Academic literature on the topic 'Key Performance Index (KPI)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Key Performance Index (KPI)"

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Kaganski, S., and S. Toompalu. "Development of key performance selection index model." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 82 (May 1, 2017): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2077.

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Purpose: The main idea of this paper is to introduce the refined model for selection of the Key performance indicators (KPI). The KPI selection model can be considered as a tool for analysis of the enterprise, which should be able to simplify the choice of the right metrics for the company, where study has been conducted. The Enterprise analysis model (EAM) will provide the information regarding weak spots on the production and provide further steps to the management. Those actions will save time and reduce resources that are necessary to implement metrics in company. Design/methodology/approach: Main activities performed include: optimization of EAM; Fuzzy AHP and SMARTER criteria’s for ranking the KPIs; reliability analysis and weights appointment to questions and KPIs. In addition, the expert group has participated in the analysis of this work and has made a high impact on the results. Findings: The main result of this work is the final version of the KPI selection model. Research limitations/implications: The future research should be focused on optimization of the model and in adding additional module for automatic data collection. The Production Monitoring System (PMS) that should help to collect data about the status of the machine park, taking into account the downtime, overall equipment efficiency (OEE) and etc. Practical implications: The proposed model can be used in SME (small and medium enterprises) in order to improve the productivity. The concept was tested in particular company. Originality/value: The KPI selection model combine different methodologies into one general approach. Due to this fact, the process of finding right metrics can be reduced significantly. The proposed approach allows saving resources for the research of metrics.
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Suryawan, Angellia Debora, Marlene Martani, and Mahenda Metta Surya. "Pengembangan Sistem Penunjang Operasional dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Laboratorium Komputer." Jurnal ULTIMA InfoSys 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/si.v6i1.274.

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Human resources are an important asset in the entire company operations activity. A human resources management support system should be provided to improve performance in accordance with the company target. The purpose of this study is to design a model of operational and human resource management support systems that can integrate employee performance data, simplify management of employee data, and generate reports in the form of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) and Binusian Level. Methodology used in this study is using literature study, design, and test a model to make operational and human resource management information system. Index Terms - human resources, operational support system, Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
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Budiana Penindra, I. Made Dwi, and I. Made Gatot Karohika. "Pendekatan Malcolm Baldrige Criteria For Performance Excellent (Education Criteria) dalam Perancangan Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja Fakultas Teknik Univeritas Udayana menuju Sertifikasi AUN-QA." Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur 13, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jem.2020.v13.i02.p06.

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The Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University is one of the faculties in Udayana University. The Faculty of Engineering has 5 departments that have a lot of interest. Currently, the Faculty of Engineering is preparing to support Udayana University in obtaining the Asean University Network - Quality Assurance (AUN-QA) certification which is targeted for a visitation in 2021. One of the supporters in obtaining this certification is that the Faculty of Engineering must have a performance measurement system. In this research using an integrated performance measurement system that designed through the Malcolm Baldrige Criteria For Performance Excellent (Education Criteria) approach which is integrated with several methods, namely IPMS in determining the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) which becomes a determining indicator of later performance. assisted by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method in giving the weight of each KPI. After the KPI has a weight, then a comprehensive scoring is carried out using the Objectives Matrix (OMAX) method so that an index number per period is generated which is the reference for the level of performance of the department, as well as a Traffic Light System (TLS) to find out which KPIs require improvement based on color. With the creation of an integrated performance measurement system, it is hoped that the Faculty of Engineering can make continuous improvements. The results showed that the Performance Indicator from the Faculty of Engineering in this period was 427.19 with 24 KPIs being measured. The Performance Indicator shows that the overall performance of the Faculty of Engineering is above average (300). Only 2 categories are in the red zone of 21%, namely Student Criteria (KPI 1 and KPI 4) and Management Criteria (KPI 18, KPI 19, and KPI 20). In the following year, the Faculty of Engineering must focus on the five KPIs so that later they can improve performance.
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Gong, Yuexiong, Wei Ying, Yunxun Yu, XiaoZhong Zhou, and Xiaping Fan. "Research on the Key Performance Evaluation Methods of Enterprises Using BSC and KPI Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process ---- Illustrated by the Case of Hangzhou Cigarette Factory." E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 01067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125101067.

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Taking Hangzhou cigarette factory as an example, this paper establishes a key performance index system through integrating the balanced scorecard (BSC) and key performance index (KPI). The index system includes the first-level and 13 second-level indicators in four dimensions of finance, customers, internal processes, as well as learning and growth. Through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, it constructs an evaluation model of key corporate performance, finally achieves the actual performance levels of the enterprise, as well as puts forward the improvement suggestions. This evaluation method mainly includes the steps of determining the domain of evaluation factors at all levels, determining the evaluation level, determining fuzzy weight vectors of various indexes, establishing the fuzzy relation matrix and calculating comprehensive evaluation results. It has high accuracy in the process of performance evaluation, which has certain reference and guiding significance for improving the comprehensive competitiveness.
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Villarejo, Roberto, Carl-Anders Johansson, Urko Leturiondo, Victor Simon, Dammika Seneviratne, and Diego Galar. "Bottom to Top Approach for Railway KPI Generation." Management Systems in Production Engineering 25, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2017-0028.

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Abstract Railway maintenance especially on infrastructure produces a vast amount of data. However, having data is not synonymous with having information; rather, data must be processed to extract information. In railway maintenance, the development of key performance indicators (KPIs) linked to punctuality or capacity can help planned and scheduled maintenance, thus aligning the maintenance department with corporate objectives. There is a need for an improved method to analyse railway data to find the relevant KPIs. The system should support maintainers, answering such questions as what maintenance should be done, where and when. The system should equip the user with the knowledge of the infrastructure’s condition and configuration, and the traffic situation so maintenance resources can be targeted to only those areas needing work. The amount of information is vast, so it must be hierarchized and aggregated; users must filter out the useless indicators. Data are fused by compiling several individual indicators into a single index; the resulting composite indicators measure multidimensional concepts which cannot be captured by a single index. The paper describes a method of monitoring a complex entity. In this scenario, a plurality of use indices and weighting values are used to create a composite and aggregated use index from a combination of lower level use indices and weighting values. The resulting composite and aggregated indicators can be a decision-making tool for asset managers at different hierarchical levels.
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Liu, Xiao, and Xiao Ning Zhu. "The KPI Evaluation Method of Logistics Service in Railway Logistics Enterprises." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.930.

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To improve the level of enterprise performance management and logistics service,this paper proposed the KPI evaluation method of logistics service in railway logistics enterprises. By analyzing the strategic target of railway logistics enterprises logistics service, I decomposed the railway logistics enterprises strategic target to get the key evaluation indicators system of the logistics service in railway logistics enterprises, and used AHP to determine the index weight. Finally, I used the percentage method to evaluate the logistics service of railway logistics enterprises.
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Clarke, Andrew. "Developing a KPI for Measuring Staff Wellbeing: The Implications for Australian Law." Victoria University Law and Justice Journal 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15209/vulj.v7i1.1064.

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In late 2016, two well-known Australian organizations joined together to produce a new employee wellness index. The national and international firms, Medibank and Deloitte, respectively, promoted the index as enabling firms to measure the collective wellness and wellbeing of their staff. The two firms were of the view that these concepts should become a mainstream issue for boards and management, and form part of CEO accountability to the board. The case was put that responsibility for wellness should become a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) against which leadership and management performance could be judged.This paper examines the basis for such a proposal in terms of Australia’s system of corporate and tort law. It reviews the implications of a potential employee right to wellbeing. Would this impact, for example, on the established rights and expectations of employees, both individually and collectively?In addition to examining the consequences for relevant law and regulation, this paper reviews the implications in an international context for Australia’s long-established system of shareholder-primacy corporate governance. In particular, does the proposed wellness index invert the shareholder model, and give too much power to employees?
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Kusrini, Elisa, and Rangga Primadasa. "Design of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902068.

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This paper aims to design key performance indicators (KPIs) for evaluating sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) for palm oil processing industry in Indonesia. Supply chain sustainability is the management of environmental, social and economic impacts, and the encouragement of good governance practices, throughout the lifecycle of goods and services. The method in designing KPIs using a triangulation method, ie combining of theory (literature study) with field surveys and validate with the opinion of the expert (expert judgment) as well as compatibility with existing regulations (Indonesian sustainable palm oil / roundtable on sustainable palm oil). There are 29 proposed KPIs for measuring SCM’s sustainable palm oil in Indonesia based on literature and expert judgment. In order to obtain a more precise performance, then the importance level of KPI will be measured using Analytic Hierarchy Analysis (AHP) method. According to the preferences of some managers of palm oil using AHP method showed that the economic factor is the most dominant indicator (62,92%), followed by environmental (18,93%) and social factors (18,15%). In subsequent studies, the results of the KPIs will be used to measure the index of sustainability in the palm oil’s supply chain industry in Indonesia.
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Kuboń, Maciej, Ireneusz Kaczmar, and Sławomir Kocira. "Application of the OEE index in assessing the efficiency of vehicle use." E3S Web of Conferences 132 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913201011.

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Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI), which describes the efficiency of using technical resources. The index allows improving the efficiency of the production process, and also reflects the potential of the unused production capacity. In the presented case, new possibilities were proposed for the application of this model in public transport. First, the theoretical foundations of machine reliability, as well as the principles of comprehensive maintenance were presented. This discussion presents how to implement the OEE index to assess the effectiveness of vehicle use in a public transport company. Weaknesses were identified in the use of vehicles and changes were proposed to improve the OEE index.
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Budiana Penindra, I. Made Dwi, and Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama. "Perancangan Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja Terintegrasi Pada Program Studi Teknik Mesin Universitas Udayana." Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jem.2018.v11.i01.p04.

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Jurusan Teknik Mesin merupakan salah satu jurusan yang terakreditasi A. Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Udayana pada tahun 2016 telah berhasil mempertahankan akreditasi A yang diperoleh sejak tahun 2011. Salah satu penunjang keberhasilan tersebut adalah karena telah dimilikinya sistem pengukuran kinerja yang dihasilkan penulis pada tahun 2015 dimana sistem tersebut telah mampu memantau kinerja jurusan secara berkesinambungan. Walaupun sistem pengukuran kinerja tersebut telah digunakan, tetapi pada implementasinya masih banyak kekurangan yang dimiliki oleh sistem tersebut terutama karena sistem tersebut masih berbentuk manual. Kekurangan lain juga dapat dilihat dari hasil penelitian penulis tahun 2016 yang menunjukkan bahwa dari Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) rata-rata persepsi dari mahasiswa sebesar 2,91 masih dibawah rata-rata ekspektasi mereka yaitu 3,14. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan kembali sistem pengukuran kinerja yang terintegrasi berdasarkan hasil-hasil penelitian di tahun 2015 dan 2016 dengan metode Performance Prism dimana metode tersebut diintegrasikan dengan beberapa metode yaitu Integrated Performance Measurement Systems (IPMS) di dalam penentuan Key Performande Indicator (KPI) yang menjadi indikator penentu kinerja yang kemudian dibantu menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarcy Process (AHP) di dalam pemberian bobot masing-masing KPI. Setelah KPI memiliki bobot kemudian dilakukan scoring secara menyeluruh dengan Metode Objectives Matrix (OMAX) sehingga dihasilkan angka indeks per periode yang menjadi acuan tingkat kinerja jurusan, serta Traffic Light System (TLS) untuk mengetahui KPI mana yang memerlukan perbaikan berdasarkan warna. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil Performance Indicator dari periode 1 sebesar 322,8 dan mengalami peningkatan 7,6% dibanding Performance Indicator rata-rata 300. Performance Indicator dari periode 2 sebesar 352,50 dan mengalami peningkatan 9,2% dibanding periode 1. Performance Indicator dari periode 3 sebesar 354,66 dan mengalami sedikit peningkatan 0,61% dibanding periode 2. Performance Indicator dari periode 4 sebesar 354,52 dan mengalami sedikit penurunan 0,04% dibanding periode 3. Performance Indicator dari periode 5 sebesar 573,35 dan mengalami peningkatan 61,73% dibanding periode 4. Performance Indicator dari periode 6 sebesar 606,68 dan mengalami peningkatan 5,81% dibanding periode 5 dan merupakan periode dengan Performance Indicator tertinggi dalam sistem pengukuran ini. Department of Mechanical Engineering Udayana University in 2016 has managed to maintain the A accreditation obtained since 2011. One of the supporting success is because it has owned performance measurement system generated by the author in 2015 where the system has been able to monitor the performance of majors on an ongoing basis. Although the performance measurement system has been used, but in its implementation there are still many shortcomings possessed by the system mainly because the system is still in the form of manual. Another disadvantage can also be seen from the results of research authors of 2016 which shows that from the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) average perception of students of 2.91 is still below the average of their expectations of 3.14. In this research, re-design of integrated performance measurement system based on the results of research in 2015 and 2016 with Performance Prism method where the method is integrated with several methods of Integrated Performance Measurement Systems (IPMS) in the determination of Key Performande Indicator (KPI) a performance indicator that is then assisted using the Analytical Hierarcy Process (AHP) method in the weighting of each KPI. After KPI has weight then scoring thoroughly with Objectives Matrix (OMAX) method so that the result of index number per period become reference of department performance level, and Traffic Light System (TLS) to know which KPI need improvement based on color. From the research results obtained Performance Indicator from period 1 of 322.8 and increased 7.6% compared to Performance Indicator average 300. Performance Indicator from period 2 amounted to 352.50 and increased 9.2% compared to period 1. Performance Indicator from period 3 was 354.66 and slightly increased by 0.61% compared to period 2. Performance Indicator from period 4 was 354.52 and decreased slightly 0.04% compared to period 3. Performance Indicator from period 5 was 573.35 and an increase of 61.73% compared to period 4. Performance Indicator from period 6 of 606.68 and increased 5.81% compared to period 5 and is the period with the highest Performance Indicator in this measurement system.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Key Performance Index (KPI)"

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Ilic, Milena, and Marie Svensson. "Interesting Key Performance Index (KPI) to compare before and after the introduction of urban distribution centre." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139029.

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Linköpings kommun ska införa samordnad varudistribution för transporter till kommunens verksamheter. I nuläget går kommunens transporter direkt från leverantörerna till kommunens verksamheter. Med samordnad varudistribution kommer kommunens gods att anlända till en samlastningscentral där godset samlastas och körs ut till de kommunala verksamheterna. Förhoppningen är att detta ska ge en minskning av koldioxidutsläpp, partikelutsläpp, godshantering vid verksamheterna och minskad tung trafik vid kommunens verksamheter. För att kunna utvärdera resultatet av samordnad varudistribution krävs att transportpåverkan innan ett införande kan mätas och jämföras med dess påverkan efter ett införande. För att dessa mätningar ska kunna jämföras krävs att mätningarna genomförs på samma sätt före och efter införandet. Det finns en osäkerhet kring hur detta skulle kunna mätas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka nyckeltal som är intressanta att mäta före och efter ett införande av samordnad varudistribution. Många städer har svårigheter gällande trafikstockningar och miljöfarliga utsläpp som leder till negativa effekter för både människor och miljön. Godstrafiken behövs för att transportera gods från fabriker till slutkunder men påverkar både växthuseffekten och stadsmiljö genom miljöfarliga utsläpp, buller och trafikolyckor. En samlastningscentral minskar bland annat på de negativa externa effekterna av godstransporter i städerna. Intervjuer har genomförts för att undersöka hur andra verksamheter som infört samordnad varudistribution gått tillväga och vad de fått för resultat. Det framkom att det var svårigheter med att få fram transportdata före införandet och att transportsituationen är väldigt komplex. Genom att verksamheterna har mer information om sina godstransporter underlättar det för dem att planera och styra över dem. En ökad positiv miljöeffekt för staden skulle kunna nås om fler verksamheter använde sig av samlastning.
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Alrajehi, Shrouq H. "Importance of KPI identification and implementation in Kuwaiti construction industry." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13824.

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Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) play a vital role for organizations to measure project performance. The core objective of Key Performance Indicators is that not only organizations but also customers want their projects to be completed within the stipulated time and budget while maintaining the quality standards. Performance measurement is foundation for continual improvement. Subsequently, as a regular rule, benchmarking is the next step to improve contractors’ efficiency and effectiveness of products and processes. Camp (1989) introduced benchmarking concepts and defines it as “the continuous process of measuring products, industry leaders.” It is a problem to measure the performance of large projects such as construction and communication projects using predefined KPIs. Objective of this research is to find a framework to improve project performance through benchmarking of key performance indicators, to identify the suitable KPI prevailing in the construction industry of Kuwait and develop and calculate the KPIs to assess the performance of the construction projects and making recommendations to improve project performances of construction industry. For this study two Kuwaiti construction companies are selected i.e. Company AA and Company BB. Performance of their financial and non-financial data is analyzed. Primary data is collected through questionnaires and in performance of Company BB. Data also revealed that Company BB’s are having cost and time overrun. Organizations like Company BB have to investigate reasons of cost and time delays causing dissatisfaction. Decision of material selection and delivery time should be carefully taken. Organizations should improve its employment policies from selection to compensation, working conditions, motivations and availability of health and safety facilities; as satisfied customers can satisfy customers. Subsequently, Company BB management performance needs immense improvement at all levels and in all processes. Consideration of design quality indicators (DQI) as per requirement of stakeholders and bio-diversity impacts, it is impossible to satisfy the internal or external stakeholders of construction projects. This thesis contributes useful and new knowledge to the Kuwaiti construction industry. This study reveals the importance of significant KPIs needed for the growth of medium construction organizations through benchmarking the bigger organizations. The ultimate goal of this study is to highlight the importance of KPIs to access success of medium construction organizations. Although it is believed KPIs could be used for benchmarking of bigger size organizations.
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Andersson, Jenny. "Nyckeltal (KPI) för framgångsrika projekt : En fallstudie inom bygg- och fastighetsbranschen." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79910.

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The construction and real estate industry are project-oriented where companies success depends on individual projects performance. To determine the efficiency of operations, performance can be measured through key performance indicators (KPIs), which are metrics used to analyze, measure and compare a company’s performance. Project-oriented businesses face challenges implementing successful projects and the industry is affected by cost and time overruns, lack of quality and unmet customer requirements, which can be linked to inefficient project management and inadequate follow-up. Furthermore, companies in the industry find it difficult to identify suitable KPIs that best show changes in performance and result as well as KPIs that are linked to strategic business goals and projects. The purpose of the study was to investigate how KPIs are used in the construction and real estate industry and how management of KPIs can be developed to carry out successful projects. In order to fulfill the purpose, a case study was conducted. Initially, a literature study was performed to gain knowledge of the problem area. The data collection was qualitative where a document analysis, observations, interviews and a focus group were conducted. This resulted in an understanding of the case study company´s project operations and KPIs. The study´s method of analysis consisted of a thematic analysis and comparative study. The result indicates the importance of a long-term perspective where successful projects involve work from an early stage, which includes resource allocation and project processes where subsequent project management must include efficient communication and sharing of knowledge as well as collaboration among departments and participants. During the project process there should be an exchange of experience and knowledge in order to avoid that mistakes are repeated and to enable organizational learning. The analysis showed that there are opportunities within the case company to improve a number of factors and the current follow-up of KPIs as well as how the business’s KPIs relate to strategic business goals and success factors. There is a link between success factors, KPIs and challenges within the industry. An understanding of success factors is important in order to design KPIs that align with strategic company goals and individual projects. The result may be of interest to other project-oriented businesses and industries where increased understanding can result in efficient processes and increased motivation regarding the project process and follow up, which can result in successful projects.
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Vedral, Jakub. "KPI management - auto alerting na platformě MS SQL." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17180.

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This diploma thesis deals with the problem of automatic alerting on Microsoft SQL Server 2008 platform. Thesis was elaborated with Clever Decision s.r.o. company which significantly contributed to thesis assignment. Main goal of this thesis is to provide a solution concept for absence of alerting for multidimensional data in Microsoft's product. Alerting is aimed at critical business data -- Key performance indicators - KPIs. KPIs are used to deliver enhanced business performance through Corporate Performance Management concept. These indicators need to be watched frequently. Considering that alerting solution is convenient for watching the data. Solution concept is based on market research of Business Intelligence (BI) platforms which dominates the market. Platforms are examined for their alerting capabilities. Next goal is to provide overall insight to KPI management -- creating, managing, analyzing and monitoring of KPIs. Thesis is divided into three sections. First part creates theoretical background for solution creation and describes the field of KPI management. Second part consists of market research using selected criteria. Third part is aimed at providing the solution concept through web application fixing the absence of alerting on Microsoft SQL Server 2008 platform. This thesis is primarily intended for Clever Decision company but also for various BI experts dealing with alerting problems on BI platforms. Thesis serves also as a theoretical summary of KPI management which is commonly evaded by available technical literature.
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Melloni, Cristiana. "Ottimizzazione di un Sistema di Key Performance Indicators per la Divisione Engineering aziendale. Il caso INTERTABA S.p.A." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/685/.

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Il seguente elaborato è la diretta conseguenza di un periodo di stage, pari a cinque mesi, svolto presso l’azienda INTERTABA S.p.A., a Zola Predosa (BO). Il Dipartimento presso cui è stato svolto il tirocinio è l’Engineering. In particolare è stata compiuta un’analisi dei KPIs presenti e sono state proposte delle azioni migliorative. Il lavoro si è sviluppato in tre fasi. Nella prima fase è stata fatta un’analisi dei KPIs attuali per ciascuna funzione appartenente all’Engineering: Engineering Support, Project Engineering, Plant & Utilities Maintenance, Technical Warehouse e General Services. Nella seconda fase sono state descritte, per ciascuna funzione, alcune proposte migliorative per i KPIs presenti. Infine, per alcune funzioni, sono state proposte alcune iniziative in merito all’implementazione di nuovi KPIs.
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Engqvist, Markus, and Soto Karen Mori. "Defining a Process for Statistical Analysis of Vulnerability Management using KPI." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datalogi och datorsystemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14723.

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In todays connected society, with rapidly advancing technology, there is an interest in offering technical services in our day to day life. Since these services are used to handle sensitive information and money, there are demands for increased information security. Sometimes errors occur in these systems that risk the security for both parties. These systems should be secured to maintain secure operations even though vulnerabilities occur. Outpost24 is one company that specializes in vulnerability management. By using their scanning tool OUTSCAN™, Outpost24 can identify vulnerabilities in network components, such as firewalls, switches, printers, devices, servers, workstations and other computer systems. These results are then stored in a database. Within this study, the authors will work together with Outpost24 towards this data. The goal is to define a process for generation of vulnerability reports for the company. The process will perform a statistical analysis of the data and present the findings. To solve the task a report was created, during which the process was documented. The work began with a background study into Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), in which the most common security KPIs were identified from similar works. A tool was also developed to help with the analysis. This resulted in a statistical analysis using Outpost24’s dataset. By presenting the data formatted by the KPIs, trends could be identified. This showed an overall trend of increasing vulnerabilities and the necessity for organizations to spend resources towards security. The KPIs offer other possibilities, such as creating a baseline for security evaluation using data from one year. In the future, one could use the KPIs to compare how the security situation has changed.
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Widerståhl, Christopher. "Effektiv försvarslogistik?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110679.

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Försvarets materielverk (FMV) står inför en omfattande ominriktning av verksamheten med tillhörande omorganisation. Den nya verksamheten innefattar att leverera tjänsten försvarslogistik till Försvarsmakten (FM). Då det inte finns någon entydig definition för vad försvarslogistik är så har detta arbete inriktats att utarbeta ett förslag till en sådan definition. Dessutom har en procedur skapats som identifierar relevanta prestandamått för ett godtyckligt försvarslogistiskt system, s.k. Key Performance Indicators (KPI), som kan användas för att påvisa om försvarslogistiken är effektiv eller inte.   För att skapa en definition, så undersöktes först vad teorin säger om tillvägagångssättet för uppbyggandet av definitioner. Därefter gjordes en större litteratursökning för att se hur och vad andra organisationer, verksamheter och teorier avser med försvarslogistik och använder termen försvarslogistik till. Den metod för definition som bedömts mest lämpad är den s.k. Förbättringsmetoden, vilken med litteratursökningen som underlag har används för att skapa ett definitionsförslag.   Sedan har en procedur skapas som identifierar, för försvarslogistik, relevanta KPI. Det utfördes genom att först genomföra en litteratursökning avseende vilka logistiska mått som finns, därefter för att besvara frågan vad KPI är och hur de används. De logistiska måtten, tillsammans med mått framtagna och härledda från definitionen, bildar en "bruttolista" med möjliga Performance Indicators (PI).   Vid utformandet av proceduren uppenbarade det sig att det inte gick att skapa en generisk metod, för alla möjliga försvarslogistiska system. Därför föreslogs ett vidare arbete som innebär att kategorisera system med liknande egenskaper i olika systemtyper. Med förslagsvis en totalkostnadsanalys och annan empirisk erfarenhet som grund kan PI för varje systemtyp väljas, för att på så sätt skapa "nettolistor" av generiska KPI för varje systemtyp. Är systemägaren intresserad av att ytterligare gallra bland dessa generiska KPI, så har ett frågebatteri skapats som sållar på basis av vad som är intressant att mäta.
The Swedish Defence Materiel (Försvarets Materielverk -FMV) faces a major redirection of its activities with an associated with reorganization. The new business is to deliver Defense Logistics Services to the Swedish Armed Forces (Försvarsmakten - FM). There is no existing Swedish definition for the term Defense Logistics. One purpose of this study has been to provide a proposed definition. FMV also requires a procedure for identifying relevant measurements, Key Performance Indicators (KPI), for arbitrary defense logistics systems, which can indicate whether the Defense Logistics Services delivered are effective or not.   In order to create a definition, the first step in this study is has been to examine what the theory says about methods for crafting definitions. There implied a need for a large literature review, with the purpose of identifying how and what other organizations, business and theories relate to and how they use the term of Defense Logistics. The information from the literature review was used as inspirational input when applying the improvements method, which is one of the methods available when crafting definitions.   The second purpose of this study has been to develop a procedure for identifying KPI:s related to Defense Logistics. This was also solved by a large literature review that identified existing logistical measurements and explained what KPI:s are and how they are used. The above logistical measurements together with measurements developed and derived from the definition were used to form a "comprehensive list" of possible Performance Indicators (PI).   During the design of the procedure it was recognized that it was not feasible to create a generic method for every possible defense logistic system. It was therefore proposed, as future work is, to categorize systems with similar characteristics into system types. With e.g. total cost analysis and other empirical experience as a basis, KPI can be chosen for each system type and thereby forming "net lists" for each generic system type. If the part interested in measuring a defense logistics service is interested in further narrowing the "net list" of KPI, a couple of questions are provided to assist in this, based on the concerns of the interest party.
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Ngqumeya, Monde Benedict Afrika. "The effect of key performance indicators on state owned enterprises performance in South Africa : a critical analysis of three national departments." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22810.

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The purpose of this exploratory research was to explore the effect of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) on State Owned Enterprises’ performance in South Africa. The aim of the study was to establish the impact that KPIs have on state owned enterprises, how they are currently measured and the causes of success or failure of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) on State Owned Companies.Fifteen respondents participated in this qualitative study. The survey method used was a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions. The respondents were all Senior Executives including Chief Executive Officers, General Managers, Board Members and Senior Management employed by State Owned Enterprises reporting to the Department of Public Enterprises, Department of Transport and Department of Water Affairs. The research instrument that was used was a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Ökvist, Alice, and Majda Cirkic. "Managing Profit Oriented Key Performance Indicators : A case study about how profit related KPIs can be managed in order to reach and excel profitability goals." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-30942.

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Elzahar, Hany. "Determinants and consequences of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) reporting by UK non-financial firms." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19767.

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The study examines the level of quantity and quality of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) reporting for a sample of FTSE 350 UK listed companies over the period (2006-2010). Furthermore, it identifies the determinants of KPIs reporting and investigates its impact upon firm value. Based upon the guidance of the best practice recommended by the Accounting Standard Board (2006), the study develops a measure of disclosure quality by considering the main qualitative attributes of information which, arguably, makes KPIs information more useful to stakeholders. The distinction between disclosure quantity and quality in the study enables the researcher to get greater insights into the drivers and implications of KPIs reporting quantity and quality. The study finds a variation between UK firms in the number of KPIs disclosed with a notable low level of reporting quality, especially for non-financial KPIs. It also finds that corporate governance mechanisms play an important role in improving KPIs reporting. In particular, it shows that directors’ compensations affect the quantity and quality of KPIs disclosure. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that quantity and quality of KPIs disclosure are not derived by the same factors, and both have different impacts on firm value. Whereas, the study finds a negative association between the numbers of KPIs disclosed and firm value, a non-significant relationship is reported between KPIs reporting quality and firm valuation. Overall, this study provides evidence that disclosure quantity is not a good proxy for disclosure quality.
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Books on the topic "Key Performance Index (KPI)"

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Urban and Regional Development Institute (Indonesia). Key performance indicators (KPI), benefit monitoring and evaluation (BME), dan implementation completion report (ICR) program padat karya perkotaan (PKP) dan prakarsa khusus bagi penganggur perempuan (SIWU): Laporan pendahuluan. Jakarta: Urban and Regional Development Institute, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Key Performance Index (KPI)"

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Werther, Iron. "Der KPI (Key Performance Indicator)-Report." In Business Intelligence, 29–37. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446436350.005.

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Risse, Robert. "Die Steuerquote als Performanceindikator Key Performance Indikator (KPI)." In Steuercontrolling und Reporting, 73–86. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04494-7_3.

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Risse, Robert. "Die Steuerquote als Performanceindikator Key Performance Indikator (KPI)." In Steuercontrolling- und Reporting, 80–92. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8509-5_3.

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Wang, Ya-dong, and Yu-ling Hao. "KPI-Based Private Enterprise Staff Performance Index Design." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 893–901. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38427-1_94.

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Krasniqi, Fidel, Liljana Gavrilovska, and Arianit Maraj. "The Analysis of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) in 4G/LTE Networks." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 285–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23976-3_25.

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Amzil, Kenza, Esma Yahia, Nathalie Klement, and Lionel Roucoules. "Causality Learning Approach for Supervision in the Context of Industry 4.0." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 316–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_50.

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AbstractIn order to have a full control on their processes, companies need to ensure real time monitoring and supervision using Key Performance Indicators (KPI). KPIs serve as a powerful tool to inform about the process flow status and objectives’ achievement. Although, experts are consulted to analyze, interpret, and explain KPIs’ values in order to extensively identify all influencing factors; this does not seem completely guaranteed if they only rely on their experience. In this paper, the authors propose a generic causality learning approach for monitoring and supervision. A causality analysis of KPIs’ values is hence presented, in addition to a prioritization of their influencing factors in order to provide a decision support. A KPI prediction is also suggested so that actions can be anticipated.
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Gang, Chen, and Chen Qiang. "Mobile Communications LTE FDD System of Performance Index and Key Technology." In 2012 International Conference on Information Technology and Management Science(ICITMS 2012) Proceedings, 741–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34910-2_84.

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Li, Haowei, Liming Zheng, Yue Wu, and Gang Wang. "Machine Learning Based Key Performance Index Prediction Methods in Internet of Industry." In Machine Learning and Intelligent Communications, 490–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73447-7_53.

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Yao, Zhi-gang, Li Cheng, and Yu-lei Wang. "Data-Driven Based Key Performance Index Residual Generation and Its Application on Complex Electrical Equipment." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 577–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37270-4_55.

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Wang, Y. S., F. f. Liu, W. Z. He, Y. Zhang, H. Y. Li, and J. F. Li. "Analysis and Optimization of Key Index of Public Investment Building Project’s Performance Evaluation Based on Project Governance." In Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, 243–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6190-5_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Key Performance Index (KPI)"

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Pan, Wang, and He Wei. "Research on Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of Business Process." In 2012 International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization (BCGIN). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bcgin.2012.46.

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Fraser, A., and T. Rose. "PWE-012 What is the best key performance indicator (kpi) for polyp detection at colonoscopy?" In British Society of Gastroenterology, Annual General Meeting, 19–22 June 2017, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314472.257.

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Kibira, Deogratias, Michael Brundage, Shaw Feng, and K. C. Morris. "Procedure for Selecting Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Manufacturing." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2877.

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The need for an open, inclusive, and neutral procedure in selecting key performance indicators (KPIs) for sustainable manufacturing has been increasing. The reason is that manufacturers seek to determine what to measure in order to improve environmental sustainability of their products and manufacturing processes. A difficulty arises in understanding and selecting specific indicators from a large number of stand-alone indicator sets available. This paper presents a procedure for individual manufacturers to select KPIs for measuring, monitoring and improving environmental aspects of manufacturing processes. The procedure is the basis for a guideline, being proposed for standardization within ASTM International. That guide can be used for (1) identifying candidate KPIs from existing sources, (2) defining new candidate KPIs, (3) selecting appropriate KPIs based on KPI criteria, and (4) composing the selected KPIs with assigned weights into a set. The paper explains how the developed procedure complements existing indicator sets and sustainability-measurement approaches at the manufacturing process level.
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Catlow, Jamie, L. Sharp, and M. Rutter. "P16 Acceptability of key performance indicators (KPI) in the national endoscopy database (NED), a delphi process." In Abstracts of the BSG Campus, 21–29 January 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-bsgcampus.91.

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Lu, Qiuhong, and Yang Chu. "The Research of Performance Evaluation Index in The Pension Institutions PPP Projects Based on KPI." In 2015 International Conference on Economics, Social Science, Arts, Education and Management Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essaeme-15.2015.182.

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Ivanković, Ana Mandić, Marija Kušter Marić, Dominik Skokandić, Ela Njirić, and Josipa Šiljeg. "Finding the link between visual inspection and key performance indicators for road bridges." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0737.

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<p>Based on the rating from visual inspection and proposed weighting through component, system and network level, assessment procedure resulting with set of six most important Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for road bridges is presented. Those are: bridge condition assessment, structural safety, traffic safety, durability indicator, availability and bridge importance in the network. KPIs organised in the radar shaped diagram serve for priority repair ranking decisions. The procedure is elaborated at the sample of five actual bridges: two reinforced concrete arch bridges, one with solid and other with hollowed cross-sections; one frame type bridge with V shaped piers; one precast slab overpass; one solid slab continuous bridge with Y type piers. Bridges are built between 1958 and 2001 and are located either at the state or at the local roads in Croatia. Spans are varying from</p><p>9.5 to 72 m and overall lengths from 22 to 120 m.</p>
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Catlow, J., L. Sharp, and M. Rutter. "ACCEPTABILITY OF KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPI) IN THE NATIONAL ENDOSCOPY DATABASE (NED) AUTOMATED PERFORMANCE REPORTS TO IMPROVE QUALITY OUTCOMES TRIAL (APRIQOT), A DELPHI PROCESS." In ESGE Days. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1704620.

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Morales Fusco, Pau, Sergi Saurí Marchán, Anna Maria Lekka, and Iosif Karousos. "Assessing customs performance in the Mediterranean ports. KPI selection and Best practices identification as part of the MEDNET project." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.4221.

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The seamless flow of goods, people and investments across the Mediterranean necessitates a well-functioning port and transport system. More efficient port operations enhance seamless logistics and promote safety, efficiency, interoperability and interconnectivity of transport networks in the Mediterranean area.To promote the exchange of knowledge and expertise relevant to port and customs procedures and simplification of clearance for vessels and cargoes in the Mediterranean, the MEDNET project was launched. As part of the project a common evaluation framework for the performance of ports in the form of a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) together with a list of the best practices in terms of operations and customs procedures was developed.In total, 50 ports were analyzed and given a KPI regarding traffic, financial, operational and human resources, sustainability and customs procedures. The values were latter crossed with the current good practices on operation in terms of customs procedures. And a small correlation between KPIs performance and implantation degree of good practices in customs procedures was found. This presentation exposes the methodology to assess the ports’ performance and the best practices identification.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4221
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Brown, Paul, and Brian Gunby. "Analysis of Plug Drilling and Stuck Pipe Performance Metrics." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204433-ms.

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Abstract A large collection of data recorded during coiled tubing (CT) operations has been analyzed using proprietary pattern recognition algorithms to identify downhole events with a high degree of confidence. These events include the drilling of plugs and stuck pipe incidents. Key performance indicator (KPI) metrics derived from this analysis provide insight into industry trends over time and by region, and can provide useful performance benchmarks for service providers and operator companies. Depth, weight and pressure data from multiple sources has been streamed and stored on a shared platform over a five year period, creating a record of over 39,000 data files. This data was processed to generate KPI-type statistics for over 500,000 detected plugs and 760 possible stuck pipe scenarios, based on analysis of depth and weight signatures. Using surface measurements to quantify downhole events has some limitations, but the method has proven sufficiently robust to allow useful trends to be observed and evaluated. While the analysis is confidential to the parties involved, a contributing company can compare their ‘performance’ statistics (as evaluated by the third party algorithms) against averages representative of the industry at large, arranged by year and geographic region, to identify areas of relative strength or weakness. An operator company can likewise compare metrics for different service providers (derived solely from jobs performed for their company) for those which elect to share data in this fashion. This paper presents statistics for plug drilling operations and stuck pipe incidents in North America between 2016-2020, a period of significant change in the CT industry. Examples show how average plug drilling times have generally decreased, with less frequent use of short trips and fewer pipe cycles. The data shows that, for some companies, faster operations have come at the expense of more frequent or severe stuck pipe incidents, whereas other companies have experienced fewer such problems. This comparative analysis illustrates how downhole outcomes can be deduced from surface measurements, and resulting performance metrics can vary widely between companies, fields and geographic regions.
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Salacz, Dominique, Farid Allam, Wadha Mubarak Al Araimi, and Yousof Al Mansoori. "Forecasting Reserves Replacement Ratio RRR: A Method for Benchmarking the Ability of the Company to Mature Projects and Reduce Uncertainty." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206284-ms.

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Abstract Reserves Replacement Ratio (RRR) has been used as a Key Performance Indicator(KPI) for monitoring the ability of IOCs toreplace their reserves through time.It provides valuable information about the expected long-term viability of the company and its ability to move forward with new projects.If this remains an important metric for investors and operators alike, it isworth understanding the key parameters behind this KPI. Howshould we realistically expect the RRR to behave in the futureWhat does it tell about the reserves and resources of the operator The objective of this document is to investigate how a widely underused KPI can be analyzed and forecasted based on previous reserves and business plan submissions. We suggest a methodto provide teams with relevant and realistic RRR, that canbe expected based on the company portfolio. This method was developed by reviewing the Reserves &Resources in hundreds of reservoirs for all projects,including No Further Activity (NFA) cases and all future developmentprojects. Based on the future profiles,the evaluation of the RRRwas forecasted for 10 years. The forecasts are being reviewed year on year to ensure that teams are provided with realistic KPIs based on hard data rather than biased expectations. TheRRR is computed using (i) the amount of reserves added during the year, divided by (ii) the production of the company during the same year. This paper will focus on the reserves changes from one year to another, considering that reserves addition (orreduction), comes from two main sources:
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Reports on the topic "Key Performance Index (KPI)"

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Browne, R., A. Chilikin, and T. Mizrahi. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) Stamping for the Network Service Header (NSH). RFC Editor, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8592.

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Sanz, E., P. Alonso, B. Haidar, H. Ghaemi, and L. García. Key performance indicators (KPIs). Scipedia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/prodphd.2021.9.002.

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The project “Social network tools and procedures for developing entrepreneurial skills in PhD programmes” (prodPhD) aims to implement innovative social network-based methodologies for teaching and learning entrepreneurship in PhD programmes. The multidisciplinary teaching and learning methodologies to be developed will enable entrepreneurship education to be introduced into any PhD programme, providing students with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activities. However, the use of the output of the project will depend on the nature and profile of the research or scientific field. In this context, key performance indicators (KPIs) form the base on which the quality and scope of the methodologies developed in the project will be quantified and benchmarked. The project’s final product will be an online tool that higher education students can use to learn entrepreneurship from a social network perspective. Performance measurement is one of the first steps of any project and involves the choice and use of indicators to measure the effectiveness and success of the project’s methods and results. All the KPIs have been selected according to criteria of relevance, measurability, reliability, and adequacy, and they cover the process, dissemination methods, and overall quality of the project. In this document, each KPI is defined together with the units and instruments for measuring it. In the case of qualitative KPIs, five-level Likert scales are defined to improve indicator measurability and reliability. The KPIs for prodPhD are divided into three main dimensions, depending on the stage of the project they evaluate. The three main dimensions are performance and development (which are highly related to the project’s process), dissemination and impact (which are more closely correlated with the project’s output), and overall project quality. Different sources (i.e., European projects and papers) have been drawn upon to define a set of 51 KPIs classified into six categories, according to the project phase they aim to evaluate. An Excel tool has been developed that collects all the KPIs analysed in the production of this document. This tool is shared in the Scipedia repository.
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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
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