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1
Ng’ang’a, Pius, and Precious Zikhali. "Poverty and Social Exclusion in Kenya." International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijpid.1658.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate the population at risk of social exclusion in Kenya. Specifically, the study aims to assess the extent of poverty as a dimension of social exclusion; provide poverty estimates for various sub-populations and vulnerable groups; develop a methodology for analyzing social exclusion at the national level; and estimate the number of socially excluded individuals at both national and regional (rural/urban) levels.
Methodology: This study will adopt the methodology developed by Cuesta et al. (2022) and apply a conceptual framework based on Sen's capability approach. This framework will consider the relative, multidimensional, and dynamic aspects of exclusion, identifying specific vulnerable groups based on their identity, circumstances, and socio-economic conditions. The analysis will utilize micro-counting measures from individual-level microdata to estimate the proportion of the population at risk of social exclusion.
Findings: Nationally, 36.1% of the population were absolute poor. A higher proportion (40.1%) of population living in rural areas are poor compared to 29.1 % of population living in urban areas. Based on identities, almost half (48.3%) of the population from religious minority are poor. Persons with disability are also likely to be poor compared to any other group. 45.7% of persons living with disability are poor. Nationally, 16.6 million people are at risk of social exclusion. This represent 36.6% of the total population (close to headcount overall poverty rate of 36.1%). Children account for the largest share of at risk of exclusion. More than half (9.2 million) children are at risk of exclusion. Children, women and poor men account for 97% of at risk of exclusion groups.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: understanding the concept of social exclusion and poverty will assist policy makers and other stakeholders develop policies and strategies aimed at to creating a society where social inclusion is at the forefront, ensuring that no one is marginalized or left behind due to poverty or other forms of exclusion. This inclusive approach will contribute to equitable and sustainable economic growth, benefiting the entire population and fostering a more just and cohesive society.
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K'Aol, George O., and Francis Wambalaba. "Homegrown Kenya: the horticultural industry under fire on CSR." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111130049.
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Subject area Corporate social responsibility (CSR). Study level/applicability The Homegrown case is designed for teaching corporate social responsibility and business ethics at undergraduate and graduate levels. The case may be used on a variety of courses including: corporate social responsibility, business ethics and corporate social responsibility, and business ethics. Case overview In May 2003, the headline of the East African newspaper screamed “The Kenyan Horticultural Industry under fire.” The industry was accused of exploitative labor policies with respect to working conditions, workers' welfare, sexual harassment, and exposure to harmful pesticides by the key stakeholders led by the Kenya Human Rights Commission. The stakeholders had announced plans to conduct national and international campaigns against the flower growing and exporting companies in Kenya. Mr Richard Fox, the Managing Director of Homegrown was worried that the publicity had adversely tarnished the image and reputation of the horticultural industry in Kenya as a whole, including Homegrown. He wondered how best to respond to these allegations. Should Homegrown wait to see what the competitors and other stakeholders would do, as these were industry-wide problems or should Homegrown take the lead? And if so, what should be the scope of the programs, given the diverse nature of the issues? He had to make decision quickly. Expected learning outcomes The case provides opportunity for students to analyze, discuss, and debate topical issues in CSR. At the end of the case, students should be able to: identify emerging CSR and ethical issues facing the horticultural industry in Kenya; analyze the cost of implementing CSR programs in business organizations; evaluate the impact of CSR programs on business performance; justify and defend choices on CSR, and ethical decisions. Supplementary materials Not included.
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Kamakia, Antony, Shi Guoqing, Mohammad Zaman, and Zhou Junbi. "Financing for Development and Socio-Ecological Transitions: A Review of Chinese Investments in Kenya." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v7i2.12561.
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Kenya has adopted a comprehensive development path to accelerate and create suitable conditions for sustainable development as outlined in the “Vision 2030.” A key strategy is the catalytic role of bilateral loans and finances which have increased in manifolds over the years. However, a growing and critical discourse has emerged about the social-ecological sustainability in the Chinese-financed development projects, within the context of China-Africa engagement policy. China is playing significant role in the economic growth of developing countries and in particular, critical investments in productive sectors. This paper examines the development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR) framework and explores the social-ecological impacts and outcomes of some selected Chinese-financed projects in Kenya. The paper also examines the various social-ecological guidelines and standards issued by Chinese authorities over-time, for their overseas investments and operations. It concludes that contemporary Chinese-financed development and investments in Kenya are resulting in increasing, improving and sustainable social-ecological outcomes.
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Harrington, Elizabeth K., Edinah Casmir, Peninah Kithao, John Kinuthia, Grace John-Stewart, Alison L. Drake, Jennifer A. Unger, and Kenneth Ngure. "“Spoiled” girls: Understanding social influences on adolescent contraceptive decision-making in Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255954.
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Objectives Despite significant public health emphasis on unintended pregnancy prevention among adolescent girls and young women in Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a gap in understanding how adolescents’ own reproductive priorities and the social influences on their decision-making align and compete. We examined the social context of contraceptive decision-making among Kenyan female adolescents. Methods Using community-based sampling, we conducted 40 in-depth interviews and 6 focus group discussions among sexually-active or partnered adolescent girls and young women aged 15–19 in the Nyanza region of Kenya. We analyzed the data in Dedoose using an inductive, grounded theory approach, and developed a conceptual model from the data illustrating social influences on adolescent contraceptive decision-making. Results Participants viewed adolescent pregnancy as unacceptable, and described severe social, financial, and health consequences of unintended pregnancy, including abortion under unsafe conditions. Yet, their contraceptive behaviors often did not reflect their desire to delay pregnancy. Contraceptive decision-making was influenced by multiple social factors, centering on the intersecting stigmas of adolescent female sexuality, pregnancy, and contraceptive use, as well as unequal power in sexual relationships. To prioritize pregnancy prevention, adolescents must navigate conflicting social norms and power dynamics, and put their perceived future fertility at risk. Conclusions Contraceptive decision-making among Kenyan female adolescents is strongly influenced by opposing social norms within families, communities, and sexual relationships, which compel them to risk stigma whether they use a contraceptive method or become pregnant as adolescents. These findings put into perspective adolescents’ seemingly incongruent pregnancy preferences and contraceptive behaviors. Interventions to address adolescent unintended pregnancy should focus on supporting adolescent decision-making agency, addressing fertility-related contraceptive concerns, and promoting innovative contraceptive access points rather than increasing contraceptive prevalence.
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Kinoti, Dr Mary Kathambi, and Luke Mwiti Kinoti. "SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS." International Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijs.1041.
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Purpose: The study aimed to establish the impact of social entrepreneurial support on social-economic empowerment of households and a case study of Riziki Kenya was taken.
Methodology: The study used a descriptive survey design and the target population for this study was Riziki managers and staff as the key informants, the 230 supported entrepreneurs (households) and 22 supported micro-enterprises groups in Kibra Sub-County. The study employed multi-stage sampling which included purposive and simple random sampling. The study collected primary data using questionnaires. Key Informants included six Riziki Kenya managers and staff members. The use of interviews guides enabled the researcher to solicit the required information from supported entrepreneurs, key informants and group micro-enterprises. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze quantitative data from questionnaires and the results presented in tables, graphs, charts and narratives to answer the research questions. Qualitative data was organized into themes and patterns categorized through content analysis to capture emerging thoughts.
Results: Riziki Kenya has empowered households to improve their standards of living. Even with their small businesses, they could feed their families and pay bills. Empirically, the study has shown that social entrepreneurial support positively impacts the business of households which in turn improves the living conditions of families that own such enterprises. Access to credit facilities by small businesses helps such enterprises to grow and by extension, this improves the households’ finances and ability to get nutritious food, a good shelter, better education and better health care.
Contribution to theory, policy and practice: The paper suggests that the appropriate model and theoretical approach for social entrepreneurial impacts would be to direct resources to household owned business which would grow and in turn affect the prosperity of the households. In practice, social entrepreneurs and their staff should increase the support to households partnering with other NGOs to train on the basic entrepreneurial and business management skills to improve their enterprises, increasing access to funds and any other intervention strategies. Policymakers should enact laws that encourage the growth of social entrepreneurship since doing so increases the likelihood of successful small enterprises and this finally impacts positively on the social-economic empowerment of households.
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Berge, Lars Ivar Oppedal, Kjetil Bjorvatn, Simon Galle, Edward Miguel, Daniel N. Posner, Bertil Tungodden, and Kelly Zhang. "Ethnically Biased? Experimental Evidence from Kenya." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 134–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz003.
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Abstract Ethnicity has been shown to shape political, social, and economic behavior in Africa, but the underlying mechanisms remain contested. We utilize lab experiments to isolate one mechanism—an individual's bias in favor of coethnics and against non-coethnics—that has been central in both theory and in the conventional wisdom about the impact of ethnicity. We employ an unusually rich research design involving a large sample of 1300 participants from Nairobi, Kenya; the collection of multiple rounds of experimental data with varying proximity to national elections; within-lab priming conditions; both standard and novel experimental measures of coethnic bias; and an implicit association test (IAT). We find very little evidence of an ethnic bias in the behavioral games, which runs against the common presumption of extensive coethnic bias among ordinary Africans and suggests that mechanisms other than a coethnic bias in preferences must account for the associations we see in the region between ethnicity and political, social, and economic outcomes.
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Mbinya, Faith, and Thomas Mose. "Effect of Occupational Stress on Employee Performance of the Judicial Service Commission Employees in Kenya." Journal of Human Resource &Leadership 6, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6028.
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Employee performance is the key to success of an organization. Every individual employee must work toward the company’s vision and mission. The performance of employees is influenced by how businesses manage, up skill, and motivates their employees. This study sought to investigate the effects of occupational stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission employees in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to; establish the effects of workload stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya, to determine effects of role ambiguity stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya, to establish the effects of working conditions stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya and to determine effects of work relationships stress on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. In this study, a descriptive research design method was used. The target population comprised of 5,157 employees in the Kenyan Judiciary comprising of 635 magistrates and kadhis and 4,522 staff. The study sample size comprised of 362 employees. The study relied on both primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The data was also entered using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Data that was obtained from the research instruments was summarized using Descriptive Statistics. To test hypothesis HA1 to HA4, Pearson’s Correlation Analysis was used. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures. The study concludes that workload stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. In addition, the study concludes that role ambiguity stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. Further, the study concludes that working condition stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. The study also concludes that work relationship stress has a significant effect on employee performance of Judicial Service Commission in Kenya. From the results, the study recommends that the management of judicial service commission should ensure effective strategies to manage workload stress are formulated and implemented to enhance employee performance. Keywords: Occupational Stress, Employee Performance
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George Omusotsi, Okusimba. "Assessing the Social, Cultural, Economic and Environmental Conditions of Nambale Town in Busia County, Kenya." Urban and Regional Planning 4, no. 1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20190401.13.
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Steinhart, E. I. "Hunters, Poachers and Gamekeepers: Towards A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya." Journal of African History 30, no. 2 (July 1989): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024129.
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This paper sets out to examine the interactions between African and white hunters in colonial Kenya in an effort to understand the nature of the confrontation between the competing cultural traditions of hunting under colonial conditions. It examines the major tradition of African hunting in eastern Kenya among African residents of Kwale, Kitui and Meru districts from oral and archival materials, arguing that the place of subsistence hunting in the economy of African farmers has been systematically denigrated in the colonial literature. Next, the various representatives of the European hunting tradition in Kenya are surveyed: sportsmen, travellers, settlers, and professionals. A preliminary assessment is made of their impact on game and the growing need for conservation. The history of the game and national park departments, which administered the hunting laws and were charged with the preservation of wildlife, is next described. The records of the colonial Game Department provide a key source for the reconstruction of the attempts to control African poaching and regulate European hunting in the interests of the preservation of game and the control of the colonial economy. At the end of the colonial era, with the emergence of a new sensibility to conservation, Kenya's gamekeepers engaged in a major, successful anti-poaching campaign in eastern Kenya's Tsavo Park. This was the climactic confrontation between the two cultures in their contest for control over Kenya's wildlife resources.
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Lines, Kate, and Jack Makau. "Taking the long view: 20 years of Muungano wa Wanavijiji, the Kenyan federation of slum dwellers." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247818785327.
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In the mid-1990s, the grassroots movement Muungano wa Wanavijiji emerged from Nairobi’s many slums aiming to resist forced evictions by the Kenyan government. Muungano confronted a nexus of politicians, government administrators and elites all seeking to acquire city land occupied by informal settlements – and in doing so challenged antipathetic attitudes to informality. Joining global advocacy, Muungano has pushed locally for recognition of slums as human settlements, later designing models for upgrading living conditions. Throughout this evolution, the Kenyan state has been the single most prominent precipitant for the strategies Muungano has employed. This paper describes the correlations between a social movement and the state, set within broader changes in state–civil society relations in Kenya. In doing so it seeks to bring out the complexity of a relationship that has varied from conflict to contestation, partnership to collaboration, and separate but parallel efforts to address common issues.
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Kambutu, John, Samara Madrid Akpovo, Lydiah Nganga, Sapna Thapa, and Agnes Muthoni Mwangi. "Privatization of early childhood education (ECE): Implications for social justice in Nepal and Kenya." Policy Futures in Education 18, no. 6 (May 14, 2020): 700–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210320922111.
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This ethnographic study examined the (un)intended 1 consequences of increased privatization of Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nepal and Kenya. Qualitative data showed overreliance on high-stakes standardized tests increased competition for ‘good grades or examination scores’, thus (un)intentionally creating ideal conditions for proliferation of for-profit private schools that predominantly taught culturally decontextualized education at all levels of schooling. Private schools in both countries served high-income families and children, while low-income families and children did not have access to ECE or attended government and not-for-profit programmes. Rather than bridging the gap between low and high-income families, these educational spaces influenced existing social divisions and inequalities. Therefore, this study concluded that private schools in Nepal and Kenya function like businesses, which (un)intentionally promoted educational injustice 2 against children from low-income families. Consequently, authors recommend enactment of new educational policies and practices that promote culturally contextualized curricula in ECE programmes.
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Khmis, Fatuma Ahmed, Mary Ibua, Matata Kilungu, and Damaris Monari. "Influence of Perceived Benefits on the Adoption of Alternate Dispute Resolution Mechanisms by Trade Unions in Kenya." SOUTH SAHARA MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.61250/ssmj/v1.i2.2.
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Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) are the methods of dispute resolution other than courtroom litigation. Reconciliation, mediation, arbitration, and traditional dispute settlement are all recognized ADR mechanisms under Kenya's constitution which is supreme. ADR mechanisms thus come into play in order to resolve disputes outside of court, such as arbitration or mediation. Trade Unions are associations of employees with the sole responsibility of negotiating for better conditions of work as well as social positions of employees through collective bargaining. Their approach can also be both constructive and destructive to organizational performance. (Kariuki, 2018). In Kenya, Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms were formally recognized after the promulgation of the constitution in 2010 under Article 159(2)(C). The article prescribed that courts should be guided by the need to promote ADR. This was necessitated by delays in the resolution of employee complaints leading to poor organizational performance and failure by institutions to fully implement Collective Bargaining Agreements. There has also been a steady rise in labor disputes in Kenya, for instance, the rampant disputes and strikes witnessed from Universities Academic Staff, Kenya Medical practitioners and other unions. The study objective was to determine the influence of perceived benefits in the adoption of ADR mechanism by Trade Unions in Kenya. The study was done at Kenya National Union of Teacher Union in Kenya. Theoretically, the study was anchored on Reason Action Theory (TRA) and Social Influence Theory (SIT). The study found out that perceived benefits significantly influence adoption of ADR mechanisms in Trade Unions in Kenya. The study concluded that a policy document needs to be put in place to enlightened and guide the Trade Unions Officials on the adoption of ADR mechanisms in resolving industrial disputes. Since it was observed some respondents had less or no knowledge on the adoption of ADR by Trade Unions in Kenya. The study recommends Trade Unions should adopt the use of ADR mechanisms in resolving industrial disputes, ensure organizations are given more knowledge on the benefits of adopting ADR mechanisms, create policies on direction of ADR mechanisms, as well as investing in the right knowledge on adoption of ADR mechanisms to boost on adopting ADR mechanisms by Trade unions in Kenya. The study also gives suggestions for further research.
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Corburn, Jason, and Chantal Hildebrand. "Slum Sanitation and the Social Determinants of Women’s Health in Nairobi, Kenya." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/209505.
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Inadequate urban sanitation disproportionately impacts the social determinants of women’s health in informal settlements or slums. The impacts on women’s health include infectious and chronic illnesses, violence, food contamination and malnutrition, economic and educational attainment, and indignity. We used household survey data to report on self-rated health and sociodemographic, housing, and infrastructure conditions in the Mathare informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. We combined quantitative survey and mapping data with qualitative focus group information to better understand the relationships between environmental sanitation and the social determinants of women and girls’ health in the Mathare slum. We find that an average of eighty-five households in Mathare share one toilet, only 15% of households have access to a private toilet, and the average distance to a public toilet is over 52 meters. Eighty-three percent of households without a private toilet report poor health. Mathare women report violence (68%), respiratory illness/cough (46%), diabetes (33%), and diarrhea (30%) as the most frequent physical burdens. Inadequate, unsafe, and unhygienic sanitation results in multiple and overlapping health, economic, and social impacts that disproportionately impact women and girls living in urban informal settlements.
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Karpov, Grigory A. "Colonial Kenya: socio-political forces and lines of contradiction." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016026-5.
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The presented article is devoted to the study of the structure of society and the relationship of various ethnic and social groups in Kenya during the era of colonialism. There are four main centers of power - European colonists, missionaries, immigrants from South Asia and the local African population. The main lines of contradictions between them are traced, common interests and conflict zones are outlined in the conditions of the dominant importance of the metropolis, which plays the role of an arbitrator. Particular attention is paid to the channels of arrival in Kenya, the dynamics of growth in the number and socio-political weight of Europeans and Indians, their main claims against each other, resources of influence, methods of achieving goals and defending their positions are analyzed. With the unconditional political domination of immigrants from Europe, the British authorities were forced to recognize the huge contribution of Indian capital to the development of the local economy, to attract Africans to serve in law enforcement and the armed forces, and rely on local resources to cover the needs of the colony during the years of economic crises and World War II. The rise of Indian nationalism contributed to the strengthening of anti-colonial sentiments in Kenya and the consolidation of part of the African and South Asian elite in the simpler struggle for independence. Missionary organizations made a significant contribution to the spread of education and medicine among the indigenous people, gave impetus to the development of their own Christian churches in the region, but undermined the confidence of Africans in themselves, taking an irreconcilable position in relation to some local customs and traditions. Colonial Kenyan society was highly segregated, although the apartheid regime did not officially exist there. In the early years of Kenya's independence, the frictions and contradictions that had been smoothed out earlier by London made themselves felt with renewed vigor, which provoked the emigration of people of Indian and European descent from the country.
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Meroka, Agnes K., and Duncan Ojwang. "A Critical Analysis of Legal Research in Kenya: The Nexus between Research Funding, Academic Freedom and Social Responsibility." Asian Journal of Legal Education 5, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322005818768682.
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Despite the potential of legal research to contribute positively in addressing problems in the society, there are various factors that can undermine the significance of such research. Even with the widespread legal research conducted in Kenya, there are signs that much of this research has not had a significant impact in the society, and it has also not succeeded in providing solutions to some of the problems that have been plaguing the country since the post-independence period. It is argued here that academic freedom, like any other fundamental freedom or right has obligations attached to it, and one such obligation is the exercise of social responsibility, which means that research ought to be conducted for the purpose of benefitting the society and not just for the advancement of individual interests. However, external research funding may limit the extent to which academics are able to exercise academic freedom in the course of conducting research. In Kenya specifically, the Constitution of Kenya recognizes and protects academic freedom, however, the spiral relationship between research and external funding opportunities may create conditions which undermine this freedom. This article draws on a broad understanding of the role of legal research in any society and demonstrates that there is a need for independence of thought in carrying out legal research, and in cases where external research funding threatens the exercise of academic freedom, universities can take steps to ensure that individual academics are cushioned from this threat.
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Mwenda Mate, Richard, France Aloyce Shayo, and Isaac Micheni Nkari. "INFLUENCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETENCIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON CONSUMER BRAND PREFERENCE." International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review 06, no. 02 (2023): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35409/ijbmer.2023.3478.
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The broad objective of this study was to establish the moderating effect of technological competencies on the relationship between environmental practices of corporate social responsibility and consumer brand preference for mobile phone services in Kenya. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings suggest that technological competencies significantly moderate the relationship between environmental practices of corporate social responsibility and customer brand preference. These findings call for continuous involvement of mobile phone service companies in corporate social responsibility practices as it positively influences consumer brand preference. Future research should aim at establishing contextual and geographical differences in consumer preferences by targeting other countries with different social economic conditions.
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Maangi, Josephine, and Francis Wambalaba. "FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HIGH EMPLOYEE TURNOVER OF LAWYERS IN LAW FIRMS IN KENYA." Journal of Modern Law and Policy 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.825.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors contributing to high employee turnover of lawyers in law firms in Kenya. Methodology: The research design was descriptive survey design. The population of the study was all practicing lawyers based in Nairobi County. The target population is over ten thousand (10,000) lawyers in Nairobi County. The sampling frame was lawyers who are members of LSK. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and results were presented in frequency tables. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and results presented in frequency tables. The data was then analyzed in terms of descriptive statistics like frequencies, means and percentages. Results: The study results show that employee turnover was highly emphasized in law firms. The results of the study showed that effects of employee turnover were highly emphasized in law firms. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that Management should improve the terms and conditions of services to improve on the employee retention rate so as to avoid liabilities caused by staff turnover and they should provide good working conditions and being transparent and fair to their employee
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Menecha, Jared, and Susan Muriungi. "COMORBIDITY OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY AMONG STUDENTS AT THE KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGES IN KENYA." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 8 (August 24, 2020): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.78.7044.
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Objectives: To determine comorbidity of depression and anxiety among students at the Kenya Medical Training College, Kenya
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study design. Study participants were basic diploma students in a middle level college in Kenya. Data was collected using a researcher designed self-administered questionnaire for socio-demographic characteristics, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for severity of depression and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for the severity of anxiety in all the students in the seven largest KMTC campuses. All the participants gave informed consent.
Results: 18.4% and 20.2% of group A and B respectively had moderate depression while 48.5% and 45.8% respectively had severe depression. The equivalents for anxiety in groups A and B were 24.4% and 23.6% for moderate anxiety and 32.1% and 31.5% for severe anxiety. There was a higher rate of depression and anxiety in thesecond year; with a statistically significant association between depression and anxiety and the year of study in the two groups (p<0.0001 each respectively). All the other social demographic characteristics had no statistically significant association with depression or anxiety in the two groups. There was a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety co-morbidity in both groups which was statistically significant (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Depression and anxiety were highly prevalent and significantly co-existent among the KMTC students. These mental conditions seemed to vary with the level of study training among college students. Therefore, the psychological well-being of college students need to be carefully addressed. There is need to closely monitor anxiety and depression to eliminate the risk factors and consequently prevent the development of adverse outcomes.
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Awino, Peter, Dennis Juma, and Stephen Eshiteti. "Effect of Mentorship on Performance of Mission Hospitals in Kenya." Journal of Human Resource and Leadership 9, no. 2 (March 22, 2024): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jhrl.2420.
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Purpose: Those who employ creative leadership tend to do so by creating conditions which promote creativity. Creating such conditions are described as psychological, material, and/or social supports that trigger, enable, and sustain creative thinking in others. The study sought to establish the effect of mentorship creative leadership practice on performance of mission hospitals in Kenya and to establish the moderating effect of perceived organizational support on the effect of mentorship creative leadership practice on performance of mission hospitals in Kenya.
Methodology: The study was grounded on servant leadership theory and Transactional Leadership Theory. The cross-sectional survey design was used as the study design with the positivist philosophy also being adopted. The sample populations comprised 285 Mission hospital staff at middle or lower levels of employment selected through census. Questionnaire was the main data collection instruments. This was tested for validity and reliability before being used for the study. Collected data was analyzed quantitatively using SPSS 24th version software and was presented in the form of descriptive and inferential results. Descriptive statistics involved percentages, means and means of Standard deviations while inferential involved linear regression analysis. The study results were presented through use of tables and figures
Findings: The findings of the study underscore the substantial influence of effective mentorship in enhancing both individual and organizational performance in the context of Mission hospitals in Kenya. The strong agreement among respondents on the various aspects of mentorship, combined with the significant statistical correlation between mentorship and improved hospital performance, underscores the value of investing in robust mentorship programs. Perceived organizational support moderates the effect of mentorship on performance of Mission hospitals in Kenya.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that healthcare institutions prioritize the development and enhancement of mentorship programs. These programs should focus on leadership development, skill acquisition, and professional growth, tailored to the diverse needs of individual employees. From the study, Mentorship could explain upto 63.1% of the performance of mission hospitals in Kenya. This study therefore recommends further study on other factors affecting performance of mission hospitals in Kenya.
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Busienei, PJ, GM Ogendi, and MA Mokua. "Latrine Structure, Design, and Conditions, and the Practice of Open Defecation in Lodwar Town, Turkana County, Kenya: A Quantitative Methods Research." Environmental Health Insights 13 (January 2019): 117863021988796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630219887960.
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Background: Poor latrine conditions, structure, and design may deter latrine use and provoke reversion to open defecation (OD). Statistics show that only 18% of the households in Turkana County, Kenya, have access to a latrine facility with most of these facilities in poor structural designs and poor hygienic conditions, which encourages rampant OD practices. Aim: This article reports on quantitative aspects of a larger cross-sectional survey to assess latrine structure, design, and conditions, and the practice of OD in Lodwar. Methods: An observational study was carried out to examine latrine conditions, structure, and design in Lodwar, Kenya. A standardized questionnaire was also used to collect quantitative data. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to select respondents for this study with the sample drawn from 4 administrative units of Lodwar town covering the low-, medium-, and high-income households. Data were managed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) software. Results: Nineteen percent of the sampled households did not possess a latrine facility at their homesteads with 73% of the latrines constructed using poor materials (mud, mats, polythene bags, and grass). Twenty percent of the respondents were scared of using a latrine with the main reason being loose soils that do not support strong constructions. Eighty-seven percent of the respondents agreed that the presence of feces on the latrine floor encouraged the practice of OD and 321 (80%) respondents stated that the latrine construction materials influenced latrine ownership and its subsequent use. Conclusions: Respondents attributed rampant OD practices to poor latrine structure, design, and conditions. In addition, rampant cases of latrine sharing result in latrine filthiness, which eventually encourages OD practice. Inequality in sanitation, among counties, should be addressed in Kenya. The government should take charge of provision of good-quality communal latrines to the less-privileged societies like Turkana. Community empowerment and introduction of a small fee for cleaning and maintenance of these facilities will also improve their conditions. Ending the practice of OD will lead to increased positive public health and environmental outcomes in the study area
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Ndiritu, C. G. "Setting research agendas for Kenya." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032006.
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AbstractAs resources available for agricultural research and development become increasingly scarce, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) has taken steps to define a clear research agenda. This effort has taken the form of formal priority setting in various research programmes. Priority setting is a key step in the formulation of a research agenda because priority setting, almost by definition, increases the efficiency and relevance of our research programmes by adding valuable structure to our wide information base on agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions in the country, by focusing attention on client constraints and by specifying the potential impact of research on these constraints.The process of establishing clear and systematic priorities in our research programmes allows us to take a proactive rôle in soliciting government and donor support for areas identified as vital to agricultural development efforts. Perhaps most important, the priority setting processes developed at KARI have helped to broaden participation in formulating our research agenda by including a wide range of stakeholders and clientsfrom outside the Institute and in the process widened and deepened our constituency base.Within specific programmes, the priority setting process has comprised five interrelated and cumulative steps: (1) compiling the information base on relevant commodities and regions; (2) identifying programme research target zones and research themes; (3) eliciting the potential for technology generation and adoption; (4) estimating research-induced social benefits; and (5) establishing research priorities and medium-term resource allocation guidelines with programme stakeholders.All but a handful of our commodity research programmes, which include a number of livestock research programmes, have completed this five-step procedure. A similar process has been developed for regional and factor-based research programmes, which should have clear research priorities and resource allocation guidelines in 1998. Once all programmes have completed their respective priority setting activities, we will embark on an Institute-wide priority setting exercise that will pit programme against programme with a view to establishing a coherent set of priorities for the entire organization.
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Githinji, Rosabel Wanjiku. "Application of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) to Rural Communities in Kenya." Science Mundi 2, no. 1 (July 9, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/scimundi.2.1.1.1.
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There is growing evidence of the positive role ICTs can play in development, particularly in rural areas of developing countries using public services in the form of telecentres. Emphasizing proactive measures ensures ICTs serve as effective tools for social inclusion, social change, and widespread access, especially for the poor and disadvantaged communities. This research study explores the application of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) in a rural community in Kenya, by evaluating the Nguruman Community Knowledge Center (CKC), established in 2003 by a development organization. This study uses a participatory ethnographic research method that combines participatory techniques and ethnographic research, with the potential of feeding into action research. The research makes use of the communicative ecology approach in evaluating communication and ICTs for development. In this study, ICTs, particularly traditional ICTs (radio and television) significantly contribute to improving people’s living conditions by making information available that helps in solving real problems encountered. The expectations of community members who use these ICTs reflect their level of understanding of the relationship that exists between these tools and the improvement of their living conditions as well as enhancing development efforts. The study shows that the context and institutional framework for ICTs in Kenya are changing which reflects the government’s commitment to being part of the information society, especially in rural communities. Despite this, a gap exists between the aspirations of policymakers and the reality in rural areas owing to the poor state of ICT and general infrastructure.
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Brankamp, Hanno, and Patricia Daley. "Laborers, Migrants, Refugees." Migration and Society 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2020.030110.
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This article examines the ways in which both colonial and postcolonial migration regimes in Kenya and Tanzania have reproduced forms of differential governance toward the mobilities of particular African bodies. While there has been a growing interest in the institutional discrimination and “othering” of migrants in or in transit to Europe, comparable dynamics in the global South have received less scholarly attention. The article traces the enduring governmental differentiation, racialization, and management of labor migrants and refugees in Kenya and Tanzania. It argues that analyses of contemporary policies of migration management are incomplete without a structured appreciation of the historical trajectories of migration control, which are inseparably linked to notions of coloniality and related constructions of (un)profitable African bodies. It concludes by recognizing the limits of controlling Africans on the move and points toward the inevitable emergence of social conditions in which conviviality and potentiality prevail.
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Wa Teresia, John Ndikaru. "Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Nairobi Slum Areas, Kenya." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.4.1.449.
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Juvenile delinquency has become an urgent concern for sociologists across the globe because it is a significant predictor of a possible increase in criminal activity among our growing population. A juvenile is a person who is under the age of ordinary criminal prosecution, which is normally 17 years. The increase in the incidence of juvenile delinquency implies that if measures are not taken in place, there are possibilities of the situation running out of hand. Juvenile delinquency can be considered as social maladjustment on the part of individuals to some difficult circumstances or conditions. The descriptive research design was adopted for this study since the researcher was interested in describing the salient traits of young offenders in the slum areas in Nairobi County and more specifically the predictors of their criminal behaviour and its effects. A sample of 200 respondents aged 18-45 years was generated using simple random sampling. A questionnaire was distributed amongst the respondents. Some questionnaires were distributed virtually using the Survey Monkey platform, which enabled the respondents to access and respond to the questions using their smartphones. The descriptive statistical analysis method was used to analyse the data, which was subsequently presented in table format.
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Nielsen, Poul Erik, and Stella Jerop Chebii. "New media and re-bargaining patriarchy in Kenyan families." Journal of African Media Studies 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00092_1.
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This article aims to empirically analyse and theoretically reflect on how the appropriation of new information and communication technologies in everyday life interrelates with continuous renegotiations of contemporary social and family relations in Kenya. Various changes in the locally specific communication ecologies in Kenya occur simultaneously with similar important societal changes related to migration, wage labour, marketization and increased access to education. Consequently, people’s basic living conditions in everyday life have changed in terms of connectivity, knowledge, power, time and space, with traditional family relations being challenged, re-bargained and re-established in a complex synthesis between continuity and change. Taking theoretical reflections on patriarchy, power and communication ecologies as its point of departure, the article conducts empirical analyses grounded in semi-structured ethnographic interviews and observations. The article presents an account of how the new diverse communication ecologies interrelate with continuous negotiations of family relations in a re-bargaining of patriarchy.
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Di Giorgio, Gianni, Simona De Pasquale, Enrico Battaglia, Giulia Zumbo, Cristina Mollica, Rita D’Ecclesia, Antonella Polimeni, and Maurizio Bossù. "Investigation of Oral Health in Children from Urban Slums of Nairobi, Kenya." Dentistry Journal 12, no. 7 (July 10, 2024): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj12070211.
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For children living in the urban slums of Nairobi (Kenya), primary health conditions are not guaranteed, and oral diseases add further concern at social and institutional levels beyond the general poverty conditions. This study aims at determining the factors that influence the oral health status of children living in Nairobi slums. A cross-sectional study on school-aged subjects was conducted in June 2022 in three urban slum areas of Nairobi through a pediatric dental screening. The PI (Plaque Index), CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs), and dmft (decayed, missing, and filled teeth index—deciduous) were considered as primary outcomes of dental health. Multivariate statistical analysis, based on ordinal and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, was conducted to identify determinants of the oral outcomes in a wide set of potential predictors. A sample of 359 children aged 2–17 was examined. The PI was significantly associated with age, the type of bite, and the use of a toothbrush. The CPITN is influenced by different types of malocclusions, abnormal frenulum, dental trauma, and fluorosis. Dietary habits were found to significantly impact the susceptibility to dental caries. Fluorosis and a dental visit in the last year were highlighted as risk and protective factors, respectively, against higher rates of caries. The oral health features of children living in Nairobi slums are differently affected by socio-demographic conditions, dietary habits, dental characteristics, and oral care practices.
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Muli , Dianah. "Support towards elderly persons and how it impacts their living conditions: the case of Makueni County, Kenya." MOJ Gerontology & Geriatrics 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojgg.2023.08.00303.
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Despite modernism challenges, the elderly must be given opportunities and support to live a dignified life. Sub-Saharan Africa's elderly population is projected to expand from 43 million in 2010 to 67 million by 2025 and 200 million by 2050. The study investigated how stakeholders' assistance affects Makueni County's elderly. The study was descriptive and targeted the elderly where 12 senior citizens and 30 community stakeholders from Makueni County's six sub-counties were chosen through purposive sampling. The researcher examined and interpreted the data in tables. The study found that family gave the highest support followed by the cash transfer program assistance. Further, the study found that the church and community also gave some form of assistance to the elderly. In conclusion, there is need to enhance this support through policy adjustments advocacy and community education to create awareness on this social issue.
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Mulwa, Esther Ndewa, Ruth Simiyu, and Peter Odera. "Challenges Faced By International Non – Governmental Organizations on Enhancement of Refugees Wellbeing in Dadaab Camp, Kenya." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 5770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v8i11.05.
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Challenges faced by International non – governmental organizations (INGOs) on enhancement of refugees’ wellbeing were complex. Mostly refugees’ experiences were debilitating as they struggled with stigma due to mental health conditions, poor social networks due to discrimination faced in the host country, disorientation and insufficient language to communicate or initiate conversations. This study was guided by Trauma Theory and it employed descriptive research design. Both primary and secondary data were utilized in the study. Data collection utilized questionnaires, interviews, Focus group discussions and Observations checklist on accessibility and safety of INGOs’ interventions. Data was analysed by statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS 22). Data was presented in tables, bar graphs and pie charts. The findings of the study demonstrate that INGOs faced language barriers, financial barriers, lack of culturally responsive psychosocial interventions, insufficient security and long-term mental health conditions in enhancement of wellbeing of refugees in Dadaab camp. Most refugees reported their trauma occurrences to INGOs. The study concluded that cultural stereotypes, stigma, fear, Limited knowledge and information about mental healthcare, limited clinical competency and language barrier were major challenges faced by INGOs in enhancement of refugees’ wellbeing.
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Rodgers, Cory. "Identity as a Lens on Livelihoods: Insights From Turkana, Kenya." Nomadic Peoples 24, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/np.2020.240205.
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Livelihood surveys often categorise pastoralist households by economic activity and material assets, using measures such as herd ownership, extent of mobility and the degree of reliance on livestock vs other sources of subsistence and income. However, in contexts of high variability and uncertainty, such objective classifications may inadvertently perpetrate two distortions. First, they stabilise highly fluid economic landscapes, over-looking the ways in which people draw opportunistically from an array of livelihood strategies or move between them over time. Second, they may flatten the social field, overlooking the ways that class and kinship structure and constrain people's livelihood options. This paper argues for greater attention to subjective assessments of livelihood, such as the labels by which people self-identify or distinguish themselves from others. Drawing on over twenty months of anthropological fieldwork, I describe the notion of raiya, a polysemous identity construct that has become a salient part of everyday discourse in Turkana County, Kenya. While raiya connotes an array of conventional dichotomies – including rural/urban, traditional/modern and nomadic/sedentary – attention to the uses of this term in 'speech acts' reveals how it is used to manage relationships and access opportunities across these apparent divisions. This example demonstrates how research on identity practices can inform the study of livelihoods, not only because self-identification indicates a commitment to certain cultural values (Moritz 2012), but also because identity labels highlight the messy processes of boundary-shifting and boundary-crossing that characterise social and economic life under conditions of high variability.
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Kendall-Taylor, Nathaniel. "Treatment Seeking for a Chronic Disorder: How Families in Coastal Kenya Make Epilepsy Treatment Decisions." Human Organization 68, no. 2 (May 30, 2009): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.68.2.6752h0642182j22k.
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A person-centered case-study approach was used to account for treatment choices made by families of children with epilepsy seizure disorders in Kilifi, Kenya. Observations of individual families and treatment providers suggest that the local cultural system of illness classification and the process of assessing treatment results are fundamental influences on family decisions to seek treatment for childhood seizure disorders. The findings also indicate that the dominance of these two factors shifts throughout the illness experience. Family classification of seizures and cultural perceptions of their causation are primary in initial treatment seeking, while the perception of results of the last treatment sought dominates subsequent treatment decisions. External factors, including pressure from individuals outside the family, and financial and time resources, are described as secondary constraining factors in the decision making process. A model is presented to summarize the decision making process. The model accounts for treatment seeking in families of children with seizure disorders in coastal Kenya but may also help explain how families manage other chronic conditions.
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McCauley, Mary, Barbara Madaj, Sarah A. White, Fiona Dickinson, Sarah Bar-Zev, Mamuda Aminu, Pamela Godia, Pratima Mittal, Shamsa Zafar, and Nynke van den Broek. "Burden of physical, psychological and social ill-health during and after pregnancy among women in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Malawi." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 3 (May 2018): e000625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000625.
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IntroductionFor every woman who dies during pregnancy and childbirth, many more suffer ill-health, the burden of which is highest in low-resource settings. We sought to assess the extent and types of maternal morbidity.MethodsDescriptive observational cross-sectional study at primary-level and secondary-level healthcare facilities in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Malawi to assess physical, psychological and social morbidity during and after pregnancy. Sociodemographic factors, education, socioeconomic status (SES), quality of life, satisfaction with health, reported symptoms, clinical examination and laboratory investigations were assessed. Relationships between morbidity and maternal characteristics were investigated using multivariable logistic regression analysis.Results11 454 women were assessed in India (2099), Malawi (2923), Kenya (3145), and Pakistan (3287). Almost 3 out of 4 women had ≥1 symptoms (73.5%), abnormalities on clinical examination (71.3%) or laboratory investigation (73.5%). In total, 36% of women had infectious morbidity of which 9.0% had an identified infectious disease (HIV, malaria, syphilis, chest infection or tuberculosis) and an additional 32.5% had signs of early infection. HIV-positive status was highest in Malawi (14.5%) as was malaria (10.4%). Overall, 47.9% of women were anaemic, 11.5% had other medical or obstetric conditions, 25.1% reported psychological morbidity and 36.6% reported social morbidity (domestic violence and/or substance misuse). Infectious morbidity was highest in Malawi (56.5%) and Kenya (40.4%), psychological and social morbidity was highest in Pakistan (47.3%, 60.2%). Maternal morbidity was not limited to a core at-risk group; only 1.2% had all four morbidities. The likelihood of medical or obstetric, psychological or social morbidity decreased with increased education; adjusted OR (95% CI) for each additional level of education ranged from 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for psychological morbidity to 0.91 (0.87 to 0.95) for infectious morbidity. Each additional level of SES was associated with increased psychological morbidity (OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.21)) and social morbidity (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10)), but there was no difference regarding medical or obstetric morbidity. However, for each morbidity association was heterogeneous between countries.ConclusionWomen suffer significant ill-health which is still largely unrecognised. Current antenatal and postnatal care packages require adaptation if they are to meet the identified health needs of women.
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Jimmy, Eunice Nthambi, Javier Martinez, and Jeroen Verplanke. "Spatial Patterns of Residential Fragmentation and Quality of Life in Nairobi City, Kenya." Applied Research in Quality of Life 15, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 1493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09739-8.
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Abstract Residential fragmentation undermines integration by physically excluding some urban dwellers through walling, fencing and use of barriers limiting interactions. Research has shown that many cities in the Global South are experiencing spatial fragmentation issues associated with increasing inequalities, social exclusion and proliferation of gated communities. This results in distinct residential fragments with limited interactions and unequal quality of life (QoL) conditions of the residents of the fragments. The aim of this paper is to describe the association between residential fragmentation and QoL based on three residential fragments in the city of Nairobi (Kenia). A mixed method approach was applied to understand fragmentation in the city and analyse integration and QoL satisfaction in the fragments. Household surveys and key informant interviews were main data collection methods. Data analysis methods used included descriptive statistics, spatial and content analysis. The results show, as expected, slum residents felt the least integrated symbolically compared to the planned non-gated and gated community residents. Similarly, gated community residents have higher QoL satisfaction compared to other types of fragments. There is a strong positive correlation between symbolic integration and QoL domains related to housing and safety in the slum, indicating that people who are satisfied with housing also have a sense of belonging to their neighbourhood. In contrast, community integration has a negative correlation with safety in the gated community implying that when the residents are satisfied with safety, they tend to have low social networks. Based on the empirical evidence, fragmentation is related to specific domains of QoL as it is associated with spatial exclusion through barriers and gating and marginalization of the poor making it harder for them to feel integrated. The residential fragments reflect the intense divides in Global South cities in terms of QoL conditions and access to services.
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King, Elisabeth. "What Kenyan Youth Want and Why It Matters for Peace." African Studies Review 61, no. 1 (February 26, 2018): 134–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.98.
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Abstract:The international aid community presents education and employment programs as the keys to mitigating youth participation in violence. Yet, existing evidence suggests that faith in such programs may be misplaced. This study investigates this disconnect between faith and evidence. It argues that education and employment programs are commonly built on an economically-focused “dominant discourse” that makes presumptions about youth and their interests. Based on qualitative research with youth in Nairobi, Kenya, it further argues that this dominant discourse overlooks self-identity and social connectedness factors that are crucial to youth, as well as the limitations imposed by governance and structural conditions.
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Wachter, Karin, Rebecca Horn, Elsa Friis, Kathryn Falb, Leora Ward, Christine Apio, Sophia Wanjiku, and Eve Puffer. "Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Three Refugee Camps." Violence Against Women 24, no. 3 (February 19, 2017): 286–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216689163.
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This qualitative study examined the “drivers” of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in displacement to identify protective factors and patterns of risk. Qualitative data were collected in three refugee camps in South Sudan, Kenya, and Iraq ( N = 284). Findings revealed interrelated factors that triggered and perpetuated IPV: gendered social norms and roles, destabilization of gender norms and roles, men’s substance use, women’s separation from family, and rapid remarriages and forced marriages. These factors paint a picture of individual, family, community and societal processes that exacerbate women’s risk of IPV in extreme conditions created by displacement. Implications for policy and practice are indicated.
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Cooper, Elizabeth. "SITTING AND STANDING: HOW FAMILIES ARE FIXING TRUST IN UNCERTAIN TIMES." Africa 82, no. 3 (July 27, 2012): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972012000320.
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ABSTRACTThere is widespread apprehension about the resilience of the ‘traditional African’ model of the extended family in maintaining norms and practices of inter-group cooperation and care in conditions of demographic, social and economic change. In Nyanza Province, Kenya, where one of every five children is currently orphaned, and HIV/AIDS and wide-scale poverty continue to render lives and livelihoods insecure, many people are not able to take their families' care for granted. Ideas and practices of kinship have been challenged profoundly by questions regarding who is responsible for the care of orphaned children. This article looks at two complementary practices among Luo families in western Kenya that address such dilemmas: the communal initiative of ‘sitting’ as a family to discuss and resolve issues in a cooperative and consensual manner; and the individualistic initiative of ‘standing’ to represent the interests of another individual. I suggest that while the immediate purposes of sitting and standing are pragmatic in assigning caring responsibilities for specific children, their eventfulness also actualizes something greater: trust, reciprocity and solidarity among extended families.
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Willy, Daniel Kyalo, and Arnim Kuhn. "Technology Adoption Under Variable Weather Conditions — The Case of Rain Water Harvesting in Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500016.
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This paper applies a parametric econometric duration model (log–logistic) to analyze the duration of adoption of rain water harvesting techniques (RWHTs) among smallholder farmers in the Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya. The study utilizes survey data from 307 farm-households who are dependent on rain-fed agriculture in a region where rainfall has historically been relatively variable. In such circumstances, RWHT helps to stabilize water supply and help farmers manage weather-related risks. The current study seeks to identify constraints to the spread of RWHTs by exploring how rainfall variability influences the timing of decisions to adopt RWHTs alongside other farm-household and spatial characteristics. Empirical results indicate that although rainfall variability is a significant determinant of time to adoption of RWHTs, farmers’ sensitivity to rainfall variability have declined over time. Instead, access to informal sources of information has gained importance in adoption of RWHT implying that adoption has become more of an endogenous process of social exchange within communities, and less driven by external natural pressure and persuasion by state agents. Other important factors were: age and education level of household head, domestic water demand, ground water abstraction and the number of previous and expected adopters in the village.
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Nzuki, Phoebe Mueni. "Factors Influencing the Use of Property Titles as Security for Lending in Rural Kenya: A Case Study of Kivani Location, Machakos County." East African Journal of Business and Economics 7, no. 1 (July 23, 2024): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.7.1.2055.
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The development of the world's economies, especially in emerging countries, depends significantly on land. Despite being a crucial tool for obtaining loans, the use of land as collateral is relatively low in rural Kenya. This has largely been attributed to lack of formal ownership documents attributable to poor titling, which has subsequently hindered investments and development in these areas. The research gap, therefore, lies in the need to understand and address the reasons behind the low uptake of land as collateral in rural Kenya, despite its potential as a valuable asset and its significant role in rural livelihoods and development. This study set out to establish factors influencing the use of property titles as loan security in a rural setting using Machakos County as a case study. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 724 households in Kivani and 30 financial institution officers. Data was collected using questionnaires and topical discussions, achieving response rates of 96% and 100%, respectively. Findings reveal that 67 percent of respondents have never used land titles as collateral. Several factors were identified: social relations, lending conditions, and loan pricing. Social relations factors included communal land ownership, land succession problems, cultural norms, and sentimental attachment to land. Lending conditions encompassed land valuation processes, borrower creditworthiness requirements, collateral quality, and the need for family consent. Loan pricing factors involve the costs and fees associated with credit financing. The study recommends increasing awareness of individual land ownership, exploring alternative collateral options, establishing insurance markets for collateral assets, and improving loan evaluation processes to better support rural residents. These measures aim to enhance access to financing, thereby promoting rural development
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Nyang’ara., Naftal M., and Cherono Anne. "Effect of Teachers Working Conditions on Academic Performance of Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Kuresoi South Sub County, Nakuru County, Kenya." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. VI (2024): 2000–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.806151.
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Many primary schools face “a teacher motivation crisis” as a result of low accountability, ineffective policy environment and management, low pay, low vocational and occupational status, poor working and living conditions. Working and living conditions affect teacher morale and motivation and thus their performance. The key factors are workload, classroom conditions, management support and distance at work, housing and travel affects Teacher morale and motivation. The high cost of travel contributes to teacher absenteeism and lateness in schools while very large class sizes are the norm for most teachers in countries such as Kenya. The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of teacher working conditions on the academic performance of pupils in public primary schools in Kuresoi South Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya. To achieve this objective, the study the study adopted an ex-post facto research design. The target population of the study was 91 public primary schools, 91 head teachers, and 784 primary school TSC teachers in Kuresoi South Sub County, Kenya. Simple random sampling was employed in the selection of the study sample in which 273 participants were randomly selected from a target population of 875. The 273 participants were drawn from the 91 schools and this provided for at least 2 teachers in every school, and the Head teacher. The main tool for data collection was the questionnaire. The data from the questionnaire was processed by editing, classifying, and coding before being analyzed by the computer using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Descriptive statistics used encompassed measures of distribution in the form of frequencies and percentages, measures of central tendencies represented by the means, and measures of dispersion in the form of standard deviations. Inferential statistics took the form of Spearman rank correlation and multiple regressions. The results indicated that teacher working conditions had a positive and significant influence on academic performance. The study concluded that the working conditions of teachers in Kuresoi South Sub County were not good. The study therefore concluded that poor or bad teacher working conditions had negative academic performance of pupils. This was supported by a positive and significant relationship between teacher working conditions and academic performance. The study recommended that the school should provide lunch and tea to teachers, provide houses to teachers, and provide teaching/learning resources as well as adequate infrastructural facilities. Overall, it is recommended that good teacher working conditions should be emphasized as doing so brings about improved academic performance.
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O’gallo, Brian Ochieng’. "Quality of Social Support System and Drug Use among Street Children in Starehe Sub-County, Nairobi County Kenya." African Quarterly Social Science Review 1, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/aqssr.1.1.6.
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The issue of drug use among street children is a global concern that demands serious attention due to its profound social and health implications, negatively impacting the intellectual, social, and physical development of the individuals involved. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the quality of the social support system and drug use among street children in Starehe Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya, utilizing a correlational research design. Data were gathered from 100 street children through cluster and simple random sampling methods, selected from a target population of 30,000 in Starehe Sub-County. Additionally, information was collected from purposively sampled officials, including four from the Starehe Children's Office, eight from NGOs/FBOs operating in the sub-county, one sub-county administrator, and four ward administrators. Quantitative data collected via questionnaires underwent analysis using descriptive statistics such as means, percentages, and frequencies. The findings indicated that a lack of social connectedness in the streets contributed to substance use among street children. Strengthening existing social support systems was identified as a means for providing street children with the necessary support to steer them away from drug use. The study recommends the promotion of social support systems in Starehe Sub-County and emphasizes the importance of providing homes for street children to reduce exposure to stressful conditions that may lead to mental health problems.
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Chisika, Sylvester Ngome, and Chunho Yeom. "Enhancing Sustainable Management of Public Natural Forests Through Public Private Partnerships in Kenya." SAGE Open 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 215824402110544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211054490.
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Many countries are fast implementing forest conservation Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) as an innovative conservation approach. However, with the growing human needs, forest management challenges, especially limited funding for forest conservation are increasing the need for lessons on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in many developing countries. This study addressed this challenge from the perspective of sustainable forest management using literature review and document content analysis. Results from Kenya substantiate that despite the complex development challenges, public natural forests provide many benefits that can be delivered to citizens through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). Toward actualizing these partnership possibilities, the government has developed policies and established institutions to coordinate and enhance their implementation. These results imply the presence fairly stable conditions required for building trust and confidence amongst private partners involved in the governance of public natural forests. However, there are some significant challenges that should be addressed if PPPs are to be applied in forest management as truly a transformative conservation approach
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Mwaniki, Zipporah, Samson Nyang’au, and Patrick Ngugi. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL TEAM AND GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES IN KENYA." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijepm.1490.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between entrepreneurial team and growth of small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 422 manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County who are members of Kenya Association of Manufacturers. Nairobi County was purposively selected. Both stratified and simple random sampling was used to select a representative sample. Both primary and secondary data collection techniques were employed. A Pilot study was conducted on 20 manufacturing SMEs in Kiambu County to establish and improve on the validity and reliability of research instruments. Data collected was coded and stored in tabular form using Microsoft Excel. Data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 software through descriptive statistics (measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion). Data was presented through Tables.
Results: The study found out that the there was a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial team and growth of small and medium enterprises. The conclusion from the results is that that 23.8% of growth of small and medium enterprises in Kenya is explained by entrepreneurial team.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the government should formulate supportive policies for entry, survival and growth of manufacturing SMEs such as favorable terms and conditions for accessing finance, entrepreneurial education and training, research and development and markets.
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Metzler, Mutsumi, and Patricia S. Coffey. "Using Consumer Data to Inform Marketing Strategies for Chlorhexidine for Umbilical Cord Care Programming in Kenya and Nigeria." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 4 (October 7, 2018): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500418797296.
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Introduction: To date, distribution and communication channels being used at the country level for the introduction of 7.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) for umbilical cord care have been selected based on experience and knowledge gained through other public health programs rather than using results from targeted consumer research related to the 4Ps of social marketing (product, place, price, and promotion). Objective: To identify effective place and pricing strategies for the introduction of CHX in Nigeria and Kenya. Study Design: Observational cross-sectional study of potential consumers in two countries. Method: Data were collected from women who (i) were currently pregnant and had birthed a child previously or (ii) had delivered an infant within the past 3 months through face-to-face household interviews using structured questionnaires in four states in Nigeria ( n = 319) and four regions in Kenya ( n = 604). Results: The use of cord care substances, timing of use, product channels and prices that women pay for them, and preferences related to CHX are highlighted. Conclusions: Country-specific and audience data related to the 4Ps should be used to develop context-specific strategies that address the preferences of women. For example, in Nigeria, using retailers to distribute CHX would be a reasonable strategy, whereas in Kenya, use of retailers would be better as an augmentative strategy. Differentiating CHX from existing cord care substances, especially methylated spirits, is important for both countries. In Kenya, the strategy should articulate the benefits of CHX compared to dry cord care in areas of suboptimal hygienic conditions. In both countries, pricing CHX slightly lower than methylated spirits may be the optimal pricing strategy, given that the perceived value/benefits of the two products are similar.
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Namisango, Eve, Katherine Bristowe, Fliss EM Murtagh, Julia Downing, Richard A. Powell, Melanie Abas, Lynne Lohfeld, et al. "Towards person-centred quality care for children with life-limiting and life-threatening illness: Self-reported symptoms, concerns and priority outcomes from a multi-country qualitative study." Palliative Medicine 34, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216319900137.
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Background: Paediatric life-limiting and life-threatening conditions (life-limiting conditions) place significant strain on children, families and health systems. Given high service use among this population, it is essential that care addresses their main symptoms and concerns. Aim: This study aimed to identify the symptoms, concerns and other outcomes that matter to children with life-limiting conditions and their families in sub-Saharan Africa. Setting and participants: Cross-sectional qualitative study in Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Uganda. Children/caregivers of children aged 0–17 years with life-limiting conditions were purposively sampled by age, sex and diagnosis. Children aged 7 and above self-reported; caregiver proxies reported for children below 7 and those aged 7 and above unable to self-report. Results: A total of 120 interviews were conducted with children with life-limiting conditions ( n = 61; age range: 7–17 years), and where self-report was not possible, caregivers ( n = 59) of children (age range: 0–17) were included. Conditions included advanced HIV (22%), cancer (19%), heart disease (16%) endocrine, blood and immune disorders (13%), neurological conditions (12%), sickle cell anaemia (10%) and renal disease (8%). Outcomes identified included physical concerns – pain and symptom distress; psycho-social concerns – family and social relationships, ability to engage with age-appropriate activities (e.g. play, school attendance); existential concerns – worry about death, and loss of ambitions; health care quality – child- and adolescent-friendly services. Priority psycho-social concerns and health service factors varied by age. Conclusion: This study bridges an important knowledge gap regarding symptoms, concerns and outcomes that matter to children living with life-limiting conditions and their families and informs service development and evaluation.
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Truong, Hong-Ha M., Mary A. Guzé, Kevin Kadede, Sayo Amboka, Beatrice Otieno, Hanningtone Odhiambo, Damaris Odeny, et al. "HIV Infection Among Adolescents Residing in Urban Informal Settlements of Kenya." AIDS Education and Prevention 35, no. 3 (June 2023): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2023.35.3.225.
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Adolescents comprise approximately 15% of new HIV infections in Kenya. Impoverished living conditions in informal settlements place residents at high risk for HIV infection. We assessed factors associated with HIV infection among adolescents residing in urban informal settlements in Kisumu. We recruited 3,061 adolescent boys and girls aged 15-19. HIV prevalence was 2.5% overall, all newly identified cases were among girls and infection was positively associated with not completing a secondary education (p < .001). Girls who had ever been pregnant (p < .001) or out-of-school without completing a secondary education (p < .001) were more likely to be HIV-positive. Our findings of higher HIV prevalence among adolescent girls who had been pregnant or did not complete secondary school highlight the need to facilitate access to HIV testing, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis, and sexual and reproductive health services as components of a comprehensive prevention strategy to decrease HIV infections in this priority population.
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Hansson, Per-Olof. "Teaching Practice Online: Challenges in Japan, India and Kenya Under Pandemic." IAFOR Journal of Education 9, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ije.9.2.05.
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The coronavirus pandemic affected the whole world in 2020, with high pressure on the health sector, many deaths, reduced business activity, rising unemployment rates, travel restrictions and social distancing. These developments have had severe consequences for all areas of every society around the globe. This also includes education. In many countries, primary and secondary pupils and university students alike were sent home as schools and universities closed abruptly as part of efforts to control the spread of the virus. As teaching moved online, learners and teachers were unprepared for the new situation, which posed a unique set of challenges. In this context, trainee teachers at a Swedish university were encouraged to support online teaching at schools in Japan, India and Kenya. The purpose of the digital internship was threefold: to continue the trainees’ teaching placements in the absence of opportunities for in-class teaching; to provide an opportunity for trainee teachers to develop their own competence in online teaching; and to assist the foreign schools in the challenging task of delivering online classes. This article aims to investigate the challenges faced by pupils in Japanese, Indian and Kenyan schools and by 27 Swedish trainee teachers during this project. Data collection consisted of interviews, an online questionnaire, lesson observations, assessment forms, and reports given by trainees. The main challenges identified through our findings included internet access in host countries, the use of a teacher-centred approach to learning, and difficulty for trainees to relate to the pupils’ life conditions. However, we conclude that the trainee teachers increased their global awareness through a climate-friendly alternative to the traditional teaching placement abroad.
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Henzi, S. Peter, Nicola Forshaw, Ria Boner, Louise Barrett, and David Lusseau. "Scalar social dynamics in female vervet monkey cohorts." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1618 (May 19, 2013): 20120351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0351.
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Primate social life and behaviour is contingent on a number of levels: phylogenetic, functional and proximate. Although this contingency is recognized by socioecological theory, variability in behaviour is still commonly viewed as ‘noise’ around a central tendency, rather than as a source of information. An alternative view is that selection has acted on social reaction norms that encompass demographic variation both between and within populations and demes. Here, using data from vervet monkeys ( Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus ), we illustrate how this alternative approach can provide a more nuanced account of social structure and its relation to contingent events at the ecological and demographic levels. Female vervets in our South African study population live in large groups, where they experience demographic stress and increased levels of feeding competition relative to an East African population in Amboseli, Kenya. Females in the South African population did not respond to this stress by intensifying competition for high-value grooming partners to help alleviate the effects of this stress, did not show the expected rank-related patterns of grooming, nor did they show any spatial association with their preferred grooming partners. Increased group size therefore resulted in a reorganization of female social engagement that was both qualitatively and quantitatively different to that seen elsewhere, and suggests that female vervets possess the flexibility to shift to alternative patterns of social engagement in response to contingent ecological and demographic conditions.
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Nguyen, Quynh, Gabriele Spilker, Vally Koubi, and Tobias Böhmelt. "How sudden- versus slow-onset environmental events affect self-identification as an environmental migrant: Evidence from Vietnamese and Kenyan survey data." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (January 25, 2024): e0297079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297079.
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In response to changing climatic conditions, people are increasingly likely to migrate. However, individual-level survey data reveal that people mainly state economic, social, or political reasons as the main drivers for their relocation decision–not environmental motives or climate change specifically. To shed light on this discrepancy, we distinguish between sudden-onset (e.g., floods and storms) and slow-onset (e.g., droughts and salinity) climatic changes and argue that the salience of environmental conditions in individuals’ migration decisions is shaped by the type of climate event experienced. Empirically, we combine individual-level surveys with geographic information on objective climatic changes in Vietnam and Kenya. The empirical evidence suggests that sudden-onset climate events make individuals more likely to link environmental conditions to their migration decision and, hence, to identify themselves as “environmental migrants.” Regression analyses support these results and are consistent with the view that slow-onset events tend to be linked with migration decisions that are more economically motivated.
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Mwangi, Mercy Wanja, and Jane Wanjira. "Corporate Social Responsibility and the Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya: A Case of Equity Bank." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. II (May 20, 2019): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iii.17.
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The goal of this study was to explore the influence of Social Corporate Responsibility on organization Performance. It specifically sought to establish the influence of philanthropic CSR activities benefits salient to CSR activities CSR contributions and financial-focused CSR on Equity Bank performance. This study was guided by three theories namely Triple Bottom Line Theory, the Stakeholder Theory as well as the Fiduciary Capitalism Theory. This study adopted a descriptive research design. With all the 238 management staff at Equity Bank being the target population. In order to answer the research questions, the study incorporated merits of secondary data which formed a basis for comparison with findings. The findings of the study were: philanthropic CSR, benefit salient, CSR contributions and financial focused CSR, had a significant influence on organizational performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study concludes that: Philanthropic CSR, benefit salient on CSR, CSR contributions and financial focused CSR activities had a positive and significant influence on Equity Bank organizational performance. The study thus makes the following recommendations that Equity bank management should continue to invest more in the corporate social responsibility aspect done to make the life of beneficiaries better in terms of education, health and other humanistic endeavors. They should improve on strategies that improves on the desired outcomes that accrue out of CSR activities and improve by seminars and involvement actions how the employees feel about CSR enough to warrant motivation to better productivity by them.
This is an open-access article published and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License of United States unless otherwise stated. Access, citation and distribution of this article is allowed with full recognition of the authors and the source.
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Sottas, Beat. "Aspects of a Peasant Mode of Production: Exchange and the Extent of Sufficiency Among Smallholders in West Laikipia, Kenya." Journal of Asian and African Studies 27, no. 3-4 (1992): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685217-90007262.
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The Laikipia Plain in the north-western footzone of Mt. Kenya is one of the semi-arid areas where migrating Kikuyu cultivators go for land and permanent residence. However, unfavourable ecological and economic conditions create contradictions, and many households undergo a considerable risk to fall into marginality. In this paper, the autor aimes at reexamining the thesis that the extent of a household's sufficiency can rise if mutual exchange within a network is practised. The aspect of social networks is obviously manifest in the access to land and other key resources. With regard to the ability to survive in Laikipia, it is obvious too, that the migrants must rely on social capital and informal transactions. Thus it is argued, that the 'invisible' economy of affection is a predominant feature in order to succeed and to generate certainty and sustainability among the small-scale farmers.
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Paliwal, Ambica, Magdalena Mhelezi, Diba Galgallo, Rupsha Banerjee, Wario Malicha, and Anthony Whitbread. "Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing to Detect Prosopis juliflora Invasion: Environmental Drivers and Community Insights in Rangelands of Kenya." Plants 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2024): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13131868.
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The remarkable adaptability and rapid proliferation of Prosopis juliflora have led to its invasive status in the rangelands of Kenya, detrimentally impacting native vegetation and biodiversity. Exacerbated by human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and land degradation, these conditions make the spread and management of this species a critical ecological concern. This study assesses the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing in monitoring the invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Baringo County, Kenya. We investigated the environmental drivers, including weather conditions, land cover, and biophysical attributes, that influence its distinction from native vegetation. By analyzing data on the presence and absence of Prosopis juliflora, coupled with datasets on weather, land cover, and elevation, we identified key factors facilitating its detection. Our findings highlight the Decision Tree/Random Forest classifier as the most effective, achieving a 95% accuracy rate in instance classification. Key variables such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for February, precipitation, land cover type, and elevation were significant in the accurate identification of Prosopis juliflora. Community insights reveal varied perspectives on the impact of Prosopis juliflora, with differing views based on professional experiences with the species. Integrating these technological advancements with local knowledge, this research contributes to developing sustainable management practices tailored to the unique ecological and social challenges posed by this invasive species. Our results highlight the contribution of advanced technologies for environmental management and conservation within rangeland ecosystems.