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Journal articles on the topic 'Kenyan horticulture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Wasilwa, L. A., N. Ondabu, and G. W. Watani. "064 The History of Macadamia Nut Introduction and Development in Kenya." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 452B—452. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.452b.

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The macadamia nut was introduced to the Kenyan highlands from Australia in the early 1960s. Seedlings were propagated at a nursery near Kiambu in central Kenya by Bob Harris and were subsequently distributed in the central and eastern highlands and later the western highlands. The majority of seedlings planted were one two species, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche or M. tetraphylla L. S. A less common species, Macadamia ternifolia, was also planted. Several hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla have been identified in the central and eastern highlands. A macadamia improvement research program was launched in the early part of 1980 by the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then, 30 trees of the seedlings planted in the later part of 1960s have been selected and evaluated in trial orchards located in the Kenyan highlands. Most of the recently planted orchards constitute of 10 clones that yield between 40 to 90 kg of nuts annually. Five high-yielding macadamia varieties from Hawaii were introduced to Kenya in the early 1980s. To date >90% of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla. Until the late 1970s, there was no market for macadamia nuts in Kenya. Since then, several companies market this crop, which is mainly exported to Japan and Europe.

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Dolan, Catherine S. "Gender and Witchcraft in Agrarian Transition: The Case of Kenyan Horticulture." Development and Change 33, no. 4 (2002): 659–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00274.

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3

Villordon, Arthur, Wambui Njuguna, Simon Gichuki, Philip Ndolo, and Don Labonte. "Using Open Source Software in Developing a Web-accessible Database of Sweetpotato Germplasm Collections in Kenya." HortTechnology 17, no. 4 (2007): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.4.567.

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Web-accessible germplasm databases allow stakeholders to interactively search and locate information in real time. These databases can also be configured to permit designated users to remotely add, delete, or update information. These resources assist in decision-making activities that are related to germplasm documentation, conservation, and management. We report the development of a web-accessible database of Kenyan sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties using open source software. Kenya is located in eastern Africa, a region that is considered one of the centers of diversity for sweetpotato. We describe the software applications used in developing the germplasm database as well as the web interface for displaying and interactively searching records. This report demonstrates that open source software can be used in developing a web-enabled database with management features similar to those found in proprietary or commercial applications.

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4

Wasilwa, L. A., N. Ondabu, G. W. Watani, H. Mulli, S. Kiiru, and A. Nyagah. "581 Selection and Evaluation of Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia) Varieties and Hybrids in the Highlands of Kenya." HortScience 34, no. 3 (1999): 546E—547. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.546e.

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Several outstanding macadamia trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. tetraphylla L. S. or hybrid of these two species) were selected from orchards established in the 1960s in the central and eastern highlands and evaluated over a period of 10 years. In the thrid year of these evaluations, clones from 30 high-yielding trees (40 to 90 kg) were propagated by grafting and trials were established in the central and eastern highlands. Three to five Hawaiian varieties were included as controls. Each trial consisted of five to 10 trees of each clone. Trees were evaluated for vigor, flowering, age of bearing, and yield. From these tests, a subset of 10 of the most outstanding clones were selected and evaluated in 25 field trials located in the Kenyan highlands. Most these clones started to bear 3 years after transplanting. Three distinct flowering patterns have been observed. Ten years after transplanting, yields ranged between 30 to 60 kg nuts/tree. The macadamia hybrids and M. tetraphylla performed best at the higher elevations (1700–1850 m), M. integrifolia clones performed best at elevations of 1500 to 1750 m. Only two Hawaiian varieties performed well and have been used in the breeding program. Most of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids. Cultivation of M. tetraphylla in Kenya is no longer recommended.

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Tallontire, Anne, Maggie Opondo, and Valerie Nelson. "Contingent spaces for smallholder participation in GlobalGAP: insights from Kenyan horticulture value chains." Geographical Journal 180, no. 4 (2013): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12047.

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6

Krishnan, Aarti, and Chistopher Foster. "A Quantitative Approach to Innovation in Agricultural Value Chains: Evidence from Kenyan Horticulture." European Journal of Development Research 30, no. 1 (2017): 108–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0117-0.

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7

Humphrey, John, Neil McCulloch, and Masako Ota. "The impact of European market changes on employment in the Kenyan horticulture sector." Journal of International Development 16, no. 1 (2003): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1063.

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8

KRISHNAN, AARTI. "The origin and expansion of regional value chains: the case of Kenyan horticulture." Global Networks 18, no. 2 (2017): 238–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/glob.12162.

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9

Pasquali, Giovanni, Aarti Krishnan, and Matthew Alford. "Multichain strategies and economic upgrading in global value chains: Evidence from Kenyan horticulture." World Development 146 (October 2021): 105598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105598.

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10

Neven, David, and Thomas Reardon. "The Rise of Kenyan Supermarkets and the Evolution of their Horticulture Product Procurement Systems." Development Policy Review 22, no. 6 (2004): 669–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2004.00271.x.

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11

Ouma, Stefan. "Global Standards, Local Realities: Private Agrifood Governance and the Restructuring of the Kenyan Horticulture Industry." Economic Geography 86, no. 2 (2010): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01065.x.

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Mugedo, James Z. A., and Peter G. Waterman. "Sources of tannin: Alternatives to wattle (Acacia mearnsii) among indigenous Kenyan species." Economic Botany 46, no. 1 (1992): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02985254.

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13

Bishop, C. F. H., E. Bingley, and H. Matthews. "THE VALUE OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER PARTNERSHIPS AS A TOOL FOR CAPACITY BUILDING WITHIN THE KENYAN HORTICULTURE SECTOR." Acta Horticulturae, no. 921 (December 2011): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.921.17.

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14

Justus, Faith K. "Coupled effects on Kenyan horticulture following the 2008/2009 post-election violence and the 2010 volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajökull." Natural Hazards 76, no. 2 (2014): 1205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1542-4.

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15

Probst, C., K. A. Callicott, and P. J. Cotty. "Deadly strains of Kenyan Aspergillus are distinct from other aflatoxin producers." European Journal of Plant Pathology 132, no. 3 (2011): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-011-9887-y.

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Omolo, Maurice O., Denis Okinyo, Isaiah O. Ndiege, Wilber Lwande, and Ahmed Hassanali. "Repellency of essential oils of some Kenyan plants against Anopheles gambiae." Phytochemistry 65, no. 20 (2004): 2797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.08.035.

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Kairu, G. M. "Biochemical and pathogenic differences between Kenyan and Brazilian isolates of pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae." Plant Pathology 46, no. 2 (1997): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-218.x.

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18

Ickes, Scott, Joyceline Kinyua, Joshua Adams, et al. "Effect of Access to Workplace Supports for Breastfeeding Among Formally Employed Mothers in Kenya." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_033.

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Abstract Objectives We evaluated the availability of workplace breastfeeding (BF) supports, and the associations between these supports and BF practices among formally employed mothers in Kenya – where many women work in horticulture farms and legislation requiring workplace BF supports is being implemented. We hypothesized that the availability of supports would be associated with a higher prevalence and greater odds of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Methods We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys among formally employed mothers at 1–4 days, 6 weeks, 14 weeks, and 36 weeks (to estimate 24 weeks) postpartum at 3 health facilities in Naivasha from Sept. 2018 to Oct. 2019, 13 months after the 2017 Kenyan Health Act, which requires workplace BF support, was passed. We evaluated the associations of workplace BF supports with EBF practices using tests of proportions and adjusted logistic regression. Results Among formally employed mothers (n = 564), reported workplace supports included on-site housing (16.8%), on-site daycare (9.4%), and private lactation spaces (2.8%). Mothers who used workplace on-site childcare were more likely to practice EBF than mothers who used community- or home-based childcare at both 6 weeks (95.7% versus 82.4%, p = 0.030) and 14 weeks (60.6% versus 22.2%, p &lt; 0.001; [aOR (95% CI) = 5.11 (2.3, 11.7)]. Likewise, mothers who visited daycares at or near workplaces were more likely to practice EBF (70.0%) compared to those who did not visit a daycare (34.7%, p = 0.005) at 14-weeks. Among all mothers, 84.6% with access to workplace private lactation spaces practiced EBF, compared to 55.6% without such spaces, p = 0.037. Mothers who live in on-site housing were twice as likely [aOR (95% CI) = 2.06 (1.25, 3.41)] to practice EBF compared to those without access to on-site housing. Conclusions Formally employed mothers in Kenya who used on-site childcare, lived in on-site housing, and had access to private workplace lactation rooms are more likely to practice EBF than mothers who lack these supports, while the use of community-based childcare in this context is associated with a lower prevalence of EBF. As the Kenya Health Act is implemented, provision of these supports and strategies to help women visit their children in daycare can enable EBF among employed mothers. Funding Sources NIH Fogarty International Center.

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19

Kibe, J. "HORTICULTURE IN KENYA: MILESTONES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.28.

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20

K'Aol, George O., and Francis Wambalaba. "Homegrown Kenya: the horticultural industry under fire on CSR." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111130049.

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Subject area Corporate social responsibility (CSR). Study level/applicability The Homegrown case is designed for teaching corporate social responsibility and business ethics at undergraduate and graduate levels. The case may be used on a variety of courses including: corporate social responsibility, business ethics and corporate social responsibility, and business ethics. Case overview In May 2003, the headline of the East African newspaper screamed “The Kenyan Horticultural Industry under fire.” The industry was accused of exploitative labor policies with respect to working conditions, workers' welfare, sexual harassment, and exposure to harmful pesticides by the key stakeholders led by the Kenya Human Rights Commission. The stakeholders had announced plans to conduct national and international campaigns against the flower growing and exporting companies in Kenya. Mr Richard Fox, the Managing Director of Homegrown was worried that the publicity had adversely tarnished the image and reputation of the horticultural industry in Kenya as a whole, including Homegrown. He wondered how best to respond to these allegations. Should Homegrown wait to see what the competitors and other stakeholders would do, as these were industry-wide problems or should Homegrown take the lead? And if so, what should be the scope of the programs, given the diverse nature of the issues? He had to make decision quickly. Expected learning outcomes The case provides opportunity for students to analyze, discuss, and debate topical issues in CSR. At the end of the case, students should be able to: identify emerging CSR and ethical issues facing the horticultural industry in Kenya; analyze the cost of implementing CSR programs in business organizations; evaluate the impact of CSR programs on business performance; justify and defend choices on CSR, and ethical decisions. Supplementary materials Not included.

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21

M'Ribu, H. Kaburu, P. Lanny Neel, and Thomas A. Fretz. "Horticulture in Kenya: An Overview." HortScience 28, no. 8 (1993): 766–871. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.8.766.

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Gweyi-Onya, J. P., T. Tesfamaria, and G. Neumann. "Contrasting Responses to Phosphorus Status by Arachis pintoi (Krapov and W.C. Gregory): A Lesson for Selecting Vegetables for Cultivation in Kenyan Ecozones." Asian Journal of Agricultural Research 5, no. 1 (2010): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajar.2011.45.55.

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23

M'Ribu, H. Kaburu, P. Lanny Neel, and Thomas A. Fretz. "Horticultural Research in Kenya." HortScience 28, no. 8 (1993): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.8.770.

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24

Irungu, J. "CONTRIBUTION OF HORTICULTURE TO FOOD SECURITY IN KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.1.

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25

Wainwright, Henry. "Export Diversification through Horticulture: Kenya – a Case Study." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1994): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300108.

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Certain developing countries have achieved economic diversification through expansion away from the more traditional, internationally traded agricultural and beverage crops to horticultural crops for export. Kenya is one such country. However, continued successful development of export markets for horticultural crops will depend on responding to the future challenges. In order to maintain and expand the market share against increased competition from other developing countries, certain strategies are required by any country wishing to export horticultural crops. The adoption of appropriate technologies such as refrigerated sea transport and pre-cooling facilities are necessary to maintain quality and minimize costs. Organized marketing must meet the demands of the market and comply with the importing country's legislation in terms of product, quality and specification. This requires a responsive and an innovative strategy. Finally, national and international trading policies need to be conducive to international trade.

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26

Gathee, J. W. "CHALLENGES FACING THE KENYAN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCER FOR EXPORT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 270 (May 1991): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.270.32.

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27

Kigamwa, J. N., and J. C. Kedera. "PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN KENYA¿S HORTICULTURE WITH REFERENCE TO THE NATIONAL TASKFORCE ON HORTICULTURE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.4.

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28

Boinnet Kiplagat, J. K. "HORTICULTURAL SEED QUALITY CONTROL IN KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 218 (January 1988): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.218.14.

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29

Ngutu, Mariah, Salome Bukachi, Charles Olungah, Boniface Kiteme, Fabian Kaeser, and Tobias Haller. "The Actors, Rules and Regulations Linked to Export Horticulture Production and Access to Land and Water as Common Pool Resources in Laikipia County, Northwest Mount Kenya." Land 7, no. 3 (2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030110.

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Agriculture is the backbone of Kenya’s economy, supporting up to 80% of rural livelihoods. Kenya’s export horticulture is currently the leading agriculture subsector in Kenya and is regarded as an agro-industrial food system based on the economies of scale, producing for mass markets outside of the production area. Much of the food consumed from Kenya’s export horticulture sector has undergone multiple transformations and been subject to a host of formal and informal institutions (rules, regulations, standards, norms and values). Kenya’s export horticulture production, driven by rising global demands, has expanded beyond the ‘traditional’ mountainous high yielding areas into arid and semi-arid (ASALs) zones such as Laikipia County, Northwest of Mount Kenya. An anthropological study of export horticulture viewed as an agro-industrial food system in Laikipia County was carried out utilizing the new institutionalism theory in anthropology to explore the actors, rules and regulations linked to export horticulture production and access to common pool resources. The study employed qualitative data collection methods to collect data over an extended field work period of eight months. The data from 40 in-depth interviews complemented by unstructured observations, four focus group discussions and five key informant interviews was transcribed, coded and analyzed thematically based on the grounded theory approach. This paper, therefore, presents findings from the qualitative case study on the actors as well as the rules and regulations (the institutional settings) of export horticulture production and access to common pool resources from an emic perspective of the involved actors. The formal and informal rules and regulations which form the institutional setting in this food system are viewed as changing and defining the operations of the food system’s access and management of common pool resources, namely water and land. With the agro-industrial food system competing with local food systems such as agro-pastoralism and small holder agriculture for these scarce resources in a semi-arid zone, there is potential for conflict and reduced production, as well as overall benefits to the different actors in the study area.

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Bashangwa Mpozi, Bosco, Mireille Mizero, Andrew Ogolla Egesa, et al. "Land Access in the Development of Horticultural Crops in East Africa. A Case Study of Passion Fruit in Burundi, Kenya, and Rwanda." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (2020): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073041.

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Rapid population growth in fertile agricultural lands of East Africa creates land scarcity, which has become a major hindrance to land access for the introduction of new horticultural crops. But their introduction in these areas is increasing, because of their high market price, which improves farmers’ income. As such, this research evaluated land access dynamics (availability, acquisition, and use changes) on the introduction of passion fruits in East Africa. The study used purposeful sampling to collect information from 171 passion fruit farmers from Burundi (60), Kenya (51), and Rwanda (60) through interviews during field surveys. Among the respondents from all three countries, inheritance and land purchase were the predominant modes of land access (>50% and >21%, respectively). Furthermore, the substitution of other crops by passion fruits was high (>60%) among Kenyan and Rwandan farmers, but low (18%) among Burundian farmers. Our findings indicate that land access influences the patterns of adoption of new crops, since, when limited in supply, it may require the acquisition of new land space, abandonment of other crops, or opting for mixed farming. As such, land access should be a consideration in the promotion of new crops for sustainable agricultural ventures.

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Kalyebi, A., W. A. Overholt, F. Schulthess, J. M. Mueke, and S. Sithanantham. "The effect of temperature and humidity on the bionomics of six African egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, no. 3 (2006): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2006429.

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AbstractThe life table statistics of six native Kenyan species/strains ofTrichogrammaandTrichogrammatoideawere established using a factitious hostCorcyra cephalonica, Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), at eight different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35°C) and two humidity levels (40–50 and 70–80%). The objective was to select insects with superior attributes for augmentative release against lepidopteran pests in horticultural crops. Both temperature and humidity affected developmental time and life table parameters of the parasitoids but temperature played a more critical role. Developmental time was inversely related to temperature. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase increased with temperature up to 30°C. Both net reproduction rate and intrinsic rate of increase were higher at the lower humidity. Temperature inversely affected generation time of parasitoid strains regardless of the relative humidity. Two strains ofTrichogrammasp. nr.mwanzaicollected from both low and medium altitudes andTrichogrammatoideasp. nr.luteafrom the mid-altitudes, were better adapted to both low and high temperatures than the other strains, as indicated by the high intrinsic and net reproductive rates, at both humidity levels. These three strains appear to be promising candidates for augmentation biocontrol against the African bollwormHelicoverpa armigerain Kenya.

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Mbatia, O. L. E. "THE MARKETING SYSTEM FOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 153 (June 1985): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.153.52.

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Wasilwa, Lusike A., Joseph K. Njuguna, Violet Kirigua, et al. "Impact of Anthracnose on Avocado Production in Kenya." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1103D—1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1103d.

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Avocado is the leading horticultural export in Kenya. In 2003, Kenya exported about 19,000 t, compared to 23 t in 1970. Most of the fruit is exported to the European markets. There are several constraints limiting production of avocado in Kenya, including limited superior varieties or planting material, poor infrastructure, poor market information, and poor tree crop management. Although several diseases infect avocado, the most important are fruit rot pathogens, such as anthracnose, cercospora, and scab. However, diseases and pests have not been important to avocado production in Kenya. Recently (2004), the constraint limiting avocado production in Kenya is anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeospoirioides. Little is known in Kenya on the impact of this disease on production and income realized by small-(<1 acre) or large-scale growers. The objectives of this research were to quantify losses attributed to anthracnose in Kenya, determine the current disease control measures, and recommend good agricultural practice in conformance with EUREP-GAP. A survey was conducted in the avocado growing areas to identify and document constraints limiting avocado production in 2004. The highest losses were reported from central Kenya, where exporters reported up to 100% losses. Because all avocado varieties growing in Kenya are susceptible to anthracnose, it is recommended that good management, i.e., control of pests and diseases and good postharvest handling of fruit to minimize injury used as an entry point by anthracnose, should be enforced.

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Mukunya, Daniel M., and C. Muinamia. "RATIONAL USE OF PESTICIDES IN HORTICULTURE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 218 (January 1988): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.218.31.

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35

Dolan, C. "The 'Good Wife': Struggles over Resources in the Kenyan Horticultural Sector." Journal of Development Studies 37, no. 3 (2001): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331321961.

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Kemoi, Edson K., Andrew Nyerere, Uwe Gross, Oliver Bader, Tohru Gonoi, and Christine C. Bii. "Diversity of Azoles Resistant Aspergillus Species Isolated from Experience and Naïve Soils in Nairobi County and Naivasha Sub-County Kenya." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 36 (2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n36p301.

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New triazole antifungals voriconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole are recommended for prophylaxis and treatment of both invasive and chronic fungal infections such as aspergillosis and aspergilloma. Emergence of azole-resistant among A. fumigatus isolates have been reported in other countries including Tanzania ascribed to either previous antifungal treatment, prophylaxis or triazoles use in agriculture. The use of azole based fungicides in the robust horticulture in Kenya is a significant risk factor for antifungal resistance. The study proposes to analyze environmental isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger for the presence of resistance against the triazoles antifungals. Fungicide naïve soils were obtained from uncultivated virgin fields while fungicide experience soils were collected from flower, agricultural and horticultural fields and greenhouses within Naivasha sub-county and Nairobi County. The fungal isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility to triazoles using broth micro dilution method. A total of 492 samples were analyzed in Nairobi, 52 isolates were identified and they resistance were as follow: A. fumigatus (32%), A. niger (26.09%), A. flavus (33.33%) and A .terreus (0%) and in Naivasha 44 isolates were isolated out of which 25 were A. fumigatus and its resistance was at 36%. Data were analyses using student T test and showed they no different between resistant and susceptible isolates from the two location. Data generated will serve to inform on the current status of triazoles resistance pattern and to raise concern emerging antifungal resistance in clinical practice.

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Muthoka, Miriam N., and Martin Ogutu. "Challenges Facing the Horticultural Sector in Nairobi County, Kenya." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 2 (2014): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1925121124.

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Njuguna*, Joseph K., Leonard S. Wamocho, and Teddy E. Morelock. "Temperate Fuits Production in the Tropics: A Review on Apples in Kenya." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 841A—841. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.841a.

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Temperate zone fruit crops undergo bud dormancy which can be described as a mechanism for avoiding the exposure of tender flowers and leaves to low winter temperatures. In Kenya, apple growing is mostly hampered by inadequate chilling that causes the plants to have prolonged dormancy leading to poor flowering and consequently low yield. Although the chilling requirements are obligatory, under subtropical and especially tropical conditions avoidance is possible. To achieve this, it is necessary to select cultivars with low chilling requirements. This has proven effective in Zimbabwe with cultivar Matsu which is grown without a need for artificial breaking of dormancy. In Kenya like Zimbabwe, low chilling requiring cultivars such as Anna have been grown successfully. However, for cultivars with high chilling requirements, there is need to apply artificial techniques/methods to enhance bud break. Some of the cultural techniques used are: defoliation after harvesting and bending of the shoots holizontally. Defoliation after harvesting has particularly been used successfully in the island of Java in Indonesia and it enables two crops to be grown per year. Root chilling of rootstock has also been found to enhance bud break of the shoot. In addition, chemicals like KNO3, mineral oil and thiourea (TU) have been found to be effective in breaking bud dormancy in Kenya. This paper is reviewing the challenges encountered in growing apples in the tropics and Kenya in particular and the progress that has made in addressing them.

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Mukatia, Muruli Cetric, Wainaina Githii, and Ogoro Thomas Ombati. "Sustainability and Triple Bottom-Line Performance in the Horticulture Supply Chains in Nairobi, Kenya." American Journal of Industrial and Business Management 08, no. 05 (2018): 1389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2018.85093.

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Kuiper, Gerda, and Clemens Greiner. "Export horticulture and labour migration in Kenya: Translocality and transiency in a secondary town." Geoforum 122 (June 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.03.013.

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Neven, David, Michael Makokha Odera, Thomas Reardon, and Honglin Wang. "Kenyan Supermarkets, Emerging Middle-Class Horticultural Farmers, and Employment Impacts on the Rural Poor." World Development 37, no. 11 (2009): 1802–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.026.

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Newton, Leonard E. "A new species of Ceropegia in Kenya." Bradleya 13, no. 13 (1995): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25223/brad.n13.1995.a5.

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Wasilwa*, Lusike, Viincent M. Kega, and Richelle A. Stafne. "Current Status of Citrus Gummosis in Kenya." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 886B—886. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.886b.

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Citrus is one of the most important fruits in Kenya because of it's nutritional value. It is ranked as the highest source of income from tree crops in Kwale district of the coastal region. The average farmer has 0.25 to 4 acres of citrus and earns between 1 to 2 U.S. cents per fruit based on quality. Citrus gummosis (P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae) is of economic importance on citrus in Kenya. P. citrophthora prefers cooler conditions in the highlands and P. nicotianae favours the warm conditions of coastal areas. Several IPM options are being used to control this disease in Kenya. Research to select suitable rootstocks, determine the period when disease development is greatest and the distribution of infected trees in Kwale districts is currently being conducted. Gummosis has also been reported to occur in farmers fields around Marigat (Perkerra) and surrounding areas however the data is scanty and a detailed survey is underway. Gummosis disease incidence in Marigat was first reported in 1989/1990. Since then symptomatic trees have been treated with fungicides e.g. Ridomil. A citrus mother block consisting of 241 trees, established at Perkerra in 1984 now only supports 112 trees or 47% of the original trees. From the 112 trees, only 21 trees are classified as healthy trees. More extensive research needs to be conducted to show the impact of this disease on the small scale farmer and develop better methods of control.

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Edwin, SaweK, EO Nyambedha, and JK Rono. "SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS INFLUENCING FARMERS’ DECISION ON ADOPTION OF HORTICULTURE FARMING IN NANDI COUNTY, KENYA." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 8 (2017): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/5080.

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Gikunda, Raphael, and David Lawver. "Influence of Smallholder Farmer Groups on the Application of Best Horticultural Farming Practices in Kenya." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 26, no. 2 (2019): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2019.26207.

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This study aimed at establishing the relationship between group membership and application of best horticultural farming practices (BHFP) among the group and non-group farmers in Meru County, Kenya. A descriptive design involving a cross-sectional survey was applied to address the research objectives. The target population consisted of 4950 smallholders from horticultural group and non-group farmers. The study sample was 224 farmers chosen through stratified random sampling. Data were gathered using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in data analysis. The analysis was accomplished using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study revealed a variance in mean BHFP application scores between groups' farmers (M =76.49, SD = 4.78) and non-groups' farmers (M = 67.71, SD = 8.57). There was a positive substantial correlation between group membership and application of BHFP, which was statistically significant (rpb = .50, N = 224, p < .01). Discriminant function analysis revealed that Wilks’ lambda was significant, λ = .47, χ2 (16) = 162.63, p = <.05, R2=.53 implying that the group means differed significantly. Farmers in groups applied BHFP application more than the non-group farmers hence a clear association between group membership and BHFP application. The study recommends that farmer groups should be promoted to facilitate dissemination and application of BHFP. Keywords: best horticultural farming practices; farmer group; smallholder farmers

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Newton, Leonard E. "Aloe rendilliorum: a new species in northern Kenya." Bradleya 24, no. 24 (2006): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25223/brad.n24.2006.a11.

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Dijkstra, Tjalling. "Food assembly markets in Africa: lessons from the horticultural sector of Kenya." British Food Journal 98, no. 9 (1996): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709610151085.

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Nyambo, Brigitte, A. Sief, Ana M. Varela, B. Löhr, Jerry Cooper, and Hans Dobson. "Private extension-service provision for smallholder horticultural producers in Kenya: an approach." Development in Practice 19, no. 1 (2009): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802576492.

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Kulecho, I. K., and K. Weatherhead. "I Ssues of Irrigation of Horticultural Crops by Smallholder Farmers in Kenya." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 20, no. 2-3 (2006): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10795-006-9006-y.

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Irandu, Evaristus M. "Factors influencing growth of horticultural exports in Kenya: a gravity model analysis." GeoJournal 84, no. 4 (2018): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9888-x.

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