Academic literature on the topic 'Kenyan independence'

This is a study of the impact of rapid political change upon identities generated by a privileged minority - Kenya's European settlers - whose position atop the colonial social, economic and political hierarchy had once seemingly been assured by colonial rule, but whose hegemonic position was undermined in the 1950s and then overthrown in the early 1960s. Engaging with a combination of source materials, including the published and unpublished memoirs of settlers themselves, private papers, newspapers, and the archival material of both the Kenyan and British administrations, the study first maps and analyses the emergence of 'settler mythologies' in Kenya from 1903, when white settlement began, and then investigates the impact of political pressures upon these mythologies and upon European settler identity from the 1950s. It examines closely the influence that settler mythologies had upon debates about land ownership and about rights to citizenship, and especially the transformation of those debates, and their impact on the expression of settler values, once independence under majority rule became inevitable. Finally, the relationship between the mythologies of a once hegemonic, racially defined, community and the objectives of an emergent African elite is explored by analysing the symbolism of Kenya's independence celebrations in December 1963 . Settler mythologies remained fundamentally important to the identity of Kenya Europeans, in different ways, whether they were in self-imposed exile or stayed as Kenyan citizens in the independent nation itself. Moreover, elements of settler mythologies had surprising resonance with the new African ruling class and continue to influence depictions and representations of colonial Kenya today.

Modernization or industrialism and cultural reproduction theories offer explanations about the expected direction of social change.· Kenya, a developing country, has experienced rapid educational expansion since its independence. As a result of this, the association between social background and educational attainment is expected to reduce. The aim of this thesis is to establish the trend of social background inequalities on educational attainment, using Kenyan censuses data and two surveys, one conducted in 1969 (Rado et aI., 1969) and another in 2004 conducted by this researcher. The educational expansion that has taken place in Kenya is presented in the thesis. There has been an increase in proportions in the population attaining some education and secondary schooling. Gender inequalities have reduced but persisted. Inequalities based on social background have reduced but persisted as evidenced by the over representation of students whose fathers had secondary education and under representation of students whose fathers had no education. The odds of reaching form four rather than not for students whose fathers have some education, rather than no education have reduced, but the odds of access to form four for students whose fathers were secondary and above educated have somewhat increased, indicating that the advantage experienced by these privileged groups has been maintained. There has been change in distribution patterns and widened access to form four education for students from all backgrounds but continuity of inequality evidenced by the relative advantage that students from privileged background has persisted. Social background influences which types of school students attend and this in turn improves their life chances since further advancement to university and better entry to the labour market is determined by achievement, which is linked to school type. Students from privileged backgrounds attend provincial and national schools. The relative advantage of social background on school type selection has remained the same over time. Students in national schools achieved better than those in provincial and district ·schools. Controlling for school type, the direct association of family background and achievement was not as strong as that between school type and achievement. Over time, the association between school type and attainment has remained the same. ModernIzation theory is supported as far as distribution of education is concerned, but in the process relative inequalities as a result of privileged background have persisted in educational access, attainment and achievement among form four students in Kenyan secondary schools. Continuity has thrived, despite change and modernization.

The judiciary in Kenya has been progressively viewed as subservient to the executive, an upholder of state power and a poor protector of citizens’ rights. The rejection of the judiciary as an independent and impartial arbiter of disputes was a major contributor to the post-election violence experienced in December 2007 which resulted in anarchy and massive loss of lives and property. This thesis contends that there is a contextually symbiotic link between separation of powers, judicial independence and the rule of law. While focusing on the relationship between the judiciary and the executive, the research highlights the dangers of failure to maintain the appropriate balance of power between the executive, judiciary and the legislature, its ramifications to judicial independence and the rule of law. By analysing secondary data and using Kenya as a case study, this relationship is chronologically traced from the pre-colonial, colonial, independence and post-independence periods. An examination of successive constitutions exposes gaps and weaknesses in constitutional provisions guaranteeing judicial independence. Instances of violation are discussed with examples as confirmation that such protection was minimal, weak and not respected in practice. A high degree of executive intrusion, influence and control was evident inter alia in appointments, removal, funding and administration. Cumulatively, these factors contributed to the erosion of personal and institutional independence leading to drastic loss of confidence. Opportunities in terms of implemented reforms, especially the newly promulgated Constitution of Kenya 2010 are scrutinised. The thesis concludes that even though complete independence from the executive cannot be achieved nor is it desirable, more robust constitutional protection of judicial independence, coupled with a high degree of autonomy can be a strong guardian against violation. New threats are discovered. Further research, constitutional amendments and use of non-legal initiatives are proposed as key for future judicial reform.

In order to complement existing empirical research on democratic consolidation in Kenya and the role of the judiciary in particular, this mini-­‐dissertation analyses the relationship between judicial appointment processes and judicial independence in Kenya. The escalation of corruption, centralisation and abuse of power by the executive, the lack of government accountability and post-­‐election conflict of 2007 is linked to the dominance of the executive and corresponding subservience of the judiciary. Historically, judicial appointments have been the ambit of the President. The powers given to the President to appoint and remove judges have resulted in judicial appointments premised on allegiance to the executive rather than on upholding justice and the Bill of Rights. To rectify this deficiency, the 2010 Constitution has introduced a merit based system of judicial appointments that meets international standards on judicial independence. The new process requires the President to limit his appointments to the recommendations of a Judicial Service Commission whose responsibility it is to shortlist candidates through a transparent public process. An analysis of the selection of Kenya’s sitting Chief Justice and Deputy Chief Justice demonstrates that the reformed judicial appointment process has delegitimised the executive’s dominance over the judiciary and by so doing has placed Kenya on the road restoring judicial independence.<br>Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>gm2014<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>unrestricted

In many urban centres of developing countries a large population is without access to water or are poorly served by the official water utilities. These rely on independent and small scale water providers (I&SSWPs). Such providers largely operate unofficially. Their role is often ignored or misunderstood and described negatively. This research aimed at examining water provision by I&SSWPs and the need to intergrate their services into the formal water supply as a possible means of improving water provision. The research was done through household water usage study and analysis of I&SSWPs. Key water stakeholders were also involved. Questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and workshops were used. In addition, water quality monitoring involving supply chain analysis combined with sanitary inspections was carried out. I&SSWPs operating under various business models bring basic water services to households in areas served. Water provision by I&SSWPs is complex resulting in interactions and overlaps between the formal and informal water provision. Some provide a 'virtual piped network' while where households have their own connections to official piped network discontinuity makes I&SSWPs the main sources. Through I&SSWPs with their own sources, households per capita water use improved remarkably. I&SSWPs generally operate competitively. Cost of water from I&SSWPs without their own sources is high for poor households, but would be pro-poor strategies are ineffective. I&SSWPs' income and profits vary, but water selling remains an important means of sustaining livelihoods. Although house-hold decision makers understand the importance of choosing safe drinking water, access factors can supersede resulting in the use of poor quality sources provided by some I&SSWPs. This research demonstrates the need to reconcile the vital services I&SSWPs provide with the need to improve practice to protect users and make services affordable. Consumers will benefit if the role I&SSWPs play can be recognized and enhanced to improve water provision.

The aim of my Thesis is to analyze the way how Kenya gained independence, how the process of democratization had conducted and the development in the 21th century. The reason for the focus on Kenya is that it is a country which I am interested in and I want to get the new information. The work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter gives information about the current economic, geographic, demographic and political situation in the country. The second chapter focuses on the historical development till 1944. Includes description of the oldest inhabitants of the planet Earth, the original inhabitants of the country, settlers and colonizers. Year 1944 is chosen deliberately, this is the year when first Kenya had been elected to the National Assembly. The third chapter deals with the situation in the country until 1963, when the country was granted independence. This chapter deals with the rebellion Mau - Mau, congresses at which was discussed the constitution of an independent country, important personal proces sof independence - the first and the second president Jomo Kennyat and Daniel Arap Moi's regime. The fourth chapter gives information about the process of democratization. Here I describe how the process of democratization in Kenya had conducted and all the things that happened in the country since independence. The fifth chapter seeks to answer the question of why we can not say that Kenya is a democratic state. Describe here the notion of tribalism, which has a major impact on what is happening in the country. The members of the nation are loyal to their ethnicity in any case, and therefore it is not possible to develop democracy in the country in the literal sense.