Academic literature on the topic 'Kenya – Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Kenya – Social conditions"
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Ng’ang’a, Pius, and Precious Zikhali. "Poverty and Social Exclusion in Kenya." International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijpid.1658.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate the population at risk of social exclusion in Kenya. Specifically, the study aims to assess the extent of poverty as a dimension of social exclusion; provide poverty estimates for various sub-populations and vulnerable groups; develop a methodology for analyzing social exclusion at the national level; and estimate the number of socially excluded individuals at both national and regional (rural/urban) levels.
Methodology: This study will adopt the methodology developed by Cuesta et al. (2022) and apply a conceptual framework based on Sen's capability approach. This framework will consider the relative, multidimensional, and dynamic aspects of exclusion, identifying specific vulnerable groups based on their identity, circumstances, and socio-economic conditions. The analysis will utilize micro-counting measures from individual-level microdata to estimate the proportion of the population at risk of social exclusion.
Findings: Nationally, 36.1% of the population were absolute poor. A higher proportion (40.1%) of population living in rural areas are poor compared to 29.1 % of population living in urban areas. Based on identities, almost half (48.3%) of the population from religious minority are poor. Persons with disability are also likely to be poor compared to any other group. 45.7% of persons living with disability are poor. Nationally, 16.6 million people are at risk of social exclusion. This represent 36.6% of the total population (close to headcount overall poverty rate of 36.1%). Children account for the largest share of at risk of exclusion. More than half (9.2 million) children are at risk of exclusion. Children, women and poor men account for 97% of at risk of exclusion groups.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: understanding the concept of social exclusion and poverty will assist policy makers and other stakeholders develop policies and strategies aimed at to creating a society where social inclusion is at the forefront, ensuring that no one is marginalized or left behind due to poverty or other forms of exclusion. This inclusive approach will contribute to equitable and sustainable economic growth, benefiting the entire population and fostering a more just and cohesive society.
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K'Aol, George O., and Francis Wambalaba. "Homegrown Kenya: the horticultural industry under fire on CSR." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111130049.
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Subject area Corporate social responsibility (CSR). Study level/applicability The Homegrown case is designed for teaching corporate social responsibility and business ethics at undergraduate and graduate levels. The case may be used on a variety of courses including: corporate social responsibility, business ethics and corporate social responsibility, and business ethics. Case overview In May 2003, the headline of the East African newspaper screamed “The Kenyan Horticultural Industry under fire.” The industry was accused of exploitative labor policies with respect to working conditions, workers' welfare, sexual harassment, and exposure to harmful pesticides by the key stakeholders led by the Kenya Human Rights Commission. The stakeholders had announced plans to conduct national and international campaigns against the flower growing and exporting companies in Kenya. Mr Richard Fox, the Managing Director of Homegrown was worried that the publicity had adversely tarnished the image and reputation of the horticultural industry in Kenya as a whole, including Homegrown. He wondered how best to respond to these allegations. Should Homegrown wait to see what the competitors and other stakeholders would do, as these were industry-wide problems or should Homegrown take the lead? And if so, what should be the scope of the programs, given the diverse nature of the issues? He had to make decision quickly. Expected learning outcomes The case provides opportunity for students to analyze, discuss, and debate topical issues in CSR. At the end of the case, students should be able to: identify emerging CSR and ethical issues facing the horticultural industry in Kenya; analyze the cost of implementing CSR programs in business organizations; evaluate the impact of CSR programs on business performance; justify and defend choices on CSR, and ethical decisions. Supplementary materials Not included.
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Kamakia, Antony, Shi Guoqing, Mohammad Zaman, and Zhou Junbi. "Financing for Development and Socio-Ecological Transitions: A Review of Chinese Investments in Kenya." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v7i2.12561.
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Kenya has adopted a comprehensive development path to accelerate and create suitable conditions for sustainable development as outlined in the “Vision 2030.” A key strategy is the catalytic role of bilateral loans and finances which have increased in manifolds over the years. However, a growing and critical discourse has emerged about the social-ecological sustainability in the Chinese-financed development projects, within the context of China-Africa engagement policy. China is playing significant role in the economic growth of developing countries and in particular, critical investments in productive sectors. This paper examines the development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) framework and explores the social-ecological impacts and outcomes of some selected Chinese-financed projects in Kenya. The paper also examines the various social-ecological guidelines and standards issued by Chinese authorities over-time, for their overseas investments and operations. It concludes that contemporary Chinese-financed development and investments in Kenya are resulting in increasing, improving and sustainable social-ecological outcomes.
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Harrington, Elizabeth K., Edinah Casmir, Peninah Kithao, John Kinuthia, Grace John-Stewart, Alison L. Drake, Jennifer A. Unger, and Kenneth Ngure. "“Spoiled” girls: Understanding social influences on adolescent contraceptive decision-making in Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255954.
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Objectives Despite significant public health emphasis on unintended pregnancy prevention among adolescent girls and young women in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a gap in understanding how adolescents’ own reproductive priorities and the social influences on their decision-making align and compete. We examined the social context of contraceptive decision-making among Kenyan female adolescents. Methods Using community-based sampling, we conducted 40 in-depth interviews and 6 focus group discussions among sexually-active or partnered adolescent girls and young women aged 15–19 in the Nyanza region of Kenya. We analyzed the data in Dedoose using an inductive, grounded theory approach, and developed a conceptual model from the data illustrating social influences on adolescent contraceptive decision-making. Results Participants viewed adolescent pregnancy as unacceptable, and described severe social, financial, and health consequences of unintended pregnancy, including abortion under unsafe conditions. Yet, their contraceptive behaviors often did not reflect their desire to delay pregnancy. Contraceptive decision-making was influenced by multiple social factors, centering on the intersecting stigmas of adolescent female sexuality, pregnancy, and contraceptive use, as well as unequal power in sexual relationships. To prioritize pregnancy prevention, adolescents must navigate conflicting social norms and power dynamics, and put their perceived future fertility at risk. Conclusions Contraceptive decision-making among Kenyan female adolescents is strongly influenced by opposing social norms within families, communities, and sexual relationships, which compel them to risk stigma whether they use a contraceptive method or become pregnant as adolescents. These findings put into perspective adolescents’ seemingly incongruent pregnancy preferences and contraceptive behaviors. Interventions to address adolescent unintended pregnancy should focus on supporting adolescent decision-making agency, addressing fertility-related contraceptive concerns, and promoting innovative contraceptive access points rather than increasing contraceptive prevalence.
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Kinoti, Dr Mary Kathambi, and Luke Mwiti Kinoti. "SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS." International Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijs.1041.
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Purpose: The study aimed to establish the impact of social entrepreneurial support on social-economic empowerment of households and a case study of Riziki Kenya was taken.
Methodology: The study used a descriptive survey design and the target population for this study was Riziki managers and staff as the key informants, the 230 supported entrepreneurs (households) and 22 supported micro-enterprises groups in Kibra Sub-County. The study employed multi-stage sampling which included purposive and simple random sampling. The study collected primary data using questionnaires. Key Informants included six Riziki Kenya managers and staff members. The use of interviews guides enabled the researcher to solicit the required information from supported entrepreneurs, key informants and group micro-enterprises. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze quantitative data from questionnaires and the results presented in tables, graphs, charts and narratives to answer the research questions. Qualitative data was organized into themes and patterns categorized through content analysis to capture emerging thoughts.
Results: Riziki Kenya has empowered households to improve their standards of living. Even with their small businesses, they could feed their families and pay bills. Empirically, the study has shown that social entrepreneurial support positively impacts the business of households which in turn improves the living conditions of families that own such enterprises. Access to credit facilities by small businesses helps such enterprises to grow and by extension, this improves the households’ finances and ability to get nutritious food, a good shelter, better education and better health care.
Contribution to theory, policy and practice: The paper suggests that the appropriate model and theoretical approach for social entrepreneurial impacts would be to direct resources to household owned business which would grow and in turn affect the prosperity of the households. In practice, social entrepreneurs and their staff should increase the support to households partnering with other NGOs to train on the basic entrepreneurial and business management skills to improve their enterprises, increasing access to funds and any other intervention strategies. Policymakers should enact laws that encourage the growth of social entrepreneurship since doing so increases the likelihood of successful small enterprises and this finally impacts positively on the social-economic empowerment of households.
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Berge, Lars Ivar Oppedal, Kjetil Bjorvatn, Simon Galle, Edward Miguel, Daniel N. Posner, Bertil Tungodden, and Kelly Zhang. "Ethnically Biased? Experimental Evidence from Kenya." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 134–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz003.
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Abstract Ethnicity has been shown to shape political, social, and economic behavior in Africa, but the underlying mechanisms remain contested. We utilize lab experiments to isolate one mechanism—an individual's bias in favor of coethnics and against non-coethnics—that has been central in both theory and in the conventional wisdom about the impact of ethnicity. We employ an unusually rich research design involving a large sample of 1300 participants from Nairobi, Kenya; the collection of multiple rounds of experimental data with varying proximity to national elections; within-lab priming conditions; both standard and novel experimental measures of coethnic bias; and an implicit association test (IAT). We find very little evidence of an ethnic bias in the behavioral games, which runs against the common presumption of extensive coethnic bias among ordinary Africans and suggests that mechanisms other than a coethnic bias in preferences must account for the associations we see in the region between ethnicity and political, social, and economic outcomes.
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Mbinya, Faith, and Thomas Mose. "Effect of Occupational Stress on Employee Performance of the Judicial Service Commission Employees in Kenya." Journal of Human Resource &Leadership 6, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6028.
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Employee performance is the key to success of an organization. Every individual employee must work toward the company’s vision and mission. The performance of employees is influenced by how businesses manage, up skill, and motivates their employees. This study sought to investigate the effects of occupational stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission employees in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to; establish the effects of workload stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya, to determine effects of role ambiguity stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya, to establish the effects of working conditions stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya and to determine effects of work relationships stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. In this study, a descriptive research design method was used. The target population comprised of 5,157 employees in the Kenyan Judiciary comprising of 635 magistrates and kadhis and 4,522 staff. The study sample size comprised of 362 employees. The study relied on both primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The data was also entered using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Data that was obtained from the research instruments was summarized using Descriptive Statistics. To test hypothesis HA1 to HA4, Pearson’s Correlation Analysis was used. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that workload stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. In addition, the study concludes that role ambiguity stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. Further, the study concludes that working condition stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. The study also concludes that work relationship stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. From the results, the study recommends that the management of judicial service commission should ensure effective strategies to manage workload stress are formulated and implemented to enhance employee performance. Keywords: Occupational Stress, Employee Performance
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George Omusotsi, Okusimba. "Assessing the Social, Cultural, Economic and Environmental Conditions of Nambale Town in Busia County, Kenya." Urban and Regional Planning 4, no. 1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20190401.13.
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Steinhart, E. I. "Hunters, Poachers and Gamekeepers: Towards A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya." Journal of African History 30, no. 2 (July 1989): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024129.
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This paper sets out to examine the interactions between African and white hunters in colonial Kenya in an effort to understand the nature of the confrontation between the competing cultural traditions of hunting under colonial conditions. It examines the major tradition of African hunting in eastern Kenya among African residents of Kwale, Kitui and Meru districts from oral and archival materials, arguing that the place of subsistence hunting in the economy of African farmers has been systematically denigrated in the colonial literature. Next, the various representatives of the European hunting tradition in Kenya are surveyed: sportsmen, travellers, settlers, and professionals. A preliminary assessment is made of their impact on game and the growing need for conservation. The history of the game and national park departments, which administered the hunting laws and were charged with the preservation of wildlife, is next described. The records of the colonial Game Department provide a key source for the reconstruction of the attempts to control African poaching and regulate European hunting in the interests of the preservation of game and the control of the colonial economy. At the end of the colonial era, with the emergence of a new sensibility to conservation, Kenya's gamekeepers engaged in a major, successful anti-poaching campaign in eastern Kenya's Tsavo Park. This was the climactic confrontation between the two cultures in their contest for control over Kenya's wildlife resources.
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Lines, Kate, and Jack Makau. "Taking the long view: 20 years of Muungano wa Wanavijiji, the Kenyan federation of slum dwellers." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247818785327.
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In the mid-1990s, the grassroots movement Muungano wa Wanavijiji emerged from Nairobi’s many slums aiming to resist forced evictions by the Kenyan government. Muungano confronted a nexus of politicians, government administrators and elites all seeking to acquire city land occupied by informal settlements – and in doing so challenged antipathetic attitudes to informality. Joining global advocacy, Muungano has pushed locally for recognition of slums as human settlements, later designing models for upgrading living conditions. Throughout this evolution, the Kenyan state has been the single most prominent precipitant for the strategies Muungano has employed. This paper describes the correlations between a social movement and the state, set within broader changes in state–civil society relations in Kenya. In doing so it seeks to bring out the complexity of a relationship that has varied from conflict to contestation, partnership to collaboration, and separate but parallel efforts to address common issues.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kenya – Social conditions"
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Chiko, Wilson Mungoma. "The social influence of Islam in Kenyan society since 1963." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683274.
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Doherty, Deborah A. "Maasai pastoral potential : a study of ranching and Narok District, Kenya." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39222.
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The socio-economic conditions which affect development in general, and group ranching in particular, among the Maasai of Narok District, Kenya are analyzed. Systems of relationships between Maasai social units are examined to demonstrate how different individuals and groups within Maasai society, each with a diversity of vested interests, react to the opportunities and disadvantages offered them by imposed development programs and altered ecological conditions.A single group ranch, Rotian OlMakongo, is the focus of intensive study. Maasai on this ranch, which is located in a semi-high potential wheat-growing area of Narok District, have largely been resistant to planned change.
The reaction of group ranch members to development are analyzed showing how lineage and clan affiliation, age set relations, stock friendships and other systems of relations affect individual and group decision-making.
On the one hand the analysis demonstrates how the structure of the group ranch itself is not conducive to the consensual decision-making which ranch planning officials anticipated would occur regarding such important issues as stock limitation. On the other hand traditional Maasai social units are seen at different times both to promote and inhibit new organizational forms to deal with a changing set of economic, ecological and political conditions.
A general trend toward impoverishment, disenfranchisement and supplementary economic pursuits is outlined. However, traditional pastoralism is not seen as being totally subsumed by a more dominant, essentially capitalistic mode of production. Rather, traditional pastoralism is seen to define the transformation of internal forms through a structure which incorporates the modern sector. The tension between the traditional and modern sectors is not their disassociation, but rather, their integration into the dynamic process of change within the structure.
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Mitchell, Judith Dale. "Gender and property among sedentarized pastoralists of Northern Kenya." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103275.
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In the context of growing poverty and sedentarization, the socio-economic status of pastoral women is an important indicator of how pastoralists in northern Kenya respond to social change. Accordingly, this study examines women's position in three communities in distinct settings of sedentarization. One is located in a semi-arid region dedicated to pastoralism and conservation, while the other two are in a moister mountain area where rain-fed and irrigation agriculture is combined with animal production. Analyses of quantitative and qualitative data, gathered from women and men during 2002--2003, indicate that women have largely responded to social change by using two strategies to secure the well-being of themselves and their children. First, despite the cultural assumption that married women are supported by their husbands, they have strengthened their relationships with natal kin, solidifying a support network to carry them through times of difficulty. Secondly, given decline in returns from subsistence pastoralism, women have seized numerous opportunities to diversify their economic pursuits in order to generate steady income.Essentially, findings illustrate that, in addition to gaining access to various resources through their marital homes and their own efforts, the majority of women receive socio-economic support from their natal kin, especially brothers. In two communities where land is being privatized, most women have been excluded from the land registration process because of traditional and national policies. However, many fathers are awarding their daughters permanent usufruct rights to family land to ensure they do not become landless because of the death of a spouse or negligence on the part of husbands. Although this does not eliminate the discrimination many women face from being excluded from the registration process, it is a move towards the betterment of women's long-term food and financial security.
Besides contributing to domestic activities, women engage in very different forms of income-generating activities; in Archer's Post, they obtain earnings from craft sales or tourist-related services, in Parkishon/Karare they gain income from milk-marketing, while in Songa, women pursue cultivation for subsistence and market sale. It is a positive finding that most women generate steady income over which they have managed to maintain control.
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Nyambari, Patrick Mbataru. "Social and economic strategies of stakeholders after reforms in the market chain : the case of coffee production in Nyeri, Kenya." Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20013.
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The coffee crisis began with the collapse of the International Coffee Agreement which ended the quotas, consequently flooding the market. A cash crop could be an anvil upon which a society transforms itself from one form of social-economic mode of existence to another. By extension, the profile of the development of the crop, as it becomes acculturated into the receiving society can be emblematic of the mutation of the same society. The subject under study analyses the effects of the 'coffee crisis' since the late 1980s. Such a study should be cognizant of the cyclic nature of primary commodity production, strongly tied to the international marketing mechanism beyond their control. Through a crisis we may observe reactions of the stakeholders and search for indicators of social change. The fifteen year old coffee crisis is a spectrum through which we may perceive the social- economic shift that may have been triggered by the sharp fall in prices. This, we believe is better studied through analyzing the strategies of the stakeholders in the industry: the reactions of the farmers, the steps taken by women, hence the transformation of gendered relationships and attendant conflicts, intergenerational sensibility of the crisis and the strategies of actors in the chainEn 1989, la fin de l’Accord International du Café a mis un terme au système de quotas permettant d'inonder le marché avec du café de qualité parfois inférieure. Les prix mondiaux sont tombés à leur niveau le plus bas dans l'histoire. L'économie du Kenya, améliorée par le boom des années 1970, chute gravement, et s'est détériorée dans les années 1980. Pendant les 15 années suivantes, la production diminue de 150 000 à 50 000 tonnes, déclenchant au fur et à mesure une crise sociale, alors médiatisée sous le nom de « guerres du café de Nyeri ». Ce qui est méconnu c'est la complexité du processus social et économique et surtout comment les acteurs s'y sont ajustés. Une culture de rente peut être à la charnière de la transformation d'un mode d'existence social à un autre. De plus, le développement d'une telle culture, dès lors qu'elle est enracinée dans une société donnée, peut être emblématique des mutations de cette société. Le sujet de cette étude porte sur la « crise du café » depuis la fin des années 1980, crise qui annonce les changements des dimensions sociales et économiques au Kenya Central et dans le pays tout entier. À travers une crise nous pouvons observer les réactions des acteurs et chercher des indicateurs de changement social. La crise du café nous donne une opportunité de percevoir les changements socio-économiques qui suivirent après la chute importante de prix. Nous croyons que la situation est mieux étudiée si l'on analyse les stratégies et les enjeux des acteurs dans la filière : Les réactions des producteurs et les dispositifs chez les femmes, d'où on étudiera la transformation des rapports entre les genres et les conflits qui y participent, ainsi que les dimensions intergénérationnelles Généralement, on se demande, quelles sont les stratégies des acteurs dans la filière ? Nous étudierons les indicateurs d'une nouvelle société en répondant à cette question. Mais toute conclusion doit prendre en compte la dimension temporelle comme un facteur-majeur de l'étude de changement social. En fait, les paramètres seront plus faciles à délimiter après une ou deux générations, ce qui n'empêche pas de décrire la situation actuelle. L'avenir est fondé sur le présent et concrètement l'aujourd'hui est justifié par le passé
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Onsongo, Francis Omweri. "Fertility decline among Abagusii women : the application of an adapted proximate determinants model." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019924.
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The primary objective of this thesis is to account for the fertility decline among Abagusii women in South-western Kenya. The motivation behind the study was based on the fact that the fertility trends associated with this group of people had not been studied before. This is surprising because the Abagusii recorded one of the world's highest total fertility rates of 10.4 in 1979 (Omosa 1994; Osiemo 1986; Oucho 1990), but has also experienced significant fertility decline. The total fertility rate in 2004 stood at 4.7, (Anyara 2009). The analytical framework that is adopted is Stover's (1998) adaptation of the Bongaarts et. al. (1984) Proximate Determinants Model. These determinants such as contraceptive use, post-partum insusceptibility, sexual activity, abortion and sterility represent behavioural and biological variables that affect fertility directly. The manner in which they are employed involves using the index which indicates the extent to which each proximate determinant reduces the fertility of the group in question.
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de, Menil Victoria. "Under-cover in Kenya : the contribution of non-state actors to mental health coverage." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1017/.
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Half of health care in sub-Saharan Africa is privately provided, however, for mental health, the literature is all but absent on these services. Kenya provides a useful case-study, as it has a wellorganized non-state sector and data are readily available. My thesis asks what contribution do non-state actors make to coverage for mental disorders in Kenya? Non-state mental health care is conceived along two axes: for-profit vs. not-for-profit and formal vs. informal. Four empirical chapters use mixed-methods to examine: 1) not-forprofit NGO care; 2) for-profit inpatient care; 3) for-profit outpatient care; and 4) traditional and faith healing. Data were collected on 774 service users and 120 service providers from four primary sources, and two secondary sources, as well as from a wide range of key-informant interviews. The first two chapters set the research question within the context of existing knowledge in the fields of health economics and health services research. The third chapter provides an overview of methods, focusing on cost-effectiveness analysis, case study method, and crosscultural psychiatric epidemiology. The first empirical chapter presents an NGO intervention called the model for Mental Health and Development, evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively, using cost-effectiveness analysis. The second empirical chapter offers a case study of a growing private psychiatric hospital, using regression analysis on the effects of insurance on charge and service use. The third chapter is a short descriptive analysis of a questionnaire completed by psychiatric nurses about their participation in mental health care, and structured interviews with specialist outpatient providers. The final empirical chapter contains qualitative and quantitative data on traditional and faith healing, analysed for similarities and differences. The conclusion ties together findings thematically according to capacity, access and cost, estimating the degree of mental health care coverage offered by non-state actors in Kenya, and offering lessons for policy and research.
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Mwaura, Grace Muthoni. "Educated youth in Kenya : negotiating waithood by greening livelihoods." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b58b7015-360c-4abd-af04-1ab008aae48f.
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The burgeoning scholarship on African youth indicates that young people are experiencing difficulties in attaining social adulthood and spend extended time in waithood - a period of economic and job insecurities that is becoming a permanent marker of their youth, affecting their life trajectories and future aspirations (Honwana, 2012; Locke & te Lintelo, 2012). Youth waithood involves navigating precarious conditions arising under neoliberalism and its economic liberalization reforms, and developing new subjectivities resulting from the acquisition of extra skills set, maintaining social networks, and engaging in new political formations (Jeffrey, 2008). Informed by concepts of neoliberal subjectivities, opportunity spaces, and Bourdieu's forms of capital, I conducted qualitative research with university students in six public universities, and with educated young farmers in Western, Eastern, and Central regions of Kenya. I investigated how Kenyan youth navigate waithood by occupying new opportunity spaces opened up by student environmentalism and agricultural entrepreneurialism - two areas that have been reconfigured by global discourses of environmental change, green jobs, and agricultural transformation. My findings show that the occupational aspirations of educated youth were changing to include navigation strategies of portfolio occupations, tarmacking, and side-hustling. Within the new opportunity spaces, these youth realized neoliberal subjectivities that enabled them to garner capitals through self-making, entrepreneurialism, and reworking of elite distinctions. Student environmentalists' navigation strategies included acquiring environmental knowledge and work experiences; joining networks of environmental professionals; and participating in environmental anti-politics. Educated young farmers embraced ideologies of portfolio occupations and green livelihoods. They also relied on the reconfigurations of gendered identities and the rural-urban divide, competitive individualism, and associational life to rework their occupational aspirations and maintain elite distinctions in society. In sum, negotiating youth waithood is a complex, intertwined, and uncertain process involving flexibilities and chance opportunities to access, maintain, and utilize capitals. The emergent subjectivities remain insecure, unstable and do not necessarily guarantee exiting waithood.
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Cobley, David Stephen. "Towards economic empowerment for disabled people : exploring the boundaries of the social model of disability in Kenya and India." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4050/.
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The social model of disability, which provides the ideological basis for the recent UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, emphasizes the need for society to change, in order to remove all forms of disability discrimination and allow for full participation. However, literature debates have raised questions over the relevance of this ideology to the majority world context. This thesis aims to explore this dilemma, by examining the influence of the social model on a range of current approaches to promoting economic empowerment within Kenya and India - two countries that have signed and ratified the Convention. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of 26 case studies, conducted between June 2010 and February 2011, which were focused mainly on three particular routes to economic empowerment: vocational training, formal sector employment and self-directed employment. The study concludes that, while inclusive strategies that were firmly based on social model principles tended to be among the most successful, a total reliance on this ideology would run the risk of excluding a large section of the disability population altogether. In particular, some of the segregated services were found to be continuing to play an important role in disability service provision.
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Howland, O. F. "Drinking, despair and the state and ethnography of a brewing subculture in rural Kenya." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4686/.
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Home brewed alcohol is responsible for a significant proportion of alcohol related harms across Africa, yet in Kenya where the problem receives much media attention, pombe ya kienyeji (home brew) has been significantly under-researched. Existing research offers limited information regarding the personal stories and daily lives of people within this sub-culture which would inform us about the social and political contexts of alcohol. This thesis is a description of the sub-culture of home-made fermented beers in a rural, geographically isolated and politically marginalised region of southern Kenya. The research was conducted using a mixed methods ethnographic approach including participant observation, focus groups, informal interviews, drawing exercises with children, body mapping, life story interviews and oral histories, community mapping, reflexive focus groups, photography, and the ethnographer working as a Mama Pima (the woman who serves the beer). Research took place over a period of three years from 2011-2014, with around 24 months spent in the field. Home brewed beers are an integral part of the local economy, providing employment and financial independence for many women, enabling them to send their children to school and look after their families. The study uses the concepts of structural violence, and demasculinity, as analytical perspectives to explain and rationalise the behaviour of drinkers, brewers and other relevant actors within ‘Kijiji’, the study site. These chapters make the case that state level structural violence is a precipitator of alcoholism, and that domestic violence witnessed from an early age is normalised in many households. For the women who brew, a climate of mistrust and fear of the authorities pervades everyday life. Focus group discussions shed light on the changing role of alcohol within society and the different meanings ascribed to it since independence. Life stories indicate that violence witnessed and suffered in childhood are precursors to problematic drinking behaviour in later life. There are clearly defined gender roles in production and consumption of alcohol with women primarily undertaking production and sale of brew, and men dominating the drinking scene. A full description of the brews and brewing process, environments, and drinking dens are recorded. Whether actual levels of consumption have increased in real terms is beyond the scope of this study. The empirical results demonstrate that structural violence is deeply embedded in rural Kenyan society and provide an alternative to the commonly held belief that brewers and drinkers are deviant or criminal. Brewers and drinkers still manage to create for themselves a meaningful life within this context and construct realities in which they can express self-worth and respect. This study makes an addition to the existing body of literature concerning alcohol and health in East Africa, and provides a detailed insight into the daily lives and motivations, local realities and challenges for people within the sub-culture of home brew in rural Kenya.
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Kielmann, Karina. ""Prostitution", "risk", and "responsibility" : paradigms of AIDS prevention and women's identities in Thika, Kenya." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69568.
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The focus of this thesis is an AIDS education programme targeting prostitutes in the industrial town of Thika, Kenya. The thesis challenges three key assumptions underlying the programme, namely: (1) prostitutes in Kenya form a readily identifiable, homogenous social category; (2) medically, they are a source of HIV-infection, and a risk group due to their sexual activity; (3) once provided with knowledge about AIDS transmission and prevention, they have the incentive, and the means to modify their risk behaviour. The notions of "prostitution", "risk", and "responsibility", as assumed in the medical discourse of the programme, are contrasted with those found in the narratives of local health workers and the women involved in the programme. The incongruences in these sets of understandings have implications for the interpretation of epidemiological findings and the planning of AIDS prevention programmes in general. By lending an overall priority ranking to the risk factor of sexual behaviour, the epidemiological paradigm informing the programme masks social and economic co-factors placing women at risk, as well as the role of men in transmission of the HIV-virus. Further, the paradigm ignores important factors in the motivation of health behaviour, namely, the relative significance that women attribute to the risk of AIDS, as well as their envisaged control over health.
Books on the topic "Kenya – Social conditions"
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Kenya. Central Bureau of Statistics., ed. Social indicators: Selected data on social conditions in Kenya. Nairobi: The Bureau, 1985.
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Adoyo, James W., and Cole I. Wangai. Kenya: Political, social and environmental issues. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2012.
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François, Grignon, and Prunier Gérard, eds. Le Kenya contemporain. Paris: Karthala, 1998.
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Adoyo, James W., and Cole I. Wangai. Kenya: Political, social and environmental issues. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2012.
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Heyer, Judith. Kenya: Monitoring living conditions and consumption patterns. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1990.
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G, Schatzberg Michael, ed. The Political economy of Kenya. New York: Praeger, 1987.
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M, Fratkin Elliot, and Roth Eric Abella, eds. As pastoralists settle: Social, health, and economic consequences of the pastoral sedentarization in Marsabit District, Kenya. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Kenya – Social conditions"
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Ojulu Okello, Abulogn. "The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on the Mental Health and Integration of Refugee and Asylum Seekers in Kenya." In Refugees and Migrants - Current Conditions and Future Trends [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1005853.
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This chapter examines the intricate dynamics of asylum seeking in Kenya, where a significant population seeks refuge from various African nations due to conflicts, persecution, and other challenges. The chapter describes the historical context of refugee hosting in Kenya, particularly the establishment of camps like Dadaab and Kakuma to accommodate Somali refugees and South Sudanese “Lost Boys.” It explains the asylum procedure overseen by the Department of Refugee Services (DRS) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), detailing the challenges of registration and the prolonged asylum determination process. Moreover, the chapter delves into the concept of local integration for asylum seekers and refugees, emphasizing its significance in providing fundamental rights and opportunities for displaced individuals. It underscores the importance of integration in fostering safety, stability, and psychological well-being, while also contributing to social cohesion and economic participation. Additionally, the chapter explores the socioeconomic factors impacting the mental health and integration of asylum seekers in Kenya, including limited access to resources, economic hardships, conflict, displacement, and climate change. Through a combination of primary interviews and secondary data sources, the chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by asylum seekers and refugees and advocates for evidence-based policies and interventions to address their unique needs and promote their well-being and integration in Kenya.
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Wairimu, James, Susan Githua, and Kenneth Kungu. "Role of IT Culture in Learners' Acceptance of E-Learning." In Handbook of Research on Innovative Digital Practices to Engage Learners, 348–64. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9438-3.ch018.
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This chapter sought to explore factors that influence e-learning adoption and use among students in higher education in Kenya. Based on UTAUT model, the study proposes that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions will influence intention to use e-learning. Additionally, the role of IT culture is explored. Performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and IT culture were significant in predicting intention to use e-learning. Intention to use significantly predicted usage. Implications for higher education are discussed.
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Mendenhall, Emily. "Syndemic Diabetes." In Rethinking Diabetes, 21–38. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738302.003.0002.
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This chapter begins with Esther's story, a woman residing in Nairobi who confronts convergent social and health conditions from food insecurity to diabetes, HIV, and financial stress. The story demonstrates how a global story of diabetes overlooks the unique social, political, and cultural factors that produce diabetes from place to place. The chapter positions the book within the anthropological literature on diabetes and social suffering and introduces the idea that diabetes is always "syndemic" – or convergent with social and health problems. The chapters suggests that social pathways link arduous life experiences with biological risk, revealing important psychophysiological pathways between social stress and metabolic distress. The chapter also introduces the book, a multi-method study of diabetes among low-income communities in the United States, India, South Africa, and Kenya.
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Shao, Oliver Y. "“How Is That Going to Help Anyone?”." In Transforming Ethnomusicology Volume I, 87–100. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517604.003.0006.
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Scholarly knowledge about music has the potential to transform the ways individuals and groups think about and act towards pressing issues of concern. Writing primarily about the music and suffering of others, however, may not offer a wholly adequate form of reciprocity for people living in difficult situations. Is it possible to engage in ethnomusicological research that advances knowledge about music, produces theoretical innovation, addresses immediate social needs, and transforms oppressive conditions? In this chapter, I offer insights on possible ways to achieve these outcomes through discussing the workings of a collaborative ethnomusicological approach that merges critical analysis with activist research. I demonstrate how this approach works in practice through reflecting on and examining research activities from a social campaign aimed at reinstating meaningful religious activities carried out by members of Dinka Christian communities living in the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya. I also reflect on the wider role that a critically oriented activist ethnomusicology can offer in transforming the debilitating conditions of encampment. This chapter thus adds to the growing number of ethnomusicologists engaging in and writing about the benefits and challenges of activist research at a time when there is an urgent need to create a more just world.
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Galvin, Kathleen A., and Michael A. Little. "Dietary intake and nutritional status." In Turkana Herders of the Dry Savanna, 125–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549215.003.0007.
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Abstract Until the late 1970s, there were virtually no systematic studies of diet and nutrition of African pastoral populations (Little 1980; Wheeler 1980). Some biomedical studies had explored cardiovascular health status of pastoralists within the context of nutrition, but information on dietary intake was based largely on casual observations (Mann et al. 1972; Shaper et al. 1963). Much of this work was founded on the erroneous belief that pastoral groups subsisted almost entirely on milk products and meat, with corre¬ spondingly high fat intakes (Biss et al. 1971; Mann and Shaffer 1966; Shaper and Spencer 1961). After 1980, several comprehensive studies were conducted to assess diets of pastoral populations, including the Sudanese Baggara (Holter 1988), Kenyan Maasai (Nestel 1986), West African Fulani and Tuareg (Benefice et al. 1984; Wagenaar-Brouwer 1985), and Kenyan Turkana (Galvin 1985). Rather than demonstrating uniform diets high in animal products, these studies described remarkable variation in dietary intakes. Variations were observed among ethnic populations; by status within the population; by age, sex, and activities of population members; by season; and by longer-range environmental fluctuations. Based on these studies, the current view of African pastoralists and their dietary patterns is one in which food production and consumption is highly sensitive to the circumstances of their lives, circumstances that include variations in climate, ecology, health, and social and political conditions.
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Henry, Jade V. "Mobile Phones and the Uses of Learning in a Training Intervention for Kenyan Community Health Workers." In Training for Community Health, 101–20. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866244.003.0007.
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Mobile phones help move training programmes out of the classroom and into community settings where CHWs live and work. This chapter examines what happens to ‘learning’ when training becomes ‘mobile’. To explore this, an analysis of a three-year intervention to train 90 Kenyan CHWs is drawn from science and technology studies (STS). It is argued that when a mobile learning application is deployed in an informal urban settlement and an isolated rural village, its movement makes it available for many more uses than is originally envisioned. These varied uses subject the CHWs to multiple definitions of what it means to learn and conflicting visions of how learning leads to social change. The chapter ends with a discussion of how power circulates through global health policies, mobile devices, CHWs, and the material conditions of extreme poverty to generate controversies over what knowledge matters most for health worker training programmes, and for the broader aims of international development.
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Chakravorty Spivak, Gayatri. "Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak." In Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 263–66. Hermann, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/herm.renau.2023.02.0263.
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Spivak en Afrique : « toujours agir en voisins » Fidèle à ses principes, Gayatri Spivak présente son travail en Afrique sous la forme d’un dialogue avec ses partenaires africains afin qu’ils exposent et évaluent dans leurs propres mots cette collaboration. Elle souligne la réciprocité des apprentissages : il s’agit de toujours « agir en voisins » côte à côte, de façon égale et solidaire. Elle prend soin d’introduire ses interlocuteurs du moment, Oluwaseun Akinfenwa qui enseigne à Kwara State University au Nigéria après une formation en anthropologie culturelle à Southern Illinois University, et Joseph Oduro-Frimpong, enseignant à Ashesi University au Ghana, et de situer leur collaboration dans le réseau des synergies qui opèrent depuis 6 ou 7 ans : il y a les collègues ghanéens, tels Aloysius Denkabe qui travaille l’interface monde rural/monde urbain et s’efforce de repenser les récits et les techniques de l’interview dans de nombreux domaines, et Helen Yitah, enseignante au département d’anglais de Ghana-Legon University, tous deux intervenants à Paris ; Wanjiru Gichuhi, professeur au département des Development Studies , University of Nairobi qui participa, à l’invitation de Gayatri, au Congrès d’Arusha en Tanzanie organisé en 2012 par Global Development Network sous l’égide de la World Bank ; il y a Gayatri elle-même, qui œuvre en lien avec Simon Gikandi (University of Michigan) ou l’écrivain Kenyan Ngugi wa Thiong’o, et qui séjourne à Accra où elle étudie les archives de W. E. B. Du Bois, réfugié en 1961 à l’invitation du premier président du Ghana indépendant Kwame Nkrumah. Sans oublier le Center for the Study of Social Difference à Columbia University New York, soutien des partenaires africains, qui présente en ligne une série de w orkshops vidéo. C’est dire qu’il y va d’une approche internationale pour le développement de l’Afrique. Les entretiens de Gayatri Spivak avec Joseph Oduro-Frimpong et Oluwaseun Akinfenwa, tracent les directions fondamentales et fondatrices de leur action commune. Il s’agit de ne pas se limiter à la théorisation et de mettre l’accent sur le travail de terrain, c’est-à-dire se donner les moyens d’apprendre de ceux d’en bas en pratiquant la mobilité sociale. Il importe par suite de donner aux subalternes la possibilité de procéder logiquement, afin de créer les conditions d’une parole en langues autochtones et d’un retournement de situation selon lequel les subalternes enseignent aux enseignants. Cela exige de redéfinir les voies de la connaissance : de ne pas camper sur ses privilèges universitaires et d’impliquer les communautés de subalternes dans les décisions et les processus. En pratique, le travail des membres du collectif d’encadrement, dans lequel Gayatri assume le rôle d’animateur-facilitateur, alterne les visites aux diverses communautés africaines dont ils sauvent les langues de la mort, et les sessions de réflexion à New York où analyses critiques et bilans tirent des leçons pour le retour à l’action de terrain. La préservation des langues maternelles est primordiale : non seulement celles-ci structurent des modes de vie singuliers mais cette alternative linguistique porte l’exigeante volonté de recherche et développement en Afrique. Frimpong, pour sa part, souligne que l’approche des communautés n’est pas verticale, elle ne patronne pas les Africains : elle est organique, sans préjugés, respectueuse de l’environnement, humble dans la connaissance. Apprendre de l’autre, c’est aussi vivre à ses côtés. C’est être à son tour « développé ». Gayatri met en garde : le subalterne n’est pas une vision romantique des personnes, c’est une position qu’on travaille par un apprentissage sans fin. Obsédée, comme le furent Derrida ou Bimal Krishna Matilal, par la volonté de faire quelque chose, avant même toute raison de faire, Gayatri Spivak sait que changer le monde est un travail de longue haleine : c’est « la poésie du futur ». Continuant par ses engagements à payer la dette ancestrale de sa caste Hindou, Gayatri se joint à l’appel pour que s’accomplisse cette aspiration : « Libres Enfin ! »
Conference papers on the topic "Kenya – Social conditions"
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Lilian, Simiyu E., Mburu Esther, and Rukunga Allan. "Drill Cuttings and Fluid Disposal; A Kenyan Case Study." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2580389-ms.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this research paper was to explore the health, safety, sustainability and social responsibility during disposal of cutting and drilling fluids in Kenya in regard to what affects the choice of method of disposal, the Kenyan government's regulatory requirements on disposal of the drilling wastes, methods of addressing drilling wastes, ways of reducing the volume of wastes, hierarchy of drilling wastes and the pros and cons of various methods of addressing drilling wastes. A comprehensive case study of the approach taken in Kenya with regard to handling of drilling wastes was done. Description for each approach used is provided as obtained through interviews, internet and questionnaires and statistics. Complete tables and graphs are provided and the methods are described in detail to permit readers to understand all results. The choice of method of disposal is determined and affected largely by the government policy and also by economic, technical and operation conditions and barriers. Methods of disposal included injection, thermal treatment, bioremediation, land application. This paper gives the best ways of disposal. A comprehensive description of the Kenyan government regulations is given as indicated in the Kenya Gazette, NEMA and UNEP. This paper gives insight to the acceptable drilling wastes disposal practices in Kenya and are also generally largely applicable other nations. In conclusion, it was found that Kenya would benefit from passing its own laws to regulate disposal in the coming days.
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Amaria, Anosh P., Ryan Nguyen, Joshua A. Davison, Souma Chowdhury, and John F. Hall. "Optimization Model for Owner-Based Microgrids Using LSTM Predicted Demand for Rural Development." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97964.
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Abstract Over the past several years, microgrids have been setup in remote villages in developing countries such as India, Kenya and China to boost the standards of living of the less privileged citizens, mostly by private companies. However, these systems succumb to increase in demand and maintenance issues over time. A method for scaling the capacity of solar powered microgrids is presented in this paper. The scaling is based on both the needs of the owner and those of the consumers. Data acquired from rural villages characterizes the electrical use with respect to time. Further, it employees a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model that can help the owner predict future demand trends. This is followed by a model to determine the optimum increase in capacity required to meet the predicted demand. The model is based on empowering the owner to make informed decisions and the equity of energy distribution is the key motivation for this paper. The models are applied to a village in Eastern India to test its applicability. Acknowledging the highly varying nature of demand for electricity and its applications, we propose a rule-based adaptive power management strategy which can be tailored specifically in accordance to the preference of the communities. This will ensure a fair distribution of power for everyone using the system, thereby making it applicable anywhere in the world. We propose to incorporate social and demographic conditions of the user in the optimization to ensure that the profit of the owner does not outweigh the needs of the users.
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Mokua, Beatrice Kiage. "Nutritional Status and Risk Factors for Malnutrition among Under Five Children in Merti ward, Isiolo County, Kenya." In 3rd International Nutrition and Dietetics Scientific Conference. KENYA NUTRITIONISTS AND DIETICIANS INSTITUTE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57039/jnd-conf-abt-2023-m.i.y.c.n.h.p-29.
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Malnutrition is a significant public health issue affecting under-five children in many developing countries, including Kenya. This mixed-methods study aimed to assess the nutritional status and risk of malnutrition among under-five children in Isiolo County, Kenya. The study used a cross-sectional design and purposive sampling technique to recruit 384 participants, and data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary practices, and nutritional status informed the development of appropriate interventions to address malnutrition in this region. The study found a high prevalence of global acute malnutrition (17%), underweight (14.6%), stunting (15.9%), and low nutrient intake among children under five. The study also found a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding and late introduction of solid foods, highlighting the need for interventions that promote and support appropriate feeding practices for infants and young children in this population. Additionally, the study identified poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices in Isiolo, Kenya, with a significant number of households lacking access to proper sanitation facilities and not treating their drinking water before consumption. The findings highlight the need for urgent interventions that target poverty reduction, food security, access to healthcare, and improved living conditions of households to improve the nutritional status of under-five children in Isiolo, Kenya. Additionally, interventions are needed to improve access to proper sanitation facilities, promote safe kitchen waste disposal methods, and encourage proper water treatment and handwashing practices to prevent the spread of diseases in this population. The study's findings provide valuable insights into the nutritional status and risk of malnutrition among under-five children in Isiolo County and inform the development of appropriate interventions to address malnutrition in this region. Keywords: Malnutrition, Under-five children, Nutritional status, WASH practices, Kenya
Reports on the topic "Kenya – Social conditions"
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Omondi Okwany, Clifford Collins. Territoriality as a Method for Understanding Armed Groups in Kenya and Strengthening Policy Responses. RESOLVE Network, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2023.1.lpbi.
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This policy note explores the characteristics of community-based armed groups (CBAGs) unique to the Kenyan context through a comparison of local CBAGs with other nonstate armed groups, particularly violent extremist organizations (VEOs). In doing so, it introduces the concept of territoriality—the degree to which government and security agents are able to monopolize political, social, and security control of spaces—and suggests that both CBAGs and VEOs are most likely to thrive in Kenya under conditions of semi-territoriality, where state authority sometimes shifts fluidly from strong to weak depending on capacity or interest. To combat the rise of VEOs it recommends community-oriented policing as a devolved security strategy, strengthening relations between civil society and the police through the Police Reforms Working Group Kenya (PRWGK), helping to monitor and evaluate the police service. Additionally, mapping CBAGs and VEOs through clan structures is a community-oriented strategy that helps strengthen territoriality and counter semi-territoriality.
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Attansio, Orazio, and Debbie Blair. Structural modelling in policymaking. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cip9.
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Structural modelling, that is the use of behavioural models to add a framework to the decision problem of an agent, is a useful yet underused tool in evaluation. This paper provides a general introduction to structural modelling, as well as an overview of other commonly used evaluation techniques in Economics and other social sciences. It then goes on to show with three key case studies, how structural models can be used to enrich the findings from randomised control trials. The case studies cover a wide range of policy questions: examining demand for health products in Kenya, incentivising teachers to attend school in India, and evaluating conditional cash transfers for education in Mexico. The case studies show how structural models add to our understanding of the mechanisms behind a given treatment effect, how the findings may change when the policy is rolled out under different circumstances, as well as allowing for the evaluation of different policies that were not originally trialled. The common pitfalls of structural models are discussed, with guidance provided throughout on how to conduct sensitivity analysis and model validation. It is hoped that this paper will persuade other researchers to use structural models, in conjunction with randomised control trials, that will lead to improved evaluation results, a deeper understanding of important problems, and better informed policymaking in the future.
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Ross-Larson, Bruce. Why Students Aren’t Learning What They Need for a Productive Life. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-2023/pe13.
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The RISE program is a seven-year research effort that seeks to understand what features make education systems coherent and effective in their context and how the complex dynamics within a system allow policies to be successful. RISE had research teams in seven countries: Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam. It also commissioned research by education specialists in Chile, Egypt, Kenya, Peru, and South Africa. Those researchers tested ideas about how the determinants of learning lie more in the realm of politics and particularly in the interests of elites. They focused on how the political conditions have (or have not) put learning at the center of education systems (mostly not) while understanding the challenges of doing so. Each country team produced a detailed study pursuing answers to two central research questions: Did the country prioritize learning over access, and if so, during what periods? What role did politics play in the key decisions and how? The full studies detail their analytical frameworks, their data, and sources (generally interviews, government internal documents and reports, and other local and international publications), and the power of their assessments, given their caveats and limitations. Country summaries extract from the full studies how leadership, governance, teaching, and societal engagement are pertinent to student outcomes (see the next page). This synthesis, in line with Levy 2022, draws on the country summaries to detail the salience of goals of national leaders, alliances of stakeholders, missions of education bureaucracies, and expectations of society.