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1
Lidén, Thomas. "Community-Policing in Kikuyu : Assessing the need for organizational change within a Police department from an institutional approach." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21860.
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Focusing on a community-policing pilot-project initiated in Kikuyu, a suburb of Nairobi, Kenya, the current paper seeks to create an understanding concerning local premises for community-policing implementation. It is based on a field study that combined participatory observations and semi-structured interviews to investigate how the management of the pilot-project on the one side and the local police officers on the other side perceives the latter’s professional duty in Kikuyu. These perceptions and their correlation were analyzed through an institutional approach, involving regulative, normative and culture-cognitive perspectives. Initially, the findings show that intentions held within the management about how to change police practice in Kikuyu correlated to a large degree with the understanding local police officers already posses concerning their professional duty. However, applying the institutional approach, possible discrepancies were found. Concerning this, while the regulative and normative aspects of how to police Kikuyu seem to correlate between the two groups, differences on the culture-cognitive level indicate that the management and the local police officers have differing perceptions concerning police practice. Conclusively, following a distinction between a proactive approach to policing, expressed by the management, and a reactive approach to policing, expressed by the local police officers, the paper issues a warning regarding how historical and current social structures might result in a misinterpretation and misuse of community-policing on the side of the local police officers, which could lead to contradictive and counterproductive end results following the continued implementation of community-policing.
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Alfred, Zachary. "Tweeting against corruption: Fighting police bribery through online collective action." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-232226.
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Efforts to utilise Twitter to improve communication in Kenya between officials at the Kenya Police and Ministry of Interior, and Kenyan citizens, are researched specifically addressing efforts to use Twitter to report and combat police corruption. The goal is to assess efforts to use the social networking platform to improve communication channels between officials and citizens, through a mixed methods approach incorporating a content analysis of thousands of tweets sent by four separate government Twitter accounts, as well as interviews with Kenyans who have interacted with the accounts on Twitter. In addition, I assess the potential value of Twitter as a corruption-reporting platform. The research builds on existing ICT4D research, Castells’ communication power theory, as well as collective-action approaches to fighting corruption. The results of the research reveal potential problems of incident-focused social media-based corruption reporting in developing collective-action networks focused on fighting police bribery and broader government corruption. The tendency of social-media interactions to be dominated by relatively meaningless discussions limits Twitter’s value as a useful channel for two-way communication between citizens and officials. Social media-based anti-corruption efforts dedicated to building collective-action networks focused on long-term solutions, rather than highlighting individual incidents, may be more effective in fighting corruption.I submitted this thesis on August 20; however, there was apparently a technical error with the previous submission, which I was informed of today.
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Otiso, Wycliffe. "La loi, l'Etat, la société et la police locale au Kenya : étude de cas dans le comté de Kisii." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2022/document.
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La thèse étudie la nature des formes locales de gouvernance dans le domaine de la police ; elle porte sur le Comté de Kisii situé au sud-ouest de la Kenya. L’étude reconstitue l’histoire des groupes locaux de police opérant dans le Comté de Kisii entre 1990-2016, en mettant l’accent sur la nature, les modes de fonctionnement et l’interaction avec les processus juridiques et politiques. Elle examine les acteurs au niveau local, leurs activités quotidiennes et leurs relations avec l’Etat en cherchant à expliquer les trajectoires de police locale (la police de proximité et les groupes de vigilantes d’autodéfense) sous l’influence de dynamiques juridique et non juridique ; en particulier la place du droit dans la mise en application de la loi et son rôle dans la réforme des pratiques policières d’autodéfense (Vigilantes) et de la police de proximité communautaire. Les facteurs sociaux et politiques sont pris en considération dans la mesure où ils affectent le maintien de l’ordre, les pratiques et les résultats, l’amélioration de la gouvernance. Ces facteurs sont mis en contexte en raison de grands changements suite aux réformes constitutionnelles. Pour ce faire, la recherche s’est appuyée sur des méthodes qualitatives d’enquête, principalement l’utilisation des entrevues et sur des sources primaires et secondaires pertinentes, sur une bibliographie, des lois et des recueils de jurisprudence. L’étude révèle des gains, une plus large participation et une « inclusivité » dans les mécanismes de gouvernance locale en comparaison avec les stratégies policières préexistantes pratiquées par la police et les groupes d’autodéfense, qui reposaient sur une participation communautaire minimale. Si l’usage accru du Droit associé au développement de formes nuancées de la police communautaire, reste minime pour l’Etat, les changements sont plutôt attribuables à des usages quotidiens dynamiques du droit et l’action sociale par les membres des communautés dans le cadre de mécanismes de gouvernance locaux désireux d’accroître et d’améliorer le potentiel et les relations État-société. L’étude conclut que malgré un certain nombre de changements dans la lutte contre la criminalité non violente, la transition n’a pas été sans faille : les améliorations dans les relations État-société et dans un meilleur respect sociétal du droit sont compromises par des épisodes de recours à la force, par des asymétries dans la coopération entre l’administration locale et la Communauté, et suite à un soutien inadéquat à la police communautaire et à ses supports culturels. (Gouvernance, police communautaire, groupe vigilante, Kisii, Kenya)The thesis entails the study of the changing nature of local forms of governance in Kisii County situated in south-western Kenya. The study entails situating the histories of local policing groups operating in Kisii County between 1990-2016, focusing on the nature, modes of operation and interaction with legal and political processes. It examines actors at the societal level, their everyday activities and their relationship with the state in seeking to explain local policing (community policing and vigilante) trajectories as influenced by legal and non-legal dynamics. It examines the place of law in determining the nature of non-state enforcement of law and order and the extent to which it has played a role in reforming policing practices from vigilantism to community policing in Kisii County. It also examines social and political factors, how they affect policing practices and outcomes with an objective of advancing alternatives for better representations of the function of law and for purposes of improving governance. These factors are contextualized within the broad changes in the macro governance structure catalyzed by constitutional reforms. The study undertakes such examination through the use of qualitative methods of inquiry primarily the use of interviews and also review of relevant primary and secondary sources including books, scholarly journals, legislation and law reports. The study reveals that generally there are gains on wider participation and inclusivity in local governance mechanisms compared to pre-existing policing strategies as practiced by police and vigilante which had minimal community involvement. The increased instrumentalization of law by the state has made little contribution to the gains associated with the development of nuanced forms of community policing. Rather the changes in policing are attributable to dynamic everyday uses of law and societal action by community members in joint local governance mechanisms hence increasing the potential for better state-society relations. The study concludes that notwithstanding a number of changes towards non-violent crime fighting, the transition has not been seamless as gains on state-society relations and improved societal adherence to law are compromised by episodes of use of force, asymmetries in the co-operation between the local government administration and the community, inadequate support for community policing and existing cultural constructs on governance. (gouvernance, local policing group, vigilante, community policing, Kissi Kenya)
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Ondoro, Nicholas Otieno. "The Police Reform Process in Kenya, 2008-2014: A Case Study of Security Sector Reform in Societies Emerging From Crisis." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12762.
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Security sector reform has in the recent past been a critical component of peace agreements in countries emerging from armed conflicts or political crisis. In Kenya, the Commission of Inquiry into the 2007/08 Post-Election Violence (CIPEV) established that Kenya’s security sector, particularly the police, bore the greatest responsibility for the violence. Subsequently, the police emerged as one of the major institutions for reforms. ‘How have security sector reforms, particularly police reforms, in Kenya developed since 2007 and how, and to what extent, have they been shaped by Kenya’s wider political transitions and SSR process during this period?’ The research aimed at investigating how the police reform process in Kenya has developed since 2007, and how the process has been shaped by Kenya’s wider political transitions and security sector reform processes in general. Using mixed methods research, we found that despite some progress, there is wider public perception that the reforms are yet to address reform priorities at the national level and still fall short of expectations of ordinary Kenyans. We argue that political power-sharing after the 2007 post-election violence facilitated police reform, while at the same time frustrated its implementation especially in instances where reform seemed to dis-empower political elites.
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Bailey, William J. "Countering-insurgency : a comparative analysis of campaigns in Malaya (1948-1960), Kenya (1952-1960) and Rhodesia (1964-1980)." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/579.
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History has lessons for the present; could this be the case for modern counterinsurgency operations in countries resembling Iraq and Afghanistan? This research set out to study three historical counter-insurgencies campaigns in, Malaya (1947-1960), Kenya (1952- 1960) and Rhodesia (1964-1980), with a view to establishing whether or not the Colonial authorities had a substantial advantage over modern forces when combating insurgencies. If this was the case, are these advantages transferable to aid forces involved in modern counterinsurgencies?
The research questions focussed on how important the role of the Colonial Forces was to the eventual outcome, examining the principal factors that contributed to their effectiveness? Included in this examination were aspects of strategy, together with an appreciation of the concept of ‘hearts and minds’, tactics and the evolution of counterinsurgency doctrine.
A qualitative research design was adopted, using a case study methodology based upon comparative analysis of the data collected. Case studies were constructed for the three conflicts, based around the narratives obtained from a series of semi-structured interviews, with surviving members of the security forces; predominately police and Special Branch. The primary data was coded, using a thematic framework developed from the Literature Review. These themes were then synthesised, analysed and interpreted in response to the research questions related to the perceived problem. Lastly, the findings were compared and contrasted to provide theoretical recommendations and conclusions.
The study indicated the significant role played by the Colonial Police Forces, especially Special Branch, which appears to have been instrumental in dominating initiatives against the rebels. Supporting the police, were Colonial army units together with locally recruited indigenous militias in a combined approach to prosecuting an effective counterinsurgency campaign. In addition, this was reinforced by the Colonial Government’s ability to apply draconian legislation in support of the strategic plan, to reinforce the rule of law by the police, coupled with its ability to garner popular support through civil projects, such as schools, clinics and housing. Evolving counter-insurgency doctrine advocated the need to cut off the insurgents from their supplies, by separating them from the general population. Separation was achieved by the forced movement of the population into ‘Protected Villages’ backed up by food control, harsh collective punishments, detention and curfews. Further key beneficial factors for the Colonial Forces included their knowledge of religious customs, culture and language, which enhanced their ability to gather vital intelligence direct from the population; rather than second hand.
Analysing the concept of ‘hearts and minds’ since 1947, indicated it was evolving as a strategy and was not operationally as well accepted as it is today. Although often considered a benevolent approach to gaining the support of the population, the research also demonstrated the antithesis of this approach occurred by the insurgents applying power over ‘minds’ of the population though intimidation, terrorism, and physiological control. This psychological control was achieved through sorcery, spirit mediums and the taking of oaths.
Ultimately, political solutions not military ones ended the insurgencies. The theoretical recommendations indicated that greater attention needs to be expended in training counter-insurgency forces to empathise with the local population when conducting overseas operations; especially improved knowledge of religious customs, culture and language. The outcome would enhance their capabilities through better population support resulting in superior intelligence.
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Cullen, Catriona Poppy. ""Kenya is no doubt a special case" : British policy towards Kenya, 1960-1980." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11180/.
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This thesis examines the ways British policy towards Kenya was made from 1960 to 1980 – from the last years of British colonial rule and through the first two decades of Kenya’s existence as an independent state. Despite the late colonial traumas of Mau Mau, relationships between the British government and the new government of Kenya were very close. British officials actively pursued influence, and a combination of multiple and overlapping interests and a dense network of relationships encouraged British politicians, civil servants and diplomats to place a high value on this relationship, coming to describe it as ‘special’. The thesis examines how ‘policy’ was made, and argues that this emerged from numerous decisions taken by individuals at multiple levels, informed by ‘habits of thought’ as well as a general understanding of British interests which was shared – despite some rivalries and tensions between UK government departments. British attitudes were also shaped by misunderstandings and prejudices. Kenya, by contrast, was emerging as a neo-patrimonial state. This thesis examines how these systems interacted with one another and recognises the clear difference: British officials worked within a bureaucratic system in a way which gave their decisions a coherence and consistency; Kenya’s elite pursued personal and factional interests. Even so, the British reinforced Kenyan neo-patrimonialism by working with individuals rather than through official channels. The thesis argues that, despite the disparity in structure and form, this was a negotiated relationship. Leading Kenyans were often adept at using the British relationship to their particular advantage and were able to influence and shape British decisions in ways which complicate any simple neo-colonial analysis. The relationship remained close because British interests and those of leading Kenyans came to align on crucial issues, ensuring a continued mutual interest in the relationship.
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Akinboade, Oludele. "Agriculture, income distribution and policy in Kenya : a SAM based general equilibrium analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670311.
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Tarus, Isaac Kipsang. "A history of the direct taxation of the African people of Kenya, 1895-1973." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002414.
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This study examines the origin, the manifestation and impact of the direct taxation of Africans in Kenya. While the state had several reasons for imposing taxation on Africans, the basic factor weighed on the need for a definitive source of revenue. For most of the colonial period, this aggregated to about 37½ percent of the total revenues. The thesis shows how taxes were collected from Africans, how this led to participation in the cash economy and how they continually resisted and evaded such taxation. Tax collection was synonymous with colonialism and this was manifested through the central role of chiefs, who used taxes and force to coerce Africans into migrant wage labour. Through taxation policies, legislation and African resourcefulness, migrant wage labour served the needs of a colonial capitalist settler economy. In this way, the colonial state revealed its capacity for dominance, power and exploitation. Evidence has been adduced to show that African taxation was an important factor in Kenya’s administrative, political and economic development. The policy of African taxation, land loss and poor working conditions are remembered as having interfered with African mechanisms for accumulating wealth. One of the main objections of the payment of taxes was the manner of its collection. Those unable to pay were imprisoned or detained while many took to instant flight at the sight of the tax collector. The thesis shows that in spite of all these harsh tax collection methods, peasants remained largely resilient and industrious. The Mau Mau movement was the culmination of various peasant grievances in which the colonial state used steep taxation as a counter-insurgency measure. Kenya’s independence in 1963, however, never altered the predatory nature of the state. Subtle, opportunistic and overt ways continued to be used to extract taxes from the peasants and the working class. It was not until 1973 that the much-hated colonial poll tax that had been renamed as graduated poll tax was abolished and replaced by indirect taxation. Finally, taxation like other colonial legacies has endured and has become one of the most important sources of revenue for the government to manage its fiscal policies.
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Chin-Yee, Simon. "Defining climate policy in Africa : Kenya's climate change policy processes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defining-climate-policy-in-africa-kenyaas-climate-change-policy-processes(3b7440d0-7f08-4e87-b47d-ea4ad0a56d50).html.
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This thesis seeks to investigate what shapes climate change policies in Kenya. Using Peter Haas' concept of usable knowledge, it argues the need to move beyond conventional perspectives on knowledge and power and provides a framework for understanding what knowledge and mechanisms are usable for policy makers. I argue that Kenyan climate policy is shaped by the interaction of knowledge and power across three crucial levels of influence - global, regional and national. As climate change forces us to rethink how we combine economic policies with environmental realities in Africa, each level encompasses distinct policy narratives where critical actors have an impact on national climate change policy. First, I argue that the standards, norms and regulations established by the global climate regime are directly reflected in national climate strategies of African countries, not only in terms of diplomatic moves to adhere to commitments made, but also in respect to benefiting from international mechanisms put in place to aid developing countries. Second, I examine the One Voice, One Africa narrative. This looks at the rise of the African Group of Negotiators within the global climate regime and their ability to influence Kenyan policy. Third, Kenya's climate change policy is shaped by the interaction of economic, political, and environmental constructs in national policy-making. The principle goal of this thesis is to open African environmental scholars and climate change policy analysts to a rigorous and flexible questioning of how climate policy processes operate in the African context.
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Jivetti, Billystrom A. "POLICY ISSUES AND HUMAN-ELEPHANT CONFLICTS IN KENYA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1102110034.
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Onyango, James Ogola. "Issues in national language terminology development in Kenya." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91296.
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This paper examines issues that emerge in the attempts that have been made to develop the national language terminology in kenya by committees, Kiswahili enthusiasts and Kiswahili scholars. Attention is drawn to the fact that the problematic national language policy that emerges from the national language`s social history is an important backround to the issues that are discussed. The issues emerging in these attempts are examined in the prism of an encompassing terminology development framework that is synthesised from terminology development literature from different areas of the world. This framework views terminology development as a process that entails: formation of a language institute, setting up of goals, the actual engineering of the terms, the mode of dissemination and evaluation. The case of Kenya demonstrates that the attempts have so far consisted of isolated steps of terminology development rather than the whole set of required action.
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M'Amanja, Daniel Mwirigi. "Foreign aid, fiscal policy and economic growth in Kenya." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415749.
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Mwau, Geoffrey. "Government and private sector responses to external shocks and their effects on the current account : evidence from Kenya, 1973-1988." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28497.
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This thesis analyzes the effects of external shocks and government policy responses on the current account in Kenya. We attempt to isolate two effects on the current account which arise from the impact of external shocks to the economy. The first one is attributed to a direct response by private agents to the shock. The second arises from the optimal response by the government to counteract the effects of the shock on the economy and depends on the government's objectives. It is hypothesized that these two effects can explain the behavior of the current account in many developing countries.Much of the literature in developing countries ignores the indirect effect of government policy on private sector behavior and hence its effect on the current account. Moreover, the models emphasize empirical analysis with little or no theoretical foundation.
In this thesis, an intertemporal framework is postulated with rational optimizing agents. It is assumed that following an external shock, the rational behavior of economic agents is to adjust their production and spending behavior in an optimal manner. Depending on the degree of flexibility in the economy, the effect of this response is to reduce domestic absorption and thus improve the current account. At the same time, the government responds by undertaking policies which optimize its objectives given the shock. The overall effect may or may not improve the current account.
The reactions of both the government and the private sector are analyzed in the context of a game in which it is assumed that each agent takes the other's behavior into account when formulating economic decisions. Two types of equilibria are examined: a Nash non-cooperative concurrent game; and a non-cooperative Stackleberg structure.
The theoretical framework is along the lines of Conway who has undertaken a similar study for Turkey, a semi-industrialized economy. The model specification and the estimating equations are however modified to capture key features of the Kenyan economy.
The empirical results show that external shocks, particularly increases in the price of imported inputs and exchange rate devaluation have a contractionary effect on the Kenyan economy. Fox example, producers responded to an increase in the price of imported inputs by reducing the demand for the inputs as well as the demand for labor. As predicted by the theory, both the government and private agents responded to the shocks in an attempt to maximize their objectives. It is argued that the optimal responses of these agents are not necessarily in each other's interest implying that each agent will react to counteract the undesirable effects of the other's behavior. The interaction between the government and the private sector can be explained by a Stackleberg game structure where the government is the leader. Also, both the direct and indirect effects of the shocks are found to be important in explaining the behavior of the current account in Kenya.
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Matheka, Reuben M. "The political ecology of wildlife conservation in Kenya, 1895-1975." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007530.
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The study examines the development of wildlife conservation policy and practice in Kenya from 1895 to 1975. Started by the colonial state as part of its resource control programme, wildlife conservation in Kenya gradually became an important aspect of the country's economy chiefly because of its significance as the basis of a vibrant tourist industry. The conservation programme was also important to conservationists who viewed Kenya's wildlife as a heritage to humanity. Similarly, local communities, which were affected in various ways by wildlife conservation policies, had their own perceptions of the programme. All this led to the proliferation of groups whose interests were potentially conflicting. Wildlife conservation in Kenya during the period under examination was thus characterised by various struggles between interest groups such as conservationists, the state, and local communities. The struggles centred around such issues as the costs and benefits of conservation and were manifested through anti-conservation activities like the poaching of wild animals by dissatisfied groups. These struggles changed over time in line with social, economic, political, and ecological developments. International events/processes (such as the two world wars, economic booms/depressions, and decolonisation) triggered local processes which influenced conservationism either positively or negatively. Wildlife conservation in Kenya during the period under study was dynamic. The thesis challenges the myth of a monolithic 'colonial' wildlife policy often implied in many studies on the subject. The thesis also lays emphasis on the ecological basis of wildlife conservation while recognising the impact of social, political, and economic developments on the evolution of wildlife conservation policy and practice in Kenya. The country's 'geography' not only provided the foundation for conservation but also influenced the programme over time. Droughts, floods, army worm infestations, and other 'natural' occurrences interacted with social and economic changes, such as population growth and the development of capitalism, to shape conservation policy. The conservation programme was thus influenced by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.
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Mwaura, Grace Muthoni. "Educated youth in Kenya : negotiating waithood by greening livelihoods." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b58b7015-360c-4abd-af04-1ab008aae48f.
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The burgeoning scholarship on African youth indicates that young people are experiencing difficulties in attaining social adulthood and spend extended time in waithood - a period of economic and job insecurities that is becoming a permanent marker of their youth, affecting their life trajectories and future aspirations (Honwana, 2012; Locke & te Lintelo, 2012). Youth waithood involves navigating precarious conditions arising under neoliberalism and its economic liberalization reforms, and developing new subjectivities resulting from the acquisition of extra skills set, maintaining social networks, and engaging in new political formations (Jeffrey, 2008). Informed by concepts of neoliberal subjectivities, opportunity spaces, and Bourdieu's forms of capital, I conducted qualitative research with university students in six public universities, and with educated young farmers in Western, Eastern, and Central regions of Kenya. I investigated how Kenyan youth navigate waithood by occupying new opportunity spaces opened up by student environmentalism and agricultural entrepreneurialism - two areas that have been reconfigured by global discourses of environmental change, green jobs, and agricultural transformation. My findings show that the occupational aspirations of educated youth were changing to include navigation strategies of portfolio occupations, tarmacking, and side-hustling. Within the new opportunity spaces, these youth realized neoliberal subjectivities that enabled them to garner capitals through self-making, entrepreneurialism, and reworking of elite distinctions. Student environmentalists' navigation strategies included acquiring environmental knowledge and work experiences; joining networks of environmental professionals; and participating in environmental anti-politics. Educated young farmers embraced ideologies of portfolio occupations and green livelihoods. They also relied on the reconfigurations of gendered identities and the rural-urban divide, competitive individualism, and associational life to rework their occupational aspirations and maintain elite distinctions in society. In sum, negotiating youth waithood is a complex, intertwined, and uncertain process involving flexibilities and chance opportunities to access, maintain, and utilize capitals. The emergent subjectivities remain insecure, unstable and do not necessarily guarantee exiting waithood.
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Abdullahi, Abdirashid. "Colonial policies and the failure of Somali secessionism in the Northern frontier district of Kenya colony, c.1890-1968." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002384.
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This thesis examines the events that took plac,e. in the Northern Frontier District I North Eastern Province of Kenya hetween the late nineteenth century and 1968. After 1900 the imposition of colonial policies impacted on the socio-economic and political structures of the Somali people. This thesis also examines the nature of Somali resistance l\P- to the late 1920s when Somali society was finally pacified. It further examines colonial policies such as the creation of the Somali-Galla line in 1919, the separation of the J uhaland region from the Kenya Colony in 1926 and the Special District Ordinance of 1934. Between 1946 and 1948 the British Government through its Foreign Minister, Ernest Bevin, attempted to unify Somali territories in the Horn of Africa and this raised Somali hopes of uni fication. The Bevin Plan collapsed because of the opposition of the United States, the Soviet Union, the French and Ethiopian leaders. Similar hopes of NFD Somali unification were raised hetween 1958 and 1963 because of the unification of the former British Somali land and Italian Somaliland. Due to the imminent end of British colonial rule in Kenya, the NFD Somali leaders demanded secession from Kenya to join up with the nascent Somali republic. But the NFDSomali hopes of unification with the Somali Repuhlic were dashed by 1964 because of the same opposition provided by the United States, the French and the Ethiopians. The British Government were all along half-hearted towards Somali unification attempts even though the field administrators adopted a pro-Somali attitude to the issue. In the early 1960s, however, the NFD Somali leaders were faced with the additional opposition of the new KANU government in Kenya. In 1964 the failure of the NFD Somalis to secede from Kenya led to the guerrilla war, what the Kenyan government called the 'shifta movement', that engulfed the North Eastern Region until 1968 when the Arusha Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Kenyan and the Somali Governments. The signing of the Arusha Memorandum of Understanding by the Kenyan and Somali Governments did not satisfy· the NFD Somalis hopes of joining the Somali Republic. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the N FD Somalis, except for few collahorators, did at no time, whether in the colonial or post-colonial eras, accept heing in Kenya. By the late 1960s the prospects of NFD Somalis unifying with the Somali Republic were, in view of the forces arrayed against the Somali secessionist movement, slim; and they have remained slim since then.
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Di, Matteo Francesca. "Decolonising Property in Kenya? : Tracing Policy Processes of Kenyan Contemporary Land Reform (1990s - 2016). A Study of the Politicization of Decision-Making in Historical Perspective." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0068.
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En se concentrant sur les processus de fabrication des politiques publiques, cette thèse met en lumière le fonctionnement de l'Etat, les liens entre les politiques et la politique et les conditions du changement politique. Cette étude explore les dispositions les plus cruciales de la réforme foncière contemporaine au Kenya. Celle-ci tente de décoloniser la propriété en résolvant les injustices historiques aux racines coloniales, en émancipant les institutions foncières du système bureaucratique centralisé d'administration foncière (lui-même hérité de la période coloniale). La thèse analyse les processus décisionnels qui sous-tendent les dispositions de la Politique Foncière Nationale (document parlementaire n° 3 de 2009) et de la Constitution de 2010 qui, toutes deux, reconnaissent les « terres communautaires » comme « les terres [qui] appartiennent et sont détenues par les communautés » (article 63, paragraphe 1, Republic of Kenya, 2010:44). Il est également établi une Commission Foncière Nationale afin de réformer les institutions de gouvernance foncière (article 46, idem: 46). La première partie de la thèse reconstitue, depuis l'époque coloniale, les processus de l'élaboration des politiques foncières et des structures de gouvernance foncière au Kenya. Les parties suivantes retracent les processus contemporains de fabrication des innovations juridico-institutionnelles de la réforme foncière en étudiant les interactions entre les acteurs. L’analyse du fonctionnement des réseaux transnationaux illustre les processus de circulation des idées et leur institutionnalisation dans les arènes politiques. L'analyse des processus politiques met en lumière le rôle des bailleurs de fonds dans l'impulsion des réseaux transnationaux et la promotion de certains répertoires d'actions des mouvements sociaux kenyans afin d'influencer la prise de décision. Pourtant, l'analyse du processus dans sa globalité démontre l'importance des luttes de pouvoir partisanes ainsi que celle des processus contingents de traduction des intérêts et des positions idéologiques des acteurs lorsqu'ils s'affrontent dans l’arène politique. La politisation de ces traductions consiste à requalifier les relations sociales en termes de transactions politiques qui déterminent la trajectoire du changement politique. Les intérêts économiques et politiques dominent la phase de promulgation de la législation, bien que l'arbitrage final qui aboutit à l'acceptation de la notion de propriété communautaire comme traduction ultime de la « terre communautaire » illustre également le poids des pratiques institutionnelles, des normes sociales et des cartes mentales produites historiquement, et donc un certain échec du projet de décoloniser la propriété au KenyaBy focusing on processes of manufacturing of public policies this study sheds light on the functioning of the state, the links between policies and politics, the conditions of policy change, and ultimately of the relations between state, ‘civil society organizations’ and donors and more generally the governanceof an African country. It explores the most crucial provisions of contemporary land reform in Kenya as they attempt to decolonize property bysolving historical injustices that have colonial roots, emancipating land instituions from the centralized bureaucratic and politically porous land administration system that is itself a colonial legacy. The dissertation analyzes decision-making processes underlying provisions of the National Land Policy (Sessional Paper No.3 of 2009) and 2010 Constitution acknowledging “community land” as “land [that] shall vest in and be held by communities” (Art.63 (1), RoK, 2010:44) and establishing National Land Commission in order to reform land governance structures (Art. 46, Idem: 46). Part I of the dissertation reconstructs historical processes dating back to colonial times (with few insights into pre-colonial configurations) of making of land policies and land institutionsin Kenya. Part II and Part III trace contemporary processes of fabrication ofland reform’s legal-institutional innovations by analyzing actors’ interactions. The study empirically illustrates the functioning of transnational networks and exemplifies processes of ideas’ circulation and their institutionalization in policy arenas. Analysis of participatory processes within the policy-making illustrates the process of politicization of community land claims translating into the interest of elitist groups, representatives of ‘imagined’ communities, in acquiring absolute and exclusive proprietorship of so-called ancestral territories. Analysis of policy processes delves into the role of donor agencies in thrusting transnational networks, imprinting repertoires of actions upon Kenyan social movements with the intent of influencing decision-making. Yet multi-stream analysis demonstrates the importance of partisan power struggles and relevance of contingent processes of translations of actors’ interests and ideological stances as they confront each other within policy arenas. The politicization of these translations consists in the requalification of social relations in terms of political transactions ultimately determining the trajectory of policy change. Economic and political interests are strikingly dominant during the enactment phase of legislation making (studied in Part III of the dissertation), though the final arbitration resulting in the acceptance of the notion of community ownership as ultimate translation of ‘community land’ exemplifies the weight of historically produced institutional practices, social norms and mental maps. Against this particular background, the process of policy change is better understood via the analysis of the interlocking of scales positing historical and political production of community ownership in Kenya. This notion is better understood by the concomitant action of emergence and consolidation of localized struggles historically produced by Kenyan land politics promoting territorial control and dispossessions, on one side, and national processes of legal land reforms politicizing and endorsing community land claims, on the other side
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Bezuneh, Mesfin. "Food aid and economic development: impact of food for work on labor allocation, production and consumption behavior of small family-farms in a semi-arid area of Kenya." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53865.
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Food-for-Work (FFW) was conceived as both a short-run assistance program for meeting basic food needs of low income households, and as a long-run developmental tool for building infrastructure and for providing income to ease capital constraints on farm production. However, it was feared that FFW might divert labor from own-farm production and reduce the level of locally produced food crops. The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically examine these hypotheses in the Ewalel and Marigat locations of Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya.
A househoId-firm model that integrated both production and consumption concerns of FFW was developed. The model was block recursive. First, production decisions were made by maximizing net returns (net income) subject to production constraints. This output (income) was then substituted into the budget constraint, and household utility was maximized subject to this budget constraint and to a total time constraint.
The data used in the study was drawn from a representative sample of 300 households were randomly selected in Marigat-Ewalel locations. Of these, 100 were found to be participants in the FFW Project supported by the UN/FAO World Food Program. Food items provided to the program in the study area are maize, beans, and vegetable oil.
A two-year linear programming model was developed for the production segment of the model. ln this model, three crops under two technologies and two types of livestock were used. The household consumption component of the model was specified econometrically using systems of demand equations, the Almost ldeal Demand System. Seven commodities including FFW items, five foods, non-food and leisure, were used in the system. The analysis was conducted for both participant and non-participant households to compare levels of production activities, employment, income, and consumption patterns with and without the FFW program.
The production component of the analysis revealed that the following results were associated with FFW in the study area: (a) augments own-farm output by contributing to the minimum nutrient 1 requirement, (b) eases the capital-constraint by the second year of participation, (c) increases the marketable surplus from both own-crop and livestock production, (d) increases hired labor in farm production, (e) causes a shift from maize to millet production, and (f) increases savings. As a result, the net income for the representative farm households with FFW is 52% higher than those without FFW; and participation in the FFW program declines by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Thus, disincentive effects on own-farm employment and output were not found in this study. In fact, according to the model used, the FFW Program could be expanded by either increasing the monthly participation hours or the number of participants without resulting in any production disincentive.
The results of the entire household-firm model, which reveals the changes in consumption resulting from participation in FFW and changes in income, were derived in elasticity form. Most of the benefits to the representative participant households, as compared to non-participants, take the form of increased consumption of food items. Thus, the primary effects of FFW are to insure participants increased consumption and saving without creating disincentives to either own-farming or to local agricultural production.Ph. D.
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Ombongi, Kenneth Sampson. "A history of malaria control policy in colonial Kenya, 1897-1963." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249034.
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Saulo, Michael Juma. "Implication of national policy on electricity distribution system planning in Kenya." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11064.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-136).This research project proposes a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method of electricity distribution system planning based on the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) embedded in a 'bottom-up' planning process to investigate the implication of National Policy (Kenya Vision 2030) on distribution system planning in Kenya. This approach differs from the traditional optimization approaches used in Kenya which typically assesses alternative planning solutions by finding solutions with minimum total cost. Instead a separate capital cost is calculated for each solution, this ensures that the technical benefit of each solution is not obscured by the associated solution capital cost. The approach also allows for effective planning by starting the planning process from the distribution system upward.
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Pamela, Juma. "Intersection of National Policies on Nurses' Work in District Health Care Systems in Kenya." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20132.
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Health policy reforms have dominated health systems in African countries for over three decades. However, the impacts of these policies on nurses’ work, as well as the extent to which the nurses are involved in the policy decisions, have not been well documented. As the largest group of health professionals in the workforce, nurses’ services are necessary to achieve population health outcomes. Thus, nurses’ work concerns related to the reform of national policies should be identified and addressed. This study was carried out to examine how the national policy reforms have impacted on nurses’ work in Kenyan district health care systems and how nurses have been involved in policy processes in the health care system. Critical theory and feminist critical policy analysis perspectives guided the study. The study was implemented in two phases. The first phase involved qualitative interviews with 32 decision makers and nurses in the public health care system. The second phase involved a comparative quantitative survey of nurses and nurse managers in two districts. A sample of 169 nurses was interviewed in two district hospitals to generate data for this second phase of the study.
This thesis contains three manuscripts. The first manuscript presents a qualitative analysis of the impact of policies on nurses’ work (Chapter 2). The second manuscript presents qualitative results of how nurses were involved in policy processes at various levels of the health care system (Chapter 3). The third manuscript presents results of a quantitative survey of frontline nurses’ experiences with the policy reforms, comparing two districts (Chapter 4). An integrative discussion of key findings from all these manuscripts forms the last chapter of the thesis.
The findings revealed that policies meant to enhance access to services like decentralization and primary health care were more enabling to nurses’ work while those aimed at enhancing efficiency like structural adjustment programs were more constraining. The constraints included poor work environments, unchanging work conditions, increased responsibilities and dilemmas in providing care. These constraints were experienced more by nurses in the district that was poorly resourced and had poor health indicators than the district that had better resources and better health indicators. The results suggest that inadequate involvement of nurses in policy processes is a reason why their work concerns have not been addressed. There are recommendations to improve nurses’ work in the context of policy reform and to improve nurses’ abilities to participate in policy processes.
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Mburu, Joseph Mbugua. "Foreign aid, donors and policy formulation in Kenya : A challenge to contemporary theories of policy making." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516583.
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Bachmann, Veit. "Geopolitical influences on German development policies in Africa and AIDS policies in Kenya." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1792.
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Porter, Tom G. "The effect of exchange rate policy on the economic development of Kenya." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0028/NQ37910.pdf.
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Odero, Wilson Washington Omole. "Road traffic injuries and alcohol in Eldoret, Kenya : epidemiology and policy analysis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251919.
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Wango, Geoffrey Mbugua. "Policy and practice in guidance and counselling in secondary schools in Kenya." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/604/.
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This thesis explores the policy and practice of the secondary school guidance and counselling programme in Kenya in the context of the school. The study was conducted in three stages beginning with an initial survey at stage one and case studies at stage two. At the third stage of the study, discussions were held with various stakeholders including a focus group discussion with students. The theoretical framework for the study is based on prismatic society (Riggs, 1964; Harber and Davies, 1997), and Fullan’s (2001) model of educational change, using the person centred counselling approach as the background to counselling. Findings suggest that despite the emphasis on guidance and counselling in schools, the provision of guidance and counselling services is highly variable and somewhat fragmented in scope largely depending on individual schools. The main implication of the study is the need for a more comprehensive guidance and counselling policy in this increasingly important area of education. These relate to the appointment of counsellors, professional issues including a code of conduct for counsellors and the need for a more comprehensive programme that is learner friendly.
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Nyagwachi, Abel Otwori. "Essays on the economics of tobacco and alcohol control policy in Kenya." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30875.
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This thesis uses data from Kenya to contribute to the literature on tobacco and alcohol control policies in low and middle-income countries. The thesis uses the two most recent household and budget surveys (2005/6 and 2015/16), to examine some of the effects of the tobacco and alcohol control policies that were implemented in Kenya between 2005 and 2015. Chapter 2 considers the impact of consumption and taxation of tobacco and alcohol on household spending patterns. An instrumental variable approach is used in the estimation of the difference in spending patterns, between tobacco-consuming (alcohol-consuming) households and households that do not consume tobacco (alcohol). Following the precedent of some other studies, the adult sex ratio is used as an instrumental variable for the tobacco and alcohol consumption status of households. However, the adult sex ratio may not meet the exclusion restriction. In order to address this concern, I change the specification of the instrumental variable and relax the exclusion restriction. As a result, the upper and lower bounds of the difference in expenditure shares between households that consumed tobacco (alcohol) and the households that did not consume tobacco (alcohol) are estimated. A natural experiment involving tobacco and alcohol taxes occurred during the data collection period of one of the household surveys: the excise tax on tobacco and alcohol was increased during the data collection phase. A matched difference-in-differences (MDID) technique is used to estimate the implication of a tobacco (alcohol) tax increase on household spending patterns. The pseudo-panel generated from MDID also provided a new way of controlling for possible endogeneity arising from time-invariant unobservable variables. Therefore, MDID is used as a new approach, for comparing household spending patterns of tobacco-consuming (alcohol-consuming) households with those of households that do not consume tobacco (alcohol). The price and non-price tobacco-control policies that were implemented between 2005/6 and 2015/16 contributed to a decrease in household tobacco use prevalence. However, alcohol-control policies implemented over the same period did not successfully reduce the overall prevalence of alcohol consumption among Kenyan households. Tobacco- and alcohol-consuming households were found to spend less on education, energy, rent, healthcare, and food items. MDID results confirmed that tobacco and alcohol consuming households had lower expenditure shares on items necessary for human capital development. The increase in tobacco taxes did not have an impact on household spending patterns among tobacco-consuming households. However, an increase in taxes on alcohol led to further crowding out of expenditure on fruits. Chapter 3 uses the risk of child malnutrition in Kenya, to examine the effectiveness of tobacco and alcohol control policies, in reducing tobacco and alcohol consumption prevalence among vulnerable households. Past studies in this literature did not explicitly control for cluster/village level factors that may affect child nutrition. A multilevel/mixed effects logit and general equations estimation logit model are used to estimate the difference in the risk of child malnutrition, between households that consumed tobacco and alcohol and those that did not consume the two goods. The two models account for the possibility of correlation in nutritional outcomes for children living in the same cluster/village. The two methods also allowed for the inclusion of contextual effects that could inform public health policy in Kenya. In 2005/6 the odds of long-term child malnutrition were higher for children living in tobacco and alcohol consuming households in rural Kenya. The tobacco and alcohol control policies implemented between 2005/6 and 2015/16 were more effective in reducing tobacco and alcohol consumption prevalence among the poorest rural households. As a result, the decrease in child malnutrition prevalence was greater among households that consumed tobacco and alcohol. In 2015/16 the risk of child malnutrition in tobacco and alcohol consuming households was similar to that of non-consuming households. The results from chapter 3 indicate that tobacco and alcohol control policies that were implemented in Kenya over the ten-year period, contributed to the reduction in consumption of the two goods among the poorest rural households. Therefore, very poor households invested resources, which could have been used for tobacco/alcohol consumption, on human capital development. Chapter 2 and chapter 3 provide evidence on some of the opportunity costs associated with tobacco/alcohol consumption as well as potential benefits that may arise from controlling consumption of the two goods. Subsequently, Chapter 4 focuses on the price elasticity of demand for tobacco and alcohol products. Tax-induced price increases is one of the most effective policy tools for controlling the demand for the two goods. The effectiveness of price policy in controlling demand for tobacco and alcohol may be hindered by among other things, the consumption of informally produced alcohol and noncigarette tobacco products as well as other stimulants. Majority of the relatively few studies done on African countries were on South Africa and most of them estimated the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes and formally produced alcohol products. Further, I am not aware of any peer-reviewed study that has estimated the price elasticity of demand for alcohol and tobacco products in Kenya. Household survey data is used to estimate the own-price and expenditure elasticities (as proxies for income elasticities) of demand for tobacco and alcohol products in Kenya. The responsiveness of the demand for informally produced alcohol as well as non-cigarette tobacco products to changes in prices of cigarettes and formally produced beers is also estimated. This thesis also estimates the responsiveness of demand for khat to changes in the price of cigarettes and formally produced beers. Khat is a stimulant mostly consumed in Arabia and the Horn of Africa. One of the concerns about the use of taxes as a measure to control tobacco and alcohol consumption is the possible regressive nature of tobacco and alcohol taxes. Therefore, chapter 4 also examines the impact of price and non-price tobacco- and alcohol-control policies on the regressivity/progressivity of household tobacco and alcohol burdens (budget shares). Tobacco-control policies implemented between 2005/6 and 2015/16, contributed to a reduction in the regressivity of household tobacco budget shares. The changing profile of tobacco consuming households as well as economic growth over the period may have also contributed to the increase in the estimated price elasticity of demand for cigarettes. Over the ten-year period, the estimated price elasticity of demand for cigarettes increased from -0.63 to -0.42. Khat and snuff tobacco were found to be complements for cigarettes. Khat and informally produced spirits were found to be substitutes for formally produced beers. Further, the demand for formally produced beers was found to be price elastic. The alcohol-control policies that were implemented over the ten-year period, contributed to a reduction in the regressivity of overall alcohol budget shares. However, over the ten-year period, there was a rapid increase in demand for spirits in Kenya.
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Mungai, Paul. "Causal mechanisms that enable institutionalisation of open government data in Kenya." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27409.
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Open Government Data (OGD) has become a topic of prominence during the last decade. However, most governments have not realized the desired outcomes from OGD, which implies that the envisaged value streams have not been realized. This study defines three objectives that will help address this shortcoming. First, it seeks to identify the causal mechanisms that lead to effective institutionalization and sustainability of OGD initiatives in a developing country context. Second, it seeks to identify the social, economic, cultural, political structures and components that describe the OGD context. Third, it seeks to identify the underlying contextmechanism- outcome (CMO) configurations in the Kenya Open Data Initiative (KODI). The guiding philosophy for this qualitative study is critical realism, which is implemented using Pawson & Tilley's realist evaluation model. Data is obtained through observation of open data events, semi-structured interviews and documentary materials from websites and policy documents. Fereday & Muir-Cochrane's five-stage thematic analysis model is applied in conducting data analysis. Three main contributions arise from this study. The first contribution is the open data institutionalization analysis guide. This study collates several institutionalization concepts from literature with the aim of developing a lens for analyzing OGD initiatives. The second contribution is the identification of supporting mechanisms, including a description of the current CMO configurations. The resulting case study provides an in-depth account of KODI between 2011 and 2016. This will assist policy makers in understanding the current setup, identifying gaps, and establishing or supporting existing support structures and mechanisms. The third contribution is related to scarcity of empirical work based on critical realism in the field of information systems. This research will act as a reference point for future IS research, in determining how critical realism can be applied to conduct similar studies.
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Wambalaba, Wamukota Francis W. "The impact of the multinational corporations on leading issues and policy making in less developed countries : (a case study on Kenya)." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3563.
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The era of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) is so significant in the development of the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) as was the era of the Industrial Revolution in the development of the now More Developed countries (MDCs). It could be referred to as one of the major economic frontiers in the LDCs as is the computer frontier in the MDCs now. Naturally therefore, there are problems of distrust, fear of eventual crisis, uncertainty of the correct path and a pain in policy making. Coupled with the North/South delicate relationship, the MNC's (which mostly comes from the North) acceptability in LDCs (which are in the South) is of mixed feelings.
In this paper therefore we shall explore some of the problems affecting the MNC/LDC relationship. Thus, among the questions to ponder on are what has been the impact, is it harmful or beneficial, do all MNCs have the same impact and how does each party interpret each impact? These ques~ tions often end up in accusations between MNCs and LDCs in general without devouring each other. But not without a loss of resources especially time and extra costs involved in speculations on each other as well as cushioning of uncertain events that one party suspects of the other.
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Mwangi, PK. "An analysis of the user-free policy for health care in Kenya : is the effort worth it?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14262.
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Bibliography : leaves 69-73.This study analyses the user fee policy for health care in Kenya that was introduced to try and recoup some of the costs incurred in providing care as well as rationalise the use of resources. The study aims to generate policy-related findings that are crucial to MOH policy makers in their attempt to provide quality and affordable care. In particular, factors associated with proper function or malfunction of the user fee policy are discussed. The study focussed on four hospitals located in Central province of Kenya. This province was purposefully chosen for its convenience and its high potential for cost recovery. Equity in health care consumption, efficiency, sustainability and perceived quality of care are reviewed. Both primary and secondary data were used. Quantitative and qualitative data were solicited by way of administering questionnaires. Respondents were divided into two categories: providers (staff) and consumers (patients) of health care. The latter were subdivided into inpatients and outpatients. Each of these categories had a specific questionnaire. Further, an attempt is made to estimate net revenue generated in the year 1997/98 by the facilities under study. Costs associated with fee collection were estimated on monthly basis and then projected for the whole year. There are important findings from the study; though patients are charged higher fees at hospitals than at primary levels in order to bolster the referral system, many patients are bypassing the nearby primary care facilities. This study recommends that bypassing patients should be charged higher fees than referred ones.
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Adam, Christopher S. "The demand for money, asset substitution and the inflation tax in a liberalizing economy : an econometric analysis for Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:037dcc1e-edff-4096-89cb-6d24a70742d8.
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This thesis develops empirical econometric models of the private sector aggregate demand for real and financial assets in Kenya over the period 1973 to 1990. Single-equation error-correction models of the demand for money are estimated using systems cointegration methods developed by Johansen (1988). The models are found to be statistically stable functions throughout the period, and are capable of encompassing existing studies. Across a range of monetary aggregates, including a Divisia index aggregate for broad money, the models describe demand for money functions in which inflation and illegal foreign currency substitution are significant determinants of money holdings, and where the private sector adjusts rapidly to deviations from its stable longrun equilibrium real money demand. The demand for money is then integrated within a neo-classical model of asset demands, which examines the behaviour of the aggregate private sector asset portfolio in response to changes in relative prices between assets and to external shocks to the economy, principally the 1976-77 coffee boom. A variant of the Almost Ideal Demand System model developed by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980) is estimated for a class of six assets: base money, banking system deposits, government securities, tradable capital, nontradable capital and inventories. The asset substitution model, which also takes an errorcorrection form, and which allows for credit rationing, generates results which are consistent with the earlier demand for money models, where private agents are also denied access to foreign-denominated assets. Using this model, the maintenance of policies of financial repression are shown to cause the private sector to offset inflationary shocks through the accumulation of real assets, principally in the form of non-tradable capital in the construction and property sectors. The evidence from the two models is used to analyze the fiscal effects of the inflation tax and financial repression measures. Policies of financial liberalization are shown to reduce the revenue maximizing rate of inflation (estimated to be 14% per annum) and the implicit tax on domestic holders of government liabilities. This dampens asset substitution in response to inflationary shocks and offsets the adverse effects of "construction-boom" investment on non-tradable capital prices.
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Kiringai, Jane. "the impact of trade policy refrom on trade, growth and poverty in Kenya." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537658.
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Watanabe, Junichi O. "Developing a research methodology and method to evaluate rural development policy in Kenya." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309705.
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Reinikka, Ritva Sinikka. "Credibility, speculation and the speed of trade liberalization with an application to Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f156602-ac18-4d54-b6be-cd7b372af38b.
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This thesis studies the causes and consequences of the credibility problem in trade liberalization, with a special reference to African economies. The two necessary conditions for credibility are found to be macroeconomic compatibility and time-consistency, while the sufficient conditions are more difficult to identify. A lack of credibility is typically probabilistic as private agents may be uncertain about the government's intentions, or the future terms of trade. The first part of the thesis develops a theory of economic behaviour in the absence of credibility. Due to private responses, incredibility creates a welfare cost which may arise from (i) non optimal intertemporal substitution in consumption, (ii) accumulation of stocks of imports, (iii) insufficient relocation of factors, and (iv) deferral of investment. A simple consumption model and two production models are used to assess the magnitude of the welfare cost and to derive a cost curve as a function of the probability of default. A non-monotonic curve with kinks emerges. Many standard results concerning the speed of liberalization change drastically when the assumption of full credibility is relaxed. Containing consumption costs would typically call for a gradual reform to reduce the incentive to accumulate inventories, while, from the production point of view, a big bang or initial overshooting are preferable. Gradualism is preferable when (i) reserves may otherwise be depleted by speculative imports, forcing the government to abandon the reform, (ii) only incremental devaluation is possible, or (iii) the level of the implicit tariff is unknown. The second part examines how liberalization episodes can be identified empirically using a quantitative measure of trade policy. The average implicit tariff index, which is the ratio of the domestic deflator to the world price index, is derived for Kenya. As the domestic deflator appears to be biased, a hypothetical implicit tariff index is derived from a Linear Expenditure System. Further, the other empirical study quantifies the social cost of incredibility during four Kenyan reforms. Three hypotheses are tested: (i) speculative accumulation of imports, (ii) deferral of investment, and (iii) increased liquidity in response to perceived uncertainty about future trade policy. The highest welfare cost was incurred during the 1980 reform which was not coordinated with exchange rate management and was therefore incompatible.
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Muruthi, James Ruoro. "Changes in Public and Cultural Policies and Older Women of Rural Kenya." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1272047477.
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Mamboleo, George Isaboke. "Predictors of Attitudes Toward Disability and Employment Policy Issues among Undergraduate Students at the University of Nairobi." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193938.
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Disability rights issues are an emerging area of discourse in Kenya. Persons with disabilities in Kenya face many barriers to integration into the larger Kenyan society possibly due to barriers such as societal negative attitudes. Research has indicated that the greatest barrier to rehabilitation of persons with disabilities is negative attitudes prevalent in society. Owing to their composition and enrolment, current University of Nairobi students are or will be engaged in daily decision making as leaders in the Kenyan society, some of which may directly affect the lives of persons with disabilities. It is therefore imperative to study their attitudes toward disability, especially at a time when the Kenya Persons with Disabilities Act of 2003 is being implemented. The main purpose of this study was to examine the general attitudes toward disability and attitudes toward organizational policies among University of Nairobi undergraduate students. Participants were a convenience sample of students enrolled in Sociology, Social Work, Psychology, Political Science, and Public Administration majors. Quantitative data analyses were used to study attitudes. The Attitudes Towards persons with Disability (ATPD) Form<&ndash>O (Yuker, Block <&>Campbell, 1960) was used to study general attitudes. The Attitudes Towards Employing Persons with Disabilities (ATEPD) measure (Loo, 2002) was used to study attitudes toward organizational policies and procedures for employees with disabilities. Results suggest that Kenyan students possess less positive attitudes toward disability than the normed populations. Seven independent variables (i.e., age, marital status, educational focus, type of enrollment, socio-economic status, place where one grew up, and area of current residence) were positively related to the dependent variables (i.e., general attitudes toward disability as well as several items regarding attitudes toward organizational policies and procedures for employees with disabilities). Other six independent variables (i.e., gender, level of enrollment, employment affiliation, perceived knowledge of disability, previous contact with disability, and self-knowledge of disability law) were not related to the dependent variables. Multiple regression analysis results indicated that only age was a predictor of attitudes toward disability among the Kenyan students. Implications for education, policy and future research are provided. The study contributes to mixed findings regarding attitudes toward disability.
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Otuoma, Susan, Barbero Julia Martinez, and Omer Mohammed. "Social Sustainability Assessment of Alternative Care Policies for Children in Kenya." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19827.
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The social phenomenon of children without parental care and those at risk of separation from their parents has gained considerable global attention in recent years. A key concern is the over-reliance on institutional care mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America as the default form of alternative care for such children. Extensive research points to mostly negative impact of separation of children from families and institutionalization of children which affects their health outcomes and development. In response to this global crisis, the UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children were developed in 2010. Kenya domesticated the guidelines in 2014 and is in the process of implementation. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development and more specifically the Social Sustainability Principles are used in this study to assess the extent to which the UN Guidelines, Kenya Guidelines and implementation of alternative care of children in Kenya align to Social Sustainability. This research finds that the guidelines are highly aligned to social sustainability although their implementation points to major structural obstacles that if minimized will promote social sustainability of alternative care in Kenya. A coherent well-coordinated approach that takes a systems perspective and links to the mainstream social development agenda is recommended.
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Malila, Vanessa. "Globalization and communications policy : the role of the media in communications policy development in Kenya between 2002 and 2009." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3124/.
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This thesis is a case study analysis of the role of the media in communications policy development in Kenya. The aim of the research was to investigate whether the press in particular could play a role in policy-making as policy stakeholders, moving beyond the traditional role of the media in policy as agenda setting agents. This was done through a case study analysis of two policy-making processes, namely the process of developing the National ICT Policy and the process which resulted in the Kenya Communications Amendment Act. While traditional studies of the media’s role in policy have examined the manner in which media coverage has influenced policy-makers and the public, this thesis aims to investigate whether the media can play a more direct role in policy processes as stakeholders in policy discussions and debates. The media’s role in communications policy in Kenya was examined within the context of globalization and the potential of multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) to create an enabling environment for the participation of diverse stakeholders, including the media, in the policy-making process. The findings have shed light on the political, social and economic context within which policy is made in Kenya and within which the press in Kenya operate and the obstacles that this has posed to their participation in policy-making processes. What has emerged from this thesis is that although there is some engagement by policy stakeholders other than the government, it is of a superficial nature and fails to ensure real diversity and participation by a range of different stakeholders from different sectors. Furthermore, the press failed to take advantage of avenues for debate and discussion to engage in policy discussions, and instead in the case of the KCAA used their agenda setting power to influence the policy negatively. Through biased, subjective and misleading reporting, the press were able to influence policy-makers to the point where the passed Act (KCAA) was returned to parliament for further amendments.
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Mohamed, Hussein, and Millicent Oyoko. "Swedish Aid Policy and development projects in Kenya : An analysis of Strategy and organization." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-754.
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Abstract
The research investigates the sustainability and effectiveness of the projects that are funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) in Kenya. SIDA is the Swedish central state agency responsible for planning, implementing and managing Aid. The research applies both the absorptive capacity and the institutional theory to explain the phenomenon of Aid projects failures in Kenya. The research has used a qualitative research method, a literature study that blend with structured open-ended interview questions which we have formulated.
By studying the various Actors involved in Swedish foreign Aid, their operations and deliverance, it will facilitate our study to establish the major causes and origins of development projects failures in Kenya. The main and current Swedish development goals are “improving the standard of living for poor people”, the sub goals are Economic growth, Economic and social equality, Economic and Political Independence, Democratic Development and Protection of human rights, Sustainable use of natural resources, protection of Environment Conflict management and Security. The reason why Aid projects are not producing the intended results could be divided into two parts; the planning problem that emanate from the donors side. The irony is that development partners are viewed to be aiming at alleviating poverty without proper planning and even their priorities are not always right. The other major reason is attributed to the recipients’ side and could be summarized as lack of democracy, corruption, weak institutions, lack of absorptive capacity and mismanagement.
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Fushimi, Akihiro. "School self-evaluation for quality improvement : investigating the practice of the policy in Kenya." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/49664/.
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This thesis investigates the emerging policy vision and assumptions underlying the promotion of school self-evaluation (SSE) as an innovative strategy for school improvement in Kenya, and the ways in which they are understood and practiced by various stakeholders. My professional involvement in SSE policy development led me to think that too little was known about its practice. Therefore, I specifically explored the acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of this evaluation process, focusing on social interaction and contextual factors at the school/community level through an exploratory qualitative case study and continuous professional reflection. By critically questioning linear, top-down policy assumptions, I sought multiple stakeholder viewpoints within contextual specificities in order to capture and understand the realities – complex, diverse and organic processes – on the ground. Accordingly, I employed interactionist and constructivist paradigms, and utilised interviews, observations and documentary analysis as sources. The findings suggest that there is a considerable gap between SSE policy expectations and its practice on the ground, while also highlighting some positive experiences and future potential. Stakeholders at all levels largely understand and accept the idea of participatory, inclusive and democratic SSE conceptually, but they have not yet embraced it practically. The education authority's monopoly on the power to evaluate schools is identified as a key systemic bottleneck that effectively restricts meaningful SSE practice on the part of school-level stakeholders who follow instructions from above in a regime of professional legitimacy. Conversely, study findings indicate that both collective and individual SSE approaches promoted in Kenya are feasible, policymakers' paternalistic concerns notwithstanding. Teachers were found to demonstrate their collective ability to apply the prescriptive SSE tool to fit their unique contexts and assess school quality. They also successfully engaged with individual SSE (action research) which, the thesis contends, can initiate a ‘positive spiral of change' through which teachers build their confidence based on small but real successes, transform perspectives and professional attitudes, and ultimately engage in self-reflective practices for school improvement. However, the thesis concludes that the Kenyan policy assumption of evidence-based school development remains largely theoretical, schools tending to engage in ad-hoc improvement through unsophisticated planning in the absence of systematic SSE. Overall, I argue that it is important to acknowledge and utilise the education authority's power and influence (i.e. the leadership of the Ministry of Education, and its Quality Assurance and Standards Directorate) in a positive manner that will lead to a more realistic and pragmatic approach to SSE promotion. Contending that institutionalising a ‘culture of learning' is the way forward, I present a scenario whereby SSE may lead to sustained school improvement with two key strategies: (i) merging individual and collective SSE; and (ii) combining internal and external school evaluation. Moreover, I argue that the education authority's monopoly on school evaluation should also be tackled so that an integrated system for quality improvement can be realised in Kenya. Based on the study findings, the thesis presents a number of policy recommendations including formal utilisation of the SSE tool; substantial stakeholder participation; enhanced teacher training; external quality assurance to validate SSE results; strengthened district-level peer learning and school leadership; and improved policy coordination and dissemination. Finally, I reflect on my professional position with renewed commitment to contribute to the achievement of quality education for all children.
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Ackers, William James. "The impact of development assistance on national capacities for research, evaluation and policy and planning in education in developing countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341774.
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Waldman-Brown, Anna. "Economic inclusivity through networked SME production : a case study in Kenya." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117784.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 89-96).
As global manufacturing systems shift towards flexible and small-batch production, product developers and policy-makers have an opportunity to encourage more inclusive industrialization strategies. It is hypothesized that networks of informal-sector producers can provide an effective and ethical model for production; yet, due to a lack of research into these possibilities, both product developers and policy-makers are unaware of the latent potential. This thesis addresses the gap by analyzing a globally-competitive firm comprised of informal-sector producers, and making comparisons with other manufacturing models across both the developed and developing world. The author develops a categorization system for better understanding the costs and benefits of each model, and creates a framework to explain how new product developers evaluate key tradeoffs in making manufacturing decisions. The author then explores the prospect of creating a "virtual factory" of distributed microfactories through a case study of the ethical jewelry producer Soko in Nairobi, Kenya. Soko coordinates brass, horn, and bone jewelry production across 2500 craft microfactories, and its wares are cost-competitive with mid-tier jewelry brands in major retail stores worldwide. Soko's overall effectiveness is analyzed through quantitative analysis of the company's finances and impact reports, in-depth interviews with the company's co-founder, and field research in Nairobi. The tradeoffs inherent in Soko's production model are evaluated through the lens of the aforementioned decision-making framework. Key questions include, can artisanal microfactories compete with large-scale automation and industrialization? In what cases might smaller-scale production have an advantage over larger-scale models? Under the right circumstances, the case of Soko proves that networked microfactory production can be both cost-competitive (especially when handmade qualities are accentuated) and ethical; Soko creates opportunities for advancement across its network of artisans, who maintain ownership over their means of production. It is concluded that systems such as Soko's can provide a model for socially-inclusive production strategies that build upon informal infrastructure. Even if Soko itself only impacts a small number of full-time artisans, a series of ethical, aggregating producers like Soko could collectively provide a larger-scale benefit.
by Anna Waldman-Brown.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Sebuharara, Ruzima C. "Financial liberalization and transmission of monetary policy in developing countries the cases of Ghana and Kenya /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.
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Kaseje, Margaret Achieng' Ochido. "Implementation of primary health care policies by non-governmental organizations in Kenya." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413199.
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Kithinji, Michael Mwenda. "From colonial elitism to Moi's populism the policies and politics of university education in Kenya, 1949-2002 /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1242362264.
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Kitur, Rose Chelangat. "Barriers to implementing urban plans in Kenya." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7233.
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Despite a long history of urban planning, Kenyan towns are still characterized by informality, uncoordinated development, urban sprawl, and congestion. Government documents and reports acknowledge that, despite planning, no deliberate effort has been made to implement plans. Little is known about what impedes plan implementation in Kenya. This study sought to develop an in-depth understanding of the barriers to plan implementation from the perspectives of public officials responsible for planning. Using path dependency theory, forwarded by Pierson, and force field analysis, advanced by Lewin, the research questions focused on legal and institutional development, as well as on the nature of relationships between different actors as possible sources of hindrances to plan implementation. Data for this qualitative study accrued through reviews of documents relating to urban planning and interviews with officials in different categories, with a focus on three case cities: Nairobi, Nakuru, and Eldoret. A total of 14 participants, 10 from the city level, included county legislators; 4 from the national government level were interviewed. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively using multiple-level coding and direct interpretation to create themes. The themes that emerged included politics and vested interests, financial, legal regime, institutional setup, land tenure, and quality of the plans. Study findings may be useful in informing planning authorities on how to restructure the preparation and implementation of urban plans.
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Kibugi, Robert M. "Governing Land Use in Kenya: From Sectoral Fragmentation to Sustainable Integration of Law and Policy." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20268.
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The search for development that is sustainable often results in the complex challenge of having to reconcile the need for socio-economic activities with protection of the environment. This challenge of integrating such fundamentally important considerations that often contrast, but should be mutually supportive, is necessarily addressed by legal and policy frameworks of the country in question. These could be laws and policies with competence to manage the environment, or to manage socio-economic and political activities that impact the environment. This challenge is profound for developing countries like Kenya that experience higher levels of degradation, poverty and food insecurity. Arguably in this context, while addressing integration involves reconciliation of legal principles for a coherent legal concept of sustainability, it is also a serious matter of survival for millions of people. This raises compelling reasons to ensure that any legal reform measures positively impact how these people make decisions on the socio-economic utilization of land or forestry resources that they have access to. The research aimed to develop a legal and policy framework that will facilitate integration of environmental protection with socio-economic activities during land use decision making, as a mechanism to achieve sustainability. We investigated how a legal/policy framework, founded in the 2010 Constitution, and in environmental and tenure rights laws of Kenya, can conceptually reconcile the right (and duty) respecting a clean environment, with socio-economic rights. The research further analysed how such conceptual reconciliation can impact integration in policies, plans and decision making by sectoral laws and institutions to ensure environmental consideration across sectoral areas. To this end, we have proposed enacting a legal duty requiring tenure rightholders to integrate their socio-economic activities with environmental protection during land use decision making. We further frame mechanisms to guide the attitudes, and decisions of farmers and forest communities in making that transition to sustainable practices.
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Norman, Hanna. "Social Protection as a path out of poverty : A study about policy strategies for Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-318889.
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Kamindo, Catherine Muchiru. "Instructional supervision in an era of change : policy and practice in primary education in Kenya." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2195/.
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This study examines the policy and practice of instructional supervision in primary education against a background of an educational change in Kenya. Primary education is an important sector of education in Kenya. This is because about 40% of children who start primary education each year terminate their education at that level. It is therefore important to ensure its objectives are achieved. Consequently the government frequently undertakes reforms aimed at improving access, participation, retention and completion rates. The latest ones are provision of free primary education and a revised curriculum. Despite these reforms this sector of education continues to experience problems in achievement of its goals. Instructional supervision has been identified as key in the improvement of teaching/learning and consequently achievement of educational objectives. The pre and post-independent education commissions in Kenya and other government reports have continued to identify supervision as an area that needs attention. Against this background, understanding what ought to be and what actually happens is important in order to identify areas that need attention for improvement of supervision and subsequently teaching and learning in primary schools in Kenya. This study therefore focused on: - the existing policies on supervision, and the policy expectations of the supervisors- the actual instructional supervisory functions supervisors perform - head teachers' and teachers' expectations of supervisors -supervisors', head teachers' and teachers' perceptions of the importance and frequency of performance of instructional supervisory functions, -and the challenges faced by supervisors and teachers in implementation of curriculum change. The study employed a survey design with a mixed method approach. Data were collected using questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and document analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there were significant statistical differences in the respondents' perception of importance and frequency of supervisory functions while Post Hoc test (Tamhane coefficient test which is suitable for unequal sized groups) was used to establish where the differences among the groups were. Both tests were carried out at 0.05 level of significance. Findings show that despite the legal backing and many policy documents supporting instructional supervision, the actual practice differs from the policy expectations. Supervisors were aware that according to policy they were expected to perform evaluative and supportive/advisory functions, however their actual performance emphasises the evaluative/assessment functions of supervision. The head teachers’ and teachers' expectations on the other hand are in line with the policy expectations. For instance frequent supervisory visits, regular in-service training, opportunity for professional growth, induction on curriculum and other changes and evaluation without intimidation are some of the head teachers' and teachers' expectations. However, in their view, they differ with the actual practice of the supervisors with most of their expectations not being adequately met. On average all the respondents perceived the supervisory functions as important but supervisors rated evaluative functions as very important while head teachers and teachers rated the supportive/advisory functions as very important. On frequency of performance of supervisory functions, supervisors perceived almost all functions as frequently performed but head teachers and teachers perceived many functions as rarely performed. These findings have implications for policy and practice of instructional supervision in Kenya and other developing countries in similar contexts. There is need for revision of instructional supervisory policy with a view to separating the evaluative and the advisory functions with the evaluative functions being carried out by the Directorate of Quality Assurance and Standards (DQAS) and Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) to handle the supportive/advisory functions. In addition, training of supervisors for their role should be addressed.
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Oronje, Rose Ndakala. "Understanding the drivers of change in sexual and reproductive health policy and legislation in Kenya." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46469/.
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The thesis explored the drivers and inhibitors of change in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policy and legislation in Kenya. The overall purpose was to contribute to the limited knowledge on national-level debates that shape how developing countries adapt the SRH agenda, which originated from international processes. The thesis explains how and why some SRH reforms have been realised in Kenya amid contention, while others have been blocked. Guided by a synthesis conceptual framework that emphasised the central role of discursive power in decision-making, the thesis adopted a qualitative case-study design enriched with various anthropological concepts. Three case-studies (two bureaucratic, i.e. adolescent RH policy and national RH policy, and one legislative, i.e. sexual offences law) were deconstructed. Data collection involved semi-structured in-depth interviews with policy actors, observations and note-taking in meetings, and document review. Findings revealed that four influential narratives of SRH – the moral narrative, cultural narrative, medical narrative (with two variations i.e. ‘moralised' versus ‘comprehensive' medical narratives), and human rights narrative – underpinned by conflicting actor interests, mediated the interplay of actor networks, knowledge, context and institutions to determine reforms. The findings revealed that the strong entrenchment of the moral and cultural narratives in the Kenyan context (mainly public structures and institutions) was a major barrier to reforms on contested SRH issues. Even then, the hegemonic narratives were in some cases unsettled to make reforms possible. The most important factors in unsettling the hegemonic narratives to facilitate reforms included: a change in the political context that brought in new political actors supportive of reforms, the presence of knowledgeable and charismatic issue champions within political and bureaucratic institutions, the availability of compelling knowledge (scientific or lay) on an issue, sustained evidence-informed advocacy by civil society/non-governmental organisations, donor pressure, and reduced political costs (for politicians and bureaucrats) for supporting reforms. The main contribution of the thesis is three-fold. First, the thesis captures the disconnect between international SRH agreements and national-level realities, showing the need for international actors to consider national-level realities that shape decision-making. Second, its findings provide lessons for informing future SRH reform efforts in Kenya and in other sub-Saharan African countries. Third, its analysis of discursive power contributes to a major theoretical gap in health systems research in developing countries identified as lack of critical analysis of power in decision-making.