economy–Population Nexus: An Empirical Analysis in Kenya, Senegal, and Eswatini." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156202.

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Motivated by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its impact by 2030, this study examines the relationship between energy consumption (SDG 7), climate (SDG 13), economic growth and population in Kenya, Senegal and Eswatini. We employ a Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) machine learning technique and econometric methods such as Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) regression, the Mean-Group (MG) and Pooled Mean-Group (PMG) estimation models. The econometric techniques confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis between income level and CO2 emissions while the machine learning method confirms the scale effect hypothesis. We find that while CO2 emissions, population and income level spur energy demand and utilization, economic development is driven by energy use and population dynamics. This demonstrates that income, population growth, energy and CO2 emissions are inseparable, but require a collective participative decision in the achievement of the SDGs.

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Gravesen, Marie Ladekjær, and Eric Mutisya Kioko. "Cooperation in the midst of violence: land deals and cattle raids in Narok and Laikipia, Kenya." Africa 89, no. 03 (July 16, 2019): 562–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000524.

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AbstractWhat drives the formation of ties and networks in ethnically hybrid spaces despite the occurrence of conflict? We approach this question by examining the actors involved, the institutions affected, and the economic and environmental contexts surrounding such tendencies. This study explores socially thick arrangements between Maasai and Kikuyu in Narok and their role in the non-violent use of formerly contested lands. In Laikipia, we examine how young Samburu and Kikuyu cooperate in a dangerous yet economically beneficial network involving cattle-rustling ventures. We revisit the history of land settlement in Kenya's Rift Valley, particularly in the study areas of Narok and Laikipia, and show how access and settlement rights to land are negotiated peacefully, encouraging ethnic assimilation and cooperative social and economic relations. Based on this context and the exploration of our case studies, we argue that the formation of alliances in multi-ethnic settings tends to override other identities when mutual benefits drive such associations.

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Johannsen, Rasmus Magni, Poul Alberg Østergaard, and Rebecca Hanlin. "Hybrid photovoltaic and wind mini-grids in Kenya: Techno-economic assessment and barriers to diffusion." Energy for Sustainable Development 54 (February 2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2019.11.002.

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Ngwenya, Nomhle, and Mulala Danny Simatele. "Unbundling of the green bond market in the economic hubs of Africa: Case study of Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa." Development Southern Africa 37, no. 6 (February 28, 2020): 888–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2020.1725446.

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Lutta, Alphayo I., Lance W. Robinson, Oliver V. Wasonga, Eric Ruto, Jason Sircely, and Moses M. Nyangito. "Economic valuation of grazing management practices: discrete choice modeling in pastoral systems of Kenya." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 63, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1584097.

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Kyung Kim, Eun. "Economic signals of ethnicity and voting in Africa: analysis of the correlation between agricultural subsectors and ethnicity in Kenya." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 3 (September 2020): 361–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x20000233.

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ABSTRACTThe existing literature has demonstrated that both ethnic and economic factors affect a vote decision in African democracies. I show that there is a meaningful interaction between the two cleavages in their influence on voting. In particular, I argue for political salience of agricultural subsectors that shape the electoral consequences of economic performance in the context where agricultural policy affects the livelihood of the majority population. Relying on the analyses of the 2007 and 2013 elections in Kenya, I illustrate how likely an individual, who is attached to a politically coherent ethnic group, votes for a candidate, the majority of whose ethnic members engage in the same industry as the voter himself regardless of the candidate's ethnicity. The results show that the sector factor reinforces the positive and negative effects of ethnic communities on incumbent support, and also explains voting by ethnic minorities whose motives for voting are not ethnic.

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Kizito, Fred, Jane Gicheha, Abdul Rahman Nurudeen, Lulseged Tamene, Kennedy Nganga, and Nicholas Koech. "Are Landscape Restoration Interventions Sustainable? A Case for the Upper Tana Basin of Kenya." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 10136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810136.

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Landscape restoration initiatives often have the potential to result in environmental gains, but the question of whether these gains are sustainable and how they are linked to other community needs (social, productivity and economic gains) remains unclear. We use the Sustainable Intensification Assessment Framework (SIAF) to demonstrate how environmental benefits are linked to productivity, environment, social, human, and economic components. Using the SIAF, the standardization of relevant indicators across multiple objectives provided a contextual representation of sustainability. The study assessed the overall gains resulting from the measured indicators of sustainable land management (SLM) practices and their relationship to the multiple domains of the SIAF. We present a unique case for SLM options using a combined-methods approach where biophysical, socio-economic, and citizen science help assess the sustainability of the interventions. Using a participatory approach with farmers, land restoration options were conducted in four target micro-watersheds for 3 years (2015–2017). Co-developed restoration measures at the landscape level within the four micro-watersheds (MW1-MW4) resulted in a substantial increment (50%) for all treatments (grass strips, terraces, and a combination of grass strips and terraces) in soil moisture storage and increased maize and forage production. We demonstrate that SLM practices, when used in combination, greatly reduce soil erosion and are profitable and sustainable while conferring livelihood benefits to smallholder farmers.

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Homewood, Katherine, Ernestina Coast, and Michael Thompson. "In-Migrants and Exclusion in East African Rangelands: Access, Tenure and Conflict." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 567–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.567.

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AbstractEast African rangelands have a long history of population mobility linked to competition over key resources, negotiated access, and outright conflict. Both in the literature and in local discourse, in‐migration is presented as leading to increased competition, driving poverty and social exclusion on the one hand, and conflict and violence on the other. Current analyses in developing countries identify economic differences, ethnic fault lines, ecological stresses and a breakdown in state provision of human and constitutional rights as factors in driving conflict. The present paper explores this interaction of in‐migration and conflict with respect to Kenyan and Tanzanian pastoralist areas and populations. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, patterns of resource access and control in Kenya and Tanzania Maasailand are explored in terms of the ways land and livestock are associated with migration status, ethnicity and wealth or political class. Contrasts and similarities between the two national contexts are used to develop a better understanding of the ways these factors operate under different systems of tenure and access. The conclusion briefly considers implications of these patterns, their potential for exacerbating poverty, and policies for minimising social exclusion and conflict in East African rangelands.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kenya : Economic Geography'

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